budj bim cultural landscape tourism

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape: Growing tourism at the world heritage site in our own backyard

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is one of just 20 UNESCO World Heritage sites across Australia and the only recognised landmark in regional Victoria.

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It achieved the prestigious feat with Victorian Government support in 2019.

The Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation (GMTOAC) oversee the site and CEO Damein Bell says the recognition was something quite memorable.

“Knowing this is the only site in Australia that has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage List purely based on its Indigenous and cultural values is pretty spectacular.”

Budj Bim itself is a dormant volcano with historical lava flows helping form one of the world’s most extensive and oldest aquaculture systems, harnessed by the local Gunditjmara People over 8,000 years ago.

Across five separate sites, the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape hosts the remains of over 300 Aboriginal stone houses – evidence of the Gunditjmara People’s permanent settlement in the area, as well as a sophisticated system of channels, fish traps and weirs used for farming eels.

Growing Budj Bim as an iconic tourism destination

The Victorian Government is ensuring the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape grows to become a truly iconic regional tourism attraction, with $12 million invested in new infrastructure across the landscape to protect its important historical and cultural value.

Works include a new eel aquaculture and information centre, art installations, new raised walkways, a new cantilevered lookout, an upgraded information centre, entrance infrastructure, carparks and interpretive signage.

The works will help bring more visitors to the region, ensuring more people hear the incredible stories of the Gunditjmara People.

“For Gunditjmara, we are educating the broader community on our cultural practices and knowledge. First Nations Culture needs to be shared to ensure our ongoing connection to people and place,” Mr Bell said.

Mr Bell says they are also excited by what the new tourism infrastructure will bring for the Corporation and the entire area.

“The new tourism infrastructure provides an opportunity to increase the capacity of the local Gunditjmara community to manage nature-based tourism assets and provide management and employment opportunities.”

Collaborative planning

The Master Plan for the Budj Bim works was developed in consultation between Traditional Owners, Moyne and Glenelg Shire Councils, and other key stakeholders including the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Parks Victoria and Regional Development Victoria, to ensure the cultural and historical significance of the landscape is maintained.

Glenelg Shire Council CEO Greg Burgoyne is optimistic that the upgrades to Budj Bim will continue the boost local tourism received from intrastate visitors throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

"I think what the pandemic has done is created a level of awareness that hasn’t previously existed before around the opportunities for regional tourism. My hope is that continues to grow during 2022."

The Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation received funding of $8 million through the Regional Tourism Infrastructure Fund , and a further $4.2 million announced in the 2019 state budget to undertake both the UNESCO World Heritage Listing bid and the roll out of the Master Plan.

The new infrastructure will mark a new chapter for Budj Bim, a chapter which the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation can’t wait to begin.

“We are very excited to embark on this new journey and share our knowledge, stories and history with everyone in a sustainable way to ensure the ongoing protection of our Country.” Greg Burgoyne, Glenelg Shire Council CEO

We acknowledge the Aboriginal Traditional Owners of Country throughout Victoria, their ongoing connection to this land and we pay our respects to their culture and their Elders past, present and future.

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Free general admission

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

2019: Budj Bim Cultural Landscape given World Heritage status

Lake Condah. Photo: Tyson Lovett-Murray © Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation

Aerial view of a landscape with a sprawling lake.

On 6 July 2019 Budj Bim Cultural Landscape became the first site in Australia to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List purely for its Aboriginal cultural significance.

It is one of the world’s oldest and most extensive aquaculture sites, dating back at least 6,600 years. Gunditjmara traditional owners first proposed the site for world heritage listing in 1989.

Denis Rose, Gunditjmara traditional owner, 2019:

For us to get to this stage has been a long journey. I’d like to acknowledge our Gunditjmara ancestors who have led the way for us. We know they are still here with us and their ingenuity still shows in the aqua culture systems that are still operational to this day.

UNESCO World Heritage Listing

The world heritage nomination for the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was presented to the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee in Baku, Azerbaijan, in June–July 2019. It was prepared by the Gunditjmara traditional owners, with the support of both the federal and state governments.

The addition of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape to the list marks the first site in Australia to be recognised purely for its Aboriginal cultural significance.

The UNESCO World Heritage List contains over 1,000 sites from around the world that are of natural and/or cultural significance. Once a site is added to the list, it is protected by international treaties. There are currently 20 Australian sites on the list.

Drone image of weir. Photo: Tyson Lovett-Murray © Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation

Aerial view of a landscape with a body water and basic looking walls fabricated from stone.

Ancient aquaculture site

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is located in the traditional country of the Gunditjmara Aboriginal people in south-western Victoria. It is one of the oldest and most extensive aquaculture sites in the world.

Basalt stone deposits from lava flows have been used to construct a complex system of stone channels, weirs and traps within the natural features of the landscape. These man-made structures have provided a plentiful supply of food, including eels, fish and turtles, for the Gunditjmara people for millennia.

There are also remains of many circular stone-walled houses spread throughout the Budj Bim landscape.

Tae Rak channel and holding pond. Photo: Tyson Lovett-Murray © Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation

Aerial view of a landscape with a channel of water leading into a smaller body of water. - click to view larger image

Volcanic landscape

Volcanic eruptions initially formed Budj Bim (formerly Mount Eccles) around 27,000 years ago. The volcano erupted at least 10 times, with the most recent eruption dating to about 7,000 years ago.

The Tyrendarra lava flow extends 50 kilometres to the south, beyond the current coastline. The sharp jagged rock formations diverted the natural water flow and formed Tae Rak (Lake Condah) and Condah Swamp.

There are three components to the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape: Budj Bim (northern component), Kurtonitj (central component) and Tyrendarra (southern component).

Lake Condah. Photo: Tyson Lovett-Murray © Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation

Landscape featuring grass land and rocks with a view of a channel flowing into a lake. - click to view larger image

Gunditjmara engineering

The Budj Bim lava flows created a landscape of lakes, ponds and swamps rich in aquatic life.

The Gunditjmara people engineered a complex system of fish traps which combined their knowledge of the seasonal rise and fall of water levels with these natural formations.

Shallow channels, some up to 200 metres long, were dug out of the rock to divert water. Stones were used to build features such as V-shaped traps and weirs.

Short-finned eels ( Anguilla australis ) were trapped by placing long, funnel-shaped woven baskets in the weirs . Turtles and fish were also harvested from the aquaculture system.

Kooyang (short-finned eel)

The trapping, harvesting and farming of eels provided a plentiful supply of food for the Gunditjmara people. The eels were a valuable commodity and were traded at meetings with other Aboriginal language groups.

Some eels were kept alive in holding and growing ponds, and then eaten later. Eels were also preserved by smoking in the hollows of large trees.

The freshwater ponds and wetlands of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape provide ideal conditions for eels. When the eels reach maturity they migrate to the mouth of the river before making the journey out to sea. The eels spawn near Vanuatu and the larvae eels drift back to the eastern Australian coastline with the ocean currents.

Budj Bim senior ranger Greg Shelton, carrying an eel trap, surveys a canal at the Kurtonitj Indigenous Protection Area. Photo: Leanne Pickett

A man is holding a large vessel woven with a fibrous organic material. He is standing in a landscape featuring grassland, rocks and forest.

Gunditjmara wealth came from the rich ecosystems, coasts, wetlands, the plant and animals, and the interweaving of our culture in their management and use.

Time of unrest

The seasonal presence of whalers and sealers began to have an impact on the Gunditjmara people from around 1810. In 1834 Edward Henty, the first European settler in the Portland area, arrived.

In the 1840s conflict arose between the settlers and the Gunditjmara people in what came to be known as the Eumeralla Wars. By 1846 the resistance of the Gunditjmara had been suppressed.

During the 1850s Aboriginal people across Australia were largely moved into centralised church-run missions. Framlingham Mission opened in the Western District of Victoria, but the Gunditjmara from along the Budj Bim landscape refused to settle there. They identified Tae Rak (Lake Condah) as the place where they should be.

In response to this resistance, Lake Condah Mission was opened in 1867. It was located close to the traditional lands of the Gunditjmara. By the 1880s more than 70 people were living there. Similar missions, set up under the guise of protection, sought to concentrate Aboriginal people and enforce European culture on them.

In 1886 the population of the Lake Condah Mission dropped significantly after the Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (Vic) declared that Aboriginal people of mixed descent were no longer allowed to live at the mission.

The mission officially closed in 1918. However, Gunditjmara people continued to live on the site until 1939. The mission lands were returned to the Gunditjmara in 1987.

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is a unique place with universal heritage values that demonstrate how Gunditjmara people worked with the natural resources and environment of the Victorian southwest region to establish a permanent place of human society over the past 30,000 years and beyond... read more.

Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre, Vaughans Road, Breakaway Creek, VIC, 3303 View Map

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism offers visitors a first-hand experience of Southwest Victoria’s Gunditjmara Country, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list for its outstanding universal value.

The First Nation’s owned and operated company provides guided tours of the landscapes’ various components, where visitors can engage with Budj Bim’s fascinating history – from the creation of the landscape to present times.

A state-of-the-art Aquaculture Centre brings to life ancient freshwater eel farming techniques practised by Gunditjmara people for thousands of years, while the café offers eel tasting plates prepared using traditional Aboriginal techniques and flavours, and a selection of retail items.

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Victoria Tourism Industry Council
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Great Ocean Road Regional Tourism acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of the Great Ocean Road region the Wadawurrung, Eastern Maar & Gunditjmara. We pay our respects to their Elders, past, present and emerging. We recognise and respect their unique cultural heritage and the connection to their traditional lands. We commit to building genuine and lasting partnerships that recognise, embrace and support the spirit of reconciliation, working towards self-determination, equity of outcomes and an equal voice for Australia’s first people.

Experience the remarkable Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

Lara Picone

Travel Journalist

13 March 2023

Take a diversion away from the Great Ocean Road to the World Heritage Site of Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, where the Gunditjmara community is sharing its remarkable story of ancient enterprise with the world.

With eyes closed and face directed to the barely fathomable beyond, there comes a tremendous awareness of the firm stone beneath my feet. This rock has been relentlessly pummelled by saltwater for millennia. Yet, even after all those thousands of years colliding with ocean and wind, it remains steadfast.

The brisk coastal wind makes landfall from its journey beyond the horizon, whipping windcheaters into sails and tussling untethered hairs with the same stoicism. And the ocean itself, bridled by lunar whims, carries on with its undeviating rhythm, in and out, in and out.

It’s a cathartic reminder of just how insignificant our impression here is. None of us will outlive this stone, but some of us do leave a scarce but meaningful trace within it. Eyes open now, my brain plunges into overdrive as it processes the beauty funnelled from retina to optic nerve.

Tracing the ancient aboriginal site Moyjil

The information returns as sapphire-blue waters, clear and contrasted by rich, gold sands. A gently rippled, lagoon-like river patiently ebbs to embrace the Bass Strait, sidestepping the craggy yet dignified rock formations.

This is Moyjil, located in Victoria’s south-west , which you may have heard of by its European moniker, Point Ritchie. But if anyone has naming rights at this incredible junction of river and sea, it’s the Gunditjmara people. They have been here for around 60,000, possibly even 80,000, years.

The scientific evidence gathered from their scarce trace of shell middens embedded in that steadfast rock, and other indicators of human activity, is still percolating on that larger figure. However, some of Australia’s top geologists are quietly confident Moyjil could be the country’s oldest site of Aboriginal occupation.

an aerial shot of the Point Richie lookout and beautiful rocks at dusk

Dusk paints the sky at Moyjil, or Point Ritchie, a popular lookout at Warrnambool in south-west Victoria.

Preserving the cultural heritage of the Gunditjmara people

As such, this bracingly beautiful point is of gargantuan importance to the Gunditjmara people and, indeed, all people. It’s a visitable window to their ancestors and a reminder of how they lived in a mutually beneficial accord with nature.

A promise of protection in return for the gift of sustenance. This sustainable way of life is both fundamental and non-negotiable to Indigenous Australians and it’s through this looking glass I have clamoured to discover this incredible region.

Moyjil is a punctuation mark on the Great Ocean Road , but by touring south-western Victoria through Gunditjmara Country, I’m leaving the ogling of the 12 Apostles and craggy coastline to others. Instead, I’m straining to learn more about the ancestral guardianship of Country here. In fact, it’s National Sorry Day as I stand in reverie at Moyjil as an Indigenous woman and travel companion Ash Bartley invites our small group to remember and question the Stolen Generation.

a Gunditjmara guide leading the Budj Bim family tour

Visitors can join a variety of tours led by Gunditjmara guides.

Listening to the wind and sea, you can almost sense the presence of ancient humans gathering on the rocks below to share a degustation of shellfish. It’s staggering to realise that six millennia of cultural practice was virtually obliterated in the space of a hundred years, and this sun-drenched holiday idyll that once sustained generations of families, now provides quick photo ops and toilet stops for busloads of tourists.

the view of Aquaculture Centre from the lake

Visit Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre to see traditional methods used to trap kooyang (eels).

Indeed, we surely could have skipped a lot of unnecessary environmental and emotional scarring if we could bend time onto itself, folding up centuries of heartache and destruction to arrive at a place of deep appreciation for our First Peoples and their connection to Country. But the good news is that a generation of Gunditjmara people guided by Elders here in south-west Victoria are leading a restoration of the continuity of connection to Country and embarking on a sharing and teaching of long-held wisdom.

“We never say knowledge is lost,” says Ash, “we say it’s dormant.” Moving inland from Moyjil, a crystalised example of this can be experienced at the World Heritage Site of Budj Bim Cultural Landscape , which comprises three main components: Budj Bim National Park (north), which includes the long-extinct volcano formerly known as Mt Eccles; Kurtonitj (central), which means ‘crossing place’; and the ceremonial wetlands of Tyrendarra (south), all of which show extensive evidence of the largest and oldest-known aquaculture system in the world.

an aerial view of the woodlands and wetlands of Budj Bim

The woodlands and wetlands of Budj Bim are sacred to the Gunditjmara people.

How the Budj Bim story is tied to Mt Eccles

The Budj Bim lava flows are the spindly fingers that connect these components. It’s here, in the 5470-hectare area, the Gunditjmara created channels, dams and weirs in the pursuit of the kooyang (eel). For at least 6600 years, those slippery little fish sustained enterprising humans who coaxed and engineered the natural topography to ensnare them.

Lake Condah is home to a large variety of water birds such as black swans. (Image: Visit Victoria/Michael Turtle)

Proof of the antiquity of this aquaculture system and the knowledge carried with it has firmly sealed the landscape’s World Heritage criteria and, with it, the preservation of an endlessly important cultural archive. It’s been a decades-long journey to find a way to bring history back from the brink.

“For the past 40 years, the Gunditjmara community has worked on how best to share the Budj Bim story with the world,” explains Budj Bim managing director Damein Bell. “Through that time, particularly the past 20 years, it’s been a process of deciding how we best share the story to protect the story.”

The flora and fauna are part of this cultural landscape. (Image: Visit Victoria/Michael Turtle)

Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Area

Part of that sharing is taking shape southwards, at the volcanic landscape of Tyrendarra, which came into existence following a guttural hiccup from Budj Bim some 27,000 years ago. When I visit, morning has only just peeped out from behind the cold dawn and my breath is as visible as a car’s exhaust.

The beauty such coolness wreaks on these wetlands is exquisite. Heavy mist veils the sun’s radiance turning the atmosphere opaque, as if the world ceases to exist beyond its thick cloak.

In places where its weakened beams penetrate, intricate spider webs are bejewelled with crystal droplets, so elegant they look like adornments for fairy queens.

scenic wetlands and stony rises at Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre

Stony rises from ancient lava flows surround Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre.

Dreaming trails and cultural sites

Slender reeds dance under the rippling channels and birdsong drifts on the breeze, harmonising with the soft shushing of grasses.

As beautiful as this scene is, it’s not what it once was. Years of farming has desecrated the area, repurposing rocks once used to make stone-based huts into low walls to corral livestock who nonchalantly trampled history under hoof.

Still, enough of the evidence remains to cement these wetlands as integral to the aquaculture complex and it continues, as it has for millennia, to be an important cultural site and part of Dreaming trails for the Gunditjmara people.

Soon, visitors will be able to observe the fascinating enterprise of the interconnected channels and strategically placed dams designed to store eels “like a fridge,” says guide coordinator Braydon Saunders. The site will also include re-creations of traditional huts that sheltered families as they settled into this eel-farming and trading community.

New raised walkways at Tyrendarra within the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape show off the sophisticated fish traps at the cultural site. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Pathways and boardwalks for visitors

Tyrendarra is co-owned by Parks Victoria and the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation, which have worked to prepare the site for visitors. Braydon says Covid enabled the corporation time to involve the community on how best to present Tyrendarra and, once open, you’ll be able to follow interpretation pathways and boardwalks to truly immerse in what Tyrendarra was and remains to be for the Gunditjmara people.

Another of Budj Bim’s northern components, Tae Rak (Lake Condah) is welcoming all with the aroma of gently smoked eel at the new lakeside Aquaculture Centre and Cafe. Designed by Cooper Scaife Architects, the ultra-sleek building blends smoothly into the environment and houses a bush tucker cafe where you can enjoy coffee and cake, sample a kooyang tasting plate, or tuck into dishes such as gnocchi with native mint pesto.

Traverse the scenic path across the verdant terrain. (Image: Visit Victoria/Michael Turtle)

Swampy depressions with eel traps

Visitors can also view aquaculture tanks where those life-sustaining short-fin eels dart about, unaware of their future as an arancini ball at the cafe. The centre has been open for less than a year, but Damein is impressed with how both visitors to the area and the local community have embraced it.

“For the amount of time it has taken to get ready, it has been generational,” he says. “So it’s wonderful to see our Elders sitting on the verandah here enjoying a coffee.” The 1700 hectares of wetlands and stony rises surrounding Tae Rak were formed an estimated 8000 years ago and have since been in service to local wildlife as a utopian sanctuary.

Follow the walkway to the lake’s edge where black swans glide with stealth and watch the sun hover just above the surface. Or better yet, join a guided tour, as Damein says, “to yarkeen Gunditjmara” (‘to see Country’) and learn of the stories held within the stones here and about the restoration of Tae Rak.

Find eel-holding tanks at Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre. (Image: Visit Victoria/Michael Turtle)

A relaxing spot to reflect and unwind

The lake provides a serene spot to pause in reverie, marvelling at how human memory extends back thousands of years through the oral traditions of the Gunditjmara. Ancient narrations from those who witnessed Budj Bim’s explosion and its subsequent significance have been carefully tended, wrapped in ceremony, and presented to each new generation.

They are as real as the imprint embedded in rock at Moyjil and the altered landscape of Budj Bim. And finally, under the custodianship of modern-day Gunditjmara, who have drawn the world’s attention to this place with their desire to nourish a continual connection to Country, the buds of this ancestral knowledge are once again opening towards the sun. “We wanted the world to know what we’ve got here,” says Damein, “so they can help protect it.”

an aerial photo of Point Ritchie Lookout at sunset

Witness spectacular sunset views.

Getting there

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is a four-hour drive west (326 kilometres) of Melbourne via Geelong, two hours (167 kilometres) from the 12 Apostles along the Great Ocean Road via Warrnambool and less than an hour’s drive (68 kilometres) north-west of Port Fairy.

Eating there

Noodledoof brewing and distilling co.

Not far from the beguiling Tower Hill is the town of Koroit, where you can replenish energy with a fortifying drink and meal at Noodledoof . Try a tipple that makes excellent use of native ingredients informed by local Indigenous social enterprise Worn Gundidj.

Wickens at Royal Mail Hotel

With diners’ eyes transfixed on Wurgarri (Mt Sturgeon), chef Robin Wickens has his work cut out for him diverting their attention to the plate. But he does so with an impeccable degustation in the elegant, timber-hued dining room. For a more casual experience, head to the hotel’s Parker Street Project.

Wickens fits into the landscape with ease. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Staying there

Oak and anchor.

This boutique accommodation is housed in an elegant, refurbished heritage hotel in Port Fairy . The lodging is the perfect base for day trips to Tae Rak, Kurtonitj and, eventually, Tyrendarra.

Bed down at The Oak and Anchor Hotel, Port Fairy. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Alkina Lodge

With lawns populated by kangaroos, these four-bedroom architecturally designed luxe lodges are a serene expression of minimalism, allowing complete immersion in the stunning landscape beyond.

Things to do there

Narana aboriginal cultural centre.

There’s no better way to embark on an excursion of cultural learning than with a visit to Narana (meaning a ‘place of deep understanding’ in language). Meet native animals, explore the art gallery and enjoy a coffee in the cafe.

Sample smoked eel at Narana Aboriginal Cultural Centre. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Worn Gundidj at Tower Hill

The site of Victoria’s largest dormant volcano, Tower Hill is a must-stop on any south-western Victorian itinerary. Layer its beauty and geological significance with its importance to First Peoples on an Indigenous culture tour.

a couple looking out at the stunning landscape from the Tower Hill

Catch stunning views from the Tower Hill. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Wildlife Wonders

Not far from Apollo Bay, this convergence of forest and sea is also home to an Australian wildlife sanctuary where you can glimpse a hot list of native fauna, such as wallabies, bandicoots and koalas.

Meet the locals at Wildlife Wonders. (Image: Visit Victoria)

Tae Rak Guided Culture Walk

Learn about local lore, eel harvesting and the far-reaching history of the lake and surrounding wetlands on a two-hour tour with a Gunditjmara guide.

Roaming local and far-flung shores to write about the people and places she encounters is endlessly captivating for writer Lara Picone. From exploring food, built environments and nature to engaging meaningfully with diverse cultures, Lara enjoys sharing stories that ignite wanderlust in readers.

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Department of Climate Change, Energy, Enviroment and Water

World heritage Places - Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the World Heritage List on 6 July 2019.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was included in the National Heritage List on 20 July 2004.

Gunditjmara Traditional Owners have known for over six millennia that their Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is special. Gunditjmara stories and oral histories document their cultural knowledge, practices, and material culture. This knowledge is supported by scientific research and historical documents. Thirty thousand years ago their ancestors witnessed the eruption of the Budj Bim volcano, where the Ancestral Being, Budj Bim (Big Head) transformed himself into part of the landscape. Today Gunditjmara refer to their cultural landscape as Budj Bim.

During the time of creation, Gunditjmara Country was inhabited by beings that were sometimes human, sometimes animal, sometimes neither, and these beings brought the Country into life. Their movements are written across Gunditjmara Country and give meaning to the contemporary landscape. From at least 6,600 years ago, the Gunditjmara created an extensive and complex aquaculture network where modified channels diverted water and kooyang (short-finned eel) into holding ponds. Here kooyang grew fat and were harvested with woven baskets set in weirs built from volcanic rocks and wood lattice structures.

Gunditjmara knowledge and practices endure and continue to be passed down through their Elders. This is recognisable across the wetlands of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in the form of ancient and elaborate systems of stone-walled kooyang (eel) husbandry (or aquaculture) facilities. Gunditjmara cultural traditions, including associated storytelling, dance and basket weaving, continue to be maintained by their collective multigenerational knowledge.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, set amid rugged stone country, woodlands, wetlands and lakes, is owned or co-managed by Gunditjmara. Their collaborative, customary and adaptive management framework combines traditional ecological and cultural knowledge with scientific research. This includes Gunditjmara led research and interpretation, management and monitoring native plants and animals, building and maintaining walking tracks, providing guided tours and running the visiting schools program.

This Place also appears on the National Heritage List

Click an image for a larger view.

More images from the Australian Heritage Photographic Library

Video footage of interviews with Minister Ley and with Denis Rose, Gunditjmara Traditional Owner, available on the Department's YouTube chanel .

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More information

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is located within Gunditjmara Country in south-eastern Australia.

Boundaries of place

The boundaries of the serial nominated property are those of Budj Bim National Park, Budj Bim Indigenous Protected Area, Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Area and Lake Condah Mission.

Description of place

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is a serial property comprised of three components; Budj Bim (northern) component, Kurtonitj (central) component and Tyrendarra (southern) component Each component contains extensive evidence of the Gunditjmara’s aquaculture system. The Gunditjmara have customary rights and obligations to their traditional Country and a continuing and evolving relationship with the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape incorporates significant components of an area that the Gunditjmara call Tungatt Mirring (Stone Country); an area centred on dramatic volcanoes and lava flows. The area encompasses Budj Bim volcano, the Budj Bim lava flow, extensive wetlands and lakes, including Tae Rak (Lake Condah), and Killara (Darlot Creek). Tungatt Mirring today is marked by rugged stony landscapes cloaked with Manna Gum woodland; interspersed with species-rich, wetland environments.

The Budj Bim volcano is the source of the Budj Bim lava flow. More than 30,000 years ago, lava spewed across a distance of over 50 kilometres west and south towards the sea, dramatically altering the local waterways and wetlands. The lava flow provided the environment necessary for the Gunditjmara to develop an extensive and complex aquaculture network. The quantities of food produced allowed for and supported semi-permanent settlements. The success of the aquaculture system was such that excess kooyang (short-finned eel) supported large-scale ceremonial events and trade with neighbouring groups.

Outstanding Universal Value

World Heritage Committee information for Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

Brief synthesis

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is located in the traditional Country of the Gunditjmara Aboriginal people in south-eastern Australia. The three serial components of the property contain one of the world’s most extensive and oldest aquaculture systems. The Budj Bim lava flows, which connect the three components, provides the basis for this complex aquaculture system developed by the Gunditjmara, based on deliberate redirection, modification and management of waterways and wetlands.

Over a period of at least 6,600 years the Gunditjmara created, manipulated and modified these local hydrological regimes and ecological systems. They utilised the abundant local volcanic rock to construct channels, weirs and dams and manage water flows in order to systematically trap, store and harvest kooyang (short-finned eel—Anguilla australis) and support enhancement of other food resources.

The highly productive aquaculture system provided a six millennia-long economic and social base for Gunditjmara society. This deep time interrelationship of Gunditjmara cultural and environmental systems is documented through present-day Gunditjmara cultural knowledge, practices, material culture, scientific research and historical documents. It is evidenced in the aquaculture system itself and in the interrelated geological, hydrological and ecological systems.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is the result of a creational process narrated by the Gunditjmara as a deep time story. For the Gunditjmara, deep time refers to the idea that they have always been there. From an archaeological perspective, deep time refers to a period of at least 32,000 years that Aboriginal people have lived in the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape. The ongoing dynamic relationship of Gunditjmara and their land is nowadays carried by knowledge systems retained through oral transmission and continuity of cultural practice.

In 2007, the Australian Federal Court recognised the native title rights of the Gunditjmara for their “strong and unrelenting connection to this area where their ancestors farmed eels for food and trade, at the time of European settlement and back through millennia.

Criterion (iii)

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape bears an exceptional testimony to the cultural traditions, knowledge, practices and ingenuity of the Gunditjmara. The extensive networks and antiquity of the constructed and modified aquaculture system of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape bears testimony to the Gunditjmara as engineers and kooyang fishers. Gunditjmara knowledge and practices have endured and continue to be passed down through their Elders and are recognisable across the wetlands of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in the form of ancient and elaborate systems of stone-walled kooyang husbandry (or aquaculture) facilities.

Gunditjmara cultural traditions, including associated storytelling, dance and basket weaving, continue to be maintained by their collective multigenerational knowledge.

Criterion (v)

The continuing cultural landscape of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is an outstanding representative example of human interaction with the environment and testimony to the lives of the Gunditjmara. The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was created by the Gunditjmara who purposefully harnessed the productive potential of the patchwork of wetlands on the Budj Bim lava flow. They achieved this by creating, modifying and maintaining an extensive hydrological engineering system that manipulated water flow in order to trap, store and harvest kooyang that migrate seasonally through the system. The key elements of this system are the interconnected clusters of constructed and modified water channels, weirs, dams, ponds and sinkholes in combination with the lava flow, water flow and ecology and life-cycle of kooyang.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape exemplifies the dynamic ecological-cultural relationships evidenced in the Gunditjmara’s deliberate manipulation and management of the environment.

Statement of Integrity

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape incorporates intact and outstanding examples of the largest Gunditjmara aquaculture complexes and a representative selection of the most significant and best preserved smaller structures. These include complexes at Tae Rak (Lake Condah), Tyrendarra and Kurtonitj. Each complex includes all the physical elements of the system (that is, channels, weirs, dams and ponds) that demonstrate the operation of Gunditjmara aquaculture. The property also includes Budj Bim, a Gunditjmara Ancestral Being and volcano that is the source of the lava flow on which the aquaculture system is constructed.

The reinstatement of traditional water flows into Tae Rak through the construction of a cultural weir in 2010, following extensive draining of the lake in the 1950s, has returned and enhanced the water flow across the aquaculture system. This restoration, the rugged environment, the use of stone, the relatively intact vegetation and the lack of major development within the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape mean that the extensive aquaculture system has survived, is in good condition and can be readily identified in the landscape.

The property is free of major threats and is sufficient in size to illustrate the ways multiple systems – social, spiritual, geological, hydrological and ecological – interact and function. While the property contains a dense and representative collection of attributes, which are sufficient to demonstrate Outstanding Universal Value, the property might have potential for future expansion.

The three serial components of the property are connected as a single landscape through the physical extent of the aquaculture system (adapted from the lava flow) and through the Gunditjmara Traditional Owner’s cultural practices and connection with the physical landscape. If future surveys and studies determine additional attributes located within the lava flow but outside the property boundaries these should become included by means of a boundary modification request.

Authenticity

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape has a high degree of authenticity. Gunditjmara traditional knowledge is demonstrated by millennia of oral transmission, through continuity of practice and is supported by documented Gunditjmara cultural traditions and exceptionally well-preserved archaeological, environmental and historical evidence.

The authenticity of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is evident in the continuing connection of the Gunditjmara to their landscape and their traditional and historical knowledge of the life cycle of kooyang. Authenticity is also evident in the practices associated with the trapping, storage and harvesting of kooyang; including the construction of stone weirs and weaving of fibre baskets.

The Gunditjmara aquaculture system retains the form and functionality it had during the last six millennia in relation to the underlying lava flow, the continued functioning of the water flows and the presence of kooyang. Despite historic interruption for much of the 20th century, the property has retained its authenticity. Recent restitution of property rights to the Gunditjmara Traditional Owners, the reinstating of traditional water flows of Tae Rak and reestablishment of continued use of aquaculture complexes have enhanced the condition of the property.

Management and protection requirements

All of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is Aboriginal-owned and/or managed and is managed to respect the customary and legal rights and obligations of the Gunditjmara Traditional Owners.

The property enjoys legal protection at the highest national level according to the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999 and a large part of the property (about 90% of the Budj Bim component and about half of the Tyrendarra component) are listed as cultural heritage sites on the National Heritage List of Australia in 2004. For consistency, it would be desirable if the National Heritage and World Heritage property boundaries were aligned. As such, the entire World Heritage property could be considered for inscription on the National Heritage List.

Once included on the World Heritage List, the entire property will be recognised as a ‘Matter of National Environmental Significance’ and protected by the Act.

The property is protected and managed through an adaptive and participatory management framework of overlapping and integrated customary, governance, legislative and policy approaches. The Gunditjmara Traditional Owners apply customary knowledge and scientific approaches through two management regimes; a co-operative arrangement with the Victorian Government for Budj Bim National Park; and Indigenous ownership of the Budj Bim and Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Areas. This is supported by local planning schemes. Glenelg and Moyne Shires established a ‘special use zone’ over parts of the Budj Bim component, including Tae Rak. The purpose of the special use zone is to provide for the development of land consistent with the protection and management of the natural and Aboriginal cultural values.

The management system is to be coordinated by the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape World Heritage Steering Committee, which acts as a communication and shared decision-making body between the Gunditjmara Traditional Owners (represented through the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation Registered Aboriginal Party, Budj Bim Council and Winda-Mara Aboriginal Corporation) and the state heritage and environmental authorities, which include the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council and the Victorian Heritage Council, as well as the national level.

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape management system is established through the 2015 Ngootyoong Gunditj, Ngootyoong Mara South West Management Plan.

Notable among the institutional management arrangements is the Budj Bim Ranger Programme, which is managed through the Winda-Mara Aboriginal Corporation and employs full-time rangers, who are mentored by Gunditjmara Elders to provide them with traditional and cultural knowledge and support. This management arrangement of Budj Bim Cultural Landscape allows on the ground management approaches to be guided by the Gunditjmara Traditional Owners in line with cultural traditions and practices.

All Gunditjmara cultural heritage on Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is protected by Victoria’s Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.

The 2014 Budj Bim (Tourism) Master Plan establishes requirements for sustainable tourism and visitation, as well as educational opportunities, for the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape.

Listing information

Gazettal notice

Visit the UNESCO web site for official listing information on Budj Bim Cultural Landscape:

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape - Property ID 1577

Databases and maps

Australian Heritage Database record - World Heritage List
Australian Heritage Database record - National Heritage List
Location and boundary map (PDF - 3.87 MB)
Budj Bim Nomination Dossier (PDF - 13.76 MB)

Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation 4/48 Edgar Street Heywood Victoria 3304 Ph: (03) 5527 1427 Fax: (03) 55271704 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.gunditjmirring.com/

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism

Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre, Vaughans Road, Breakaway Creek, VIC, 3303 View Map

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape: stories in stone

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in Western Victoria is one of Australia’s most important heritage landscapes. Travel writer Kerry van der Jagt discovers the significance of this incredible site.

This blog was brought to you in partnership with Welcome to Country , a not-for-profit marketplace for Australian Indigenous experiences.

Long before the Egyptians diverted the Nile or the Romans constructed aqueducts, the Gunditjmara people of south-western Victoria created a sophisticated hydrological engineering system designed to trap, store and harvest kooyang (short-finned eel).

Dating back 6600 years, the elaborate series of modified water channels, weirs and ponds is considered one of the world’s oldest and most extensive aquaculture systems.

“Farming eels and trading the excess with other nations enabled my people to develop a large, settled community,” says Braydon Saunders, a local guide and Gunditjmara man who has been instrumental in the push to open Budj Bim to visitors. “Our eel and fish traps have re-written the history books, proving that our mob were more than just hunter-gatherers leading a nomadic lifestyle.”

A man holding an eel trap walking across a bridge

Today the stones are silent, but it takes little imagination to conjure a scene of men working the eel traps, adjusting stonework in line with the seasonal floods, while women wove elaborate fish nets and baskets.

In recognition of the highly productive system, which provided an economic and social base for Gunditjmara society for six millennia, the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was inscribed as a World Heritage site in 2019, the first Australian landscape to be included purely for its Indigenous cultural values.

Since inscription, a lot of work by the Gunditjmara community has gone into developing the First Nations owned-and-operated Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism experience . Opened in July 2022, visitors can join a variety of tours led by Gunditjmara guides taking in the eel traps and channels, remains of circular stone dwellings and smoking trees, where the eels were prepared for consumption or trade.

A group of people walking over a boardwalk crossing a marsh, with a modern black building behind them

The new cultural tourism experience is located in and around Budj Bim National Park and Tae Rak (Lake Condah), beyond Victoria’s picturesque Great Ocean Road. “The infrastructure and raised boardwalks allow guests to get out amongst the fish trap systems, to stand over the top of them,” says Saunders. The site also includes the Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre, bush tucker café, retail space and display tank.

Visitors on a tight timeframe can enjoy a two-hour guided cultural walk of the Tae Rak aquaculture sites and wetlands, while those with a bit more time can take the half-day Tungatt Mirring (stone country) tour. The full-day Kooyang Yana tour includes the Kurtonitj Indigenous Protected Area, Lake Gorrie drystone walls and a guided walk of the Tae Rak wetlands.

“Or you can just come and have a coffee or a cake, or a barramundi or smoked eel platter for lunch. Our chefs do a great job of creating a story with the food,” Saunders says. The Tae Rak Aquaculture Centre is open Wednesday to Sunday for tours and meals.

Whichever tour you choose, this new tourism venture will take everything you thought you knew about Indigenous culture and blow it out of the (eel-filled) water.

A man shows two children a selection of Indigenous weapons

“Each time you come out you will learn a bit more, build on your experiences. Every visit will be different, as different things happen during different seasons. The menu at the café will also change, depending on what is seasonal,” he explains.

Gunditjmara country is a hauntingly beautiful place, created by fire and brimstone some 37,000 years ago when the volcano Budj Bim (meaning ‘high head’) erupted, resulting in lava flows and the formation of lakes and waterways.

“Budj Bim had seen our people struggling to live a sustainable life. They had been living too much for themselves, and not enough for one another” says Saunders. “So he revealed himself and transformed the landscape by spewing blood (lava) and teeth (stones), forcing them to change their ways. It’s a story as old as time, about looking out for each other and caring for one another.”

The trapping system was as innovative as it was simple, using the natural springs and lakes created by the eruption to direct the eels into holding ponds. “It was then up to my people to create channels through the basalt, through which the eels could follow. It was designed so that they could come in, but not come out.”

“If you were to ask how we would do that, it’s a very complicated process. Basically we used fire, because this stone is very porous, and the fire would collapse the stone. So our mob used fire to create channels.”

Remains of eel traps can be seen in other locations across Australia and all over the world, but the unique characteristic of Budj Bim is that they were carved and crafted into the landscape, meaning the traps and ponds could be used and re-used for thousands of years.

“It was about not making a massive change to the landscape,” says Saunders. “But about making a change small enough that it worked in our favour but did not have a negative impact on the environment.”

Taking care of Country and sharing stories with others lies at the heart of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism. “My country and my home – I’m getting emotional thinking about it now – means everything to me,” says Saunders. “It’s been a real whirlwind over the last six weeks leading up to the opening, but the overpowering emotion is one of complete pride in what we’ve been able to achieve, whether 6600 years ago, or three years ago with World Heritage listing. A lot of pride.”

Keen to visit Budj Bim? Check out our Great Ocean Road & Grampians Adventure or visit Welcome to Country to learn more .

The writer is a descendant of the Awabakal people of the mid-north coast of New South Wales.

Feeling inspired?

Kerry van der Jagt

Kerry van der Jagt is an award-winning, Sydney-based freelance travel writer and photographer. Specialising in Indigenous tourism, wildlife conservation and transformational experiences Kerry is passionate about travel that makes the world a better place.

Tungatt Mirring | Stone Country | Half Day Tour

This 4 hour tour takes visitors through the history of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape. Starting at the Budj Bim National Park, the tour also covers Kurtonitj Indigenous Protected Area in the centre of the Landscape.

Duration: 4 Hours (approx.)

Kooyang Yana | Kooyang Walk | Full Day Tour

This tour takes visitors through the history of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape. Starting with Budj Bim National Park, the tour covers Kurtonitj, the Tae Rak wetlands and the Lake Condah Aquaculture Centre.

Duration: 7 Hours (approx.)

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Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos
Viñales Valley
Choirokoitia
Painted Churches in the Troodos Region
Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region *
Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž
Historic Centre of Český Krumlov
Historic Centre of Prague
Historic Centre of Telč
Holašovice Historic Village
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč
Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec
Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem
Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape
Litomyšl Castle
Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora
Tugendhat Villa in Brno
Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Complex of Koguryo Tombs
Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Garamba National Park
Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Okapi Wildlife Reserve
Salonga National Park
Virunga National Park #
Aasivissuit – Nipisat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea
Ilulissat Icefjord
Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church
Kronborg Castle
Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap
Moravian Church Settlements *
Roskilde Cathedral
Stevns Klint
The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand
Viking-Age Ring Fortresses
Wadden Sea *
Morne Trois Pitons National Park

Dominican Republic

Colonial City of Santo Domingo
City of Quito
Galápagos Islands
Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca
Sangay National Park #
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
Historic Cairo
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
Saint Catherine Area
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)

El Salvador

Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site
Asmara: A Modernist African City
Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn
Bale Mountains National Park
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region
Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town
Konso Cultural Landscape
Lower Valley of the Awash
Lower Valley of the Omo
Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia
Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
Simien National Park
The Gedeo Cultural Landscape
Levuka Historical Port Town
Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki
Fortress of Suomenlinna
High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago *
Petäjävesi Old Church
Verla Groundwood and Board Mill
Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe
Amiens Cathedral
Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments
Belfries of Belgium and France * 9
Bordeaux, Port of the Moon
Bourges Cathedral
Canal du Midi
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi and Palace of Tau, Reims
Chaîne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena
Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars
Chartres Cathedral
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay
Cordouan Lighthouse
Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche
Episcopal City of Albi
Fortifications of Vauban
French Austral Lands and Seas
From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, the Production of Open-pan Salt
Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve #
Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge
Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne
Historic Site of Lyon
Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion
Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems
Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret
Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay
Nice, Winter Resort Town of the Riviera
Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
Palace and Park of Fontainebleau
Palace and Park of Versailles
Paris, Banks of the Seine
Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct)
Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley
Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu *
Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange
Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
Strasbourg, Grande-Île and Neustadt
Taputapuātea
Te Henua Enata – The Marquesas Islands
The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape
The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy
The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes 10
The Maison Carrée of Nîmes
Vézelay, Church and Hill
Volcanoes and Forests of Mount Pelée and the Pitons of Northern Martinique
Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda
Ivindo National Park
Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites
Stone Circles of Senegambia *
Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands
Gelati Monastery
Historical Monuments of Mtskheta
Upper Svaneti
Aachen Cathedral
Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch
Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau
Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe
Berlin Modernism Housing Estates
Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura
Classical Weimar
Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg
Cologne Cathedral
Dresden Elbe Valley Delisted 2009
Fagus Factory in Alfeld
Frontiers of the Roman Empire * 11
Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes *
Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz
Hanseatic City of Lübeck
Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar
Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt
Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg
Margravial Opera House Bayreuth
Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt
Maulbronn Monastery Complex
Messel Pit Fossil Site
Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System #
Monastic Island of Reichenau
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin
Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski *
Naumburg Cathedral
Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin
Pilgrimage Church of Wies
Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier
Schwerin Residence Ensemble
ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus
Speyer Cathedral
St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim
Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen
Town of Bamberg
Upper Middle Rhine Valley
Völklingen Ironworks
Wartburg Castle
Water Management System of Augsburg
Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen
Asante Traditional Buildings
Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions
Acropolis, Athens
Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina)
Archaeological Site of Delphi
Archaeological Site of Mystras
Archaeological Site of Olympia
Archaeological Site of Philippi
Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns
Medieval City of Rhodes
Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios
Mount Athos
Old Town of Corfu
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika
Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos
Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint-John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos
Zagori Cultural Landscape
Antigua Guatemala
Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua
National Archaeological Park Tak’alik Ab’aj
Tikal National Park
National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura * 12
Vatican City
Maya Site of Copan
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve
Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst *
Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae)
Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta
Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment
Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings
Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape
Vatnajökull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice
Þingvellir National Park
Ajanta Caves
Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)
Churches and Convents of Goa
Dholavira: a Harappan City
Elephanta Caves
Ellora Caves
Fatehpur Sikri
Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
Great Living Chola Temples 13
Group of Monuments at Hampi
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
Hill Forts of Rajasthan
Historic City of Ahmadabad
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
Jaipur City, Rajasthan
Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
Kaziranga National Park
Keoladeo National Park
Khajuraho Group of Monuments
Khangchendzonga National Park
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty
Mountain Railways of India
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
Red Fort Complex
Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
Santiniketan
Sun Temple, Konârak
Sundarbans National Park
The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
Western Ghats
Borobudur Temple Compounds
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy
Komodo National Park
Lorentz National Park
Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto
Prambanan Temple Compounds
Sangiran Early Man Site
The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
Ujung Kulon National Park

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran
Bam and its Cultural Landscape
Cultural Landscape of Hawraman/Uramanat
Cultural Landscape of Maymand
Golestan Palace
Gonbad-e Qābus
Historic City of Yazd
Masjed-e Jāmé of Isfahan
Meidan Emam, Esfahan
Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region
Shahr-i Sokhta
Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil
Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex
Takht-e Soleyman
Tchogha Zanbil
The Persian Caravanserai
The Persian Garden
The Persian Qanat
Trans-Iranian Railway
Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)
Erbil Citadel
Samarra Archaeological City
The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities
Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne
Sceilg Mhichíl
Bahá’i Holy Places in Haifa and the Western Galilee
Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba
Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves
Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev
Necropolis of Bet She’arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
Old City of Acre
Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves
White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy
18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex
Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale
Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia
Archaeological Area of Agrigento
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites
Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua
Castel del Monte
Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena
Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula
City of Verona
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Costiera Amalfitana
Crespi d'Adda
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines
Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta 14
Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli
Historic Centre of Florence
Historic Centre of Naples
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura * 15
Historic Centre of San Gimignano
Historic Centre of Siena
Historic Centre of the City of Pienza
Historic Centre of Urbino
Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands)
Ivrea, industrial city of the 20th century
Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily)
Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene
Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568-774 A.D.)
Mantua and Sabbioneta
Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany
Monte San Giorgio *
Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes *
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
Su Nuraxi di Barumini
Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica
The Trulli of Alberobello
The Dolomites
The Porticoes of Bologna
The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera
Val d'Orcia
Venice and its Lagoon
Via Appia. Regina Viarum
Villa Adriana (Tivoli)
Villa d'Este, Tivoli
Villa Romana del Casale
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
Blue and John Crow Mountains
Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island
Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area
Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration
Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu
Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region
Hiraizumi – Temples, Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land
Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)
Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)
Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara
Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama
Itsukushima Shinto Shrine
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape
Jomon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan
Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan
Ogasawara Islands
Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region
Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range
Sado Island Gold Mines
Shirakami-Sanchi
Shrines and Temples of Nikko
Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars
Town of Luang Prabang
Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape
Historic Centre of Riga
Old town of Kuldīga
Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab)
Rachid Karami International Fair-Tripoli
Maloti-Drakensberg Park *
Archaeological Site of Cyrene
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna
Archaeological Site of Sabratha
Old Town of Ghadamès
Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus
Curonian Spit *
Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė)
Modernist Kaunas: Architecture of Optimism, 1919-1939
Vilnius Historic Centre
City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications
Andrefana Dry Forests
Rainforests of the Atsinanana
Royal Hill of Ambohimanga
Chongoni Rock-Art Area
Lake Malawi National Park
Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley
Gunung Mulu National Park
Kinabalu Park
Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca
The Archaeological Heritage of Niah National Park’s Caves Complex
Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons)
Old Towns of Djenné
Tomb of Askia
City of Valletta
Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum
Megalithic Temples of Malta 16

Marshall Islands

Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata
Banc d'Arguin National Park
Aapravasi Ghat
Le Morne Cultural Landscape
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche
Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System
Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco
Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
Archipiélago de Revillagigedo
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl
El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco
Historic Centre of Morelia
Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán
Historic Centre of Puebla
Historic Centre of Zacatecas
Historic Fortified Town of Campeche
Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro
Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan
Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines
Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California
Luis Barragán House and Studio
Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan
Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal
Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco
Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco
Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica
Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino

Micronesia (Federated States of)

Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia
Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites
Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape
Landscapes of Dauria *
Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape
Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai
Uvs Nuur Basin *
Durmitor National Park
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor
Archaeological Site of Volubilis
Historic City of Meknes
Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou
Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)
Medina of Fez
Medina of Marrakesh
Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin)
Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida)
Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage
Island of Mozambique
Pyu Ancient Cities
Namib Sand Sea
Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes
Chitwan National Park
Kathmandu Valley
Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha
Sagarmatha National Park

Netherlands (Kingdom of the)

Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder)
Dutch Water Defence Lines
Eisinga Planetarium in Franeker
Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao
Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station)
Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House)
Schokland and Surroundings
Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht
Van Nellefabriek

New Zealand

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands
Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand 17
Tongariro National Park #
León Cathedral
Ruins of León Viejo
Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves
Historic Centre of Agadez
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove
Sukur Cultural Landscape

North Macedonia

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region * 18
Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site
Rock Art of Alta
Røros Mining Town and the Circumference
Urnes Stave Church
Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago
West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord
Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman
Ancient City of Qalhat
Arabian Oryx Sanctuary Delisted 2007
Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn
Land of Frankincense
Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro
Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol
Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore
Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta
Rohtas Fort
Rock Islands Southern Lagoon
Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá
Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection
Darien National Park
Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo

Papua New Guinea

Kuk Early Agricultural Site
Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex
Chavin (Archaeological Site)
City of Cuzco
Historic Centre of Lima 19
Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
Huascarán National Park #
Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa
Manú National Park
Río Abiseo National Park
Sacred City of Caral-Supe

Philippines

Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Historic City of Vigan
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945)
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork
Centennial Hall in Wrocław
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica
Historic Centre of Kraków
Historic Centre of Warsaw
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park
Krzemionki Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region
Medieval Town of Toruń
Old City of Zamość
Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System
Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines
Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine *
Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska
Alto Douro Wine Region
Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores
Convent of Christ in Tomar
Cultural Landscape of Sintra
Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications
Historic Centre of Évora
Historic Centre of Guimarães and Couros Zone
Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar
Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture
Laurisilva of Madeira
Monastery of Alcobaça
Monastery of Batalha
Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde * 20
Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park ( Tapada )
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga
University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia
Al Zubarah Archaeological Site

Republic of Korea

Baekje Historic Areas
Changdeokgung Palace Complex
Gaya Tumuli
Getbol, Korean Tidal Flats
Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites
Gyeongju Historic Areas
Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks
Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong
Hwaseong Fortress
Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes
Jongmyo Shrine
Namhansanseong
Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty
Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea
Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple
Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies

Republic of Moldova

Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu
Churches of Moldavia
Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains
Danube Delta
Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia
Historic Centre of Sighişoara
Monastery of Horezu
Roșia Montană Mining Landscape
Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania 21
Wooden Churches of Maramureş

Russian Federation

Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad
Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk
Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University
Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex
Central Sikhote-Alin
Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye
Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent
Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands
Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake
Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery
Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent
Golden Mountains of Altai
Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments
Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl
Kizhi Pogost
Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
Lake Baikal
Lena Pillars Nature Park
Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve
Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea
Putorana Plateau
Virgin Komi Forests
Volcanoes of Kamchatka 22
Western Caucasus
White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
Memorial sites of the Genocide: Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi and Bisesero
Nyungwe National Park

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park

Saint Lucia

Pitons Management Area
San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano

Saudi Arabia

‘Uruq Bani Ma’arid
Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape
At-Turaif District in ad-Dir'iyah
Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Madā ͐ in Ṣāliḥ)
Ḥimā Cultural Area
Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah
Rock Art in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia
The Cultural Landscape of Al-Faw Archaeological Area
Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
Island of Gorée
Island of Saint-Louis
Niokolo-Koba National Park
Saloum Delta
Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo
Stari Ras and Sopoćani
Studenica Monastery
Aldabra Atoll
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve
Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity
Levoča, Spišský Hrad and the Associated Cultural Monuments
Wooden Churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian Mountain Area
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija *
Škocjan Caves #
The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design

Solomon Islands

East Rennell

South Africa

Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains
Cape Floral Region Protected Areas
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa
Human Rights, Liberation and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites
iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape
Robben Island
The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa
Vredefort Dome
ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada 23
Antequera Dolmens Site
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
Burgos Cathedral
Caliphate City of Medina Azahara
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville
Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana
Doñana National Park
Garajonay National Park
Historic Centre of Cordoba 24
Historic City of Toledo
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia
Las Médulas
Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias 25
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon 26
Old City of Salamanca
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches
Old Town of Cáceres
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona
Palmeral of Elche
Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
Poblet Monastery
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde * 27
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza
Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula
Roman Walls of Lugo 28
Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)
Talayotic Menorca
Teide National Park
Tower of Hercules
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
Vizcaya Bridge
Works of Antoni Gaudí 29
Ancient City of Polonnaruwa
Ancient City of Sigiriya
Central Highlands of Sri Lanka
Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications
Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple
Sacred City of Anuradhapura
Sacred City of Kandy
Sinharaja Forest Reserve 30

State of Palestine

Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan
Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem
Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town
Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir
Saint Hilarion Monastery/ Tell Umm Amer
Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe
Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region
Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park
Central Suriname Nature Reserve
Historic Inner City of Paramaribo
Jodensavanne Archaeological Site: Jodensavanne Settlement and Cassipora Creek Cemetery
Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland
Birka and Hovgården
Church Town of Gammelstad, Luleå
Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland
Engelsberg Ironworks
Grimeton Radio Station, Varberg
Hanseatic Town of Visby
Laponian Area
Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun
Naval Port of Karlskrona
Rock Carvings in Tanum
Royal Domain of Drottningholm
Skogskyrkogården

Switzerland

Abbey of St Gall
Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair
La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning
Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces
Old City of Berne
Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch
Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona
Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona

Syrian Arab Republic

Ancient City of Aleppo
Ancient City of Bosra
Ancient City of Damascus
Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din
Site of Palmyra
Proto-urban Site of Sarazm
Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor *
Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs)
Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve
Ban Chiang Archaeological Site
Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex
Historic City of Ayutthaya
Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns
Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex
Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period
The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments
Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries
Amphitheatre of El Jem
Archaeological Site of Carthage
Djerba: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory
Dougga / Thugga
Ichkeul National Park
Medina of Sousse
Medina of Tunis
Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis
Aphrodisias
Archaeological Site of Ani
Archaeological Site of Troy
Arslantepe Mound
Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
City of Safranbolu
Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
Göbekli Tepe
Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
Hierapolis-Pamukkale
Historic Areas of Istanbul
Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
Xanthos-Letoon

Turkmenistan

Kunya-Urgench
Parthian Fortresses of Nisa
State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv”
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
Rwenzori Mountains National Park
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi
Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora
Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra
L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre
Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans
The Historic Centre of Odesa

United Arab Emirates

Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
Blenheim Palace
Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
City of Bath
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
Derwent Valley Mills
Dorset and East Devon Coast
Durham Castle and Cathedral
Frontiers of the Roman Empire * 31
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
Gorham's Cave Complex
Gough and Inaccessible Islands 32
Heart of Neolithic Orkney
Henderson Island
Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda
Ironbridge Gorge
Jodrell Bank Observatory
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City Delisted 2021
Maritime Greenwich
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh
Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey
The English Lake District
The Flow Country
The Forth Bridge
The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
Tower of London

United Republic of Tanzania

Kilimanjaro National Park
Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
Ngorongoro Conservation Area 33
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara
Selous Game Reserve
Serengeti National Park
Stone Town of Zanzibar

United States of America

Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Chaco Culture
Everglades National Park
Grand Canyon National Park
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park #
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
Independence Hall
Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek # * 34
La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico
Mammoth Cave National Park
Mesa Verde National Park
Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville
Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point
Olympic National Park
Papahānaumokuākea
Redwood National and State Parks
San Antonio Missions
Statue of Liberty
Taos Pueblo
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Yellowstone National Park
Yosemite National Park #
Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape
Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento
The work of engineer Eladio Dieste: Church of Atlántida
Historic Centre of Bukhara
Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz
Itchan Kala
Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures
Chief Roi Mata’s Domain

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Canaima National Park
Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas
Coro and its Port
Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Hanoi
Citadel of the Ho Dynasty
Complex of Hué Monuments
Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago
Hoi An Ancient Town
My Son Sanctuary
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
Trang An Landscape Complex
Historic Town of Zabid
Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib
Old City of Sana'a
Old Walled City of Shibam
Socotra Archipelago
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls # *
Great Zimbabwe National Monument
Khami Ruins National Monument
Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas
Matobo Hills

In 1979, the Committee decided to inscribe the Ohrid Lake on the World Heritage List under natural criteria (iii). In 1980, this property was extended to include the cultural and historical area, and cultural criteria (i)(iii)(iv) were added.

Extension of the "Australian East Coast Temperate and Subtropical Rainforest Park".

name changed 2007 from 'Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves (Australia)'

Renomination of "Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park" under cultural criteria.

The “Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia” which were previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, are part of the transnational property “The Belfries of Belgium and France”.

Extension of "Jaú National Park".

The "Burgess Shale" property, which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks".

Extension of the "Glacier Bay/Wrangell/St Elias/Kluane" property.

Extension of "The Potala Palace and the Jokhang Temple Monastery, Lhasa" to include the Norbulingka area.

The "Chateau and Estate of Chambord", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes".

The “Hadrian’s Wall” which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the transnational property “Frontiers of the Roman Empire”.

At the time the property was extended, cultural criterion (iv) was also found applicable.

The "Brihadisvara Temple, Tanjavur", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Great Living Chola Temples".

At the time the property was extended, criteria (iii) and (v) were also found applicable.

The Committee decided to extend the existing cultural property, the "Temple of Ggantija", to include the five prehistoric temples situated on the islands of Malta and Gozo and to rename the property as "The Megalithic Temples of Malta".

The Westland and Mount Cook National Park and the Fiordland National Park, which were previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, are part of the "Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand".

The "Convent Ensemble of San Francisco de Lima", which was previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the "Historic Centre of Lima".

Extension de « Sites d'art rupestre préhistorique de la vallée de Côa », Portugal

Extension of "Biertan and its Fortified Church".

At the time the property was extended, natural criterion (iv) was also found applicable.

Extension of the "Alhambra and the Generalife, Granada", to include the Albayzin quarter.

Extension of the "Mosque of Cordoba".

Extension of the "Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias", to include monuments in the city of Oviedo.

Extension of the "Mudejar Architecture of Teruel".

Following a survey of ownership carried out in the late 1960s, ownership of the totality of the walls was vested in 1973 in the Spanish State, through the Ministry of Education and Science. It was transferred to the Xunta de Galicia by Royal Decree in 1994.

The Spanish Constitution reserves certain rights in relation to the heritage to the central government. However, these are delegated to the competent agencies in the Autonomous Communities, in this case the Xunta de Galicia. For the Lugo walls the Xunta is in the position of both owner and competent agency. Under the Galician Heritage Law the Xunta is required to cooperate with the municipal authorities in ensuring the protection and conservation of listed monuments, and certain functions are delegated down to them. The Xunta operates through its General Directorate of Cultural Heritage (Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural), based in Santiago de Compostela.

The Master Plan for the Conservation and Restoration of the Roman Walls of Lugo (1992) covered proposals for actions to be taken in respect of research and techniques of restoration. This was followed in 1997 by the Special Plan for the Protection and Internal Reform of the Fortified Enceinte of the Town of Lugo, which is concerned principally with the urban environment of the historic town. However, it has a direct impact on the protection afforded to the walls, in terms of traffic planning, the creation of open spaces, and regulation of building heights. Another planning instrument which affects the walls is the Special Plan for the Protection of the Miño [river], approved by the municipality at the beginning of 1998.

There is at the present time no management plan sensu stricto for the walls in operation in Lugo: work is continuing on the basis of the 1992 plan. Nor is there a technical unit specifically responsible for the conservation and restoration of the walls. It is against this background that serious consideration is being given to the creation of an independent foundation, under royal patronage and with representatives from government, academic, voluntary, and business institutions, to work with the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of Galicia. The work plan of this body would include the development and implementation of integrated conservation, restoration, and maintenance programmes.

The property “Parque Güell, Palacio Güell and Casa Mila in Barcelona”, previously inscribed on the World Heritage List, is part of the “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.

The WH area is managed directly by the Divisional Forest Officer from the Forest Dept. A national steering Committee co-ordinates institutions for Sinharaja as a National Wilderness Area, Biosphere Reserve (1988), and WH site. There are two management plans, prepared in 1985/86 and 1992/94, which emphasise conservation, scientific research, buffer zone management, benefit-sharing, and community participation.

Extension of "Gough Island Wildlife Reserve".

(renomination under cultural criteria)

*: transboundary property

# : As for 19 Natural and Mixed Properties inscribed for geological values before 1994, criteria numbering of this property has changed. See Decision 30.COM 8D.1

The Nomination files produced by the States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate the preparations of comparative analysis by other nominating States Parties.

The sole responsibility for the content of each Nomination file lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Nomination file, including the maps and names, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the history or legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.

World Heritage Online Map Platform

The World Heritage Online Map Platform, supported by the Flanders UNESCO Trustfund (FUT), is a pilot online geographic information system displaying georeferenced maps of World Heritage properties and buffer zones.

Official World Heritage List in other formats

Official World Heritage List Statistics

Order World Heritage List Wall Map

A large format full-colour map is available in English, French and Spanish . The dimensions of the map are 78cm by 50cm (31 in. by 20 in.).

Touropia Travel

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15 Top Tourist Attractions in Saint Petersburg, Russia

By Alex Schultz · Last updated on May 4, 2024

Renowned for its elegance and grandeur, Saint Petersburg is awash with stunning architecture, as majestic palaces and cathedrals jostle for space alongside its many canals and waterways. Located at the mouth of the Neva River on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, it is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. Founded by Peter the Great in 1703, for centuries, it was the capital of the Russian Empire.

Everyone from artists and architects to composers, scientists, and writers were attracted to its shores. This turned the city into a cultural powerhouse, with fantastic art collections to be found alongside opulent opera houses hosting world-class ballet, classical music, and theater performances.

There are plenty of things to do in Saint Petersburg with it museums, historical tourist attractions, and palaces. Nicknamed ‘the City of White Nights’ due its endless summer days, this is a magical place to visit at any time of year.

15. Faberge Museum

Located in the stunning Shuvalov Palace, this wonderful museum hosts the most extensive collection of works by the famous Russian jeweler Peter Carl Faberge, after whom it is named.

Containing over 4,000 artworks, its refined rooms and sophisticated galleries showcase everything from porcelains and paintings to intricately carved and ornately designed bronze, silver, and gold objects.

The undoubted highlights are the museum’s nine Imperial Easter eggs that Faberge himself created for Alexander III and Nicolas II – the two last Russian Tsars. Bedecked in jewels, they shimmer and shine in the light and exhibit some exquisite and elaborate craftsmanship.

14. Alexander Nevsky Monastery

Sprawling over a vast site, the Alexander Nevsky Monastery is one of the most important spiritual centers of the Russian Orthodox Church and is still in use to this day. Founded by Peter the Great in 1710, it is located on the spot where Alexander Nevsky – a former prince and now patron saint of the city – is said to have defeated the Swedes in battle in 1240.

Encompassing two fine Baroque churches, the Neoclassical Holy Trinity Cathedral, and a host of ornate tombs of famous Russian figures, the monastery and its leafy grounds are certainly fascinating to explore.

13. State Russian Museum

Occupying one entire side of Arts Square in the center of Saint Petersburg, the State Russian Museum is a fabulous place to head to if you want to learn more about Russian art. Established in 1895, the museum is located in the enormous Mikhailovsky Palace, which itself is a work of art: the Neoclassical building is home to lots of exquisite rooms and galleries.

Beginning with artworks and Byzantine-inspired icons from the 12th century, the comprehensive collection takes you on an incredible journey through the ages, with socialist-realist works on show alongside portraits of princes and epic landscape paintings. Often overlooked in favor of the Hermitage, the State Russian Museum is well worth checking out if you are at all interested in art.

12. New Holland Island

Built in 1719, the artificial New Holland Island is so named because the waterways and canals all around it make it look as if it has just popped up out of Amsterdam. The triangular island came into being when Admiralty Canal and Kryukov Canal were dug to connect the Moika River to the Neva River – and by extension, the Gulf of Finland.

Once a shipyard and naval base, New Holland Island has been renovated in recent years and now boasts numerous art galleries, coffee shops, and restaurants.

11. Erarta Museum of Contemporary Art

If you’re interested in contemporary Russian art, then the Erarta Museum is the place to go; its extensive collection is set over five floors within a massive building on Vasilyevsky Island. Encompassing some 2,800 artworks, its sprawling galleries are home to graphics, installations, and sculptures, with a plethora of paintings also on display.

In addition to its fabulous permanent collection, the museum also regularly hosts temporary exhibitions, as well as shows and performances. Beautifully laid out and presented, its brilliant artworks and sleek design usher in a new ‘Era’ of ‘Art,’ and this is what lends the museum its name.

10. Mariinsky Theater

One of the most prestigious cultural institutions in the country, the Mariinsky Theater, has been dazzling opera and ballet goers since it was founded in 1859.

A fitting setting for all the world-class dancers, singers, and musicians that have performed on its stage over the decades, the lavishly decorated concert hall really is a delight to gaze upon.

Named after the wife of Tsar Alexander II, the Mariinsky Theater is one of the best places in Saint Petersburg to watch a show, along with the Mikhailovsky Theater.

9. Yusupov Palace

Also known as Moika Palace, due to its location on the banks of the river of the same name, Yusupov is one of the best places to visit if you want to see how aristocrats lived in Imperial Russia. While its exterior is quite plain, besides its pastel-yellow color, the interior is simply staggering to explore: its many halls are decorated with only the finest furniture, artworks, frescoes, and tapestries that money can buy.

Built in the 1770s and named after the wealthy Russian noble family that owned it, the colossal palace remarkably even boasts its own private theater. In addition to all its many riches, Yusupov Palace is famously where Grigori Rasputin, the Russian mystic who was believed to have influence over Tsar Nicolas II, was murdered in 1916.

8. General Staff Building

Gently curving its way around the south of Palace Square, the General Staff Building is one of the most famous architectural monuments in the city and faces both the State Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace. Designed by Carlo Rossi, the elegant Neoclassical building was built between 1819 and 1829, and its two wings are separated by a majestic triumphal arch.

This was erected to commemorate Russia’s victory over Napoleonic France in 1812 and has some marvelous statues perched atop of it. Once the headquarters of the general staff of the Russian armed forces, the eastern wing of the beautiful building is now part of the State Hermitage Museum and houses a stunning array of awe-inspiring art pieces.

7. Peter & Paul Fortress

Set in the exact spot where Saint Petersburg was first founded, the Peter & Paul Fortress was built all the way back in 1703. It is from its star-shaped defensive fortifications that the city slowly spread out around it.

Occupying a prominent position on the banks of the Neva River, the fortress has lots of fabulous buildings for you to explore, such as the Trubetskoy Bastion and the magnificent Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Besides its fascinating historical sights and interesting exhibitions that relate to the Russian revolution and Imperial Russia, the fortress also hosts a number of festivals, events, and concerts during the year. In addition to this, the sandy beach that lies at the foot of its wall makes for a popular sunbathing spot when the sun is shining.

6. St Isaac’s Cathedral

One of the largest cathedrals in the world of any denomination, St Isaac’s gargantuan size is certainly staggering to behold; its enormous gold-plated dome is visible from almost anywhere in Saint Petersburg. As it took 40 years to build, grander and more elaborate designs kept getting added to the original plans: over 100 massive columns were erected alongside several other smaller domes.

Inside is even more impressive as beautiful reliefs, mosaics, and iconostasis cover every imaginable surface. Although it still holds services, St Isaac’s Cathedral was turned into a museum in 1931 by the Soviet government and remains so to this day.

5. Kronstadt Naval Cathedral

Built between 1903 and 1913, the Kronstadt Naval Cathedral is quite unique and unusual in terms of its design: it combines Neo-Byzantine and Romanesque architecture with various Russian features.

Located on the small island of Kotlin that lies in the Gulf of Finland, the glimmering white cathedral was financed by the Russian navy and is dedicated to fallen seamen everywhere.

While its beautiful cupola and facade are delightful to gaze upon, its cavernous interior is no less impressive, as grand chandeliers and mosaics look down upon its marble floors and columns. As it is located just a short ferry ride away from Saint Petersburg, it is well worth spending half a day or so in Kronstadt to see the town and its gorgeous cathedral.

4. Catherine Palace & Park

Located some 30 kilometers to the south of the city, the breathtaking Catherine Palace is where the Russian tsars came to relax and unwind during the summer months. The grand and flamboyant style of the palace dates to 1752, when the architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli redesigned and redecorated the original building, plastering elaborate stuccoes all over it.

It is painted a bright bluish-green, with the white columns and gold statues and embellishments standing out delightfully; the Rococo palace really does make for a spectacular sight.

Inside are a number of lavish ballrooms for you to explore. The Golden Enfilade of staterooms are the undoubted highlight, while the Amber Room and Grand Hall are also must-sees. Named after Catherine I who commissioned it, the palace is set in some fantastically laid out and landscaped gardens; these are perfect for taking a relaxing stroll in after all the overwhelming splendor you’ve just taken in.

3. Peterhof Grand Palace

Commissioned by Peter the Great to outshine the Palace of Versailles with its opulence and grandeur, the Peterhof Grand Palace certainly makes a good go of it. Covering a considerable area, its series of palaces and gardens are simply spellbinding to wander around, with beauty, art, and nature on show wherever you look.

Built between 1709 and 1756, each new addition, palace, or building was grander than the last. Each architect added their own features, with the Throne Room and Chesme Hall being two of the most finely decorated of the lot. Located all around the palaces are a dazzling array of landscaped gardens complete with fountains, cascades, flowerbeds, and statues.

Not to be missed when in Saint Petersburg, the Peterhof Grand Palace fully earns its nickname of ‘the Russian Versailles’ and is equally splendid in terms of what it offers up.

2. Church of the Savior on Blood

Appearing as if out of a fairytale, Saint Petersburg’s Church of the Savior on Blood looks very much like the world-famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow. This similar design sees five richly decorated onion domes tower above the main body of the church below.

Built between 1883 and 1907 at a colossal price, the gorgeous church was erected in the memory of Tsar Alexander II, who was fatally wounded by anarchists at the same site.

Inside is just as majestic as its fantastic exterior; every conceivable surface is coated in astonishing mosaics of saints and icons. After having been ransacked in the Russian revolution, used as a morgue in WWII and as a vegetable warehouse in Soviet times, the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ – to give it its official title – has thankfully been restored to its former glory.

1. State Hermitage Museum

The second-largest art museum in the world after the Louvre in Paris, the State Hermitage Museum’s vast collection is remarkably spread across five buildings and 360 rooms in the center of Saint Petersburg. Founded by Catherine the Great, an avid art collector, the huge number of paintings, sculptures, and antiquities were added to by various tsars, and it was Nicolas I who opened them to the public in 1852.

Following the Russian revolution, many extensive private collections were seized, which only further bolstered its numbers. Today, the State Hermitage Museum has around three million artworks in its collection. With such renowned names as Da Vinci, Rembrandt, Picasso, and van Gogh on show, wandering around its galleries really is a treat. One could spend days, if not weeks trying to see everything.

Whether it is prehistoric art, the Italian Renaissance, the Dutch Golden Age, or 19th-century Russian art that you are interested in, the State Hermitage Museum is simply a must when in Saint Petersburg.

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation (GMTOAC) seeks tourism operators to bring visitors to World Heritage listed Budj Bim Cultural Landscape.

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Sites

Cultural protocols have defined access to Country for thousands of years.

The Gunditjmara community ask that you respect our cultural protocols around visiting cultural sites in the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape.

Book A Cultural Tour

The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is located in the traditional Country of the Gunditjmara Aboriginal people in south-eastern Victoria, Australia.

The three serial components of the property contain one of the most extensive and oldest aquaculture systems in the world.

Cultural Sites

See the above map for each cultural site locator.

Lake Gorrie

Dry stone walls created for sheep pens and sheep dips.

Eel smoking tree

Image: Justin McManus - The Age

Lake Surprise

A scenic location with crater lake views, walks, camping, mountain biking and 4WDing

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Shlisselburg (Oreshek)

The historic fortress of Shlisselburg - also known as Oreshek by Russians and Noteborg by Swedes - occupies an island in Lake Ladoga at the head of the River Neva. This was once a vital strategic location in territory and trade disputes between Sweden and the medieval principality of Novgorod Velikiy.

The island was first fortified in 1323 by Prince Yuri of Moscow, and changed hands several times over the next four centuries, before being definitively captured by Peter the Great at the beginning of the Northern Wars of 1700-21. By the end of the war, Shlisselburg was deep in Russian territory. No longer of strategic significance, the fortress was turned into a prison for those who threatened Tsarist rule. Among the most famous inmates were Peter the Great's half-sister Maria, the boy-Tsar Ivan VI, and members of the Decembrist Uprising and the Narodnaya Volya - "People's Will" - terrorist organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.

While some of the 14 th century fortifications were excavated in the 1960s and can be seen by visitors today, the earliest surviving section of the fortress is really the 16 th -century Tsar's Tower, through which visitors enter the fortress. Several additions were made to the island in its time as a penal colony, including the Secret House of Emperor Paul's reign, which now includes recreated cells to give visitors an idea of inmates' conditions, and the New Prison, which was built in 1884 and held, among others, Lenin's brother, Alexander Ulyanov, who was hanged for treason in 1887.

A plaque to Ulyanov can be found at the spot in the prison yard where he was executed, and the ruins of the prison chapel have been transformed into an unusual memorial to the defense of Shlisselburg against the Nazis, when the fortress held out against continual artillery shelling for nearly 500 days during the Siege of Leningrad.

Unless you plan to join a tour party, the easiest way to travel to Shlisselburg is to take a bus or marshrutka minibus from Ulitsa Dybenko Metro Station. Buses stop about 50m from the jetty where a small ferry service runs to the island fortress.

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape
Budj Bim Cultural Landscape - south-eastern Australia. The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is a unique place with universal heritage values that demonstrate how Gunditjmara people worked with the natural resources and environment of the Victorian south west region to establish a permanent place of human society over the past 30,000 years and beyond.
Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism
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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tours
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The Budj Bim lava flows are the spindly fingers that connect these components. It's here, in the 5470-hectare area, the Gunditjmara created channels, dams and weirs in the pursuit of the kooyang (eel). For at least 6600 years, those slippery little fish sustained enterprising humans who coaxed and engineered the natural topography to ensnare ...
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World Heritage listed Budj Bim Cultural Landscape
All Gunditjmara cultural heritage on Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is protected by Victoria's Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. The 2014 Budj Bim (Tourism) Master Plan establishes requirements for sustainable tourism and visitation, as well as educational opportunities, for the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape. Book A Cultural Tour
Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism
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UNESCO World Heritage Listing for Budj Bim Cultural Landscape
In July 2019, the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape was inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list, which recognises the international significance of the landscape and the aquaculture systems. Set amid rugged stone country, woodlands, wetlands and lakes, Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is the first place in Australia to receive international recognition solely for its Aboriginal cultural values ...
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This tour takes visitors through the history of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape. Starting with Budj Bim National Park, the tour covers Kurtonitj, the Tae Rak wetlands and the Lake Condah Aquaculture Centre. Duration: 7 Hours (approx.) Guided Aboriginal Cultural Tours of the Budj BIm Cultural Landscape, South western Victoria, Australia.
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The Budj Bim cultural landscape has over recent years, been subject to a range of technical studies that consider conservation, archaeology, tourism planning, business development and Gunditjmara community use. This Master Plan draws together these findings and presents a strategic vision for the Budj Bim landscape based on the conservation and ...
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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape
Book A Cultural Tour. The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape is located in the traditional Country of the Gunditjmara Aboriginal people in south-eastern Victoria, Australia. The three serial components of the property contain one of the most extensive and oldest aquaculture systems in the world.
(PDF) Challenges for Cultural Tourism: Conservation and Sustainable
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Shlisselburg and Oreshek Fortress, near St. Petersburg, Russia
Shlisselburg (Oreshek) The historic fortress of Shlisselburg - also known as Oreshek by Russians and Noteborg by Swedes - occupies an island in Lake Ladoga at the head of the River Neva. This was once a vital strategic location in territory and trade disputes between Sweden and the medieval principality of Novgorod Velikiy.

Growing Budj Bim as an iconic tourism destination

Collaborative planning

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

UNESCO World Heritage Listing

Ancient aquaculture site

Volcanic landscape

Gunditjmara engineering

Kooyang (short-finned eel)

Time of unrest

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism

Yarkeen Yaang, Swamp Dreaming – Full Day Tour

Tungatt Mirrring, Stone Country – Full Day Tour

Tungatt Mirrring, Stone Country – Half Day Tour

Tae Rak Guided Cultural Walk – 2 hours

Southern Exposure

Andy’s Trails

Arabella Country House

Craypot Cottage

Gum Tree Caravan Park

Kiss Me Too

Desire Body and Beauty

Limousines of Warrnambool

Portland Bait and Tackle

Otway Estate – Brewery, Distillery, and Cidery

The Bakehouse Sourdough

Conlans Wine Store

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© 2024 Great Ocean Road Regional Tourism

Experience the remarkable Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

Take a diversion away from the Great Ocean Road to the World Heritage Site of Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, where the Gunditjmara community is sharing its remarkable story of ancient enterprise with the world.

Tracing the ancient aboriginal site Moyjil

Preserving the cultural heritage of the Gunditjmara people

How the Budj Bim story is tied to Mt Eccles

Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Area

Dreaming trails and cultural sites

Pathways and boardwalks for visitors

Swampy depressions with eel traps

A relaxing spot to reflect and unwind

Getting there

Eating there

Wickens at Royal Mail Hotel

Staying there

Alkina Lodge

Things to do there

Worn Gundidj at Tower Hill

Wildlife Wonders

Tae Rak Guided Culture Walk

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World heritage Places - Budj Bim Cultural Landscape

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Description of place

Outstanding Universal Value

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Criterion (iii)

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Budj Bim Cultural Landscape Tourism

Yarkeen Yaang, Swamp Dreaming – Full Day Tour

Tungatt Mirrring, Stone Country – Full Day Tour

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Tae Rak Guided Cultural Walk – 2 hours

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