wildlife tourism in tanzania

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The Ultimate Wildlife Adventure: Exploring Tanzania’s Diverse Mammal Kingdom‍

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Tanzania, a land of breathtaking landscapes and diverse ecosystems, is home to an incredible array of mammals. From the awe-inspiring elephants and majestic lions to the elusive leopards and graceful giraffes, Tanzania’s mammal kingdom is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts. With its abundance of national parks and game reserves, this East African country offers an unparalleled opportunity to witness these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat.

The rich wildlife habitats of Tanzania

Tanzania boasts a range of wildlife habitats, each with its own unique characteristics. From the vast grasslands of the Serengeti to the dense forests of the Mahale Mountains , these habitats provide shelter and sustenance for a diverse array of mammal species. The Serengeti, in particular, is renowned for its annual wildebeest migration , where millions of these ungulates traverse the plains in search of greener pastures. It is an awe-inspiring spectacle that attracts visitors from around the world.

The Big Five and other iconic mammals of Tanzania

When it comes to iconic mammals, the list of mammals of Tanzania stands out with its famous Big Five: elephants, lions, leopards, rhinoceroses, and buffalos. These majestic creatures have captured the imaginations of wildlife enthusiasts for generations. The elephants, with their sheer size and gentle demeanor, inspire awe and admiration. The lions, known as the kings of the savannah, offer a glimpse into the raw power and beauty of nature. The leopards, with their stealth and agility, embody grace and mystery. The rhinoceroses and buffalos, though endangered, symbolize the resilience and importance of conservation efforts.

Endangered and unique mammal species in Tanzania

Tanzania is not only home to the Big Five but also harbors a number of endangered and unique mammal species. The black rhinoceros, for instance, is critically endangered due to poaching and habitat loss. Efforts are underway to protect and conserve these magnificent creatures, but their survival remains uncertain. Tanzania is also home to the rare and elusive African wild dog , a species known for its intricate social structure and hunting prowess. Witnessing these endangered and unique mammal species in their natural habitat is a privilege and a stark reminder of the importance of wildlife conservation.

Exploring Tanzania’s national parks and game reserves

Tanzania’s national parks and game reserves are a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts. The Serengeti National Park , with its vast plains and abundant wildlife, is a must-visit destination. Here, visitors can witness the Great Migration, where hundreds of thousands of wildebeest and zebras make their treacherous journey across the Serengeti in search of water and food. Other notable national parks include the Ngorongoro Conservation Area , home to the Ngorongoro Crater, a natural wonder teeming with wildlife, and the Selous Game Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its diverse ecosystem and pristine wilderness.

The best time to visit for wildlife sightings

To maximize your chances of witnessing Tanzania’s diverse mammal kingdom, it is crucial to visit during the dry season, which typically runs from June to October. During this time, water sources become scarce, forcing animals to congregate around remaining waterholes, making sightings more predictable. The months of July to September are particularly ideal for witnessing the Great Migration in the Serengeti. However, wildlife viewing can still be rewarding during the wet season, as the landscape becomes lush and vibrant, attracting a different array of species.

Responsible wildlife tourism in Tanzania

As visitors, it is our responsibility to ensure that our presence does not harm the delicate ecosystems and wildlife of Tanzania . Practicing responsible wildlife tourism is essential to protect and preserve these natural treasures for future generations. This includes following park regulations, maintaining a safe distance from animals, and refraining from littering or disturbing the environment. By being conscious of our actions, we can contribute to the sustainable development of Tanzania’s wildlife tourism industry and help protect its precious mammal kingdom.

Conservation efforts and success stories in Tanzania

Tanzania has made significant strides in wildlife conservation, with various organizations and initiatives working tirelessly to protect its mammal species. The establishment of national parks and game reserves, coupled with anti-poaching efforts, has helped safeguard habitats and combat illegal wildlife trade. Success stories, such as the recovery of elephant populations in the Tarangire National Park, serve as a testament to the effectiveness of these conservation efforts. However, challenges remain, and continued support is essential to ensure the long-term survival of Tanzania’s mammal kingdom.

Wildlife photography tips for capturing Tanzania’s mammals

For photography enthusiasts, Tanzania offers a wealth of opportunities to capture stunning images of its diverse mammal kingdom. To make the most of your wildlife photography experience, it is important to come prepared. Invest in a telephoto lens to capture close-up shots of animals from a safe distance. Familiarize yourself with the behavior and habits of the mammals you wish to photograph to anticipate their movements. Patience is key, as capturing the perfect shot often requires waiting for the right moment. Lastly, respect the animals and their environment by not disturbing or altering their natural behavior for the sake of a photograph.

Conclusion: Why Tanzania is a must-visit destination for wildlife enthusiasts

Tanzania’s diverse mammal kingdom is a testament to the country’s commitment to wildlife conservation and preservation. With its rich wildlife habitats, iconic mammal species, and unique wildlife experiences, Tanzania offers an unparalleled adventure for wildlife enthusiasts. From witnessing the Great Migration in the Serengeti to tracking the elusive leopards in the Mahale Mountains, exploring Tanzania’s national parks and game reserves is a dream come true for anyone passionate about wildlife. So pack your bags, grab your camera, and embark on the ultimate wildlife adventure in Tanzania – a destination like no other.

For more articles related to Wildlife in Tanzania (Animals), click  here !

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Wildlife Wonders: The Ultimate Guide to Tanzania Safari Trips

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Tanzania stands as a crown jewel in the global safari landscape, renowned for its diverse ecosystems and unparalleled wildlife sightings. This East African nation boasts rich landscapes, from the iconic Serengeti Plains to the volcanic splendor of the Ngorongoro Crater. These serve as backdrops for some of the planet’s most spectacular wildlife phenomena. Prepare to embark on a journey that will awaken your senses and leave you in awe of nature’s grandeur.

Timing Your Safari: When Wildlife Comes Alive

Choosing the right season for your Tanzania safari can transform a good experience into an extraordinary one. The country’s weather patterns profoundly influence animal behavior, creating distinct periods when wildlife sightings reach their peak.

As the dry season sets in from late June to October, the Great Migration, a breathtaking natural spectacle , reaches its zenith in the Serengeti. Witness millions of wildebeest and zebras venturing on a treacherous journey across the vast plains in search of greener pastures, while predators like lions and cheetahs lie in wait.

For bird enthusiasts, the best time to visit is during the rainy season from November to May, when migratory birds flock to Tanzania’s lush landscapes, painting vivid hues across the skies.

Tanzania Safari Trips: Tailored to Your Wanderlust

When planning your Tanzania safari trips, it’s essential to consider your interests and preferences to craft an experience that aligns with your wanderlust. From the adrenaline-fueled thrill of witnessing the Great Migration to the serene moments of observing rare bird species in their natural habitats, Tanzania offers a multitude of safari experiences to cater to every traveler’s desires.

For those seeking an up-close encounter with the iconic Big Five (lions, elephants, buffalos, leopards, and rhinos), Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater are must-visit destinations. These iconic parks offer unparalleled opportunities to witness these majestic creatures in their natural habitats, leaving you in awe of their power and grace.

Adventure enthusiasts can plan Tanzania safari trips that combine thrilling game drives with exhilarating walking safaris or even river excursions. The Selous Game Reserve and Ruaha National Park are prime destinations for such immersive experiences, where you can explore the wilderness on foot, guided by experienced rangers, and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate web of life that thrives in these pristine landscapes.

For those captivated by the avian world, Tanzania’s diverse ecosystems offer a true paradise for bird watching. From the vibrant flamingos that congregate in the saline lakes to the elusive forest dwellers, a dedicated birding safari promises to delight even the most seasoned ornithologists.

Regardless of your interests, Tanzania safari trips can be tailored to create unforgettable memories. Reputable tour operators work closely with you to curate itineraries that strike the perfect balance between adventure, luxury, and sustainability, ensuring that your journey not only fulfills your dreams but also contributes to the preservation of these natural wonders for generations to come.

A Journey Through Tanzania’s Wildlife Havens

Serengeti national park.

Epitomizing the majesty of an African safari, Serengeti National Park is home to the iconic Great Migration, a natural wonder that draws visitors from around the world. As the wildebeest and zebra herds traverse the park’s endless plains, you’ll witness breathtaking scenes of survival, where predators like lions, cheetahs, and hyenas hunt their prey with unparalleled precision. Luxury lodges and tented camps offer a Tanzania luxury safari experience in the heart of this iconic destination.

Ngorongoro Crater

Nestled within the UNESCO World Heritage site of Ngorongoro Conservation Area, the Ngorongoro Crater is a unique ecosystem that supports a dense population of some of Africa’s most sought-after wildlife. Descend into this ancient volcanic caldera to encounter black rhinos, elephants, lions, and a vast array of species thriving within its fertile walls.

Tarangire National Park

Known for its large herds of elephants and the majestic baobab trees that dot its landscape, Tarangire National Park offers a distinct safari experience. During the dry season, witness these gentle giants converge at the park’s waterholes, creating unforgettable scenes of wildlife congregations. This park is one of the best safaris in Tanzania for elephant enthusiasts.

Selous Game Reserve

Venturing into the vast Selous Game Reserve, you’ll discover Tanzania’s wild heart, where nature remains undisturbed and abundant animals roam freely. Keep your eyes peeled for the elusive African wild dog, as well as lions, elephants, and a diverse array of bird species that call this reserve home.

Ruaha National Park

If you’re a predator enthusiast, Ruaha National Park is your paradise. Witness the drama of survival unfold daily as lions, leopards, and cheetahs prowl the park’s landscapes, hunting their prey with unrivaled precision. With fewer visitors than other parks, you’ll experience an unparalleled sense of seclusion amidst the wild. This park offers one of the best Tanzania safaris for predator viewing.

The Great Migration: A Spectacular Journey

The Great Migration, often referred to as the “Greatest Show on Earth,” is a wildlife spectacle that cannot be missed. As the dry season sets in, millions of wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles travel on a treacherous journey across the Serengeti plains and the Masai Mara in Kenya, in search of greener pastures.

This epic journey is not without its challenges. The migrating herds must navigate treacherous river crossings, where crocodiles lie in wait, and face the ever-present threat of predators like lions, cheetahs, and hyenas. Witnessing this incredible feat of endurance and resilience is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that will leave you in awe of nature’s raw power.

Beyond the Beasts: Birds, Reptiles, and Unique Species

While the Big Five (lions, elephants, buffalos, leopards, and rhinos) are undoubtedly the stars of the show , Tanzania’s wildlife diversity extends far beyond these famous species. The country is home to an incredible array of avian life, reptiles, and unique species that enrich the safari experience.

Keep your binoculars ready to spot the majestic secretary bird, the striking saddle-billed stork, and the vibrant lilac-breasted roller. Venture into the bush, and you might encounter the elusive kudu, the peculiar dik-dik, or the formidable Nile crocodile basking on the riverbanks.

Engaging with Giants: Elephant and Giraffe Conservation Initiatives

As you witness the grandeur of Tanzania’s wildlife, it’s essential to recognize the importance of conservation efforts that ensure these wonders remain protected for generations to come. Tanzania is home to several initiatives dedicated to safeguarding its iconic elephant and giraffe populations.

During your safari, consider participating in ethical conservation tourism activities, such as visiting sanctuaries or contributing to local wildlife foundations. Your support can make a tangible difference in preserving these gentle giants and their habitats, while also supporting the local people of Tanzania, who play a vital role in conservation efforts.

Safari Essentials: Maximizing Your Wildlife Viewing Experience

To truly immerse yourself in the magic of a Tanzanian safari, it’s crucial to come prepared. Here are some essential tips to ensure you make the most of your wildlife viewing experience on one of the best Tanzania safaris:

• Binoculars and Cameras: Invest in high-quality optics and a camera with a telephoto lens to capture the action from a distance without disturbing the animals.
• Appropriate Clothing: Opt for neutral colors like khaki, beige, and olive green to blend in with your surroundings and avoid alarming the wildlife.
• Respect the Animals: Maintain a respectful distance from the animals, avoid loud noises or sudden movements, and never attempt to approach or feed them.
•   Ethical Safari Operators: Choose reputable safari operators who prioritize responsible tourism practices and support local communities.

Capturing the Wild: Wildlife Photography on Tanzanian Safaris

A Tanzanian safari offers unparalleled opportunities for capturing stunning wildlife photographs. To bring home captivating images that truly showcase the beauty and power of nature, consider the following expert tips for your luxury safari in Tanzania:

• Choose the Right Gear: Invest in a high-quality DSLR camera with a telephoto lens and a sturdy tripod for stability.
• Mastering Lighting: Learn to work with natural light, and experiment with different angles and compositions to create dynamic and visually striking images.
• Patience and Perseverance: Wildlife photography requires patience and perseverance. Be prepared to spend hours waiting for the perfect shot, as animals rarely pose on command.
• Respect the Environment: Prioritize the well-being of the animals and their habitat over the perfect photograph. Refrain from disturbing or altering their natural behavior.

Comparison: Popular Tanzania National Parks

To help you plan your safari adventure and choose the best Tanzania safaris for your interests, here’s a comparison table highlighting the key features of some of Tanzania’s most popular national parks:

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best way to experience the great migration .

The best way is to time your Tanzania safari during the dry season (late June to October) when millions of wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles migrate across the Serengeti plains. Witness this epic journey filled with dramatic river crossings and predator hunts from luxury lodges or tented camps within Serengeti National Park.

Which national parks are best for seeing predators like lions and leopards? 

For predator viewing, Ruaha National Park and Selous Game Reserve offer excellent opportunities to spot lions, leopards, cheetahs, and the elusive African wild dog in action. These parks are less crowded, providing a secluded safari experience focused on observing these powerful hunters.

How can I ensure my safari trip is ethical and supports conservation? 

Choose a reputable tour operator that prioritizes responsible tourism practices, supports local communities, and contributes to wildlife conservation initiatives. Consider participating in ethical activities like visiting elephant or giraffe sanctuaries, and avoid any operators that engage in unethical practices that may harm the animals or their habitats.

A Tanzanian safari promises an unforgettable adventure, rooted in its ability to connect you deeply with the natural world through intimate wildlife encounters. From the thundering hooves of the Great Migration to the silent prowl of a leopard, every moment will leave you in awe of the majestic beauty that inhabits this extraordinary land. With the best Tanzania safaris and luxury safari options, you’ll experience the ultimate celebration of nature’s grandeur.

Embark on this journey with a deep respect for Tanzania’s natural heritage, embracing responsible tourism practices and supporting conservation efforts. Let the memories of witnessing these wildlife wonders inspire you to become a steward of the planet, preserving its precious treasures for generations to come.

So, what are you waiting for? Plan your Tanzanian safari today and experience the ultimate celebration of nature’s grandeur.

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Tanzania's Wildlife

Wildlife in Tanzania

Hogging the limelight are Tanzania’s northern parks, which attract the most visitors. In the south, the parks have excellent wildlife but far fewer safari-goers, while the remote west lures adventurers in search of chimps and plains megafauna.

Tanzania is one of the most biodiverse countries on earth, covering more than 945,000km 2 , and home to 300 types of mammal, 400 varieties of reptiles and amphibians and 1,100 species of birds. This breadth of species reflects Tanzania’s diversity of habitats: huge herds of elephants frequent Tarangire’s swamps , wild dogs roam the vast bushlands of the Selous , and big cats dominate the open plains of the Serengeti . In the tropical forests on the steep shores of Lake Tanganyika, chimpanzee troops are increasingly habituated to visitors (this is the best place in Africa to observe their social structure), while shallow soda lakes in the Rift Valley host millions of nesting flamingos. This diversity extends beyond into the ocean – to shallow coral gardens where you can snorkel with turtles, ocean drop-offs for scuba enthusiasts and plankton-rich bays where whale sharks gather. Tanzania’s breathtaking contrasts mark it out: you really can watch lions on a hunt in the morning and be floating over coral reefs in the afternoon.

Great wildlife safaris to Tanzania

Here are some of our ideas for great holidays focussed on wildlife in Tanzania.

Marabou Stork Fly-in Safari

13 days • 5 locations KILIMANJARO AIRPORT TO DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT

Four luxurious camps enable exploration of Tanzania’s north and southern regions. With a range of land- and water-based activities available throughout, decidedly comfortable accommodation and applicable long-stay discounts, this adventurous safari is excellent value.

US$17,280 - US$25,560 per person

Flufftail Guided Safari

10 days • 3 locations KILIMANJARO AIRPORT TO KILIMANJARO AIRPORT

Stay in three unique camps as you safari across the Ngorongoro Crater and the iconic Serengeti Plains with your private guide and 4WD vehicle: a trip of comfort and autonomy, with excellent wildlife.

US$12,970 - US$18,460 per person

Firefinch Drive-Fly Safari

9 days • 3 locations KILIMANJARO AIRPORT TO KILIMANJARO AIRPORT

Enjoy a combination of privately guided and shared game drives during this good-value exploration of northern Tanzania. Explore game-dense regions from three comfortable bases which offer a variety of activities.

US$8,190 - US$10,760 per person

Jackal Fly-in Safari

8 days • 2 locations DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT TO DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT

Enjoy a range of activities on this luxury fly-in safari. Explore the remoter regions of Ruaha National Park and Nyerere National Park with phenomenal guides during stays at two impressively comfortable camps that remain perfectly in keeping with their surroundings.

US$9,060 - US$12,080 per person

Chimpanzee Fly-in Safari

8 days • 3 locations KILIMANJARO AIRPORT TO KILIMANJARO AIRPORT

Combining two of the remotest parks in Tanzania, this safari can deliver extraordinary wildlife viewing in Katavi, and East Africa's best chimp treks, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika.

US$10,130 - US$14,810 per person

Tinkerbird Fly-in Safari

8 days • 4 locations KILIMANJARO AIRPORT TO KILIMANJARO AIRPORT

Explore Tanzania’s famous northern circuit in Tarangire National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Serengeti National Park. Four smart sister camps offer a high level of care, first-class guiding and a wide range of activities.

US$9,100 - US$14,140 per person

Secretary Bird Fly-in Safari

Chosen for comfort and relaxation as much as for its range of activities, this safari makes for a leisurely trip featuring stunning accommodation and swift access to many of northern Tanzania’s best wildlife regions.

US$12,110 - US$16,740 per person

Topi Fly-in Safari

7 days • 2 locations DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT TO DAR ES SALAAM AIRPORT

Explore Nyerere National Park and Ruaha National Park from two luxurious, colonially styled camps. Chosen for their access to good game viewing and thrilling remoteness, these camps also offer a range of varied safari activities.

US$6,540 - US$6,870 per person

Yellow Baboon Fly-In Safari

Two authentic bushcamps offer access to Ruaha’s remote wildernesses through walking safaris, day and night 4WD drives and fly-camping. Explore in almost utter isolation, with superb guiding to heighten your immersion in nature.

US$7,950 - US$9,220 per person

Spotted Hyena Fly-in Safari

Stay in one of Nyerere National Park's best safari camps before experiencing a truly authentic tented camp in Ruaha. Remote locations, superb guiding and a range of activities await guests during this comfortable fly-in safari.

US$7,400 - US$10,300 per person

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Tanzania's top camps for wildlife safaris

Click on the dots on the map to show the sightings from that lodges or camps for the species selected. It's based on 5006 reports by 582 groups of our our travellers since May 2018.

Best chances to see

Good chances to see

Some sightings

No sightings yet

Wildlife species in Tanzania

Average % sighting of success

Quick facts about Lion

Scientific name:

Panthera leo

Savanna & woodland

IUCN status:

Adult weight:

More about Lion in Tanzania

Quick facts about Leopard

Panthera pardus

Savanna, woodland, forest, mountains

More about Leopard in Tanzania

Quick facts about Cheetah

Acinonyx jubatus

Grassland & woodland

More about Cheetah in Tanzania

Quick facts about Wild dog

Lycaon pictus

Savannah & woodland

More about Wild dog in Tanzania

Spotted Hyena

Quick facts about Spotted Hyena

Crocuta crocuta

Semi-desert, forest, savannah

Least Concern

More about Spotted Hyena in Tanzania

Quick facts about Wildebeest

Connochaetes sp.

Open savannah & grasslands

Least concern

More about Wildebeest in Tanzania

Quick facts about Buffalo

Syncerus caffer

Floodplains, mixed bush & moist grasslands

Near-threatened

More about Buffalo in Tanzania

Quick facts about Chimpanzee

Pan troglodytes

Tropical forest & wooded savanna

More about Chimpanzee in Tanzania

Quick facts about Eland

Taurotragus oryx

Open savanna & grasslands

More about Eland in Tanzania

Quick facts about Elephant

Loxodonta africana

Woodland and savanna

2,500–6,500kg

More about Elephant in Tanzania

Quick facts about Oryx

Oryx beisa and Oryx gazella

Arid savannah

Endangered (O.b) /Least Concern (O.g)

120–210kg (O.b) /180–240kg (O.g)

More about Oryx in Tanzania

Quick facts about Giraffe

Giraffa camelopardalis

Woodland savanna

800–1,200kg

More about Giraffe in Tanzania

Quick facts about Hippo

Hippopotamus amphibius

Freshwater rivers & wetlands

1,300–2,600kg

More about Hippo in Tanzania

Roan antelope

Quick facts about Roan antelope

Hippotragus equinus

Savannah woodland

More about Roan antelope in Tanzania

Sable antelope

Quick facts about Sable antelope

Hippotragus niger

More about Sable antelope in Tanzania

Quick facts about Sitatunga

Tragelaphus spekeii

Swamps and swamp forest

More about Sitatunga in Tanzania

Striped Hyena

Quick facts about Striped Hyena

Hyaena hyaena

Semi-desert, savannah

Near Threatened

More about Striped Hyena in Tanzania

Quick facts about Zebra

Equus quagga

Woodland and savannah

More about Zebra in Tanzania

Quick facts about Aardvark

Orycteropus afer

More about Aardvark in Tanzania

Quick facts about Pangolin

Smutsia temminkii

More about Pangolin in Tanzania

Black Rhino

Quick facts about Black Rhino

Diceros bicornis

Scrub & open woodland

Critically Endangered

800–1,400kg

More about Black Rhino in Tanzania

Tanzania's wildlife specialities

East Africa’s great migration is the biggest herd movement of large mammals on earth and Tanzania’s best known wildlife spectacle. Witnessing it can be the experience of a lifetime.

Extraordinary moments

As the megaherd passes through on its year-round cycle , the eyes of lions are always on the wildebeest: Tanzania is home to roughly half of Africa’s lions. You might watch a pride with cubs frolicking on a rocky kopje in the Serengeti , or witness the aftermath of a hunt in Ruaha National Park . In Tanzania, these extraordinary wildlife moments are often combined with the most amazing scenic spectacles – the sheer-walled wildlife arena of the Ngorongoro Crater , for example, shared by black rhinos and dozens of other species, or the deep waters of Lake Tanganyika, echoing with the hoots of chimpanzees from the forests above. And when you’re not looking far and wide, closer encounters are to be had on every walk or game drive – with birds, chameleons, fabulous butterflies and other insects, and mysterious creatures like the ant-lion that your guide will tell you all about.

Other top destinations for wildlife

To understand more about the the wildlife in our other key destinations in Africa, click on the countries below.

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Wildlife & Animals

Tanzania Travel Guide Tanzania

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​Wildlife & Animals – Tanzania

Philip is a renowned Africa expert and author of many Bradt guidebooks to African destinations, including the guide to Tanzania.

Philip is a renowned Africa expert and author of the Bradt guidebook to Tanzania.

Philip is the author of the Bradt guidebook to Tanzania.

Tanzania offers excellent wildlife viewing. If it’s your goal to tick off the Big Five , you’re in luck. Elephant , buffalo and lion are easily seen. If you’re visiting the Ngorongoro Crater, you’ll probably spot black rhino too. Although common, leopards are very secretive. This makes any encounter with the most elusive of the big cats extra special.

Wildebeest Migration

The wildebeest migration is one of Africa’s greatest wildlife spectacles. At least 2 million hooved animals – mainly wildebeest , but also zebra and gazelle – move around the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. Highlights of this 800km/500mi circular trek include the wildebeest calving on the Southern Serengeti plains and the dramatic Mara River crossings in the north.

Wildlife Highlights

Tanzania is home to more than 30 meat-eating mammals. There are cats, wild dogs , jackals, hyenas and many smaller carnivores, such as mongooses and genets . Small cats include caracal , serval and African wild cat . Wild dogs are mostly found in the southern parks, but bat-eared fox and black-backed jackal are more widespread. Getting out at dawn offers the best chance to see many of these fabulous creatures.

Best Time for Wildlife Viewing

The Dry season (June to October) is the best time for wildlife viewing. The Wet season (November to May) is more beautiful and tourist numbers are lower. The best time for seeing the wildebeest calving is January to February (Southern Serengeti) and June to October for the wildebeest migration (Western and Northern Serengeti). The parks in the Southern and Western circuits are less accessible in the long rains (March to May) and some lodges close during that period.

Wildlife Rating

• Expert Rating 5.0 /5 18 Wildlife Reviews
• User Rating 4.9 /5 1,518 Wildlife Reviews

Wildlife Rating per Major Park

• Serengeti NP 4.9 /5 446 Wildlife Ratings
• Ngorongoro Crater 4.8 /5 485 Wildlife Ratings
• Lake Manyara NP 3.9 /5 261 Wildlife Ratings
• Tarangire NP 4.6 /5 297 Wildlife Ratings
• Nyerere NP 4.5 /5 96 Wildlife Ratings
• Ruaha NP 4.7 /5 70 Wildlife Ratings

Recommended Wildlife Books

• A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania This lavishly photographed book covers 133 mammal species. Charles Foley et al.
• The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals (book and app) Definitive guide for serious Africa wildlife enthusiasts. Jonathan Kingdon
• The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Not a field guide but a fascinating intro to mammal behavior. Richard D. Estes
• Field Guide to East African Reptiles Great for identifying lizards, snakes and other reptiles. Stephen Spawls et al.
• East African Wildlife One-volume guide to common mammals, birds and reptiles. Philip Briggs

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9-Day Luxury Tailor-Made Tanzania Wildlife Safari

$7,799 to $11,853 pp (USD)

Tanzania: Private tour Luxury Lodge & Tented Camp

You Visit: Arusha (Start) , Tarangire NP, Ngorongoro Crater, Northern Serengeti NP, Arusha (End)

Wayfairer Travel

4.9 /5  –  149 Reviews

9-Day Fly-in & Drive Safari Northern Tanzania

$3,666 pp (USD)

Tanzania: Private tour Mid-range Lodge & Tented Camp

You Visit: Zanzibar (Start) , Central Serengeti NP, Serengeti NP, Northern Serengeti NP, Ndutu (Southern Serengeti NP) , Ngorongoro Crater, Lake Natron, Arusha (End)

Paradise & Wilderness

4.9 /5  –  132 Reviews

8-Day Great Migration Safari

$3,135 pp (USD)

You Visit: Arusha (Start) , Tarangire NP, Central Serengeti NP, Northern Serengeti NP, Serengeti NP, Ngorongoro Crater, Foothills of Mt Kilimanjaro, Arusha (End)

Safari Soles

5.0 /5  –  246 Reviews

Wildlife Wonderland – The Ultimate Tanzanian Safari Guide

Wildlife wonderland – the ultimate tanzania safari guide.

Tanzania, a land of vast plains, lush forests, and towering mountains, stands as a beacon for wildlife enthusiasts and adventurers alike. Nestled within its borders lies a treasure trove of biodiversity, earning Tanzania wildlife its well-deserved reputation as a wildlife wonderland. From the iconic savannahs of the Serengeti to the hidden depths of the Ngorongoro Crater , Tanzania offers an unparalleled safari experience that promises encounters with some of the world’s most majestic creatures.

Tanzania Wildlife: A Diverse Tapestry:

At the heart of Tanzania’s allure is its remarkable biodiversity, encompassing a mosaic of ecosystems that support an astonishing array of flora and fauna. From the legendary Big Five – lions, elephants, buffaloes, leopards, and rhinos – to the graceful giraffes, cheetahs, zebras, and wildebeests that roam the plains, Tanzania’s wildlife captivates the imagination and stirs the soul.

National parks and reserves play a pivotal role in safeguarding Tanzania’s natural heritage, providing sanctuaries where wildlife can thrive undisturbed. Serengeti National Park, with its sweeping grasslands and annual Great Migration, stands as a symbol of the country’s commitment to conservation. Meanwhile, the Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area boasts a unique ecosystem teeming with diverse wildlife, including endangered black rhinos and elusive servals.

In addition to its flagship species, Tanzania is home to a wealth of lesser-known but equally fascinating creatures, from the playful antics of vervet monkeys to the vibrant plumage of native bird species. Exploring the depths of Tanzania’s forests reveals a world of hidden wonders, where elusive chimpanzees swing through the canopy and colorful butterflies dance in the dappled sunlight.

As visitors embark on their Tanzanian safari adventure, they are invited to immerse themselves in this diverse tapestry of life, where every sighting is a testament to the enduring beauty of the natural world.

In Tanzania, you'll witness nature's most dramatic events: the Great Migration of wildebeest, the Big Five on the prowl, and the timeless beauty of the Ngorongoro Crater. - David Attenborough

Safari Destinations in Tanzania:

Serengeti National Park: Serengeti National Park stands as a timeless expanse of rolling plains and acacia-dotted landscapes, where the drama of the Great Migration unfolds year-round. Witnessing the thundering herds of wildebeests and zebras as they traverse the Serengeti in search of greener pastures is a spectacle like no other. Visitors can embark on game drives , hot air balloon safaris, and guided walks to explore the park’s diverse habitats and encounter its resident wildlife, including lions, leopards, elephants, and giraffes.

Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area: Often referred to as Africa’s “Eden,” the Ngorongoro Crater is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of Tanzania’s most iconic safari destinations. Formed by the collapse of an ancient volcano, the crater harbors a microcosm of wildlife within its walls, from grazing herbivores like buffalo and wildebeest to predators such as lions and hyenas. Visitors can descend into the crater for a day of unparalleled game viewing, accompanied by experienced guides who offer insights into the area’s ecology and conservation efforts.

Tarangire National Park: Tarangire National Park beckons travelers with its timeless landscapes and abundance of wildlife, particularly during the dry season when animals congregate around the Tarangire River. Elephants are a common sight here, often seen bathing and drinking at the riverbanks, while iconic baobab trees dot the horizon. Safari enthusiasts can explore the park’s diverse terrain on game drives and guided walks, spotting elusive predators like leopards and cheetahs amidst the savannah and woodlands.

Selous Game Reserve: Named after British explorer Frederick Selous, this vast wilderness area is one of the largest protected reserves in Africa, encompassing a range of habitats from open grasslands to dense forests and meandering rivers. Selous Game Reserve offers a quieter, more off-the-beaten-path safari experience, with opportunities for boat safaris, walking safaris, and fly camping adventures. Visitors can encounter a wealth of wildlife, including elephants, hippos, crocodiles, and an impressive array of bird species.

While these are among the most renowned safari destinations in Tanzania, the country boasts numerous other parks and reserves waiting to be explored, each offering its own unique charm and wildlife encounters.

Wildlife Encounters:

Embarking on a Tanzanian safari promises unforgettable wildlife encounters that leave a lasting impression on visitors. Whether tracking lions on the prowl, observing elephant herds at watering holes, or marveling at the grace of giraffes silhouetted against the African sky, each moment offers a glimpse into the intricate tapestry of life in the wilderness.

One of the most anticipated events in Tanzania’s wildlife calendar is the Great Migration, a dramatic spectacle that sees millions of wildebeests , zebras , and other herbivores traverse the Serengeti in search of fresh grazing grounds. Witnessing this mass movement of animals is a once-in-a-lifetime experience, as predators lurk in the shadows, waiting to seize the opportunity presented by the vulnerable herds.

For those seeking elusive predators, Tanzania offers ample opportunities to encounter lions, leopards, cheetahs, and hyenas in their natural habitat. Game drives through the savannahs and woodlands of parks like Serengeti and Tarangire often yield thrilling sightings, with expert guides using their tracking skills to locate these majestic creatures.

However, wildlife encounters in Tanzania extend beyond the Big Five , encompassing a myriad of species that contribute to the country’s rich biodiversity. From the playful antics of vervet monkeys and the majestic presence of African elephants to the intricate dances of colorful birds, every sighting offers a new appreciation for the wonders of the natural world.

Photographers and wildlife enthusiasts alike will find endless opportunities to capture stunning images of Tanzania’s wildlife, whether framing the perfect shot of a lioness on the hunt or capturing the fleeting grace of a leopard in repose. Patience, observation, and a keen eye for detail are essential tools for capturing the essence of Tanzania’s wildlife in all its glory.

As visitors immerse themselves in the sights and sounds of the Tanzanian wilderness, each wildlife encounter becomes a cherished memory, weaving itself into the fabric of their safari adventure.

Conservation Efforts:

Tanzania’s awe-inspiring wildlife heritage is not only a source of wonder and fascination but also a responsibility to protect and preserve for future generations. Recognizing the importance of conservation, Tanzania has implemented various initiatives aimed at safeguarding its natural treasures and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

At the forefront of these efforts are national parks, reserves, and conservation organizations dedicated to protecting Tanzania’s diverse ecosystems and wildlife populations. Serengeti National Park, for example, has long been a stronghold for wildlife conservation, with measures in place to combat poaching, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict.

Community-based conservation initiatives play a crucial role in involving local communities in wildlife management and fostering a sense of stewardship over natural resources. By engaging with indigenous peoples and rural communities, Tanzania aims to ensure that conservation efforts are inclusive and beneficial to all stakeholders.

In recent years, Tanzania has also made strides in combating illegal wildlife trafficking and promoting responsible tourism practices. Stringent laws and enforcement mechanisms have been put in place to deter poaching and wildlife crime, while initiatives such as community-based tourism and eco-friendly lodges offer sustainable alternatives to traditional safari tourism.

Despite these efforts, conservation in Tanzania faces numerous challenges, including habitat fragmentation, climate change, and human-wildlife conflict. Addressing these issues requires a concerted effort from government agencies, conservation organizations, local communities, and international partners to ensure the long-term viability of Tanzania’s wildlife and ecosystems.

As visitors to Tanzania, we have a responsibility to tread lightly on the land and respect the delicate balance of nature. By supporting responsible tourism operators, practicing ethical wildlife viewing, and contributing to conservation initiatives, we can help ensure that Tanzania’s wildlife continues to thrive for generations to come.

Photography Tips for Capturing Tanzanian Wildlife:

Capturing the beauty and majesty of Tanzanian wildlife through photography is a rewarding endeavor that requires patience, skill, and a deep appreciation for the natural world. Whether you’re an amateur enthusiast or seasoned professional, these tips will help you make the most of your safari experience:

Know Your Gear: Familiarize yourself with your camera equipment before embarking on your Tanzanian safari. Whether you’re using a DSLR, mirrorless camera, or smartphone, understanding your gear’s capabilities and settings will allow you to capture stunning images in a variety of conditions.

Use the Right Settings: Adjust your camera settings to suit the lighting and motion of the wildlife you encounter. For fast-moving subjects like cheetahs or birds in flight, use a fast shutter speed to freeze the action. Experiment with aperture settings to control depth of field and focus attention on your subject.

Practice Patience: Wildlife photography requires patience and persistence. Spend time observing animal behavior and anticipating their movements to capture candid moments and unique behaviors. Don’t be afraid to wait for the perfect shot – it’s often worth the wait.

Respect Wildlife and Their Habitat: When photographing wildlife, always prioritize the well-being of the animals and their natural environment. Maintain a safe distance and avoid disturbing or harassing wildlife for the sake of a photo. Practice responsible wildlife viewing and adhere to park regulations and guidelines.

Capture the Essence of the Environment: In addition to focusing on individual animals, strive to capture the essence of the Tanzanian landscape and ecosystem. Incorporate elements such as sweeping savannahs, towering baobab trees, and vibrant sunsets to provide context and depth to your images.

Experiment with Composition: Explore different composition techniques to add visual interest to your photos. Experiment with framing, leading lines, and the rule of thirds to create dynamic and compelling compositions. Be creative and don’t be afraid to break the rules to achieve stunning results.

Embrace Natural Light: Take advantage of the soft, golden light of sunrise and sunset, known as the “golden hour,” for optimal lighting conditions. Avoid harsh midday sun when shadows are harsh and colors are washed out. Use natural light to enhance the mood and atmosphere of your wildlife photos.

Tell a Story: Use your photography to tell a story about Tanzanian wildlife and conservation. Capture moments of interaction, emotion, and connection between animals and their environment. Share the beauty and wonder of Tanzania’s wildlife with the world through your images.

By following these photography tips and techniques, you can capture stunning images that showcase the beauty and diversity of Tanzanian wildlife while promoting conservation and responsible tourism practices.

Cultural Experiences:

Beyond its extraordinary wildlife, Tanzania is also home to a rich tapestry of cultures and traditions that add depth and diversity to the safari experience. Exploring the cultural heritage of Tanzania offers visitors a unique opportunity to connect with local communities, learn about traditional lifestyles, and gain insight into the customs and rituals that have shaped the country’s identity.

One of the most iconic cultural experiences in Tanzania is interacting with the Maasai people, semi-nomadic pastoralists known for their distinctive attire, intricate beadwork, and vibrant ceremonies. Visitors can visit Maasai villages to learn about their way of life, participate in traditional dances, and hear stories passed down through generations.

In addition to the Maasai, Tanzania is home to a mosaic of ethnic groups, each with its own language, customs, and traditions. From the hunter-gatherer Hadza tribe of Lake Eyasi to the agricultural Chagga people of Mount Kilimanjaro, exploring Tanzania’s cultural diversity offers a deeper understanding of the country’s history and heritage.

Cultural festivals and celebrations provide further opportunities for immersion in Tanzanian culture. Festivals such as the Zanzibar International Film Festival, the Ngorongoro Marathon, and the Kilimanjaro Music Festival showcase the country’s artistic talents, culinary delights, and spirit of celebration.

For those interested in handicrafts and artisanal products, Tanzania’s markets offer a treasure trove of handmade goods, including intricately carved woodwork, colorful textiles, and beaded jewelry. Shopping at local markets not only supports local artisans but also provides visitors with unique souvenirs and mementos of their Tanzanian adventure.

As visitors engage with Tanzania’s cultural heritage, they are invited to embrace the spirit of ubuntu – the belief in the interconnectedness of all beings – and forge meaningful connections with the people and places they encounter along the way.

Practical Tips for Planning Your Tanzanian Safari:

Planning a safari to Tanzania requires careful consideration and preparation to ensure a memorable and enjoyable experience. Here are some practical tips to help you plan your Tanzanian adventure:

Research Safari Operators: Take time to research safari operators and choose a reputable company with a track record of ethical practices and high-quality service. Read reviews, ask for recommendations, and inquire about the company’s commitment to conservation and community engagement.

Select the Right Time of Year: Consider the timing of your safari carefully, taking into account factors such as weather, wildlife migration patterns, and peak tourist seasons. The dry season (June to October) offers excellent wildlife viewing opportunities, while the wet season (November to May) can be less crowded and more affordable.

Choose Your Safari Destinations: Research the different safari destinations in Tanzania and choose those that align with your interests and preferences. Whether you’re drawn to the iconic Serengeti, the dramatic landscapes of Ngorongoro Crater, or the remote wilderness of Selous Game Reserve, there’s a safari experience to suit every traveler.

Pack Essentials for Your Safari: Pack light but essential items for your safari, including comfortable clothing, sturdy walking shoes, a wide-brimmed hat, sunscreen, insect repellent, and a good pair of binoculars for wildlife viewing. Don’t forget to bring your camera gear and spare batteries for capturing those unforgettable moments.

Consider Health and Safety: Prioritize your health and safety during your safari by taking necessary precautions against malaria, staying hydrated, and following the guidance of your safari guide. Ensure you have adequate travel insurance coverage and consult with your healthcare provider about any necessary vaccinations or medications before traveling.

Practice Sustainable Travel: Support sustainable tourism practices by choosing eco-friendly accommodations, minimizing waste, and respecting wildlife and their habitats. Follow park regulations and guidelines, refrain from feeding or approaching wild animals, and dispose of waste responsibly.

Stay Flexible and Open-Minded: Keep an open mind and be prepared for the unexpected during your Tanzanian safari. Wildlife sightings are unpredictable, and weather conditions can change rapidly, so stay flexible and embrace the adventure as it unfolds.

By following these practical tips and preparing thoroughly for your Tanzanian safari, you can maximize your enjoyment and make the most of this once-in-a-lifetime experience.

Conclusion:

As the sun sets on the vast plains of Tanzania, casting a golden glow over the horizon, the magic of the safari experience lingers in the air, leaving indelible memories etched in the hearts of those who have ventured into this wild and untamed landscape.

From the awe-inspiring sight of a lioness on the prowl to the rhythmic dance of Maasai warriors under the African sky, Tanzania offers a tapestry of experiences that captivate the senses and ignite the spirit of adventure. Whether you’re marveling at the Great Migration in the Serengeti, exploring the ancient wonders of the Ngorongoro Crater, or immersing yourself in the vibrant cultures of local communities, every moment in Tanzania is a testament to the beauty and resilience of the natural world.

But beyond the thrill of wildlife encounters and the splendor of the savannah, there lies a deeper connection – a connection to the land, to its people, and to the timeless rhythms of life in the wilderness. It is a connection that transcends borders and cultures, reminding us of our shared humanity and our collective responsibility to protect and preserve our planet for future generations.

As you embark on your Tanzanian safari adventure, may you be inspired by the beauty of the natural world, humbled by its majesty, and enriched by the experiences that await you. And may you carry with you the spirit of Tanzania – a land of endless possibilities, where every moment is an invitation to discover, explore, and connect with the world around you.

So pack your bags, set out on your journey, and let Tanzania’s wildlife wonderland enchant you with its magic. Your adventure awaits.

Table of Contents

Share button, recent posts.

• Experience Bagamoyo – 10 Reasons Why It’s a Must-Visit Destination
• Tarangire Safaris – An Insider’s Guide to Tanzania’s Spectacular Wildlife
• Cultural Charisma – Embracing Maasai Village Traditions
• The Complete Handbook to Big Five Safaris in Tanzania’s Stunning Locations
• Unveiling the Wonders – Tanzania High Season Safaris Explained

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The 5 best national parks in Tanzania: Where to spot elephants, see the Great Migration and canoe on Africa's largest lake

Jan 18, 2022 • 7 min read

Lions, elephants, rhinos, leopards, buffalo and zebras, Tanzania's best national parks teem with wildlife © chantal / Getty Images

People from all over the world come to  Tanzania just for its national parks. These protected spaces are an ever-evolving theatre of real wildlife action and up-close animal encounters. But which park is the right one for you?

When the rain falls in spring and summer, Tanzania's dry grasslands are transformed into verdant forests. This is when zebras and antelope hide behind bushes and within thickets as foals and calves are born. It's also the time lions, leopards, and other predators use the lush savannah plains to cool off away from the intense African sun. At night they use the trees and long stalks of grass to plan their hunts.

Come winter, when the grass is dry and low and the trees bare, wildebeest, impalas, kudu, and waterbuck can be spotted for miles around. There’s simply nowhere to hide. For the brown-spotted hyena, this makes following the trail of cheetahs and lions easy. For safaris, you're more likely to see the Big Five animals: Lions, elephants, rhinos, leopards, and buffalo. These are the five best national parks to visit in Tanzania.

See elephants in Tarangire National Park

This vast 1771-sq-mi park, famous for its high concentration of elephants, is where most travelers to Tanzania will experience their first safari. Easily accessible from Arusha in the north, this is one of the most popular parts of the country. Here, memories of elephants – there are said to be 2500 here and growing – plod across the savannah, scraping bark from trees and pushing over anything in their way. And if you think their recollection is good, imagine the stories that the park's fabled baobabs could tell. These huge, thick-trunked trees can live for up to 300 years, providing shade and nourishment for impala, eland, giraffe, zebra, and buffalo.

Named after the Tarangire River, which crosses this large park, its thirst-quenching waters draw hundreds of birds to its banks, including the colorful Yellow-collared lovebirds, the Rufous-tailed weaver, and the ashy starling. They share these waters with many other animals that roam the plains, including the dwarf mongoose, which makes its home in abandoned termite mounds. A day game drive at Tarangire National Park can get visitors close to most herbivores, while at night, the thrill is in following the wild cats to their next food source. Whether you choose a walk in the bush or a romantic hot-air balloon safari, the romance here is in the sunsets, the wildlife, and the tales of the ancient trees.

Also worth visiting: Lake Manyara National Park , known for its flamingos and tree-climbing lions.

Follow the chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park

Around 10 miles from Kigoma, on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika, this national park was made famous by the English primatologist Jane Goodall, thanks to her long-standing study of chimpanzees at the Gombe Stream Research Centre here. Back in 1978, when the park was still a game reserve, it opened to visitors who could hike the park’s terrain to see chimpanzees in the wild. Forty years on, people still travel to this area for the unique experience of watching the animals often described as cousins to humans. 

While the chimps may be the drawcard, Gombe Steam National Park is still worth visiting throughout the year for its lush vegetation and the Kakombe and Mkenke waterfalls. It's also home to numerous butterfly species. Away from the animals, Lake Tanganyika attracts people for snorkeling, diving and fishing, whilst the nearby village of  Mwamgongo is a great place to learn about local Tanzanian culture. 

Also worth visiting: Mt Kilimanjaro National Park, home to Africa’s tallest free-standing mountain and a drawcard for adrenaline junkies.

Witness the great migration at Serengeti National Park

The thunder of galloping hooves. The brown dust swirling about an endless body of antelope and zebra. That heart-wrenching moment when the first wildebeest steps into the Grumeti River not knowing what lurks beneath. If you've seen any wildlife documentary on the Great Migration, where more than a million wildebeest hotfoot it from Tanzania to Kenya, you're likely to have chomped at your fingernails hoping a lion or crocodile doesn’t grab its lunch amongst the chaos of stomping hooves. 

When you get to the Serengeti National Park , that scene is bloody, lively, and real – if you can catch it. It's hard to predict when the 500-mile journey will actually begin. It can start anytime from May to July, depending on both the animals and the seasons. It won't begin until the rains stop and the land is dry.

Tanzania’s most popular wilderness area is home to large populations of zebra, Cape eland, lion, cheetah, hyena, black rhino, impala, and several types of gazelle. Its range of wildlife and the vast tracts of grasslands and woodlands, butterflies, wildflowers, and historical ruins make a visit a one-in-a-lifetime experience. Get bowled over by colors and animals during the day, and then taken in by wide skies filled with shooting stars at night.

European and Abdim's storks, Eurasian roller, barn swallows, fish, and martial Eagles hunt alongside the big predators here, but the history of the Maasai, Sukuma, Kurya, and Ikoma people – who once lived side-by-side with this incredible fauna here – is now told through art and abandoned buildings within the park.

Also worth visiting:  For fewer crowds head to Katavi National Park , a remote spot in southern Tanzania.

Nyerere National Park has the most diversity of wildlife

About 155 miles southwest of Dar es Salaam , this is East Africa ’s largest national park. At a whopping 19,252-mi-sq, the former Selous Game Reserve is bewildering in scope, but it’s the diversity of the wildlife that makes it such an attractive draw. You're (all but) guaranteed to see the Big Five here, but it’s the rare antelope that make this journey worth the trip. The sable and roan antelopes are not widely found on the continent but their elegant markings and curved horns make these animals a sight to behold.

On day game drives, you’re like to come across blue wildebeest, Lichtenstein hartebeest, and kudu on the plains, but for guaranteed sightings ask your guide to take you to the Rufiji River, East Africa’s largest. Extrapolated into a number of oxbow lakes and interspersed with savannah and woodlands, this waterway offers some intriguing photography opportunities, particularly as the riverbank can be abuzz with hippos, crocodile, buffalo, giraffe, reedbuck, warthog, spotted hyena, lion, leopards, and the white egrets. The endangered wild dog can be seen here as well.

Also worth visiting: Saadani National Park , where the bush meets the beach.

Bird watchers should head to Rubondo Island National Park

On Lake Victoria in western Tanzania lies the Rubondo Island National Park . Like the other parks, you'll encounter elephants, giraffes, bushbucks, hippos, yellow-spotted otters and crocodiles here, but it’s the chimpanzee, sitatunga antelope, birds and fish that make this place unique – that and the dense evergreen Congolese forest that is home to the black and white colobus monkey and the African grey parrot. Rubondo Island has the most diverse species of birds in all of Tanzania, so it is wise for twitchers to plan a few days here. 

Surrounded by large expanses of water, there's a real sense of calmness here, despite the swathes of reptiles lurking beneath the surface. Most visitors will canoe on the lake or relax on the beach, but fishing is popular too. For something more unique, this is a good place to go chimpanzee trekking. The park also has three intriguing cultural sites: The Maji Matakatifu and Ntungamirwe were used as a ritual site by the Zinza people before the area was declared a conservation area, and Alutare was a hiding place for the Zinza when enemies attacked their homes. 

Also worth visiting: Saa Nane National Park which is the only place in Tanzania to encounter the De-brazza monkey.

You might also like: Serengeti's Great Migration: the world's ultimate wildlife spectacle See the incredible photos of remote African tribes captured by a COVID frontline nurse When is the best time to go to Tanzania?

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On safari in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania's next big wildlife destination

​The largest protected wildlife area in Tanzania, Ruaha National Park is a land of astonishing sights. Now, a new ‘citizen science experience’ is offering hands-on conservation experiences in the heart of the park’s wild Usangu Wetlands.

Msembe Airstrip is no high-tech air hub. It’s a stripe of red earth in the depths of the Tanzanian outback, with bushwillow shrubs and baboons in place of a departure lounge. Hawk-eagles perch just off the runway and colourful lizards scuttle in the dust. It has an unassuming, middle-of-nowhere feel — but don’t be fooled. The airstrip is a portal to a land of giants. Minutes away from where my little Cessna has buzzed down to land, I stare half-dazed as a large herd of elephants plods past a baobab tree. There’s a rare beauty to a mature baobab tree. It towers over the grasslands like some sort of biological error, its trunk vast and lumpen and its branches fat and twisted. In its sheer girth, it’s a miracle. “We call them lifetime trees,” says guide Gerald Minja, cutting the engine of his Land Cruiser. The baobab stands stoic in the hot July sun. “Every three feet of circumference represents 100 years of growth,” says Gerald. It makes the specimen in front of us at least a millennium old. The elephants file past, accustomed to this sort of thing, silent save for their steady progress through the brushwood.   Here in little-visited Ruaha National Park — the largest protected wildlife area in Tanzania, and one of the most biodiverse in East Africa — the sights and statistics are often improbably sized. My two-part trip is taking me to a new conservation camp in the park’s remote southern wetlands, but I’m starting in the more traditional safari confines of Jabali Ridge. The lodge is set on a rocky outcrop above the savannah and showcases two contrasting types of luxury. There’s the cultivated kind — wide balconies, four-poster beds, a breeze-cooled spa — and the more organic kind, where the surroundings serve up widescreen drama for fun.   On my first morning, I wake at first light to see three giraffes browsing acacia leaves outside my balcony, the plains behind them tinted with a tangerine glow. Half an hour later, on a dawn drive, we round a corner in the bush to find the way blocked by a 200-strong herd of buffalo. We stop. They stare, nostrils glistening. “They always look at humans like we owe them money,” laughs Gerald. As he talks, oxpeckers perch on some of the bigger males, snaffling ticks from their flanks. “Buffalos are dangerous animals, but they’re so good for the land. They’re always eating, pooing and stomping. They keep things fertile.”  

To judge from the terrain around Jabali Ridge, these landscape gardeners have an environment in which they can thrive. Fan palms and euphorbia share the grasslands with sausage trees and baobabs; the latter’s jelly-belly silhouettes are a surreal counterpoint to the dainty dik-diks that totter beneath them on featherlight legs. On a drive, winding between thickets of wild lavender as sunbirds flit overhead, it’s easy to lose all sense of which is way is north, south, east or west. The tropical vegetation is all-enfolding.  

This is unsurprising, given that Ruaha National Park covers an area of around 7,800 sq miles. For context, that’s about thirteen times the size of the Maasai Mara or (to cite somewhere with rather less megafauna) three times the size of Devon. Yet the park remains relatively unknown, drawing fewer than 10% of the annual visitor numbers enjoyed by the smaller but hugely popular Serengeti, elsewhere in the country. Exactly why isn’t fully clear. The infrastructure here is far less developed, but those who do come calling can expect serious wildlife rewards.   At sunset, our Land Cruiser parks by a dry riverbed and I’m handed a cold beer. I step onto the sand. The heat of the day is still strong and the sky’s turning scarlet. Soon there’s a kerfuffle on the opposite bank, as a troop of vervet monkeys sound warning calls. Hopping back in the vehicle, we find the cause: a well-sated leopard sauntering through the grass. As we edge closer it stops and rests, belly on the ground, eyes alive. But as the light dims, so too does the view of the cat, until there’s nothing left but insect-buzz and an indistinct shape, and the knowledge that the leopard, just feet away, can see far more of the dark than we can.   There’s a further big-cat highlight on my final evening before we move on to the wetlands. We come across a pride of six lions reclining in the grass, a mass of honey-hued muscle that takes the breath away. They’re lying in the shade of a broad-leaved shepherd tree, licking their giant paws and slumbering on each other like house cats. The adult males have no real mane to speak of — an evolutionary quirk to cope with the Ruaha heat — but every yawn reveals teeth as deadly as daggers.   We watch them at length, until Land Cruiser and lion pride go their separate ways. We return to the comfort of the camp, where button-nosed hyraxes bumble up and down the rocks and Bloody Marys are mixed at the bar. The predators head into the dark, in search of sustenance of their own. Somewhere out there, an antelope or two are about to have a really bad night.  

A new paradise

The giantess is coming. She steps along the riverbank, panning her gaze left and right. Her bill is a bayonet, her eyes are beads of amber, her neck forms a perfect S-shape. She’s a 5ft-tall goliath heron, and the river is hers. Without warning, she unfurls into flight, her vast wings outspread like sails as she slow-beats along the watercourse. She’s a titan in bird form, a vision of grace soaring above   flatulent pods of hippos, and any fish she might spy is not long for this world. Fadhili Saning’o looks on with interest. “There haven’t been formal wildlife observations in these wetlands until recently,” he whispers, gesturing at the acacia groves and the seasonal, straw-coloured grasslands around us. “But nearly 500 species have been spotted now.” Fadhili is guiding me on an early-morning walk in the Usangu Wetlands. Bush thorns snag our trousers as we wander. Rippling banks of cumulus clouds fill the sky, but there’s life wherever we turn — swallows gusting above the treetops, crocodiles at the water’s edge, herds of impala on the flatlands. Fadhili is the manager of the newly opened Usangu Expedition Camp, a self-styled ‘citizen science experience’ in the heart of the wetlands. It has an adventurous-sounding name for a reason: the site has just four guest tents, runs largely on solar power and is the sole camp in the wetlands (its nearest neighbour sits some 40 miles away, beyond thick miombo woodland). Its isolation, and its focus on conservation, means the camp plays an important role in current efforts to understand the diversity and behaviour of the local ecosystem, with guests actively encouraged to log what they see.     This is significant. When Ruaha was granted National Park status in the 1960s, the Usangu Wetlands lay outside its borders. Only in 2008 was the park expanded to include this colossal spread of riparian land, which spent a century as an unprotected hunting reserve that also suffered from the effects of cattle-ranching, poaching, illegal fishing and mismanaged irrigation. This in turn means there has only ever been a loose understanding of exactly what lives here, and how best it can be protected. When I arrive at the canvas-covered camp HQ, I’m shown two old poachers’ bicycles hung from silver cluster-leaf trunks. The decoration has a simple message: things in the wetlands are moving on.   The region’s ongoing recovery is vital. The Great Ruaha River, the mighty freshwater artery that has its beginnings here in the wetlands, is the lifeblood of both the park itself and much of south-eastern Tanzania. “There are 15 staff at the camp, and we all grew up locally,” young guide Anderson Pakomyus Mesilla tells me, as we watch lilac-breasted rollers swooping from tree to tree. “We understand why this place is so important.”   Predators roam nearby — one morning we find the chewed-clean skull of an unfortunate reedbuck — but safari guests are a novel proposition here, and vehicles are a far from customary sight, so the wildlife is more prone to keeping its distance. This doesn’t stop the long grass around the tents being full of unexplained rustles, of course, nor does it stop ready sightings of everything from zebras and jackals to frogs and fish eagles.   Usangu Expedition Camp — which, like Jabali Ridge, is run by responsible safari specialist Asilia Africa — is open from June to November every year, when lower water levels mean the wetlands become grassy plains. It’s a special area by day, and magical by night, with all cooking at the camp done over an open fire.   A study by the African Leadership University’s School of Wildlife Conservation showed that some 623,000 people were employed in Tanzanian tourism pre-pandemic, a figure that was projected to have fallen by more than 475,000 during the Covid-19 outbreak. The recovery will be far from instant, but there are heartening stories from this far-flung corner of the national map.  

“My grandparents lived here before it was a reserve,” Anderson tells me. “My grandpa is almost 97 now, but he still tells me tales of life here, so when Asilia was looking for staff three years ago, I applied as a casual worker.”   Twelve recruits spent three months making a track through the woodland for vehicles to reach the new camp. In this time, Anderson began learning English by downloading Barack Obama speeches from the internet. “Birdlife is one of my passions,” he continues. “My dream was to become a guide, and now it’s happened.”   It’s only in the vicinity of the camp the true scale of the wetlands becomes clear. In the mornings, pale greens and sun-bleached yellows stretch out in an infinite prairie, with massed herds of kudus and waterbucks roaming the land like troops across a war map.   As a safari destination, it feels different   to the norm. This is partly because the wildlife, as I’ve seen, is more skittish than in areas with more visitors. But if you want time in the wilderness, where the nightjars chirr and the chances of seeing another vehicle are virtually zero, you need to take it on its own terms.

Campfires and conservation

Night has fallen, and the glow-in-the-dark impalas move through the trees like ghosts. The herd is less than 100ft away, but I’m watching their progress on an iPad showing live imagery from a thermal monocular camera. Anything with body warmth —   bushbabies, impalas, big cats on the prowl   — glows white-hot on the screen. There’s no disturbance to the animals, no lights being shone in their direction, just a private viewing of the plains at night. It’s also an effective way of formally recording the movements of whatever happens to be out and about.     This approach to conservation is no token gesture. Supported by investment from billionaire businessman Jim Ratcliffe, the camp plays a key role in a three-way partnership between Asilia, the Tanzania National Parks Authority and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, which are collectively conducting a biodiversity audit of the wetlands. Everyone who stays at the camp is given a motion-sensitive camera trap on arrival, a device that’s placed out in the bush.   It’s then monitored when the guest departs. The results form part of the wider data set; rare species such as pangolins and wild dogs have already been spotted on camera. “The goal of the whole project is to get a better understanding of what lives here and the threats they face,” explains one of the coordinators, Leena Lulandala, when I meet her in the Douglas Bell Eco-Research Station, housed in a tent on the camp outskirts. “We’ve captured 45,000 images over the past 11 months.” She then talks me through the iNaturalist app, which guests are encouraged to download to record any unusual sightings. Visitors can even pay to assist in the darting and collaring of a lion or leopard, a measure that helps safeguard the cats’ future.   In line with the conservation ethos, the two safari vehicles used by the camp are upcycled old Land Rovers, rebuilt from the wheels up. They’ve been modified to run on ethanol, a fuel made from molasses from a nearby sugar plantation. “We call this one ‘gongo’,” says Anderson, as he hops up behind one of the steering wheels. “It’s a local word for moonshine.”      

The lack of any other camps in the region gives the whole area the feel of somewhere unsullied. Guests can try walking safaris and water safaris, as well more standard exploratory drives. All of them feel like trips into a private outback. One evening we drive out to a bend in the river for a drink. We’re surrounded by birdsong and darkening woods.   Hippos stir the river’s surface, hornbills fly overhead, warthogs and ostriches appear from stage right. And there’s not another traveller in sight. Back at camp, as stews bubble on the fire and constellations dot the night, the conversation turns to large antelopes. The floodplains are full of them, each one a precision-engineered herbivore with tall shoulders, delicate markings and don’t-hassle-me horns. One species in particular is here in high volumes. “We’ll find topis tomorrow,” says Fadhili. “Lots of them.” He’s true to his word. Early the next morning, we head off to reach some of the wide-open grasslands further from camp. As the land begins to lighten, zebras and cattle egrets appear in numbers. We pass through rolling scrubland and clusters of trees covered in the dangling baubles of weaverbird nests. After an hour, chocolate-brown specks start to busy the horizon.   By the time we cut the engine, these specks have multiplied. Each one is a topi with banded thighs, pink ears and legs built to run. A vast herd is passing across the land, slowly at first until, on some unseen signal, it stirs to life as though called to a pressing appointment on the other side of the plains. The spectacle of hundreds of cantering antelopes is hypnotic. The herd’s behaviour will go down in the log — another piece of data to help build a picture of life on the wetlands — but for now the animals flow like water across this remote pocket of East Africa, travelling south as the savannah billows out around them.  

Getting there & around

No airlines fly direct from the UK to Tanzania. Carriers with one-stop options between London and Dar es Salaam’s Julius Nyerere International Airport include Emirates (via Dubai), Kenya Airways (via Nairobi) and Turkish Airlines (via Istanbul). From Dar es Salaam, internal flights on small Auric Air planes land at various airstrips in Ruaha National Park. Getting from Jabali Ridge to Usangu Expedition Camp is done either by 4x4 (5-6 hours with stops) or via helicopter.  

Ruaha is best visited during the long dry season between June and October. Unlike some of the busier parks in the north of the country, it’s unlikely to feel crowded, even in peak season.  

Where to stay

Usangu Expedition Camp : from US$700 (£610) per person per night, with minimum three-night stay and a compulsory conservation donation of US$250 (£220) per person per day. Jabali Ridge : from US$875 (£775) per person per night.  

How to do it

Asilia offers a seven-night safari with three nights at Usangu Expedition Camp, three nights at Jabali Ridge and a night at the Dar es Salam Serena Hotel, from US$8,020 (£7,025) per person, based on two people sharing. This rate includes all internal flights from Dar es Salaam, safari activities, all meals and house drinks, as well as a US$750 (£655) conservation donation to the Usangu project. asiliaafrica.com

Published in the November 2022 issue of National Geographic Traveller (UK)

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The best safari in Tanzania

An expert guide to tanzania's best safari parks & camps.

Stuart Butler

Philip Briggs

Heather Richardson

In this guide, how to book, tanzania beyond safari.

• Best safaris
• Need to know

Where to go

Along with neighbouring Kenya , Tanzania is one of Africa's classic safari destinations, most famous for the great wildebeest migration where a herd of some two million wildebeest, zebra and gazelle make their epic annual journey—with numerous predators hot on their heels.

But while the migration steals the lion's share (groan!) of the attention, there's a great deal more to the country, both in its range of wildlife and non-safari action. Beyond the Big Five, you'll find world-class birdwatching, some of the best chimpanzee tracking anywhere in Africa, history and beaches on the coast, and some incredible trekking at Kilimanjaro.

Figuring out where to go, when to go, and what to do can be tricky, so here's our essential guide to the best safaris in Tanzania. Dig in and discover the magic of Tanzania, you're in for a ride!

Featured Trips

Tanzania Classic

Southern Tanzania Adventure

Safari adventure in nyerere national park and ruaha national park.

Tanzania Safari & Zanzibar

Experience tanzania’s mesmerising beauty in 11 days.

Tanzania Migration Safari

A complete tanzania safari in 8 days.

Best of Tanzania Luxury Safari

Tanzania Northern Circuit

3 day budget tanzania northern circuit.

Northern Tanzania Adventure

Arusha national park, karatu, seronera and matemwe.

Family Tanzania Adventure

11 days exploring nyerere national park and dongwe.

One of the natural world's most iconic events: wildebeest making a perilous river crossing in Tanzania

Our experts' recommended parks and camps

Serengeti National Park

See the migration in the serengeti.

The big-ticket park is the 12,000-square-mile Serengeti, home to the famed wildebeest migration and a healthy population of big cats: lions, leopards and cheetahs. During peak season— July and August—when the famous wildebeest river crossings coincide with northern hemisphere summer holidays, the park can be very busy.

There are four main regions in the Serengeti; the Western Corridor, the Seronera Valley, Lobo/Kogatende in the north, and the Southern Plains.

There are several private reserves and conservancies around the Serengeti that offer the same wildlife experience but without the crowds—such as the Grumeti Reserve—but you’ll have to pay top dollar to stay there.

At the heart of the Serengeti lies the Seronera River and surrounding valley. This is a good area for year-round big cats and grazing herbivores.

The northern regions of Kogatende and Lamai, on the banks of the Mara River, are further off the beaten path and are good for catching the famed river crossings during summer months with far fewer tourists than across the border in Kenya's Masai Mara .

Tarangire National Park

Elephants and baobabs in tarangire.

Tarangire, just south of the bird haven Lake Manyara, is the antidote to the crowds of the Serengeti. There are large herds of elephants, huge baobab trees, lions and even wild dogs. In the dry season, the park has a particularly high concentration of mammals. July to October are the best months for big game viewing, outside these months the park is pleasantly quiet.

As with the Serengeti, there are some private reserves around the national park, offering more exclusivity, generally at a higher cost.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area

Incredible views at ngorongoro.

The other major tourist attraction in the Northern Circuit is the Ngorongoro Crater, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and thought to be the world’s largest inactive, intact volcanic caldera that isn’t filled with water. The crater is home to an estimated 25,000 large animals, including elephants, giraffes, lions and black rhinos.

It's a year-round location for wildlife, although the crater gets crowded during peak months. Aside from its wildlife, the wider conservation area is also a great place for hiking and trekking .

There are no camps inside the crater, but some perch up on the rim, with incredible views. It’s also possible to stay further out in the wider Ngorongoro Conservation Area and do a day-trip into the crater. Look for accommodation close to the access road to maximise your time.

Lake Manyara National Park

Tree-climbing lions at lake manyara.

Just to the north of Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park is a narrow, deeply forested strip of land that sits in the shadow of a dramatic wall in the Great Rift escarpment.

The lake is a haven for some 350 species of waterbirds and the park is famous for its population of tree-climbing lions, as well as one of Tanzania’s most-studied elephant populations. In addition to wildlife drives, walking safaris are possible, and there’s a treetop walkway that takes you up into the forest canopy.

Nyerere National Park

Off the beaten track in nyerere.

Nyerere National Park (formerly Selous Game Reserve) is one of the largest protected areas in Africa at 19,000 square miles – bigger than Switzerland. With only a few camps, it feels far more remote than the northern parks.

As well as lions, leopards, elephants, black rhinos, hippos and buffalos, Nyerere is a key area for endangered wild dogs. Poaching has led to a massive decline in species such as elephants – so although there are many animals to see, they’re not as densely populated as in the Serengeti, for example.

What really sets Nyerere apart is the sheer range of activities you can do here: walking, boating and photo safaris, fly-camping, the list goes on. It costs a pretty penny, especially compared to the more touristy northern circuit, but if you're looking for something truly different, this may be for you.

Ruaha National Park

Walking safaris in ruaha national park.

Wild and remote Ruaha, Tanzania's largest national park, is home to scattered baobabs, grasslands and rolling hills. Along with Nyerere it's the main stop on Tanzania's 'southern circuit' although it draws a fraction of the visitors as the country's northern hotspots.

Arguably better for wildlife spotting than Nyerere (and more affordable too), Ruaha has a whopping 11 per cent of the world's wild lion population, along with massive herds of elephants and grazers.

There are cheetah, leopards and wild dogs here too, all along with relatively few tourists. You’ll find a mixture of luxury lodges and basic fly-camping operations for walking safaris – the park's speciality.

Katavi National Park

Katavi – tanzania's hidden gem.

The third largest national park in Tanzania, but with a fraction of the visitors, Katavi feels very distant from the likes of the Serengeti. Indeed, it is estimated that Katavi gets as many visitors in an entire year as the Serengeti draws per day .

In the dry season, there are great wildlife spotting opportunities, with big herds of buffalos, lions, elephants and lots of plains game (topis, zebras and impalas).

With just a handful of small camps in the park and in the adjoining game reserves of Rukwa, Luafi and Lukwati, there will be few other vehicles with which to contend.

Mahale Mountains National Park

See chimpanzees at mahale mountains.

On the sandy banks of Lake Tanganyika, Mahale is a mountainous park known for its habituated chimpanzees you can visit in the forest. There are other primates – from vervets to the red colobus monkey – and the driest months (August to October) are the best time to trek through the forest.

There is a scattering of camps and lodges from where you can organise chimp trekking , including one ‘barefoot luxury’ option, Greystoke Mahale, and a government-run backpackers at the park HQ.

Bush Rover Migration Camp

The quirkiest mobile camp, and absolutely one of my favourites places to stay anywhere in Tanzania, is Bush Rover Migration Camp. This consists of six double-story standing tents built around the converted Land Rovers used to transport them between different locales. The ground-floor toilet and shower for each unit is actually built into the Land Rover, while the upper floor comprises a canvas bedroom with a balcony from which you can safely watch passing wildlife or stargaze after dark. The camp sets up in the southern Serengeti over December to March for the calving season, before relocating the Western Corridor to catch the northward migration over June to mid-July, then heading further north, along with the wildebeest, to the Mara River area over August to October.

Serengeti Safari Camp

Marc Harris

Among the absolute top of my recommendations for mobile camps is Nomad Tanzania's Serengeti Safari Camp. This top-end camp moves around five times per season to keep up with the constantly changing wildebeest migration . Accommodation is in classic safari-style canvas tents, and the guides are second to none. You'll want to stay around three of four nights here, and the camp is usually within close reach of an airstrip for easy access.

Mbali Mbali Mahale Lodge

Musaddiq Gulamhussein

One of my all time favourites, Mbali Mbali Mahale Lodge sits on a stunning beach on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, on the edge of Mahale Mountains National Park. This place is a real hidden gem, far from the crowds and bustle of northern Tanzania’s honeypots.

The lodge comprises just ten thatched beach tents set on wooden platforms for incredible views over the lake. There's a real sense of wilderness here, but with all the comforts you need, including ensuite showers, and even Wi-Fi! The real highlight, though, is the wildlife. Mahale Mountains National Park is famous for its chimpanzees, but it's not just chimps! Keep your eyes peeled for monkeys, butterflies, and all sorts of birds as you hike through the forest. In the evenings, I like to unwind by the campfire with my fellow guests, listening to the sounds of the wilderness and gazing at the star-studded sky.

Manyara Best View Lodge

Robbin Meulemans

One of my favourite places to stay in all of Tanzania, Best View Lodge is situated at the top of the Rift Valley Escarpment with incredible views in all directions. I’ve sat on the veranda here, gin and tonic in hand, gazing at some life changing sunsets: the vast escarpment wall in one direction, farms below, and Lake Manyara ahead glistening in the evening light.

The lodge is perfectly situated for exploring Lake Manyara National Park, Tarangire National Park, and Ngorongoro Crater all from the same base, which is one of the reasons I recommend it to almost all our guests. And when you’re back from a day of walking safaris and game drives, the staff are wonderfully warm and helpful, the rooms are comfortable and the food is delicious. You can’t really go wrong here, it’s one of the best.

Ngorongoro Serena Safari Lodge

If there's one obvious drawback to Tanzania's most exclusive lodges, it’s that they tend to be priced out of the range of all but the deepest of pockets. So here’s a shout out to Serena, a long-serving East African hotel chain that runs a number of larger lodges which hit a popular sweet spot between comfort and affordability. Ngorongoro Serena ranks among the very best of these, with its centrally heated rooms and scenic location on the western crater rim. I often recommend this lodge to serious wildlife enthusiasts, because it is the closest option to the main descent road into the crater, making it particularly well suited to early morning game drives.

Ngorongoro Crater Camp

The relatively chilly highland climate that characterises Ngorongoro Crater’s scenic rim means that most lodges there have a very indoorsy feel. An exception is Sanctuary Ngorongoro Crater Camp, which comprises 10 stilted standing tents set in an atmospheric forest of lichen-draped flat-top acacias. To be honest, I was a bit worried about the cold when I arrived here, but I needn’t have been: the tents are all equipped with gas heaters and electric blankets, and very snug at night. The camp’s location is perfect for game drives in the early morning, which is the best time to explore the crater

Ngorongoro Crater Lodge

The most sumptuous and exclusive lodge overlooking Ngorongoro Crater is also the oldest, having started life in the 1930s as a humble hunting lodge. Today the playful Maasai-meets-Versailles architecture and décor – a knowingly kitsch blend of classical, baroque, African and colonial influences – makes &Beyond Ngorongoro Crater Lodge stand out as one of the most original and popular safari lodges anywhere in East Africa. What the lodge’s earliest gun-toting colonial patrons would make of all this tomfoolery is anybody’s guess. But – highland mist permitting – they would doubtless approve of the view over the world’s largest volcanic caldera, which remains every bit as spectacular as it was 100 years ago.

Tarangire Safari Lodge

This is my favourite place to stay in Tarangire National Park. Yes, there are smarter and more exclusive alternatives, but none that comes close to Tarangire Safari Lodge when it comes to location. This clifftop lodge offers a mesmerising view over long stretch of river where elephants maintain a near-permanent presence. And as if that were not enough, it also has an unbeatable location for early morning game drives on the park’s most rewarding wildlife viewing circuits. The first lodge to open in Tarangire, way back in 1985, it has been owned and managed by the hands-on Simonson family ever since, and it remains exceptional value by comparison to almost any other lodge in Tanzania.

Lake Manyara Tree Lodge

I love the upmarket Tarzan experience offered by the 10 luxury treehouse suites that comprise &Beyond's Lake Manyara Tree Lodge. Set in a luxuriant mahogany forest, this exclusive lodge is also arguably the best base for Lake Manyara safaris, not least because it lies so deep in the park you can explore roads seldom visited by people staying elsewhere. The lodge’s guides know the park backwards, which greatly increases the odds of locating Manyara’s famous tree-climbing lions.

Arusha National Park

Hatari lodge.

The only lodge set within Arusha National Park, Hatari is the ideal place to spend a couple of relaxed nights at the start or end of a northern Tanzania safari. It stands in a picturesque forest, frequented by giraffe, waterbuck and monkeys, at the base of Mount Meru (Africa's fifth highest massif). The German owner-managers Jörg and Marlies Gabriel have invested considerable thought and passion in the characterful décor. They also actively promote a slow food policy based on using organic ingredients sourced from local home gardens. If you have the energy, I’d recommend organising a guided day walk into Mount Meru’s spectacular semi-collapsed caldera. More sedately, sundowner drinks at Hatari are often capped by views of snow-capped Kilimanjaro.

Namiri Plains

Over the course of numerous safaris to the Serengeti over the past 30-odd years, few lodges have blown me away quite as much as Namiri Plains did on my most recent visit. This ultra-exclusive new lodge forms part of the highly-regarded Asilia chain and offers accommodation in ten spacious stone-and-canvas cottages decorated with local basketwork. For me, what really makes Namiri Plains special is that it reliably offers high quality cheetah and lion sightings in an corner of the Serengeti that's pleasingly remote from other lodges.

Greystoke Mahale

Arriving at Greystoke, you could be forgiven for thinking you've washed up on a jungle-swathed Indian Ocean island. This idyllic beach camp stands on Lake Tanganyika, a beautiful inland sea that ranks as the world's longest freshwater body, and reportedly the least polluted. Greystoke is the perfect base for tracking chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains – on two previous visits, these hirsute apes have actually walked through camp – and it also offers dhow trips out onto the lake. In common with Chada and Sand River, Greystoke is owned by Nomad Tanzania, a locally-based company that operates several of the country’s most alluring and exclusive bush camps

Chada Katavi

When it comes to that classic bush feel, few safari camps can match Chada. Set in remote and little visited Katavi National Park, this low-footprint camp comprises just six standing tents scattered in a tall acacia glade overlooking a vast floodplain alive with buffalo, hippo and other wildlife. The tents are very spacious, but simply decorated, with old-school bucket showers and eco-toilets. Chada really comes alive at night: I’ve had elephants nibbling on fallen acacia pods all around my tent here, and almost invariably heard hyenas whooping and lions grunt-roaring across the floodplain.

Sand Rivers

Probably my favourite lodge in Nyerere National Park, Sand Rivers overlooks a wide, sandy bend in the Rufiji, Tanzania's largest river. The open-fronted stone-and-thatch suites here are simply stunning, and there's also a tempting freeform swimming pool set under a massive baobab tree. Whether you explore by boat, in a 4x4, or on foot, there's plenty of wildlife to be seen in the area, and the guides are exceptional. Aside from the exceptional river view, an appealing aspect of Sand River is that it stands some distance from any other camp and too deep into the park to be reached on day safaris from outside.

Roho ya Selous

Nyerere is Tanzania's largest national park, extending across 30,000-plus square kilometres, and it offers a more exclusive safari experience than the better-known Serengeti. A great base for exploring it is Roho ya Selous, which means ‘Heart of Selous’ in reference the park’s former name Selous Game Reserve. Set on the shore of Lake Nzerakera, Roho ya Selous consists of eight luxury standing tents spaced along a tract of evergreen waterside forest. The lodge stands in the heart of a rewarding wildlife-viewing circuit where you are sure to see plenty of elephant, buffalo and giraffe, and might well get lucky with lion and African wild dog. A highlight is boat trips on the lake, which is home to large numbers of hippo and plentiful waterbirds.

Jabali Ridge

The view from Jabali Ridge is unforgettable. Set on a rocky hill, this stylish boutique lodge offers sweeping vistas across the vast baobab-studded plains of Ruaha National Park and wide sandy arc of the seasonal Mwagusi River. The accommodation is every bit as memorable, comprising as it does eight luxurious cottages built into and around the large rounded granite boulders at the hill’s summit. Jabali Ridge is a superb base for game drives in Ruaha, a relatively off-the-beaten-track safari destination that ranks as Tanzania’s second-largest national park and one of the best for carnivores such as lion, leopard, cheetah and African wild dog. Night drives are often very rewarding and the cuisine is truly outstanding.

Lake Natron

Lake natron camp.

This extraordinary wilderness camp stands on the edge of the blinding white salt flats that enclose caustic Lake Natron. This starkly beautiful Rift Valley setting is dominated by the brooding presence of Ol Doinyo Lengai, one of the world's most active volcanoes. Tanzanian owner-managers Åke and Nangini Lindstrom have designed the camp to be low impact, and the spacious standing tents are shaded by camouflaged netting that helps keep the interior cool whilst reducing the visual impact. Lake Natron Camp stands on a Maasai concession, it only employs local Maasai people and it funds several community projects. Within the concession, you’ll find 120,000-year-old fossil human footprints and a spring-fed stream where you can swim while white-lipped tilapias nibble at your dead skin (a sensation I found oddly addictive once I got used to it).

Ndutu Safari Lodge

Wildlife photographers, filmmakers and big cat enthusiasts talk in hushed tones about Ndutu Safari Lodge. Founded in 1968 close to the seasonal lake for which it is named, this down-to-earth lodge offers access to a part of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro ecosystem famed for its high densities of carnivores. Ndutu is an excellent base for catching the wildebeest calving season in February, but large herds of grazers are usually present from December through to April, and there's good cat viewing all year round. It also remains one of the best value lodges in this part of the world, offering accommodation in 34 simple stone-and-thatch cottages with private verandas, and meals in a convivial thatched restaurant where I’ve often seen genets creep around the rafters at night.

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Tanzania Hiking & Safari

Women-only small group tour.

Discover Northern Tanzania

See the north's best parks in 6 days, tanzania safaris: need to know, everything you wish you'd known before you booked.

Tanzania has three main safari regions: the North, Southern Tanzania, and Western Tanzania.

By far the most popular safari region is the north of Tanzania, easily accessible from Kilimanjaro International Airport or the domestic Arusha Airport. This region is home to the famed Serengeti, along with Tarangire National Park, Ngorongoro Crater and Lake Manyara, which together constitute the popular "Northern Circuit," Tanzania's safari best-seller.

Far less visited than the north, the parks of southern Tanzania suit those who’ve already been to the Serengeti, or popular Big Five destinations elsewhere, and are seeking a wilder experience. There are two major destinations here: the Selous and Ruaha.

Western Tanzania is the least visited of the three main safari regions. Because it’s not easily accessible, it’s costly to travel here. It’s roughly a four-hour light aircraft flight from the main hubs of Arusha or Dar es Salaam. There are two scheduled flights a week, but these are also quite expensive; driving will take a couple of days. But if money isn’t an issue, you’ll be rewarded with a remote safari experience largely to yourself. Many travellers will come out west to track the chimps of Mahale.

Tanzania safari FAQs

Your questions, our expert answers, we can't travel during the migration river crossings, are there other impressive spectacles at other times of year.

Yes! I think calving season during the wildebeest migration is just as spectacular as the more famous river crossing period.

This period runs from December to March around the Ndutu Plains to the south of Serengeti. During this time the wildebeest and zebra stampede over the plains preparing to give birth to thousands of calves. At the same time the big cats are on the lookout for an easy snack. With vast numbers of animals, their sounds and smells, all of the little calves, and the big cats on the lookout... it's theatre on an epic scale and you cannot be disappointed. And the extra benefit is that it's a much shorter drive here than to see the river crossings.

What are your recommended alternatives to safari in the Serengeti?

In my opinion there's not much that tops Serengeti National Park. As far as the wildlife and scenery goes there's nowhere better for a safari in Tanzania.

The only downsides I can think of are that visiting the Serengeti can involve lots of driving (to see the migration river crossings takes two or three days driving), also it can be expensive and, at peak times, busy (although far quieter than neighbouring Masai Mara in Kenya !)

For those who prefer less driving, I'd recommend Ngorongoro Crater as a good runner up to the Serengeti. Ngorongoro's compact size (the crater is only 20 kilometres across) means you can see more with much less driving. All the big five can be seen here and as a bonus you have have a better chance of seeing rhinos here than in Serengeti.

If you want to escape all crowds and get off the beaten track, I highly recommend Ruaha National Park. Located in the midwest of the country, it surprises with outstretched savannahs and plenty of animals, together with some amazing lodges. The downside (or upside, depending on what you're looking for) is the distance – it’s pretty far from everywhere.

And finally if you're looking for a lower cost safari in Tanzania you could book flights to Dar Es Salaam, and from there do a safari in Mikumi National Park. Relatively small, it still offers open savannah with all your usual safari suspects except for rhinos, along with the most beautiful sunsets and sunrises.

When to go on safari in Tanzania

An essential guide to planning and booking a safari in tanzania, there's much more to tanzania than the big five.

Anthony Ham

Wildebeest migration safaris, an essential guide to planning a migration safari in tanzania and kenya.

Hans Cosmas Ngoteya

The best time for safari in tanzania, about the authors.

Stuart is an award-winning travel journalist covering safari, trekking and conservation in Africa for the Lonely Planet, Rough Guides, BBC, Bradt Travel Guides, amongst many others. He is the author of Walking With The Maasai , a journey through some of Kenya's lesser-visited Maasai lands.

Philip Briggs is a guidebook writer and travel journalist specialised in African travel. He first backpacked between Nairobi and Cape Town in 1986 and has been travelling the highways and byways of Africa ever since. Since the 1990s, he has researched and authored several pioneering Bradt Guides. These include the first dedicated guidebooks to Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda and Somaliland. He has worked on guidebooks for several other publishers including AA, Insight, Berlitz, Eyewitness, Frommers, Rough Guides, Struik-New Holland and 30 Degrees South.

Heather is an award-winning journalist and editor based in Cape Town, South Africa. She writes for the BBC, Sunday Times , National Geographic , Lonely Planet, Departures Magazine , among others.

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Wildlife Tourism in Tanzania

Wildlife tourism in tanzania.

Wildlife Tourism in Tanzania : Tanzania safari is a transcendent destination for wildlife tourism, which strongly suits a magnificent Tanzania safari experience. Tanzania safari destinations offer a variety of natural attractions including the majestic Mount Kilimanjaro, and most tourists come to Tanzania for viewing wild animals and other wildlife-related adventures. Tanzania is home to Africa’s most famous national park, the Serengeti National Park, Africa’s largest national park, Nyerere National Park, and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, where the world’s largest intact ancient caldera is found. Other national parks with wildlife activities include Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park, Ruaha National Park, Katavi National Park, and Gombe National Park to name a few. Most of the land in Tanzania is protected making her an incredible hotspot for wildlife Tanzania tourists. There are about 17 national parks as well as more than 20 Game Reserves. This gives you an opportunity to explore a variety of animal species in different parks and game reserves with accessible transport across all the national parks. Each national park is unique in that; some animal species are more concentrated in some parks than in others. Let’s have a look at the wildlife in different national parks.

The Great wildebeest Migration

In a nutshell, the Great wildebeest Migration is the largest mammal migration on earth. It is one of the impressive natural events where over two million wildebeest, 250,000 zebras, 200,000 gazelles, and sometimes elands migrate from the south of Serengeti to the north Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. The migration is associated with the loss of lives due to many predators hunting them particularly the hungry crocodiles waiting for a kill in the Grumeti River and the mighty Mara River. The cycle begins in the Southern Serengeti where about half a million calves are born from December through April. At this period the southern part is greener due to frequent rains. From May through July the southern parts including the Seronera and Ndutu areas get dried up, forcing the herd to the Western region where it crosses the Grumeti River. A lot of lives are lost upon crossing due to excellent kills by the crocodiles.

After crossing the Grumeti River, the herd moves northward where it encounters the wonderful Mara River. It is at this place where most beautiful scenes in animal movies are recorded. Hungry crocodiles do their kills thus reducing a reasonable number of animals. The herd crosses the river and enters the Maasai Mara National Reserve . This event happens around August to September.

When the rain resumes in the southern Serengeti around October to November, the herd crosses the Mara River and heads back to the south. Calving takes place and the cycle is complete.

Lake Manyara National Park

Famous for its largest concentration of baboons in the world, Lake Manyara National Park gives you an opportunity to explore diverse wild animal species such as Cape buffalo, African leopards, cheetahs, elephants, hippos, warthogs, and various antelope species. It is also famous for its pink appearance from afar look which is caused by huge crowds of pink flamingos decorating the lakeshore.

What makes a wildlife exploration at Lake Manyara National Park more rewarding is the unique lion species,   yes, the tree-climbing lions. You will spot them on trees when having a game drive. Lake Manyara National Park is also of the few national parks with the largest population of African tusked elephants, the world’s largest land animals. Other animals include Maasai giraffes, blue monkeys, and over 400 bird species.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area

It is famous for its largest intact ancient caldera, Ngorongoro Crater with about three million years old. Ngorongoro Crater has a constant supply of water, thus hosting a huge population of animals and birds within its plain floor. This is one of the places where you will spot all the Big Five and other animals along with over 400 bird species.

Tarangire National Park

With over 550 bird species, Tarangire National Park accounts to have the highest number of birds than any park in Tanzania. It takes about a third of the avian population in Tanzania. It is an excellent site for birdwatchers and ornithologists. Birds nest in the baobab trees, which cover over half of the Tarangire’s vegetation. Examples of bird species found in the Tarangire include eagles, vultures, buzzards, herons, storks, and falcons. It is also one of the national parks with the largest population of elephants.

Nyerere National Park

Previously known as Selous Game Reserve, it is the largest national park in Africa covering an area of about 30,000 square kilometers. It contains a broad range of wild animals including elephants, leopards, lions, cheetah, buffalo, giraffes, warthogs, wildebeest, hippos, and in rare cases rhino.

Arusha National Park.

Although it is mostly visited by Mount Meru trekkers, this park is a superb site for viewing wild animals. It is home to white colobus monkeys which are easily spotted in the Ngurdoto forest surrounding the Ngurdoto Crater, a swampy crater in the Arusha National Park. On the floor of the Ngurdoto Crater you will spot Cape buffalo, zebra, and warthog. The Momella lakes host many migratory water bird species while the Uwanja wa Mbogo and Mini Serengeti grasslands host a mixture of herbivores such as zebras, buffalo, and warthogs. It is at these hotspots where you will learn the mutual relationship between warthogs and buffaloes.

Katavi National Park

This park has unspoiled wilderness. Despite the fact that Katavi has unusual wild animals, it is famous for having spectacular hippos usually close to its seasonal lakes. The seasonal lakes are also homes to crocodiles and over 400 avian species.

  Ruaha National Park

It is also one of the remote parks with unspoiled wilderness. It is home to the largest population of elephants as well as the enormous herds of buffalo and gazelles. You will be able to explore over 400 species of birds.

Gombe National Park

Gombe national park is the smallest national park in Tanzania, which is famous for hosting an enormous population of chimpanzees in Tanzania. It was at this park, where Jane Goodall, the primatologist spent years studying the behavior of endangered chimpanzees. Other animals encountered include the leopard, over 200 bird species including starlings, barbet, crowned eagle, sunbirds, kingfishers, and palm-nut vultures to thrill on Wildlife Tourism in Tanzania .

See the Big Five animals.

Big Five animals are the African lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, African leopard, and rhinoceros. They are named “Big” not because of their size, rather on the danger they pose to hunters hunting them. It is hard to hunt them. In Tanzania, you will be able to spot them collectively in either one national park or see them in various parks. Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area are two places you can see all the Big Five on a safari. In other parks, you will find either three or four of the Big Five animals.

The real tales of wildlife in Tanzania are in the eyes and minds of those who have visited. Plan a trip to these hotspots for viewing with your eyes the beautifulness of wild animals and possibly shooting a movie for yourself.

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The Best Places to See Wildlife in Tanzania

As I want to solve this clue in the best places to see wildlife in Tanzania, I find myself lost reminiscing my younger beautiful years.

In my childhood, I did everything that most kids did. I played outside with friends, I watched a lot of TVs, I loved eating cakes for my breakfast, and like others, I also did go to school.

In that sense, my childhood wasn’t too much different than that of most kids from average African families.

However, I think there was one thing that was slightly unique.

I grew up watching ‘Animals are Beautiful People’ documentary at least twice a week!

Now, I don’t want you to think it was because I liked the documentary to the degree of watching it more than 100 times in my childhood.

The only reason I watched this ‘Animals are Beautiful People’ is that my dad liked it a lot.

He also wanted to shape me into a wildlife lover. In fact, he wanted me to become a safari guide for wildlife in Tanzania.

Plus, we only had one wildlife documentary… so I didn’t really have a choice.

But from all those years of watching the ever repeated documentary, it wasn’t hard for me to spot the beauty of wildlife. If there’s something that is mind-rewarding then it is that moment of seeing wildlife.

Now the world has evolved, curiosity has even taken the driving seat, and guess what?

People now want to see wildlife in the closest possible proximity.

In the past, we were just fine to watch wildlife on the television and enjoy it.

Now the trend is getting up for the wildlife lovers who just can’t stop themselves from finding and reaching the wildlife experience whenever the opportunity arrives.

Look for example the number of people who searched for Tanzania Wildlife in the last month.

About 170 people in the US alone were curious to know a thing or two about wildlife in Tanzania

It is uninspiring and totally disappointing when you have to plan a safari aiming to have a stunning view of wildlife in Tanzania and enjoy the experience only to end up picking the wrong destination for your interests.

Do you know Germany, the country? Well, can you imagine the whole of Germany filled with wildlife, yes with the wildlife only?

That is the best way to define wildlife in Tanzania

Tanzania has designated 25% of it’s land to wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. It is without a doubt among the highest in the world and in fact, the total area is greater than the size of the whole Germany as the country.

Despite that huge area full of wildlife in Tanzania, most of the people have a misconception that they can simply visit the country and boom! They then start seeing what they desire simply by driving North, South, and West or even Southern zones of the country.

Sorry, that is not how it works!

You may as well travel all the way from Europe, America, Asia, and Australia with a plan to see the beauty of wildlife in Tanzania only to be disappointed with an underwhelming safari experience.

The truth is, there are the best places to see wildlife in Tanzania

So with everyone now wanting to have the best out of their safaris in Tanzania to experience wildlife, why do you think of Wildlife in Tanzania from that perspective that they can be experienced without detailed knowledge and planning?

Don’t beat yourself up just yet, I also used to think about seeing wildlife in the same perspective that I can just pack my staffs one day and off I drive to the neighboring wildlife park to enjoy seeing wildlife until Earthlife expeditions’ safari specialist opened up my eyes.

“You are simply going to throw your money out of the windows if you think you can plan a safari adventure aiming to go and see Tanzania wildlife without having detailed information on where to go that will match your interest” Daniel, the safari specialist at Earthlife Expeditions murmured to me.

At the end of this post,

You are going to have fresh, detailed in-ground information about wildlife in Tanzania that whenever you think of planning a Tanzania adventure safari you will then be in a position to make some important decisions.

Let’s now dive deep without further ado.

Here are the best 7 places to view wildlife in Tanzania

1: Serengeti National Park

I am not in any way going to claim that Tanzania has all the best places to spotting wildlife but it’s hard to argue against the fact that Africa’s wildlife can be summarized in one nation.

And that is Tanzania.

Starting with this oldest national park in Tanzania that has been attracting at least 350,000 visitors every year, wildlife viewing here is as amazing and actually, the park was voted Africa’s best safari park by industry experts and safari-goers.

Some wildlife parks in Africa might seem look-alike.

But not this Serengeti, and this is simply due to the reason that the World’s largest annual migration of a certain 1.5 million white-bearded wildebeest occurs in this park.

The migration of this kind where wildebeests usually get a friendly company from a whopping 250 zebra has never been witnessed somewhere else in this world.

Apart from hooved animals in Serengeti (buffalo, elephants, giraffe, wildebeests, zebra, eland, gazelles) just to name a few, Serengeti is also the host for big cats where lions, cheetah, and leopard can be easily spotted.

The oldest national park Serengeti can be, its history isn’t something contemporary either.

The famous local tribe of Tanzania, Maasai people had been grazing their uncountable livestock in this park for over 200 years. To the Maasai people, the number of livestock mattered most and the pride of a Maasai gentleman was derived from how many livestock he owned.

The higher number of livestock Maasai owned pushed them in all parts of this park ensuring their livestock get rewarded with fresh pasture.

Now guess what?

Maasai people were bemused with the size of this park. They could not figure out its end.

There they named it “Siringeti” meaning ‘the vast land that runs on forever’

That was just it, the legendary Serengeti was born and the rest is history.

I won’t advise anyone to miss visiting Serengeti national park as one of the best areas to see wildlife in Tanzania.

2: Ngorongoro Conservation Area

One thing I like in the Ngorongoro Conservation area isn’t its unique feature that this UNESCO world heritage site people and wild animals live together in harmony.

Can you guess what stuns me most about Ngorongoro?

Well, let you not scratch your head further because I am going to tell you just now.

Unlike many wildlife areas in Tanzania, Ngorongoro can be visited almost every month of the year.

So whenever the passion to see wildlife in Tanzania is high and you think like ‘ooh, I can’t go and enjoy wildlife In Tanzania because it is not summer’

Keep cool and rejoice yourself because you can pack your bag and book your trip off to Ngorongoro and enjoy viewing; Elephants, hippos, giraffes, buffalos, zebras, wildebeests and black rhinos among many.

With one of the densest known population of lions in Ngorongoro, your visit there won’t treat you bad and if you’re lucky, you will spot them kings of vast land in a kill.

This has led to the park attracting a significant amount of visitors every year exceeding 500,000 annual visitors.

But how this best area to see wildlife in Tanzania came into existence?

Well, about 200 years ago, a group of Maasai found the Ngorongoro land.

These people were tired of finding the best places to graze their livestock and at the same time establishing their settlement.

When they came across the stunning view of Ngorongoro and with the way necessities of life were so much concentrated in one land, Maasai couldn’t help themselves but naming the area El-Nkoronkoro meaning they had found their ‘gift of life’.

You can hardly argue with Maasai people on naming this land as in this single land they had just found foods for themselves, pasture for their livestock as well as enough water to drink, not to mention the uncountable number of small wild animals for hunting, uncountable species of fruits and vegetables.

As of today,

Ngorongoro Conservation area holds an important history of mankind as it is the home of Oldupai gorge where uncountable investigations has been conducted in and still the further investigations of the human species are still being conducted as I am writing.

3: Ruaha National Park

Ruaha national park is two in one.

The park itself hosts Usangu game reserve which is the beautiful mountainous wildlife area with an astonishing view of grasslands, woodlands, and miombo that happily act as a home for elephants, lions, leopards, and buffalos just to name a few.

Speaking of the park itself, Ruaha national park ;

• It is the largest national park in Tanzania.
• It is one of Africa’s remaining most lions and elephants’ populated areas with more than 2,000 lions.
• It is home to the Great Ruaha River which is one of the main tributaries of Rufiji River, the largest in East Africa which provides life to thousands of elephants.

Now there is this one this feature that makes Ruaha national park my favorite.

It isn’t the truth that Ruaha is the best for viewing big pride of lion predating hence to enable the park to attract up to 21,000 visitors,

Not even the fact that it is among the best places to enjoy viewing big packs of wild dogs,

Ruaha national park is very exclusive.

Its unique feature of exclusivity. This park is always not crowded hence making it the best area for experiencing that feeling of adventure when encountering wildlife in Tanzania

4: Tarangire national park

If there is one memorable encounter that I have ever experienced then it was tree climbing pythons view.

That experience in Tarangire was just unmatched and will forever remain with me.

To see these tree-climbing pythons you need to be luckier though, they are not regularly spotted so not everyone sees them.

However, Tarangire is the best park for day tours, and when you visit this near to Arusha city national park be sure to enjoy spotting big herds of elephants. Sometimes up to 200+ elephants can be found in the park making it one of the best areas for Wildlife in Tanzania.

Tarangire is also the best place to view the stunning huge baobab trees spanning around the Tarangire River which provides life to a number of wildebeests, buffalo, gazelles, and zebra.

Tarangire isn’t short of predators either.

Lions, leopards, and cheetah can be spotted in their endless missions of chasing and killing wildebeests, gazelles, and dik-dik for their meal.

5: Lake Manyara National Park

Are you a day tours lover? Then this park might very well suit your Wildlife in Tanzania needs.  You can simply reach it in under 2 hours, and enjoy your game drive right away.

This beautiful park which is famous for tree-climbing lions attracts over 161,000 visitors.

However, it isn’t these tree-climbing lions that may strike you most, but the way you can spot the relaxed elephants at very close proximity.

Along with wildlife viewing, Lake Manyara national park is one of the best parks for birding. The park is just incomparable when it comes to flocks of flamingos.

Manyara has thousands of flamingos along with other superb birds and if you are a water lover, the canoe safari in this park will treat you extremely well.

6: Arusha National Park

Arusha national park is just another best in Tanzania for day tours. The park doesn’t offer a chance of encountering the big 5 but hey, its birding experience is just out of this world.

A partial climb to Mount Meru, the second-highest in the country will also give you a good view of the beautiful forest with the black and white colobus.

Now, this doesn’t mean you are going to see only the mentioned above, a wide range of antelope species, giraffes and buffalo can be easily spotted.

If you need to experience your wildlife in Tanzania but you’re pressed with time, then Arusha national park can just be one of your top priorities.

7: Selous Game reserve

Hosting the greatest possible concentration of big game on the planet, Selous game reserve is among the best parks to enjoy wildlife in Tanzania.

The true African wilderness of this land is just fascinating.

This vast wildlife land known for hunting is also acknowledged for its more than 400 known species of birds which makes the destination the perfect for bird watching.

Rufiji River, largest in Tanzania which is the source of life in the reserve is the habitat for the crocodiles and uncountable hippos in the reserve.

A visit to this Africa’s largest unexploited wildlife area which is one of the largest faunal reserves of the world will leave you with lifetime memories.

A wildlife viewing in Selous which is one of the largest parks in Africa and UNESCO World Heritage Site is simply rewarding.

Conclusion.

Wildlife in Tanzania looks great and is amazing.

The wildlife for the whole African continent can just be summed up in one country and that is Tanzania.

It’s hard to think of important African wildlife that you won’t find in Tanzania. It is with this reason more than 1,700 votes from tourists and safari experts crowned Tanzania the best safari country in Africa.

So what destination are you going to pick in your next trip to enjoying wildlife in Tanzania?

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Sustainable Tourism in Tanzania

Responsible tourism in tanzania..

Sustainable Tourism in Tanzania: A Guide to Eco-Friendly Safaris | Tips for Responsible Travel Tanzania, with its diverse ecosystems, abundant wildlife , and stunning landscapes, is a paradise for travelers seeking to experience the wonders of nature. However, with the growing awareness of environmental conservation and the impacts of tourism, it’s essential to practice responsible and sustainable tourism in Tanzania. In this guide, we’ll explore the concept of eco-friendly safaris and provide valuable tips for travelers looking to minimize their environmental footprint while maximizing their enjoyment of this beautiful East African nation travel with purpose.

Understanding Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism, often referred to as eco-tourism or responsible tourism , is a way of traveling that focuses on minimizing negative impacts on the environment, supporting local communities, and conserving natural resources for future generations. In the context of Tanzania, this means enjoying its remarkable wildlife and landscapes while ensuring that your visit contributes positively to the preservation of its natural and cultural heritage. Sustainable Tourism in Tanzania: A Responsible Traveler’s Guide, Responsible Travel in Africa The Complete Guide, 10 Tips for Practicing Sustainable Tourism on Safari, Sustainable Travel in Tanzania, Sustainable Travel & Ecotourism in Tanzania. 

Why Sustainable Tourism Matters in Tanzania

Tanzania boasts some of Africa’s most iconic and biodiverse ecosystems, including the Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, and Mount Kilimanjaro. These areas are not only precious in terms of biodiversity but also vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Sustainable tourism plays a crucial role in:

Conservation: Sustainable tourism helps protect fragile ecosystems, endangered species, and habitats by providing funding for conservation efforts. The income generated from responsible travelers supports anti-poaching initiatives and wildlife protection.

Community Development: Local communities living near national parks and reserves can benefit from tourism revenue through employment opportunities, income generation, and the development of sustainable livelihoods. This can reduce reliance on activities harmful to the environment, such as illegal logging or poaching.

Cultural Preservation: Responsible tourism encourages the preservation of indigenous cultures and traditions. Visitors have the opportunity to learn from and interact with local communities, fostering mutual respect and understanding.

E c onomic Growth: Tourism contributes significantly to Tanzania’s economy. Sustainable tourism ensures that this income is distributed fairly, helping reduce poverty and promote economic development.

Tips for Responsible Travel in Tanzania

Now that we understand the importance of sustainable tourism in Tanzania, let’s explore practical tips for travelers who want to minimize their impact and make a positive contribution to this beautiful country.

1. Choose Responsible Tour Operators

When planning your Tanzanian safari, research and select tour operators with a strong commitment to sustainability. Look for companies that support wildlife conservation, employ local guides and staff, and engage in community development initiatives Big Five Luxury Safari in Tanzania **Sustainable Approach to Travel, a 7 days tour from Moshi to Arusha, Tarangire National Park and 5 destinations. Book Tanzania responsible tourism safari packages 2023 all inclusive. .

2. Support Conservation Efforts

Consider visiting national parks and reserves that actively participate in wildlife conservation programs. Your park fees and contributions often go directly to supporting these efforts. Additionally, some lodges and camps are actively involved in conservation projects, so staying with them can further contribute to these initiatives.

3. Respect Wildlife and Their Habitat

While observing wildlife, maintain a respectful distance and follow your guide’s instructions. Avoid making loud noises or sudden movements that can stress the animals. Never feed them or touch them. The goal is to enjoy their natural behaviors without causing harm or disruption.

4. Reduce Plastic Waste

Carry a reusable water bottle and refill it to minimize the use of single-use plastics. Many eco-friendly lodges and camps provide filtered water stations. Dispose of waste properly and participate in recycling programs when available.

5. Choose Eco-Friendly Accommodations

Look for lodges, camps, and accommodations that have adopted sustainable practices, such as energy and water conservation, waste reduction, and responsible sourcing of food and materials for Sustainable and Responsible Tourism in Tanzania. These establishments often have eco-certifications.

6. Conserve Water and Energy

Be mindful of your water and energy consumption while staying in remote areas. Use water sparingly, turn off lights and appliances when not in use, and opt for eco-friendly lighting and cooling systems if available.

7. Support Local Communities

Engage with and support local communities by purchasing handmade crafts or souvenirs directly from artisans. Respect local customs and traditions, and ask for permission before taking photos of individuals.

8. Minimize Off-Roading

Stay on designated tracks and roads to avoid damaging fragile ecosystems. Off-roading can disrupt wildlife habitats and contribute to soil erosion.

9. Educate Yourself

Learn about the wildlife, culture, and history of Tanzania before your trip. This knowledge enhances your experience and helps you appreciate the significance of preserving these aspects of the country.

10. Offset Your Carbon Emissions

Consider offsetting your travel carbon footprint by supporting reforestation or renewable energy projects. Many organizations offer carbon offset programs that can help mitigate the environmental impact of your journey.

FAQs About Sustainable Tourism in Tanzania

Is it possible to have a luxurious safari experience while still being environmentally responsible.

Yes, many eco-friendly lodges and camps in Tanzania offer luxurious accommodations and services while maintaining a strong commitment to sustainability. You can enjoy a comfortable and responsible safari experience.

How can I ensure that my safari contributes to wildlife conservation?

Choose tour operators and accommodations that actively support wildlife conservation efforts. Additionally, your park fees and contributions go toward conservation initiatives in the national parks and reserves you visit.

Are there opportunities to interact with local communities during a safari in Tanzania?

Yes, some tour operators offer cultural experiences that allow you to engage with local communities, learn about their traditions, and support their livelihoods through responsible tourism.

What should I do if I witness unethical behavior during a safari, such as littering or harassment of wildlife?

 Report such behavior to your safari guide or lodge staff, who can take appropriate action. It’s essential to raise awareness about responsible tourism practices.

How can I calculate and offset my carbon emissions from traveling to Tanzania?

Many online calculators can help you estimate your carbon emissions from travel. Afterward, you can choose from various carbon offset programs that align with your values and support initiatives like reforestation or renewable energy projects.

In conclusion, Tanzania offers travelers the opportunity to experience the beauty of Africa’s wildlife and landscapes while contributing positively to conservation and local communities. By following the principles of sustainable tourism and practicing responsible travel , you can enjoy a memorable and meaningful safari while safeguarding the natural and cultural heritage of this remarkable country.

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• South Africa
• Other Wildlife
• Mountain Gorilla
• Eastern Gorilla
• Western Gorilla
• Western Lowland Gorilla
• Cross River Gorilla
• Conservation

Tanzania is an East African country known for its vast wilderness areas. They include the plains of Serengeti National Park, a safari mecca populated by the “big five” game (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino), and Kilimanjaro National Park, home to Africa’s highest mountain. Offshore lie the tropical islands of Zanzibar and Mafia Marine Park, where whale sharks swim through reefs.

Tanzania officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and by the Indian Ocean to the east. Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.

Tanzania’s population of 51.82 million (2014) is diverse, composed of several ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic, and since 1996, its official capital city has been Dodoma, where the President’s Office, the National Assembly, and some government ministries are located. Dar es Salaam, the former capital, retains most government offices and is the country’s largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre.

European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.

The name “Tanzania” was created as a clipped compound of the names of the two states that unified to create the country: Tanganyika and Zanzibar.

The name “Tanganyika” is derived from the Swahili words tanga (“sail”) and nyika (“uninhabited plain”, “wilderness”), creating the phrase “sail in the wilderness”. It is sometimes understood as a reference to Lake Tanganyika.

The name of Zanzibar comes from “zengi”, the name for a local people (said to mean “black”), and the Arabic word “barr”, which means coast or shore.

A 1.8 million year-old stone chopping tool discovered at Olduvai Gorge and currently on display at the British Museum. The indigenous populations of eastern Africa are thought to be the click speaking Hadza and Sandawe hunter-gatherers of Tanzania.

The first wave of migration was by Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of Lake Turkana.

Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, moved south from the present-day South Sudan / Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.

These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.

Eastern Nilotic peoples, including the Maasai, represent a more recent migration from present day South Sudan within the past 1,500 to 500 years.

The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The Pare people were the main producers of highly demanded iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of northeastern Tanzania. The Haya people on the western shores of Lake Victoria invented a type of high-heat blast furnace, which allowed them to forge carbon steel at temperatures exceeding 1,820 °C (3,310 °F) more than 1,500 years ago.

Travelers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and India have visited the east African coast since early in the first millennium A.D. Islam was practiced by some on the Swahili Coast as early as the eighth or ninth century A.D.

A 1572 depiction of the city of Kilwa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visited the Tanzanian coast. Later, in 1506, the Portuguese succeeded in controlling most of the Southeast African littoral. In 1699, the Portuguese were ousted from Zanzibar by Omani Arabs.

Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade. Between 65% and 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved. One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was Tippu Tip, who was himself the grandson of an enslaved African. The Nyamwezi slave traders operated under the leadership of Msiri and Mirambo. According to Timothy Insoll, “Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast.”

In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into German East Africa. The post–World War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, except for the Kionga Triangle, a small area in the southeast that was incorporated into Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique).

During World War II, about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the Allied forces and were among the 375,000 Africans who fought with those forces. Tanganyikans fought in units of the King’s African Rifles during the East African Campaign in Somalia and Abyssinia against the Italians, in Madagascar against the Vichy French during the Madagascar Campaign, and in Burma against the Japanese during the Burma Campaign. Tanganyika was an important source of food during this war, and its export income increased greatly compared to the pre-war years of the Great Depression Wartime demand, however, caused increased commodity prices and massive inflation within the colony.

In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organization into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). TANU’s main objective was to achieve national sovereignty for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year TANU had become the leading political organization in the country. Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as prime minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961.

Post-colonial

British rule came to an end on 9 December 1961, but for the first year of independence, Tanganyika had a governor general who represented the British monarch. On 9 December 1962, Tanganyika became a democratic republic under an executive president.

After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964. On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania (“Tan” comes from Tanganyika and “Zan” from Zanzibar). The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.

In 1967, Nyerere’s first presidency took a turn to the left after the Arusha Declaration, which codified a commitment to socialism as well-as Pan-Africanism. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalized.

Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the 1,860-kilometre-long (1,160 mi) TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia. Nonetheless, from the late 1970s, Tanzania’s economy took a turn for the worse, in the context of an international economic crisis affecting both developed and developing economies.

From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the International Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania’s gross domestic product per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced, according to a report by the World Bank.

In 1992, the Constitution of Tanzania was amended to allow multiple political parties. In Tanzania’s first multi-party elections, held in 1995, the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi won 186 of the 232 elected seats in the National Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president.

At 947,303 square kilometres (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa’s highest and lowest points: Mount Kilimanjaro, at 5,895 metres (19,341 ft) above sea level, and the floor of Lake Tanganyika, at 352 metres (1,155 ft) below sea level, respectively.

Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of Africa’s Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent’s deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the southwest lies Lake Nyasa. Central Tanzania is a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore.

The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar’s largest marine protected area.

Climate varies greatly within Tanzania. In the highlands, temperatures range between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F) during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20 °C (68 °F). The hottest period extends between November and February (25–31 °C or 77.0–87.8 °F) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15–20 °C or 59–68 °F). Annual temperature is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The climate is cool in high mountainous regions.

Tanzania has two major rainfall regimes: one is uni-modal (October–April) and the other is bi-modal (October–December and March–May). The former is experienced in southern, central, and western parts of the country, and the latter is found in the north from Lake Victoria extending east to the coast. The bi-modal regime is caused by the seasonal migration of the Inter tropical Convergence Zone.

Wildlife and conservation

Approximately 38% of Tanzania’s land area is set aside in protected areas for conservation. Tanzania has 16 national parks, plus a variety of game and forest reserves, including the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. In western Tanzania, Gombe Stream National Park is the site of Jane Goodall’s ongoing study of chimpanzee behaviour, which started in 1960.

Tanzania is highly bio-diverse and contains a wide variety of animal habitats. On Tanzania’s Serengeti plain, white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) and other bovids participate in a large-scale annual migration. Tanzania is also home to about 130 amphibian and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly endemic and included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red Lists of different countries. Tanzania has developed a Biodiversity Action Plan to address species conservation.

Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2010. The CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly.

In October 2015, Tanzania announced that John Pombe Magufuli won the presidential election, securing a two-thirds majority in parliament.

The President of Tanzania and the members of the National Assembly are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms. The vice-president is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket. Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly. The president appoints a prime minister, subject to confirmation by the assembly, to serve as the government’s leader in the assembly. The president selects his or her cabinet from assembly members.

Legislature

All legislative power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the National Assembly, which is unicameral and has a maximum of 357 members. These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the Zanzibar house of representatives from among its own members, the special women’s seats that constitute at least 30% of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president. The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.

Tanzania’s legal system is based on English common law. Tanzania has a four-level judiciary. The lowest level courts on the Tanzanian mainland are the Primary Courts. In Zanzibar, the lowest level courts are the Kadhi’s Courts for Islamic family matters and the Primary Courts for all other cases. On the mainland, appeal is to either the District Courts or the Resident Magistrates Courts. In Zanzibar, appeal is to the Kadhi’s Appeal Courts for Islamic family matters and the Magistrates Courts for all other cases. From there, appeal is to the High Court of Mainland Tanzania or Zanzibar. No appeal regarding Islamic family matters can be made from the High Court of Zanzibar. Otherwise, the final appeal is to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania.

The High Court of mainland Tanzania has three divisions – commercial, labour, and land – and 15 geographic zones. The High Court of Zanzibar has an industrial division, which hears only labour disputes.

Mainland and union judges are appointed by the Chief Justice of Tanzania, except for those of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, who are appointed by the president of Tanzania. Tanzania is a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

The semi-autonomous Zanzibar Archipelago. The legislative authority in Zanzibar over all non-union matters is vested in the House of Representatives (per the Tanzania constitution) or the Legislative Council (per the Zanzibar constitution).

The Legislative Council has two parts: the President of Zanzibar and the House of Representatives. The President is Zanzibar’s head of government and the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, in which the executive authority of Zanzibar is invested. Zanzibar has two vice-presidents, with the first being from the main opposition party in the house. The second is from the party in power and is the leader of government business in the House. The President and the members of the House of Representatives have five-year terms.

The President selects ministers from members of the House of Representatives, with the ministers allocated according to the number of House seats won by political parties. The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the attorney general of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.

The House of Representatives is composed of elected members, ten members appointed by the president, all the regional commissioners of Zanzibar, the attorney general, and appointed female members whose number must be equal to 30% of the elected members. The House determines the number of its elected members with the Zanzibar Electoral Commission determining the boundaries of each election constituency. In 2013, the House has a total of 81 members: fifty elected members, five regional commissioners, the attorney general, ten members appointed by the president, and fifteen appointed female members.

Administrative subdivisions

In 1972, local government on the mainland was abolished and replaced with direct rule from the central government. Local government, however, was reintroduced in the beginning of the 1980s, when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government elections took place in 1983, and functioning councils started in 1984. In 1999, a Local Government Reform Programme was enacted by the National Assembly, setting “a comprehensive and ambitious agenda … [covering] four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having over-riding powers within the framework of the Constitution.”

Tanzania is divided into thirty regions (mkoa), twenty-five on the mainland and five in Zanzibar (three on Unguja, two on Pemba). 169 districts (wilaya), also known as local government authorities, have been created. Of the 169 districts, 34 are urban units, which are further classified as three city councils (Arusha, Mbeya, and Mwanza), nineteen municipal councils, and twelve town councils.

The urban units have an autonomous city, municipal, or town council and are subdivided into wards and mtaa. The non-urban units have an autonomous district council but are subdivided into village councils or township authorities (first level) and then into vitongoji.

The city of Dar es Salaam is unique because it has a city council whose areal jurisdiction overlaps three municipal councils. The mayor of the city council is elected by that council. The twenty-member city council is composed of eleven persons elected by the municipal councils, seven members of the National Assembly, and “Nominated members of parliament under ‘Special Seats’ for women”. Each municipal council also has a mayor. “The City Council performs a coordinating role and attends to issues cutting across the three municipalities”, including security and emergency services.

Foreign relations

Relations between Tanzania and Malawi have been tense because of a dispute over the countries’ Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) border. An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue took place in March 2014. The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful. Malawi, but not Tanzania, has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ.

Relations between Tanzania and Rwanda deteriorated in 2013 when Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete said that if the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) could negotiate with some of its enemies, Rwanda should be able to do the same. Rwandan President Paul Kagame then expressed “contempt” for Kikwete’s statement. The tension was renewed in May 2014 when, in a speech to the Tanzanian National Assembly, Foreign Affairs Minister Bernard Membe renewed his claim that Rwandans were causing instability in the DRC. Rwandan Foreign Affairs Minister Louise Mushikiwabo responded, “As for Tanzania’s foreign minister whose anti-Rwanda rant in parliament I heard, he would benefit from a lesson in the history of the region.”

Tanzania–China relations have strengthened in recent years as trade between the two countries and Chinese investment in Tanzanian infrastructure have increased rapidly. Relations with the United States are warm, with President Barack Obama visiting Tanzania in 2013.

Tanzania’s relations with other donor countries, including Japan and members of the European Union, are generally good, though donors are concerned about Tanzania’s commitment to reducing government corruption.

Multilateral relations

Tanzania is a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi. According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment. This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles.

Tanzania is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The EAC, the SADC, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa agreed in June 2011 to negotiate the creation of a Tripartite Free Trade Area spanning 26 African countries, with a goal to complete the first phase of negotiations within 36 months.

As of 31 October 2014, Tanzania was contributing 2,253 soldiers and other personnel to various United Nations peacekeeping operations.[82] The Tanzanian military is participating along with South African and Malawian militaries in the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade (MONUSCO) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The United Nations Security Council authorized the force on 28 March 2013 to conduct targeted offensive operations to neutralize groups that threaten peace in the DRC. Tanzania was also participating in peacekeeping missions in the Darfur Region of Sudan (UNAMID); Abyei, control of which is contested between South Sudan and Sudan (UNISFA); the Central African Republic (MINUSCA); Lebanon (UNIFIL); and South Sudan (UNMISS).

The armed forces consists of the army, navy and air force. The current Chief of Defence Forces is General Davis Mwamunyange. The armed forces was engaged in the Uganda–Tanzania War, the Mozambican Civil War and most recently the 2008 invasion of Anjouan.

Tanzania is also involved in the following United Nations peacekeeping missions: UNAMID (Sudan), UNIFIL (Lebanon) and Force Intervention Brigade (part of MONUSCO in DR Congo).

Economy and infrastructure

Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. As of 2014, Tanzania’s gross domestic product (GDP) was an estimated $43.8 billion, or $86.4 billion on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. Tanzania is a middle-power country, with a per capita GDP of $1,813 (PPP), which was 32% below the average of $2,673 for the 45 sub-Saharan African countries and ranked 23rd among those countries.

From 2009 through 2013, Tanzania’s per capita GDP (based on constant local currency) grew an average of 3.5% per year, higher than any other member of the East African Community (EAC) and exceeded by only nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Tanzania’s largest trading partners in 2012 for its US $5.5 billion in exports were South Africa, Switzerland, and China. Its imports totaled US $11.7 billion, with Switzerland, China, and the United Arab Emirates being the biggest partners.

Tanzania weathered the Great Recession, which began in late 2008 or early 2009, relatively well. Strong gold prices, bolstering the country’s mining industry, and Tanzania’s poor integration into global markets helped to insulate the country from the downturn. Since the recession ended, the Tanzanian economy has expanded rapidly thanks to strong tourism, telecommunications, and banking sectors.

According to the United Nations Development Program, however, recent growth in the national economy has benefited only the “very few”, leaving out the majority of the population. Tanzania’s 2013 Global Hunger Index was worse than any other country in the EAC except Burundi. The proportion of persons who were undernourished in 2010–12 was also worse than any other EAC country except Burundi.

The level of poverty in Tanzania is very high. Tanzania has made little progress towards reducing extreme hunger and malnutrition. The 2010 Global Hunger Index ranks the situation as “alarming”. Children in rural areas suffer substantially higher rates of malnutrition and chronic hunger, although urban-rural disparities have narrowed as regards both stunting and underweight. Low rural sector productivity arises mainly from inadequate infrastructure investment; limited access to farm inputs, extension services and credit; limited technology as well as trade and marketing support; and heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources.

Approximately 68 percent of Tanzania’s 44.9 million citizens live below the poverty line of $1.25 a day and 16 percent of children under 5 are malnourished. The most prominent challenges Tanzania faces in poverty reduction are unsustainable harvesting of its natural resources, unchecked cultivation, climate change and water- source encroachment, according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

There are very few resources for Tanzanians in terms of credit services, infrastructure or availability to improved agricultural technologies, which further exacerbates hunger and poverty in the country according to the UNDP. Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in poverty according to the United Nation’s Human Development Index (2014).

Agriculture

The Tanzanian economy is heavily based on agriculture, which accounts for 24.5% of gross domestic product, 37 provides 85% of exports, and accounts for half of the employed workforce; The agricultural sector grew 4.3% in 2012, less than half of the Millennium Development Goal target of 10.8%. 16.4% of the land is arable, with 2.4% of the land planted with permanent crops.

Maize was the largest food crop on the Tanzania mainland in 2013 (5.17 million tonnes), followed by cassava (1.94 million tonnes), sweet potatoes (1.88 million tonnes), beans (1.64 million tonnes), bananas (1.31 million tonnes), rice (1.31 million tonnes), and millet (1.04 million tonnes). Sugar was the largest cash crop on the mainland in 2013 (296,679 tonnes), followed by cotton (241,198 tonnes), cashew nuts (126,000 tonnes), tobacco (86,877 tonnes), coffee (48,000 tonnes), sisal (37,368 tonnes), and tea (32,422 tonnes). Beef was the largest meat product on the mainland in 2013 (299,581 tonnes), followed by lamb/mutton (115,652 tonnes), chicken (87,408 tonnes), and pork (50,814 tonnes).

According to the 2002 National Irrigation Master Plan, 29.4 million hectares in Tanzania are suitable for irrigation farming; however, only 310,745 hectares were actually being irrigated in June 2011.

Industry and construction

Industry and construction is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2% of GDP in 2013. This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction. Mining contributed 3.3% of GDP in 2013. The vast majority of the country’s mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89% of the value of those exports in 2013. It also exports sizeable quantities of gemstones, including diamonds and tanzanite. All of Tanzania’s coal production, which totaled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.

Only 15% of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011. The government-owned Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania. The country generated 6.013 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2% increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012. Generation increased by 63% between 2005 and 2012; Almost 18% of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems. The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydro power electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary. The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry. In 2013, 49.7% of Tanzania’s electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9% from hydroelectric sources, 20.4% from thermal sources, and 1.0% from outside the country. The government is building a 532 kilometres (331 mi) gas pipeline from Mnazi Bay to Dar es Salaam, with a scheduled completion in 2015. This pipeline is expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016. The government’s goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025. Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, is Tanzania’s and East Africa’s only suspension bridge

According to PFC Energy, 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010. Bringing the total reserves to over 43 trillion cubic feet by the end of 2013,.[108] The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US $52.2 million, a 42.7% increase over 2012.

Commercial production of gas from the Songo Songo Island field in the Indian Ocean commenced in 2004, thirty years after it was discovered there. Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013, with proven, probable, and possible reserves totaling 1.1 trillion cubic feet. The gas is transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam. As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc., US $50.4 million, down from US $63.8 million two months earlier.

A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island but has proven, probable, and possible reserves of 2.2 trillion cubic feet. Virtually all of that gas is being used for electricity generation in Mtwara.

The Ruvuma and Nyuna regions of Tanzania have been explored mostly by the discovery company that holds 75% interest, Aminex (AEX), and has shown to hold in excess of 3.5 TCF of natural gas.A pipeline connecting offshore natural gas fields to Tanzania’s commercial capital Dar es Salaam was completed at the end of April 2015, but technical setbacks will keep it from going online until November 2015.

Travel and tourism contributed 12.7% of Tanzania’s gross domestic product and employed 11.0% of the country’s labour force (1,189,300 jobs) in 2013. The sector is growing rapidly, with overall receipts rising from US $1.74 billion in 2004 to US $4.48 billion in 2013, and receipts from international tourists rising from US $1.255 billion in 2010 to US $1.880 billion in 2013. In 2012, 1,043,000 tourists arrived at Tanzania’s borders compared to 590,000 in 2005. The vast majority of tourists visit Zanzibar or a “northern circuit” of Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park, and Mount Kilimanjaro. In 2013, the most visited national park was Serengeti (452,485 tourists), followed by Manyara (187,773) and Tarangire (165,949). According to a 2013 published report, around 600,000 people visit the NCA annually, earning 56 billion Tanzanian shillings in 2012.

The Bank of Tanzania is the central bank of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing Tanzanian shilling notes and coins. At the end of 2013, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry were 19.5 trillion Tanzanian shillings, a 15% increase over 2012.

Most transport in Tanzania is by road; road transport constitutes over 75% of the country’s freight traffic and 80% of its passenger traffic. The 86,500-kilometer road system is in generally poor condition. Tanzania has two railway companies: TAZARA, which provides service between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and Tanzania Railways Limited, which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania. Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays; the railways also have a deficient safety record. Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 100 small airports or landing strips; airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition. Airlines in Tanzania include Air Tanzania, Precision Air, Fastjet, Coastal Aviation, and ZanAir. Several modern hydrofoil boats provide transportation across the Indian Ocean between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar.

Communications

The communications sector is the fastest growing sector in Tanzania, expanding 22.8% in 2013; however, the sector accounted for only 2.4% of gross domestic product that year.

As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average. Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones. Approximately 12% of Tanzanians used the internet as of 2011, though this number is rapidly growing. The country has a fibre-optic cable network that recently replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.

Water supply and sanitation

Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is characterized by decreasing access to improved water sources in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93% since the 1990s), intermittent water supply and generally low quality of service. Many utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues due to low tariffs and poor efficiency. There are significant regional differences and the best performing utilities are Arusha and Tanga.

The Government of Tanzania has embarked on a major sector reform process since 2002. An ambitious National Water Sector Development Strategy that promotes integrated water resources management and the development of urban and rural water supply was adopted in 2006. Decentralization has meant that responsibility for water and sanitation service provision has shifted to local government authorities and is carried out by 20 urban utilities and about 100 district utilities, as well as by Community Owned Water Supply Organizations in rural areas.

These reforms have been backed by a significant increase of the budget starting in 2006, when the water sector was included among the priority sectors of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty MKUKUTA. The Tanzanian water sector remains heavily dependent on external donors: 88% of the available funds are provided by external donor organizations. Results have been mixed. For example, a report by GIZ notes that “despite heavy investments brought in by the World Bank and the European Union, (the utility serving Dar es Salaam) has remained one of the worst performing water entities in Tanzania.”

Demographics

According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923. The under 15 age group represented 44.1% of the population. The population distribution in Tanzania is extremely uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the eastern coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated. Density varies from 12 per square kilometre (31/sq mi) in the Katavi Region to 3,133 per square kilometre (8,110/sq mi) in the Dar es Salaam

Approximately 70% of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967. Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541 is the largest city and commercial capital. Dodoma (population 410,956, located in the centre of Tanzania, is the capital of the country and hosts the National Assembly.

The population consists of about 125 ethnic groups. The Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Chagga, and Haya peoples have more than 1 million members each. Approximately 99% of Tanzanians are of African descent, with small numbers of Arab, European, and Asian descent. The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu. The Nilotic peoples include the nomadic Maasai and Luo, both of which are found in greater numbers in neighbouring Kenya.

The population also includes people of Arab, Indian, and Pakistani origin, and small European and Chinese communities. Many also identify as Shirazis. Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964. As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.

Some albinos in Tanzania have been the victims of violence in recent years. Attacks are often to hack off the limbs of albinos in the perverse superstitious belief that possessing the bones of albinos will bring wealth. The country has banned witch doctors to try to prevent the practice, but it has continued and albinos remain targets.

According to 2010 Tanzanian government statistics, the total fertility rate in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban mainland areas, 6.1 in rural mainland areas, and 5.1 in Zanzibar. For all women aged 45–49, 37.3% had given birth to eight or more children, and for currently married women in that age group, 45.0% had given birth to that many children.

Religion Religion in Tanzania (2014) Islam   35% Christianity   30% Indigenous beliefs   35%

Current statistics on religion are unavailable because religious surveys were eliminated from government census reports after 1967. Religious leaders and sociologists estimate that Muslim and Christian communities are approximately equal in size, each accounting for 30 to 40% of the population, with the remainder consisting of practitioners of other faiths, indigenous religions, and people of “no religion”.

According to estimates 35% of the population is Muslim, 30% is Christian, and 35% practice Traditional African religion in the mainland while more than 99% in Zanzibar are Muslim. Of Muslims, 16% are Ahmadiyya, 20% are non-denominational Muslims, 40% are Sunni, 20% are Shia and 4% are Sufi.

The Christian population is mostly composed of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Among Protestants, the large number of Lutherans and Moravians points to the German past of the country, while the number of Anglicans point to the British history of Tanganyika. Pentecostals and Adventists are also present due to missionary activity. All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement (East African Revival), which has also been fertile ground for the spread of charismatic and Pentecostal groups.

On the mainland, Muslim communities are concentrated in coastal areas; there are also some large Muslim majorities in inland urban areas and along the former caravan routes. A large majority of the Muslim population is Sunni. The Muslim population of Dar es Salaam, the largest and richest city in Tanzania, is mainly Sunni.

There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddhists, Hindus, and Bahá’ís.

Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa’s language families: Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, and Khoisan. Swahili and English are Tanzania’s official languages.

Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school; English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education, although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili as a means of unifying the country’s many ethnic groups. Approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English. The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country. Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas. Ethnic community languages (ECL, other than Kiswahili) are not allowed as language of instruction, neither are they taught as subject, though they might be used unofficially (illegally) in some cases in initial education. Television and radio programmes in ECL are prohibited, and it is nearly impossible to get a permission to publish a newspaper in ECL. There is no department of local or regional African Languages and Literature at the University of Dar es Salaam.

The Sandawe people speak a language that may be related to the Khoe languages of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the Hadzabe people, although it has similar click consonants, is arguably a language isolate. The language of the Iraqw people is Cushitic.

Based on 2012 data, the literacy rate in Tanzania for persons aged 15 and over is estimated to be 67.8%. Education is compulsory until children reach age 15. In 2010, 74.1% of children age 5 to 14 years were attending school. The primary school completion rate was 80.8% in 2012.

As of 2012, life expectancy at birth was 61 years. The under-five mortality rate in 2012 was 54 per 1,000 live births. The maternal mortality rate in 2013 was estimated at 410 per 100,000 live births. Prematurity and malaria were tied in 2010 as the leading cause of death in children under 5 years old. The other leading causes of death for these children were, in decreasing order, malaria, diarrhoea, HIV, and measles.

Malaria in Tanzania causes death and disease and has a “huge economic impact”. There were approximately 11.5 million cases of clinical malaria in 2008. In 2007–08, malaria prevalence among children aged 6 months to 5 years was highest in the Kagera Region (41.1%) on the western shore of Lake Victoria and lowest in the Arusha Region (0.1%).

According to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, 15% of Tanzanian women have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) and 72% of Tanzanian men have been circumcised. FGM is most common in the Manyara, Dodoma, Arusha, and Singida regions and nonexistent in Zanzibar. The prevalence of male circumcision was above 90% in the eastern (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, and Morogoro regions), northern (Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, and Manyara regions), and central zones (Dodoma and Singida regions) and below 50% only in the southern highlands zone (Mbeya, Iringa, and Rukwa regions).

2012 data showed that 53% of the population used improved drinking water sources (defined as a source that “by nature of its construction and design, is likely to protect the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter”) and 12% used improved sanitation facilities (defined as facilities that “likely hygienically separates human excreta from human contact” but not including facilities shared with other households or open to public use).

The World Health Organization estimated in 2012 that the prevalence of HIV was 3.1%, although the Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011–12 found that, on average, 5.1% of those tested in the 15 to 49 age group were HIV-positive. Anti-retroviral treatment coverage for people living with HIV was 37% in 2013, compared to 19% in 2011. According to a 2013 report published by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS that compares 2012 with 2001 data, AIDS deaths have decreased 33%, new HIV infections have decreased 36%, and new HIV infections among children have decreased 67%.

The music of Tanzania includes traditional African music, string-based taarab, and a distinctive hip hop known as bongo flava. Famous taarab singers include Abbasi Mzee, Culture Musical Club, Shakila of Black Star Musical Group. Internationally known traditional artists include Bi Kidude, Hukwe Zawose, and Tatu Nane. Tanzania also has its own distinct African rumba music, termed muziki wa dansi (“dance music”); important artists include Simba Wanyika, Remmy Ongala, and Orchestra Makassy. Freddie Mercury, of the band Queen, was born in Tanzania.

Tanzania’s literary culture is primarily oral. Major oral literary forms include folktales, poems, riddles, proverbs, and songs. The greatest part of Tanzania’s recorded oral literature is in Swahili, even though each of the country’s languages has its own oral tradition. The country’s oral literature has been declining because of the breakdown of the multi-generational social structure, making transmission of oral literature more difficult, and because increasing modernization has been accompanied by the devaluation of oral literature.

Tanzania’s written literary tradition is relatively undeveloped. Tanzania does not have a lifelong reading culture, and books are often expensive and hard to come by. Most Tanzanian literature is in Swahili or English. Major figures in Tanzanian written literature include Shaaban Robert (considered the father of Swahili literature), Muhammed Saley Farsy, Faraji Katalambulla, Adam Shafi Adam, Muhammed Said Abdalla, Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis, Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, Euphrase Kezilahabi, Gabriel Ruhumbika, Ebrahim Hussein, May Materru Balisidya, Abdulrazak Gurnah, and Penina O. Mlama.

Painting and sculpture

Historically, there have been only limited opportunities for formal European art training in Tanzania, and many aspiring Tanzanian artists have left the country to pursue their vocation. One of the most famous African artists – George Lilanga – was born in Tanzania.

Two Tanzanian art styles have achieved international recognition. The Tingatinga school of painting, founded by Edward Said Tingatinga, consists of brightly coloured enamel paintings on canvas, generally depicting people, animals, or daily life. After Tingatinga’s death in 1972, other artists adopted and developed his style, with the genre now being the most important tourist-oriented style in East Africa. Makonde is both a tribe in Tanzania and Mozambique and a sculptural style. It is known for the high Ujamaas (Trees of Life) made of the hard and dark ebony tree.

One of Tanzania’s, and other parts of eastern Africa’s, most common dishes is Ugali. It is usually composed of corn and is similar in consistency to a stiff paste or porridge, giving it its second name of corn meal porridge. Mixtures of cassava and millet flours are locally used for Ugali. Rice and cooked green bananas are also important staples. Beef, goat meat, beans, yoghurt, and a wide range of fish and green leafy vegetables all add nutrients to the dishes.

Football is very popular throughout the country. The most popular professional football clubs in Dar es Salaam are the Young Africans F.C. and Simba S.C.The Tanzania Football Federation is the governing body for football in the country. Other popular sports include netball, boxing, volleyball, athletics, and rugby.

Tanzania competes in the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games, the All-Africa Games, the Africa Cup of Nations, the CAF Champions League, the African Women’s Championship in football, the CAF Confederation Cup, and the African Championships in Athletics.

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Conflict between humans and wildlife in Tanzania is being poorly managed – and climate change is making things worse

Sustainability Researcher, Queen's University, Ontario

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Human-wildlife conflicts are a challenge for authorities in African countries where people live near protected areas. Programmes for communities to participate in wildlife tourism and share its benefits have been put forward as one solution.

Those benefits are substantial in Tanzania. Wildlife tourism is a major source of foreign revenue for the country. In 2021, the tourism sector generated US$2.6 billion, or 5.7% of gross domestic product (GDP).

The country’s 2022 Wildlife Conservation Act offers financial and material compensation for any eligible person negatively affected by human-wildlife conflict incidents. Between 2012 and 2019 , more than 1,000 human-wildlife mortality cases were reported nationwide, with rural residents forming the large majority of the victims.

As a sustainability scholar with a research interest in farming and the environment, I set out to understand the experiences of people who’d been victims of human-wildlife conflict in Tanzania. In my study , I spoke with people in the villages of Kiduhi and Mbamba. These two villages share borders with the Mikumi National Park , the fourth-biggest national park in Tanzania.

I asked them about what drives human-wildlife conflict, in their view, when and how they experienced it, how it affected their livelihood or well-being, and what could be done to prevent it in the future.

Incidents of human-wildlife conflict had become common in the two villages, but I found that the victims’ experiences were underreported. I also found that the conflict was driven by habitat losses that pushed wild animals from the park to seek food and water outside. Changing weather patterns also played a role in tensions between wild animals from the park and residents of Kiduhi and Mbamba. Other research has linked changing patterns like this to climate change.

Water scarcity and loss of grassland

Villagers in Kiduhi and Mbamba believed that a decrease in rainfall and long periods of drought were what drove elephants, hyenas and lions to seek food outside the park. This claim from residents was echoed by wildlife experts from Mikumi National Park.

They said the lack of rainfall led to a loss of vegetation inside Mikumi, forcing large animals like elephants to forage further afield. Potential prey for lions, such as deer and wildebeest, also moved far away in search of food and water. As a result, lions and hyenas from the park targeted cattle and goats in neighbouring villages.

In Kiduhi, a predominantly Maasai community that keeps livestock, hyena attacks and killings of goats had become frequent, endangering the lives of residents. Some reported risking their lives by patrolling at night to protect their cattle and chase away hyenas that were reported to be frequently seen in the area. One victim in Kiduhi told me:

In February 2021, a lion attacked my boma and killed 11 goats but ended up eating just one goat. Though the attack happened at midnight, the lion didn’t leave immediately; it stayed until early morning. I reported the incident to wildlife authorities, who came and freed the lion. But, to date, I have not been compensated for my loss.

Crop losses

The research also found that elephants raiding neighbouring villages’ farms was the major cause of human-elephant conflict around the park. Victims from Mbamba reported that clashes between them and elephants happened almost every day from May to August, the peak harvest season.

Since most Mbamba residents are subsistence farmers, the damage that elephants cause to their farms has a devastating impact on livelihoods. Women expressed concerns about household food shortages because most of the food they produced was damaged by elephants from the park. One woman farmer said:

For me, it happens almost every year; they raid and eat all the crops, especially maize and rice. I have now accepted that when I grow maize, I also grow for elephants because they come every season.

Poor response

In Kiduhi, most Maasai men and women interviewed in this study felt the local government and park officals had not shown concern about the livestock losses they experienced from hyena and lion attacks. Despite their quest for compensation, they had received nothing but daily promises of resolution.

In Mbamba, some villagers said they didn’t bother to report losses because no action would be taken.

What needs to be done about it

Across Africa, financial compensation for victims of human-wildlife conflicts is a popular management policy. Though some conservation experts have questioned its effectiveness, proponents of financial payments argue that ignoring victims’ economic losses could make the situation worse.

Studies in Tarangire and Serengeti national parks in Tanzania revealed that inadequate compensation schemes and limited engagement of neighbouring communities were the primary cause of retaliation killings in both parks.

So, firstly, the government needs to improve its compensation scheme.

Secondly, local climate conditions in Tanzania need attention. Longer periods of drought and water scarcity are expected in the coming years. Human-wildlife conflict cases may escalate. Despite known evidence of the devastating impact of climate change on wildlife resources, the government of Tanzania has been very slow in responding to these risks.

One practical intervention would be investing in nature-based solutions like restoring degraded land and water sources within the park and its neighbouring villages. This would reduce tensions over these resources.

Neglecting victims’ welfare, and a lack of tangible benefits of wildlife tourism to communities adjacent to protected areas, could pose a serious threat to the survival of wildlife. Concrete measures to address this complex conservation challenge are critical for Tanzania, given the significant contribution of wildlife tourism to its economy.

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World Bank suspends Tanzania tourism funding after claims of killings and evictions

Plan to expand Ruaha national park has been beset by allegations of abuse, leading bank to withhold final $50m of $150m budget

The World Bank has suspended financing intended to develop tourism in southern Tanzania after allegations of killings, rape and forced evictions.

The bank began investigating last year after being accused of enabling abuses around Ruaha national park, which was due to double in size as part of a World Bank-supported programme .

“The World Bank is deeply concerned about the allegations of abuse and injustice related to the Resilient Natural Resources Management for Tourism and Growth (Regrow) project in Tanzania,” said a World Bank spokesperson.

“We have recently received information that suggests breaches of our policies in the implementation of the Regrow project. We have therefore decided to suspend further disbursement of funds with immediate effect.”

Tanzania was due to receive a further $50m, having already received $100m of the funding. Developments include building roads, viewing areas and visitor centres, and investing in wildlife monitoring and increased security.

The Guardian reported in September 2023 that the US-based thinktank the Oakland Institute had documented a range of abuses by Tanzanian rangers against villagers accused of encroaching on the national park, including the killing of cattle herders and fishers, the confiscation of livestock and the rape of women.

The Oakland Institute welcomed the “long overdue” decision, which came a year after the World Bank was first informed of potential violations of its own policies on safeguarding in April 2023.

Anuradha Mittal, the thinktank’s executive director, said: “It sends a resounding message to the Tanzanian government that there are consequences for its rampant rights abuses taking place across the country to boost tourism. The days of impunity are finally coming to an end.”

The Oakland Institute said that despite the World Bank announcing an investigation, the Tanzanian government moved forward in October with plans to redraw the boundaries of the national park, which would result in 21,000 people facing eviction.

The institute said their research shows other abuses have also continued, including the killing of a 21-year-old cattle herder in October and seizure and sale of thousands of cattle this year.

“The government’s plan to expand the park cannot go forward against the will of local communities, who will lose everything from such an expansion,” said Mittal. “In addition to preventing forced evictions, the bank must focus on how to remedy the harms caused to the villagers who have lost loved ones to ranger violence or had their lives devastated by livelihood restrictions.”

The Tanzanian government had not responded to requests for comment at the time of publication.

• Global development
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Farming A Better Future: How Big-Picture Thinking About Regenerative Agriculture Can Help Fix Society’s Ills

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Written by Dr. Sara Scherr, EcoAgriculture Partners, and Dr. Kirsten Dunlop, EIT Climate-KIC

If roller coasters aren’t your thing, steer clear of agricultural commodities markets. Intense heat and rain have slammed West Africa’s cacao harvest, forcing cocoa prices to double in 2024. Intensifying hurricanes and disease have battered Florida’s citrus industry , leading to a decades-long slide in production. Climate change and land degradation are making it tough for farmers to provide some of our favorite indulgences. With these problems now starting to impact corn, rice and wheat—the three global staple crops—we face the prospect of cascading price hikes, market disruptions, deepening hunger and food insecurity, economic contractions and the political instability accompanying all of it.

Those of us who study the economics and sciences of modern agriculture, food systems and climate change have seen this volatility and systemic risk coming for years. Many have realized that regenerative agriculture and a holistic land stewardship approach called integrated landscape management (ILM) are among the most potent solutions. These natural solutions can sustain commodity production and ensure food, water and livelihood security. They can also restore the ecosystems that make agriculture possible.

Agriculture needs a new playbook

Agriculture is not in good shape overall. The sector contributes 20% of humanity’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer overuse triggers some 405 marine dead zones in coastal waters worldwide. Massive plantings of single kinds of crops, pesticide application and agriculture-related deforestation are major contributors to the extinction of wildlife species. These realities are driving growing enthusiasm in many quarters for a transformative shift to regenerative farming.

Regenerative agriculture is both a process and an outcome. Farmers adopt practices such as growing cover crops and instituting mixed farming systems like agroforestry or integrated crop and livestock production. These evidence-based approaches rebuild soil health, protect water resources, restore biodiversity and strengthen communities. Researchers have found these methods benefit producers and nature while potentially helping humanity respond to climate change.

After an initial transition period, regenerative agricultural practices can make sound financial sense to farmers and supply chains through reduced input costs and reduced risks. One study estimated an up to 25% return on investment for farmers shifting from conventional to regenerative agriculture. For these reasons, regenerative agriculture is currently experiencing significant investment growth.

Harnessing landscape collaboration to scale regenerative agriculture

Yet farm-level regenerative management is just the beginning. The scale of environmental and social crises demands a more holistic approach to agricultural transformation, one that reflects its reliance and impacts on water, biodiversity, climate, economics and society. This involves a profound change in how we manage the land. We must reconceive our relationship with nature.

One strategic response is the rise of new long-term, place-based partnerships between farmers, businesses, environmental organizations, local governments, communities and indigenous peoples. We have learned there are four ways that such collaboratives can accelerate the regenerative transition. First, such partnerships can achieve more ambitious goals by uniting efforts across the landscape. Second, landscape actors can coordinate efforts to steward the larger ecosystems they rely on for food production, healthy lives and thriving nature. Third, partnerships can mobilize strategic allies beyond food and agribusiness sectors to accelerate food-system transformation, such as those working in tourism, nutrition, disaster preparedness, water and biodiversity who benefit from the regenerative transition. Fourth, they provide an ongoing platform for collaboration and innovation to manage the complexity, risks and costs of transitioning to regenerative practices.

For example, in Ohio—a major agriculture state—complex markets, low commodity prices and increasingly volatile weather have exacerbated crop losses and degraded the environment, including harmful algal blooms from farm runoff. At the same time, household food insecurity ranks well above the national average. The Ohio Smart Agriculture partnership used a collaborative landscape approach with strong farmer representation to devise a multipronged strategy for action. The initiative is working to make Ohio’s food system a state priority; diversify and sustainably intensify food, feed, fiber and fuel production; use institutional buying power to ramp up demand for local food; and implement landscape-scale climate-smart agriculture to abate agricultural runoff.

In the 1000 Landscapes for 1 Billion People initiative, we believe the best way to achieve that shift and the compounding impacts it will usher in is through ILM. At its heart, ILM is about strong, locally led partnerships that generate trust and a shared understanding of natural and socioeconomic processes in the landscape, including agriculture. Building on that foundation, these partnerships can define a long-term transformation strategy and adaptive action plans promoting synergies between public, private and community projects. ILM is not just a concept; it is a practical, proven approach and set of methods that extend regeneration’s usefulness beyond local farms to entire regions.

An agriculturally diverse and sustainable landscape in Southern California.

Landscape investments offer significant financial value

The widespread application of ILM is essential for achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability globally while empowering farmers and other local people to shape their futures. The switch to regenerative farming and landscape approaches at scale would boost humanity’s climate-change response. For example, r esearchers conclude that the world's soils could store up to 267 billion more tons of carbon, which could significantly reduce greenhouse gas levels. Meanwhile, landscapes with corridors of healthy vegetation linking regenerative farms, nature areas and urban greenways can manage water-related risks by absorbing and storing rainfall, mitigating flood risks while improving water quality.

The economic case for landscape-scale regeneration is compelling. In Germany , for instance, regenerative practices have the potential to boost farmers' profits by over 60% and add more than $9 billion annually from socio-ecological benefits​​. Moreover, regenerative agriculture investments could return over $10 trillion on a $700 billion investment over the next 30 years while mitigating nearly 170 gigatons of carbon dioxide emissions. Coordinating farm and supply-chain projects with complementary projects in tourism, infrastructure, watershed management and nature restoration can increase profits and reduce investment risks.

Increasing compliance demands also make landscape-linked regenerative agriculture very attractive. Tighter government regulations, particularly from the European Union on climate and deforestation, are pushing companies toward practices that ensure the longevity of supply chains, a major focus of ILM’s value to business. Indeed, a new landscape finance industry is emerging to capitalize on this opportunity.

Numerous programs and projects by partners of the 1000 Landscapes for 1 Billion People have shown how ILM can empower communities and build social cohesion, improve food security and manage natural resources sustainably across large landscapes​.

However, mainstreaming regenerative agriculture and ILM is fraught with challenges due to the sector's fragmented nature, the vested role of intermediaries and the thin margins on which many farmers operate. Research, technical assistance and finance are still siloed. Overcoming these hurdles will require government support for landscape partnerships and aligning national and international trade and agricultural commodities policies. New financial mechanisms must be developed to support integrated efforts effectively.

Collective, coordinated action is critical to addressing climate change, preserving biodiversity and securing a sustainable future for all—particularly for those in marginalized communities who bear the brunt of environmental degradation and global warming. Only through such integrated efforts can we maintain the delicate balance of our ecosystems while continuing to enjoy everything that grows from healthy nature, water and soils.

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