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Adult and embryonic stem cells

Part of Biology Living organisms

• Stem cells are cells in animals that can continuously undergo cell division.
• Embryos close embryo A bundle of several hundred cells that has developed from a fertilised ovum. are made from embryonic stem cells which can develop into any cell type.
• Adult stem cells are found only in specific areas of the body and can only develop into a limited number of cell types.

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Video transcript video transcript.

We're all very complex organisms, made up of lots of different types of cells carrying out different jobs in our bodies; such as nerve cells, blood cells, fat cells and muscle cells.

So, where do they all come from?

Each one of us starts off as a single cell when an egg and a sperm join together. This then divides by mitosis to form two identical cells, and they just keep on dividing to form a hollow ball of 200-300 tiny cells.

Now - the clever bit.

The cells on the inside layer of this very early embryo can make all of the cell types needed in your body. They're called stem cells. The stem cells continue to divide by mitosis, and so the embryo grows. They also start to differentiate, to become specialised for different purposes.

For example, red blood cells look very different from nerve cells, but they both start out as embryonic stem cells.

Adults don't have any embryonic stem cells, but they do still have stem cells - they're essential for replacing or repairing normal cells which become damaged, or worn out. But the adult stem cells are more limited in the types of cell they can make. For example bone marrow stem cells only form different types of blood cells.

Plants have stem cells too. They're found at the meristems, the growing tips of the roots and the shoots. The big difference is that the stem cells in adult plants can still make every type of plant cell. Each one has the potential to form a whole new plant! Unsurprisingly, people want to make use of these amazing cells. Plant stem cells can be used to make clones, identical copies of the parent plant. That's massively useful for lots of things, like producing orchids and other house plants quickly and cheaply, conserving endangered species, or making clones of plants that have been genetically modified to deal with environmental stresses.

Using plant stem cells is one thing. Using human stem cells in medicine is quite another.

Scientists have found ways to grow embryonic stem cells in the lab, and are trying to use them to cure conditions such as diabetes (by replacing the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas), or enable people paralysed by spinal injuries to walk again by re-growing spinal nerves.

The clinical challenge is to encourage the embryonic stem cells to develop into the type of cells we need, without them growing into we don't want. It's ethically tricky too, because the stem cells come from human embryos.

Adult stem cells offer another possible route. Scientists have been using them for years in bone marrow transplants, and they are now investigating different types of adult stem cells, and how they might control the way they develop. After years of research scientists seem to be on the brink of success with a number of stem cell treatments which could change medicine forever.

Watch this space!

Can you answer these questions based on the video?

1. How many cells are in an early embryo?

2. What do bone marrow stem cells make?

Show answer Hide answer

Two to three hundred

Blood cells

Cell differentiation

Stem cells are cells that have not yet become specialised for a specific function. This process is called cell differentiation.

There are two types of stem cells in humans:

• Embryonic stem cells.
• Adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells

Plant stem cells

Plants also have stem cells. Their stem cells are only found in specific areas called meristems close meristems The regions of plants at their root and shoot tips where stem cells divide. at the tips of their roots and shoots. Unlike adult stem cells, all plant stem cells can differentiate into all cell types.

Uses of stem cells

Adult stem cells in humans have been used to treat diseases like leukaemia close leukaemia A cancer of the white blood cells. and other cancers of the blood and bone marrow by transplants. Theoretically the use of stem cells could treat a large range of diseases like type 1 diabetes close type 1 diabetes The pancreas produces little or no insulin so sufferers have to inject this hormone to lower their blood glucose. , Parkinson's disease close Parkinson's disease A medical condition where some brain cells die, resulting in shaking, stiffness and slowness of movement. and brain and spinal cord injuries. However this is proving difficult to do. Because adult stem cells can only differentiate into one or several cell types they are not as useful as embryonic stem cells. However the use of embryonic stem cells has clinical, ethical close and social issues associated with them.

A documentary on the discussion around pioneering work into stem cells. audio A documentary on the discussion around pioneering work into stem cells.

The use of plant stem cells does not have the same issues. All plant stem cells can differentiate into all cell types.

This means a gardener can take a cutting close of a plant stem with a small number of leaves and place it into compost. Root cells will often grow from the bottom of the stem and form a new plant. This is genetically identical to the parent plant and so is a clone close clone Offspring genetically identical to their parent. . This process allows large numbers of copies of rare, valuable or beautiful plants to be grown quickly and easily.

Test your knowledge

Test questions.

How are embryonic and adult stem cells different?

Embryonic stem cells are only found in embryos. They can differentiate into all the cell types that make a human.

Adult stem cells are found in children and adults. They can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

List some of the arguments for and against the use of stem cells.

For: They can be used to treat some medical conditions in humans. These include leukaemia, type 1 diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

Against: There are clinical, ethical and social issues around the use of embryonic stem cells.

For: Stem cells in plants are used to grow copies of rare plants and beautiful flowers.

For: Large numbers of clones can be made quickly and easily.

For: There are fewer clinical, ethical and social issues surrounding the use of plant stem cells.

Working safely in the lab

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More on Living organisms

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How plants and animals are organised

• count 9 of 15

Leaf structure

• count 10 of 15

Unicellular organisms

• count 11 of 15

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How sperm meets egg: a journey from production to fertilization

Many wonder what the sperm ´s journey is like from ejaculation to fertilization. The ultimate goal of a sperm is to fertilize the egg cell.

However, the journey of the sperm to get to the egg is not an easy one. To reach the egg cell, the sperm has to go through a long and difficult journey that can take from thirty minutes to several hours .

For this reason, fertilization needs a large number of motile spermatozoa for at least one of them to be able to overcome all barriers. Firstly for the sperm to get to the egg, and then to fertilize the egg.

Provided below is an index with the 7 points we are going to expand on in this article.

• 1. How the sperm meets the egg
• 2. Route from the testicle to the urethra
• 2.1. Changes in the sperm
• 3. The journey through the female reproductive system
• 3.1. What barriers do spermatozoa have to cross?
• 3.2. The sperm´s arrival at the Fallopian tubes.
• 3.3. Final stage of the spermatozoon: acrosome reaction
• 4. FAQs from users
• 4.1. How long does it take from sperm production to ejaculation?
• 4.2. How can ovulation be calculated so that the sperm and egg meet?
• 4.3. How long can a sperm live in the female reproductive tract?
• 4.4. How many sperm make it to the egg?
• 4.5. How long does it take sperm to reach the egg?
• 4.6. After sperm meets egg, how long until implantation?
• 4.7. Where do the sperm cells pass through on their way to the egg?
• 4.8. Where does the sperm need to get to, to be able to fertilize the egg?
• 5. Recommended reading
• 6. References
• 7. Authors and contributors

How the sperm meets the egg

Colloquially,the path to fertilization we understand as a race in which only the best sperm will be able to reach the finish line and win the prize. Effectively, it is something like this: many spermatozoa start the race, but only one will fertilize the egg.

The route of the sperm to the egg can be divided into two major stages:

• Male reproductive system: the journey of sperm in the male body is from the testicles to the outside world.
• Female reproductive system: from the vagina, where semen is deposited, to the Fallopian tubes, where the egg is found.

It should not be forgotten that during these two phases of the journey the sperm meet certain obstacles. To follow, we discuss what they are.

Route from the testicle to the urethra

It takes about 90 days for spermatozoa to develop and acquire the necessary maturation before they can be expelled in an ejaculation.The birth of spermatozoa takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They subsequently pass to the epididymis.

The seminiferous tubules are the internal structures of the testicle where sperm are made. The epididymis is a long structure that connects the testicle and the vas deferens.

At the moment of intercourse, a large quantity of sperm (about 250 million) leave the epididymis and pass through the vas deferens and the urethra. Along the way, the sperm are bathed in fluids released from the seminal vesicles and the prostate. In this way, the semen, the mix of sperm and fluids, is formed.

The main function of these seminal fluids is to make is possible for the sperm to enter into the vagina. Sperm will shoot out of the urethra through the penis until they enter the female reproductive tract , specifically the vagina.

Changes in the sperm

During this journey from the testicle to the outside, the sperm acquire the correct shape and structure to allow fertilization of the egg. The changes that occur at this final stage of sperm maturation are:

• DNA compaction to allow the head (where the DNA is stored) to be as small as possible and therefore move better. This also helps it to pass through the zona pellucida (egg shell).
• The tail acquires the perfect design so the sperm have great speed and resistance.
• The middle piece has a large number of mitochondria for high energy production. This gives the spermatozoon great efficiency in energy usage.

If you wish to continue reading information about what the spermatozoon cell is like, we suggest you visit this article: How are spermatazoa formed

The journey through the female reproductive system

In the process of ejaculation, sperm cells leave the man and enter the vagina. This is where the sperm cells begin the second part of their journey to fertilization.

During this second part of the journey the sperm again encounter an large number of obstacles. These obstacles and barriers can hinder the sperms arrival at the Fallopian tubes, where the egg is waiting.

There is a distance of between 15 and 18 cm and time is of the essence. Sperm cannot afford to delay, since the egg, once it has left the ovary (i.e., after ovulation ), has a half-life of about 24 hours. The survival time of the egg is short compared to that of the sperm. Sperm can live between 2 and 5 days in the female reproductive tract.

After ejaculation, the race of the sperm cells begins. It is a race not only of speed but also of endurance . Defective sperm and/or those with poor motility will fall by the wayside.

What barriers do spermatozoa have to cross?

Some obstacles, or barriers, encountered by sperm are as follows:

However, it is not all difficulties in the journey of the sperm. The egg tries to pave the way for the sperm by releasing molecules and sending signals. The fallopian tubes and uterus exert a suction force through rhythmic contractions and the cervical mucus becomes less dense allowing the sperm to swim better.

For its part, the seminal fluid that accompanies the sperm neutralizes the pH and provides sugars to the sperm. This fluid also serves as a protective shield against the woman´s white blood cells.

The sperm´s arrival at the Fallopian tubes.

Once the vaginal, cervical and uterine barriers have been overcome, we encounter the narrowest part of the course: the uterotubal junction . Only a few thousand of the average 250 million spermatozoa in freshly ejaculated semen reach this point.

Along the way, the strongest spermatozoa, i.e. those that have been able to overcome the female obstacles, acquire an extraordinary ability: the ability to fertilize . This is known as sperm hyperactivation . From this moment on, its tail moves with much more force and energy, allowing a vigorous movement that helps it arrive at the egg.

Once they reach the fallopian tubes, many sperm remain attached to the tube walls, exhausted and unable to continue their journey.

At this point, few sperm are left in the race, as the vast majority have been lost along the way. Of the few dozen sperm that remain before the egg's watchful eye, only one will make it through the thick doorway to the egg: the zona pellucida.

The chosen sperm, the strongest and most capable one, upon contact with the zona pellucida, initiates the so-called acrosome reaction .

Final stage of the spermatozoon: acrosome reaction

As mentioned above, when the most able sperm has reached the egg, the acrosome reaction takes place. This is the release of the contents of the acrosome, which is composed of a series of enzymes. The purpose of this enzymatic release is to weaken the zona pellucida of the ovum and facilitate penetration.

The acrosome is a structure located in the head of the sperm. It serves as a reservoir for enzymes and other substances that the sperm needs to pass through the zona pellucida.

This reaction "wakes up" the egg, which releases cortical granules , organelles that prevent any other sperm from penetrating. It is as if the ovum plants a flag indicating to the rest of the spermatozoa around it that it has already been conquered by the winning spermatozoa and, therefore, that the doors of its kingdom are closed.

Once the sperm penetrates the oocyte, their two nuclei fuse. This is what we know as fertilization . If you want to know the details about how the sperm enters the egg and how the new being is formed, you can read this article: The steps of fertilization in humans.

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FAQs from users

How long does it take from sperm production to ejaculation.

Spermatogenesis is the process whereby male reproductive cells are formed, from the immature ones, spermatogonia, until the mature ones, spermatozoa. This complicated process occurs within the seminiferous tubule in the testis and takes about 64-72 days.

Once spermatozoa (sperm cells) have been produced, they leave the testis and travel to the epididymis, where they will acquire the necessary motility in a process that lasts 10 days approximately. Spermatozoa will be stored in the epididymis until they are expelled with ejaculation. When ejaculation starts, sperm travel through the vas deferends and mixes with the seminal fluid that originates in the secretory glands, creating what we all know as semen . Finally, it is expelled through the urethra.

How can ovulation be calculated so that the sperm and egg meet?

It can be calculated by measuring the daily basal temperature and by performing a urine LH test.

How long can a sperm live in the female reproductive tract?

Once ejaculation occurs and the sperm are released into the vagina, they have a half-life of 2 to 5 days. The stronger ones will survive longer. The weaker ones will die on the way. After fertilization, the dead spermatozoa and the live ones that have remained unable to fertilize the egg will be eliminated by phagocytosis (the body's own system of neutralization and elimination of substances).

How many sperm make it to the egg?

To answer this question, we will split the answer into various figures, each one corresponding to a stage in the journey:

• There are approximately 200-250 million sperm in each ejaculation, but only about 2 million make it to the cervix.
• Once there, out of the 2 million sperm entering the cervix, only about 1 million are able to make it to the uterus.
• Out of the 1 million that enter the uterus, only 10,000 are able to travel to the top of this organ.
• Out of the 10,000 that survive at this point, only half of them travel in the right direction, that is, toward the egg cell.
• Out of the approximately 5,000 sperm that enter the utero-tubal junction, about 1,000 get inside the Fallopian tube.
• Finally, out of the 1,000 that enter the tube, it is estimated that only 200 make it to the egg.

However, in the end, only 1 sperm out of the 200 that reach the egg is able to penetrate and fertilize it.

How long does it take sperm to reach the egg?

There is no set time, since the spermatozoa with the best quality, that is, with great ability to overcome obstacles and great strength of movement, will be able to reach the egg in just half an hour. However, there will be others that will need about two days to cross the entire female reproductive tract.

After sperm meets egg, how long until implantation?

Implantation occurs approximately within 3-7 days after fertilization, as the fertilized egg cell has to travel from the point where it was fertilized to the point where it implants. It depends on how high the point where they meet in the Fallopian tube is. For instance, if they meet high in the tube, it will take about 7 days.

Related stories: What Are the First Signs & Symptoms of Embryo Implantation?

Where do the sperm cells pass through on their way to the egg?

As mentioned above, they must first pass through the male reproductive tract and then, after ejaculation, through the female reproductive tract. In the first part of the journey, they leave the testicle and pass through the epididymis, the vas deferens and the urethra. During this part, they are impregnated with secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicle.

In the second part of the course, the spermatozoa pass from the vagina, where they are deposited, to the cervix. Subsequently, they pass through the uterus and reach the fallopian tubes, where the egg is found or where they wait for it to arrive, in case ovulation has not yet occurred.

Where does the sperm need to get to, to be able to fertilize the egg?

The sperm has to reach the fallopian tubes, where the egg is waiting. Once there, it will be able to fuse with it and give rise to the embryo. Subsequently, the embryo will leave the fallopian tubes, reach the uterus and implant in the endometrium of the uterine cavity. This is the beginning of pregnancy.

Recommended reading

The final goal of this whole journey of the sperm is to meet the egg, fuse with it and allow the birth of a new cell. This cell, after about nine months of successive divisions and processes of differentiation and specialization, will give rise to the future baby.

If you want to know more information about what happens after fertilization, we recommend reading this article: Pregnancy stages month by month

If you are interested in knowing more about the hormones responsible for sperm formation, you can visit this link: Male hormone check .

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Austin CR. Observations on the penetration of the sperm in the mammalian egg. Aust J Sci Res B. 1951;4(4):581–596.

Bennett M. Shapiro. The existential decision of a sperm, Cell 49, no. 3 (May 1987): 293-94, esp. 293.

Chang MC. Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes. Nature. 1951;168(4277):697–698 ( View )

Choza J. (1991): Antropología de la Sexualidad. Ed. Rialp. Madrid, 1.ª Edición ( View )

J Clin Invest. (2010). Fertilization: a sperm’s journey to and interaction with the oocyte. Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom. 120(4) 984–994 ( View )

Lennart Nilsson, A portrait of the sperm. In: The functional anatomy of the spermatozoan, ed. Bjorn A. Afzelius (New York: Pergamon, 1975), 79-82.

Martin E. The egg and the sperm: how science has constructed a romance-based on stereotypical male-female roles. “Signs”. Vol. 16. No. 3 (Spring, 1991), pp. 485-501. Published by: The University of Chicago Press ( View )

Stein KK, Primakoff P, Myles D. Sperm-egg fusion: events at the plasma membrane. J Cell Sci. 2004; 117(Pt 26):6269–6274 ( View )

Paul M. Wassarman, The biology and chemistry of fertilization, Science 235, No. 4788 (January 30, 1987): 553-60, esp. 554 ( View )

Paul M. Wassarman, Fertilization in mammals, Scientific American 259, no. 6 (December 1988): 78-84, esp. 78, 84

FAQs from users: 'How long does it take from sperm production to ejaculation?' , 'How can ovulation be calculated so that the sperm and egg meet?' , 'How long can a sperm live in the female reproductive tract?' , 'How many sperm make it to the egg?' , 'How long does it take sperm to reach the egg?' , 'After sperm meets egg, how long until implantation?' , 'How does it feel when sperm meets the egg?' , 'How long after IUI does sperm meet egg?' , 'Can sperm meet egg before ovulation?' , 'Where do the sperm cells pass through on their way to the egg?' , 'Where does the sperm go when you have a vasectomy?' , 'Where does the sperm need to get to, to be able to fertilize the egg?' , 'When pregnant, where does sperm go?' , 'When does sperm die outside the body?' , 'When does sperm leave the female body?' and 'How many sperm fertilize an egg for identical twins?' .

Authors and contributors

Find the latest news on assisted reproduction in our channels.

And when do men expel the so-called pre-ejaculatory fluid? I want to know it because then my boyfriend and I will be able to use the pull-out method more accurately. Thnxs!

Hello Katie1,

Firstly, the pull-out method, coitus interruptus , or withdrawal method is not a safe birth control method because it does not prevent you from the transmission of STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) and HIV infection (AIDs). Besides, it is actually an extremely unreliable method.

Apart from that, there are several theories about why pre-ejaculatory fluid exists, none of them proved. While some say the only function of this fluid is providing some lubrication for intercourse, others believe they protect the sperm by acting as a sort of pre-clearing of the urethra, making the environment more conductive for sperm to survive the journey and lowering the acidity. On the other hand, the function of sperm is reproduction.

I hope I have clarified your concerns,

My husband has had a vasectomy and we want to try for a baby. Is there any way we can do this without surgery?

It is possible for a man to become a father after again after a vasectomy. However, this is not possible without some kind of surgical treatment. There are different options available and you can find lots more information in our article: Pregnancy after vasectomy

I hope this helps and good luck.

Interesting article, thanks. It is very interesting that so many sperm are needed to fertilize just one egg and reading this makes me realize why!

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Sperm Cells

Sperm cells are specialised (perform a specific function). Sperm cells are specialised to fertilise egg cells. To do this, they need to travel long distances relative to their size. They then break through to the egg cell and fertilise it.

• The ‘head’ contains the sperm cell’s nucleus. The nucleus carries one half of an organism’s genetic material.
• This combines with the egg cell's half of genetic material to fertilise the egg cell.

• The acrosome is found at the tip of the head. It contains the digestive enzymes needed to penetrate (break into) an egg cell.

Middle section

• The middle section is filled with mitochondria to provide the sperm with the energy it needs to travel a long distance to reach the egg cell.

• The flagellum (‘tail’) is used for the cell’s motion. This allows sperm cells to travel towards the egg cell.

1 Cell Biology

1.1 What's in Cells?

1.1.1 Types of Cells

1.1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes

1.1.3 Standard Form

1.1.4 Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.5 Addition in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.6 Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.7 Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.8 Division in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.9 Animal Cells

1.1.10 Plant Cells

1.1.11 Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells

1.1.12 Bacterial Cells

1.1.13 Types of Cells HyperLearning

1.1.14 Cell Specialisation in Animals

1.1.15 Sperm Cells

1.1.16 Nerve Cells

1.1.17 Muscle Cells

1.1.18 Cell Specialisation in Plants

1.1.19 Microscopy

1.1.20 Developments in Microscopy

1.1.21 Microscope Practical

1.1.22 Microscopy - Calculations

1.1.23 Culturing Microorganisms

1.1.24 Contamination

1.1.25 Avoiding Contamination

1.1.26 Calculating Bacteria

1.1.27 Calculating Bacteria - Calculations

1.1.28 End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?

1.1.29 Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy

1.2 Cell Division

1.2.1 Chromosomes

1.2.2 The Cell Cycle

1.2.3 Mitosis

1.2.4 Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cell Cycle

1.2.5 Stem Cells

1.2.6 Use of Stem Cells

1.2.7 Disadvantages of Stem Cells

1.3 Transport in Cells

1.3.1 Diffusion

1.3.2 Factors Affecting Diffusion

1.3.3 Surface Area : Volume

1.3.4 Surface Area : Volume - Calculations

1.3.5 Exchange Surfaces

1.3.6 Examples of Exchange Surfaces

1.3.7 Osmosis

1.3.8 Osmosis Practical

1.3.9 Active Transport

1.3.10 Transport in Cells

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport

1.3.12 Grade 9 - Cell Transport

2 Organisation

2.1 Principles of Organisation

2.1.1 Cells & Tissues

2.1.2 Organs

2.1.3 Organ Systems

2.1.4 Organisms

2.2 Enzymes

2.2.1 Enzymes

2.2.2 Enzymes HyperFlashcards

2.2.3 Rate of Reaction

2.2.4 Calculating Rate of Reaction

2.2.5 Rate of Reaction - Calculations

2.2.6 Digestion

2.2.8 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase

2.2.9 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease

2.2.10 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase

2.2.11 Testing for Biological Molecules

2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes

2.2.13 Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.2.14 Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes

2.3 Circulatory System

2.3.1 Types of Blood Vessel

2.3.2 Blood Vessels - Arteries

2.3.3 Blood Vessels - Capillaries

2.3.4 Blood Vessels - Veins

2.3.5 The Heart - Structure

2.3.6 The Heart - Function

2.3.7 Important Blood Vessels

2.3.8 Double Circulatory System

2.3.9 Gas Exchange

2.3.10 Gas exchange - Calculations

2.3.11 Alveoli

2.3.12 Blood Components

2.3.13 Platelets

2.3.14 Red Blood Cells

2.3.15 White Blood Cells

2.3.16 End of Topic Test - Circulatory System

2.4 Non-Communicable Diseases

2.4.1 Health Issues

2.4.2 Disease Interactions

2.4.3 Sampling

2.4.4 Sampling - Calculations

2.4.5 Risk Factors

2.4.6 Examples of Risk Factors

2.4.7 Risk Factor Graphs

2.4.8 Coronary Heart Disease

2.4.9 Heart Valve Disease

2.4.10 Heart Failure

2.4.11 Treating Heart Disease

2.4.12 Cancer

2.4.13 Cancer Risk Factors

2.4.14 End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases

2.4.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease

2.5 Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems

2.5.1 Plant Tissues

2.5.2 Leaves

2.5.3 Transpiration

2.5.4 Rate of Transpiration

2.5.5 Measuring Transpiration

2.5.6 Translocation

2.5.7 Transpiration Tissues

2.5.8 Stomata

2.5.9 Premium Knowledge - Transpiration

2.5.10 End of Topic Test - Plants

2.5.11 Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues

3 Infection & Response

3.1 Communicable Disease

3.1.1 Spreading Disease

3.1.2 Viruses

3.1.3 Other Pathogens

3.1.4 Human Defence Systems

3.1.5 Human Defence Systems 2

3.1.6 Grade 9 - Immune System

3.1.7 Antibiotics

3.1.8 Drug Development

3.1.9 Drug Testing

3.1.10 Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations

3.1.11 End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases

3.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease

3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.1 Producing & Using Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.2 Grade 9 - Monoclonal Antibodies

3.3 Plant Diseases

3.3.1 Diseases & Defence

3.3.2 Identifying Disease

3.3.3 End of Topic Test - Antibodies & Plant Disease

4 Bioenergetics

4.1 Photosynthesis

4.1.1 Photosynthesis

4.1.2 Photosynthesis 2

4.1.3 Photosynthesis - Calculations

4.1.4 Photosynthesis Experiments

4.1.5 Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment

4.1.6 Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis

4.2 Respiration

4.2.1 Respiration

4.2.2 Respiration - Calculations

4.2.3 Exercise

4.2.4 Respiration HyperLearning

4.2.5 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis and Respiration

4.2.6 Exam-Style Questions - Anaerobic Respiration

5 Homeostasis & Response

5.1 Homeostasis

5.1.1 Homeostasis

5.1.2 Homeostasis & Negative Feedback

5.1.3 Exam-Style Questions - Exercise & Homeostasis

5.2 The Human Nervous System

5.2.1 The Nervous System

5.2.2 The Nervous System HyperFlashcards

5.2.3 Synapses

5.2.4 Reflexes

5.2.5 Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System

5.2.6 The Brain

5.2.7 Eye Anatomy

5.2.8 Eye Function

5.2.9 Control of Body Temperature

5.2.10 Warming Up & Cooling Down

5.2.11 Body Temperature HyperLearning

5.2.12 End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System

5.3 Hormonal Coordination in Humans

5.3.1 Endocrine System

5.3.2 Thyroxine & Adrenaline

5.3.3 Blood Glucose

5.3.4 Diabetes

5.3.5 Control of Water Balance

5.3.6 Urine

5.3.7 Dialysis

5.3.8 Transplants

5.3.9 Puberty

5.3.10 Menstruation

5.3.11 Contraception

5.3.12 Contraception 2

5.3.13 Hormones for Infertility

5.3.14 End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones

5.3.15 Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination

5.3.16 Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception

5.4 Plant Hormones

5.4.1 Plant Hormones

5.4.2 Plant Hormones 2

5.4.3 End of Topic Test - Hormones

6 Inheritance, Variation & Evolution

6.1 Reproduction

6.1.1 Reproduction

6.1.2 Reproduction 2

6.1.3 Genome

6.1.5 Protein Synthesis

6.1.6 Genetic Inheritance

6.1.7 Genetic Crosses

6.1.8 Inherited Disorders

6.1.9 Inherited Disorders 2

6.1.10 Genetic Crosses - Calculations

6.1.11 Genome Screening & Sex Determination

6.1.12 End of Topic Test - Reproduction

6.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics

6.2 Variation & Evolution

6.2.1 Variation & Evolution

6.2.2 Selective Breeding

6.2.3 Selective Breeding 2

6.2.4 Genetic Engineering

6.2.5 Uses of Genetic Modification

6.2.6 Cloning

6.2.7 Cloning 2

6.2.8 End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution

6.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.3 Genetics & Evolution

6.3.1 Natural Selection

6.3.2 Speciation

6.3.3 Evidence for Evolution

6.3.4 Genetics & Extinction

6.3.5 Grade 9 - Evolution

6.4 Classification

6.4.1 Classification of Living Organisms

6.4.2 Classification of Living Organisms 2

6.4.3 End of Topic - Genetics & Classification

7.1 Adaptations & Interdependence

7.1.1 Communities

7.1.2 Communities 2

7.2 Organisation of Ecosystems

7.2.1 Population Dynamics

7.2.2 Environmental Change

7.2.3 Assessing Ecosystems

7.2.4 Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations

7.2.5 The Cycling of Materials

7.2.6 Decay

7.2.7 Decay Practical

7.2.8 End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems

7.2.9 Grade 9 - Ecosystems

7.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition

7.3 Biodiversity

7.3.1 Human Interactions with Ecosystems

7.3.2 Human Interactions with Ecosystems 2

7.3.3 Greenhouse Gases

7.3.4 Greenhouse Gases 2

7.3.5 Hardest Questions - Humans & the Environment

7.3.6 End of Topic Test - Adaptations & Biodiversity

7.4 Trophic Levels

7.4.1 Trophic Levels

7.4.2 Trophic Levels 2

7.4.3 Transfer efficiency - Calculations

7.4.4 Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains

7.4.5 Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains

7.5 Food Production

7.5.1 Food Production

7.5.2 Farming & Fishing

7.5.3 Food Production - Calculations

7.5.4 End of Topic Test - Food & Trophic Levels

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Cell Specialisation in Animals

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When a sperm cell meets an egg cell | Inside the Human Body

Using state-of-the-art graphics, Michael Mosley shows what happens in the moments a sperm cell meets an egg cell.

• Clip length: 2'10''
• Broadcast year: 2011
• Biology | Reproduction, genetics and evolution | Reproduction | Fertilisation

Licence: ERA Licence required

UK only Staff and students of licensed education establishments only Cannot be adapted

• Provider: BBC
• Channel: BBC One
• Programme: Inside the Human Body
• Episode: Creation

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Gordon watches on from the canopy as two Raggiannas perform their majestic mating displays, and manage to secure a mate.

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Activate 1: B1: 3.2 Reproductive Systems

Subject: Biology

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

17 August 2020

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Activate 1: Biology full topic lessons

Full lessons for complete B1 topic – Cells; Structure & function of body systems; Reproduction. Includes PowerPoints with LOs and activities for B1 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. Designed to work with the Activate textbooks and worksheets.

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All about sperm

The Great Sperm Race Documentary: A Fascinating Insight into Fertilization

Short answer: The Great Sperm Race is a British documentary that explores the scientific process of fertilization. Released in 2009, it uses computer graphics to create a simulated race between sperm to reach the egg. The film includes interviews with fertility experts and couples struggling to conceive, and has been praised for its informative and accessible approach to a complex topic.

Uncovering the Secrets of Fertilization: An Overview of The Great Sperm Race Documentary

How the great sperm race documentary sheds light on the miracle of conception, a step-by-step guide to the journey of sperm: an in-depth look at the great sperm race, frequently asked questions about the great sperm race documentary – answered, up close and personal with fertility: an in-depth analysis of the great sperm race, the impact of the great sperm race documentary on fertility research and awareness.

Table of Contents

Fertilization is a complicated biological process that most people are familiar with, but few really understand. However, the Great Sperm Race documentary aims to change all of that by offering viewers an in-depth look at this fascinating process. The film, produced by the BBC, provides audiences with an insightful and entertaining overview of everything from egg production to sperm delivery.

One of the primary strengths of the Great Sperm Race documentary is its accessibility. Even if you’ve never taken a biology class or read a science book, you’ll be able to follow along with the explanations provided throughout the film. From cartoonish animations to real-life footage, there are plenty of visual aids to help explain complex concepts and provide context for what’s going on.

The documentary introduces us to key players in fertilization: the sperm and the egg. We learn how eggs develop into fully matured ova, which then travel through various stages before being released from their follicles when ovulation occurs. On the other hand, we also get an insight into how millions of sperm are produced daily in men’s bodies.

Viewers will also gain insights into sexual biology such as sex determination – masculine vs feminine traits – , what role hormones play in fertility (both male and female), conception odds (less common than most would think) etc.

What makes this documentary so engaging though is not only its informative aspects but also its comedic relief moments; many puns about swimmers caught me off my guard! Plus there’s always something inherently interesting when nature meets comedy whether it involves gags or punchlines about giant sperm wearing tiny capes en route to fertilization stardom(!).

Another important aspect covered within this documentary is eugenics relating particularly to natural selection where top-performing sperm cells are chosen naturally during reproductive processes as opposed having been selected beforehand by techniques such as artificial insemination or IVF treatment.

Overall, Uncovering the Secrets of Fertilization: An Overview of the Great Sperm Race Documentary is a fascinating, witty, and clever daw-dropping documentary that offers a closer look at one of nature’s most intriguing processes. Whether you have an interest in biology or simply enjoy well-crafted documentaries, this film has something to offer everyone. So if you want to learn more about fertilization without getting bogged down in technical terms or endless textbook readings, definitely give this film a watch – it’s well worth your time!

The miracle of conception has been a subject of fascination for centuries, but it wasn’t until the 21st century that we were able to witness its intricate details through documentary film. “The Great Sperm Race” is one such documentary that sheds light on this biological phenomenon like never before.

The premise of the documentary is simple – follow the millions of sperm as they race their way towards fertilizing an egg in a woman’s body. It sounds like something out of science fiction, but this is actually what happens every time a man and a woman come together to create life.

Not only does “The Great Sperm Race” provide us with stunning visuals of how sperm navigate through the female reproductive system, but it also gives us insight into the incredible odds that must be overcome for fertilization to occur. Out of millions of sperm, only one can successfully reach and penetrate an egg. This means that only one winner emerges from each race, making conception an incredibly rare and miraculous event.

One fascinating aspect uncovered by the documentary is how sex selection plays a role in determining whether a male or female embryo develops. Although there is no surefire way to control which gender will result from intercourse, scientists have discovered that male sperm tend to be faster swimmers than female sperm, yet die off quicker. On the other hand, female sperm might not swim quite as fast but stand up better against harsh conditions within the vagina. These subtle differences between male and female sperm make all the difference when competing for fertilization.

In addition to scientific details about conception itself, “The Great Sperm Race” also explores societal and cultural aspects surrounding pregnancy and birth around the world – including traditions around childbirths as well as ethical problems associated with embryonic research conducted during In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatments.

Overall, “The Great Sperm Race” offers much more than just stunning visuals – it’s an enlightening look into one of the most incredible biological phenomena on the planet. By watching millions of sperm in action and learning about the odds involved with fertilization, viewers truly appreciate just how special each new life is.

Are you curious about the journey of sperm? If so, then welcome to our in-depth look at The Great Sperm Race. In this article, we’ll guide you through each and every step of this fascinating process that takes place inside the male body.

First off, let’s start with some basic anatomy. The male reproductive system is made up of a number of different parts including the testes, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis and vas deferens. It’s within these organs where the magic happens.

When a man becomes sexually aroused, his brain sends a signal to the tissues in his penis causing it to become erect. This prepares for ejaculation – which is when millions upon millions of sperm cells are sent on their way into the world.

So, let’s follow those little swimmers as they make their way towards their intended destination: an egg cell waiting in one of the female’s two fallopian tubes.

Step One: Let’s Get Ready to Rumble! As soon as ejaculation occurs, the race begins! Alongside millions more ‘competitors,’ sperm cells begin swimming forward rapidly – propelled by tiny tails called flagella that wiggle back and forth.

Step Two: The Holding Place Just behind your balls lies one single long tube called epididymis where billions of new sperms are produced each day. Once matured- after around 70 days or so – they’re able to leave here via a lengthy coiled series of tubes (vas deferentia)

Step Three: Meet Mr Seminal Vesicle Once sperm cells join up with fluids from several other glands along its path (including seminal vesicles), this new liquid mixture helps protect them until they reach their final destination; otherwise known as semen.

Step Four: A Sticky Situation Semen provides a transport medium designed specifically for allowing sperm to travel comfortably and avoid desiccation outside deep within female reproductive tract. The mucus-like mixture helps the sperm stick to the cervix of a female’s uterus.

Step Five: A Race Against Time In less than 30 minutes after ejaculation, sperms start to get tired and some will die, with others getting lost along their journey. However, a small minority of these tiny competitors are able to outrun the rest and move ever closer to squaring off against their final opponent: an egg.

Step Six: Mission Accomplished Once that one lucky sperm makes contact with an egg and successfully penetrates its outer layer – fertilization has officially occurred! After several days of cell division and meandering down into fallopian tubes, your baby-to-be eventually implants itself inside the walls of the mother’s womb where it starts growing into a wonderfully magical human.

And there you have it – our step-by-step guide to The Great Sperm Race! This incredible process is just one of many complex biological wonders that occurs naturally within our bodies. So next time you sit down for sex-ed class discussion about

The Great Sperm Race is a fascinating and award-winning documentary that delves into the mysterious world of human reproduction. From the moment of fertilization to the birth of a child, this documentary provides a captivating insight into every aspect of conception.

Since its release, The Great Sperm Race has generated lots of buzz and attention with many people having several questions. Here are some frequently asked questions about The Great Sperm Race Documentary – answered!

What Is The Great Sperm Race About?

As mentioned earlier, The Great Sperm Race is a documentary that explores human reproduction and focuses on the journey sperm must undertake to fertilize an egg successfully. It follows 250 million competitors as they race to be the lucky one to fertilize an egg and create new life.

Is This A Scientifically Accurate Film?

Yes! There’s no doubt about it. Everything you witness in this documentary is scientifically accurate, so viewers can expect to learn a lot about how human conception works in reality. However, because some parts have been dramatized for effect quite unlike what happens in real life or within specific species (such as animals), it’s clear where creative license was taken.

Is It Suitable For Children To Watch The Great Sperm Race Documentary?

Although there’s nothing inappropriate visually or language-wise in terms of age rating on the film itself or otherwise; whether it’s suitable for your child will depend entirely on your parental discretion.

The subject matter might seem somewhat graphic for kids under eight years old. Still safe-to-watch-impressionable young ones — depending on their maturity levels — could learn scientific lessons from watching this informative experiment unfold online or via streaming services available by subscription like Netflix etc,.

Where Can I Watch “The Great Sperm Race” Documentary?

Fortunately, if you missed watching “The great sperm race” when it was first aired over ten years ago now either due to scheduling conflicts then lost out recording it onto PVR you still stand a chance to catch up via streaming services like Netflix.

Netflix is one of the best platforms to watch this exciting documentary that provides invaluable insight into human reproduction. But, you could also look for various other options on Amazon Prime and YouTube.

Is There A Sequel For This Documentary In The Works?

Sadly, no. As far as we are aware, there’s no sequel or new series in the works yet. Regrettably, this means fans of “The Great Sperm Race” will have to keep waiting patiently for any updates from the creators if the post-production phase sees successful outcomes having gathered valuable resources and funding.

However, there are lots of other similar documentaries out there that explore human biology from different angles that interested parties could seek out instead!

Should You Watch “The Great Sperm Race” Documentary?

If you’re somebody who enjoys learning about human anatomy and wants an in-depth study regarding the path sperm take struggle across distance amidst competition — then yes! “The Great Sperm Race” is thoroughly recommended watching.

Apart from being informative and educational about human science, it

Fertility is one of the most fascinating and important topics when it comes to human biology. The ability to conceive a child is not only a biological function but also an emotional and psychological one. And while there are many different factors that can affect fertility, one of the key players is undoubtedly sperm.

With this in mind, we turn our attention to a BBC documentary series called The Great Sperm Race. This groundbreaking series took us on an incredible journey through the male reproductive system as millions of sperm raced to fertilize an egg.

So, what makes this series so special? Well, for one thing, it offers an up-close-and-personal look at what happens inside the male body during intercourse – something that has never been seen before on film! But beyond its novelty factor, The Great Sperm Race provides viewers with a comprehensive understanding of how sperm works and how it plays a critical role in fertility.

The show begins by taking us on a journey through the development process of sperm cells, from their creation in the testicles all the way to their release into semen. We learn about how semen itself is made up of several different substances that help keep the sperm alive and mobile as they move towards the ultimate goal: fertilization of an egg.

But perhaps what’s most fascinating about this series is its exploration of just how difficult it is for sperm to reach their destination. From navigating impenetrable barriers within female reproductive tracts to facing off against other competing sperm cells along the way, nearly 90% of all sperm will never make it to the egg.

Yet somehow amidst all these obstacles, one lucky little swimmer ultimately emerges victorious by successfully penetrating and fertilizing an egg – paving the way for new life to begin.

Ultimately, The Great Sperm Race serves as both an educational tool and source of entertainment. It gives us a deep dive into how our bodies work while also showcasing some truly remarkable special effects (like the stunning 3D animation of millions of sperm cells in motion). But more than anything, the series encourages us to appreciate just how complex and remarkable our bodies are – particularly when it comes to bringing new life into the world.

The Great Sperm Race is a captivating and informative documentary that explores the complex biological processes behind conception. It chronicles the journey of millions of sperm cells as they fight their way to the egg, and ultimately, the miracle of fertilization. The documentary has had a significant impact on fertility research and awareness, shedding light on some important issues related to fertility.

Firstly, The Great Sperm Race has brought attention to male infertility in a way that was not previously possible. Historically, discussions around infertility centered around female reproductive health. However, thanks to this documentary, we now understand how important it is to consider male infertility as a significant factor in fertility problems.

Secondly, The Great Sperm Race has highlighted the importance of timing when it comes to conception. Couples who are trying for a baby need to know when ovulation is occurring so that they can increase their chances of successful fertilization. This understanding can be hugely beneficial for couples who have been struggling with infertility for an extended period.

Furthermore, The Great Sperm Race has made people more aware of lifestyle factors that can affect fertility. For example, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can damage sperm quality and decrease chances of conception significantly.

The insights gained from this fantastic documentary have contributed immensely towards advancing our understanding about reproduction and fertility mechanisms further. Both researchers and families who want children now have access to invaluable information about what it takes to become pregnant successfully.

In this regard, we can positively deduce that watching documentaries such as “The Great Sperm Race” educates us thoroughly on various aspects concerning our lives’ development stage if taken seriously; one may start implementing healthy changes towards increasing their chances of becoming pregnant successfully within reach but also helps us create awareness among society too regarding how lifestyle choices impact reproductive health.

Overall! We must commend “The great sperm race” for giving researchers groundbreaking insights into human reproduction while also serving as an excellent resource for anyone interested in understanding all aspects of fertility and reproductive health. It positively impacted the way people view conception and infertility, empowering them with knowledge to make informed decisions on their lifestyle choices that impact reproduction while debunking myths surrounding conception dynamics.