travel to kenya without yellow fever vaccination

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Travel Related FAQs

Kenya travel related frequently asked questions, what health documents do i need to show on arrival in kenya.

Answer: Show proof of vaccination status;

• COVID-19 vaccination certificate or negative COVID-19 test results conducted within 72 hours before departure regardless of the route of entry. Children below the age of five (5) years are exempt from this requirement.
• If unvaccinated and no proof of Negative PCR test certificate, travelers arriving at any point of entry shall be subjected to rapid antigen test at their own cost of 30 USD. Any person who tests positive on antigen RDT will be subjected to PCR test at their own further cost of 50 USD and self-isolate.
• International certificate of vaccination or prophylaxis (ICVP) (yellow fever certificate) if coming from yellow fever endemic countries.

Will I need to undergo a health screening while arriving into the country?

Answer: Upon arrival, you may be required to undergo health screening that include temperature checks (for fever) and other screening measures if necessary. You may also be required to fill out fill out a health declaration form that asks about your current health status and any recent exposure to any communicable disease

What are the health requirements when departing from Kenya?

Answer; Passengers traveling out of the country will be required to abide by the particular health related requirements of the transit and destination country. Stay updated as you plan to travel.

Where can I get Yellow Fever vaccination and certification?

• Yellow fever vaccination is done across the selected Points of Entry/Exit and other designated facilities.
• Vaccination should be done at least 10 days before travel.
• Card replacement is also done if required.
• Requirements include valid Identification documents.

Where can I get COVID-19 Vaccination services?

Answer: COVID-19 testing and vaccination services are available at selected Health care facilities and Points of Entry.

What are the hygiene and sanitation measures recommended at Ports of Entry and other public spaces?

Answer; Ensure that you practice good hygiene by;

• Washing your hands frequently with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the bathroom. 
• Using hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available. 
• Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, nose, and mouth.

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Exercise a high degree of caution in Kenya overall due to the threat of terrorism and violent crime. Higher levels apply in some areas.

Kenya (PDF 885.66 KB)

Africa (PDF 1.76 MB)

Local emergency contacts

Fire and rescue services, medical emergencies.

Call 999 or go to the nearest hospital.

Call 999 or visit the nearest police station.

Advice levels

Exercise a high degree of caution in Kenya overall.

Exercise a high degree of caution in Kenya overall due to the threat of terrorism and violent crime.

See Safety .

Do not travel to border regions with Somalia.

Do not travel to border regions with Somalia due to the high risk of terrorist attack and kidnapping,  including all of Mandera and Garissa counties and the part of Wajir county extending from the town of Wajir eastwards to the border with Somalia.

Reconsider your need to travel to border regions with South Sudan and Ethiopia (except Mandera County where we continue to advise Do Not Travel), Lamu County and  areas within Tana River and Kilifi Counties.

Reconsider your need to travel to South Sudan and Ethiopia (except Mandera County where we continue to advise Do Not Travel), Lamu County and areas within Tana River and Kilifi Counties, extending 50km inland in Tana River County, and 50km inland in Kilifi County north of the Galana-Sabaki River, due to the high risk of terrorist attack and kidnapping.

• Anti-government demonstrations and protests are continuing across Kenya, including Nairobi. Security forces have been deployed across the country. The use of rubber bullets, tear gas, water cannons and, at times, live ammunition has resulted in fatalities and injuries. Road closures and traffic disruption is expected. Access to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport may be affected. Avoid protests and political gatherings. There are reports of opportunistic crime including looting, robberies and assaults. Limit your movements and follow the advice of local authorities. 
• Terrorist attacks are possible and could happen at any time, including in locations popular with foreigners and tourists. Be alert in public places. Avoid areas prone to attack. Religious and festive holidays have historically seen an upsurge in terrorist activities and heightened threat warnings. Remain vigilant if visiting public areas.
• The borders with Somalia, Ethiopia and South Sudan are high-risk areas. Armed groups from Somalia kidnap and target foreigners in Kenya, particularly along the Somalia border region. If despite our advice you plan to travel to these areas, get professional security advice.
• Violent crime occurs, including carjackings, kidnapping and home invasions. Don't walk around after dark. If you live in Kenya, invest in strong personal security measures.
• Scams are common. Criminals often use fake police, hotel or government identification to extort money from travellers. Be wary of anyone asking for money or information, even if they seem official. 
• Kenya can experience natural disasters and severe weather. Know the warning signs and safety measures for earthquakes, floods and tsunamis.

Full travel advice: Safety

• Malaria is widespread, except in Nairobi and places higher than 2500 metres above sea level. Consider taking anti-malarial medication. Other insect-borne diseases including dengue, Rift Valley fever, filariasis and African sleeping sickness are common. Ensure your accommodation is insect-proof. Use insect repellent.
• Yellow Fever is widespread. Get vaccinated before you travel and bring your vaccination certificate with you.
• HIV/AIDS infection rates are high. Take precautions if you're taking part in high-risk activities.
• You may be exposed to foodborne, waterborne and other infectious diseases include hepatitis, meningococcal disease, measles and cholera. Drink only boiled or bottled water. Avoid raw or undercooked food.

Full travel advice: Health

• It's illegal to work or volunteer without a valid work permit. To work in the charity sector, get a valid work permit through the Directorate of Immigration Services .
• Know and follow local laws. It's illegal to have same-sex relationships.
• It's illegal to take photos of official buildings, get advice before taking photos. It's also illegal to destroy the local currency, smoke outside designated areas, possess ivory, and use single-use plastic bags . 
• Kenya recognises dual nationality but hasn't fully enacted laws around it. If you're a dual national, always travel on your Australian passport.
• Foreign journalists seeking to work in Kenya must apply for accreditation through the Media Council of Kenya portal .

Full travel advice: Local laws

• Expect significant disruption to traffic and public transport due to the ongoing protests. Access to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport may be affected. 
• You now need to apply online for an electronic travel authorisation prior to travel. Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. You should contact the nearest high commission/embassy or consulate of Kenya for the latest details.
• If you have a valid visa, you can continue to travel using this visa until its expiry.
• If you enter Kenya with flu-like symptoms, you may need to take a COVID-19 test at your own expense. If your test is positive, you may need to isolate. For more information on COVID-19 travel requirements, see the  Kenyan Civil Aviation Authority  website.
• If you're a foreign resident, always carry your alien identity card. You could be fined or detained if you don't. Carry your yellow fever vaccination certificate. You may need to show it to enter and leave the country.

Full travel advice: Travel

Local contacts

• The Consular Services Charter details what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.
• For consular assistance, contact the Australian High Commission in Nairobi . Due to the ongoing protests, the Australian High Commission in Nairobi may close at short notice. In an emergency, Australian citizens can contact the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305.
• To stay up to date with local information, follow the High Commission’s social media accounts.

Full travel advice: Local contacts

Full advice

Civil unrest and political tension.

Anti-government demonstrations are occurring across multiple cities in Kenya, including Nairobi. Security forces have been deployed across the country. The use of rubber bullets, tear gas, water cannons and, at times, live ammunition has resulted in fatalities and injuries. Expect road closures and traffic disruption, including to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. There are reports of opportunistic crime on the margins of the protests, including looting, robberies and assaults. Avoid political gatherings and large crowds. Monitor local media and follow the advice of local authorities.

During periods of unrest:

• be cautious throughout Kenya
• avoid large gatherings, protests and demonstrations
• expect heavy security measures
• limit your movements
• monitor the media for reports about unrest
• avoid affected areas, including areas around government buildings
• be aware authorities may order curfews in response to civil unrest at short notice
• follow instructions from local authorities.

Large demonstrations can happen in Kenya during and after international events, unpopular government policy decisions or political changes. Public protests and events that draw large groups of people can turn violent.

Demonstrations resulting in violence and arrests have occurred because of:

• high food prices
• alleged corruption
• controversial media and tax law changes

Violent outbreaks are more common away from tourist areas. However, riots and clashes have happened in:

• other urban centres

More information:

Demonstrations and civil unrest

There's an ongoing high threat of terrorist attacks in Kenya.

Terrorist group al-Shabaab continues to threaten attacks. Further attacks are possible and could happen at any time, including in areas popular with foreigners and tourists. Kenyan authorities remain on high alert.

Terrorist acts could include: 

• suicide bombings and shootings
• kidnappings
• roadside bomb attacks and improvised explosive devices
• attacks on civil aviation

Possible attack targets

An attack could happen anywhere in Kenya. An attack is possible at any time.

Areas prone to terrorist attack include:

• Coastal areas, including all of Lamu County, and areas of Tana River and Kilifi Counties, extending 65km inland in Tana River county and 50km inland in Kilifi county north of the Galana-Sabaki River
• Kenya's border regions with Somalia, Ethiopia and South Sudan, including all of Mandera and Garissa counties and the part of Wajir county extending from the town of Wajir eastwards to the border with Somalia

Terrorists may target:

• foreign embassies, UN premises and international schools
• hotels, tourist resorts, beaches and safari lodges
• shopping areas, markets, bars, nightclubs, restaurants and cafes
• places of worship
• offices of non-government organisations (NGOs) and government buildings , including educational institutions

Terrorists may also target transport and transport infrastructure such as:

• airports and commercial airlines
• transport hubs and infrastructure
• sea vessels in or near Kenyan ports

Foreign aid workers may be targeted at refugee camps near the Kenya-Somalia border.

Terrorist attacks have occurred in Kenya in the past few years,  including in Lamu, Mandera and Garissa counties.

Due to security concerns, Australian High Commission staff in Nairobi are on high alert.

Consider likely terrorist targets and the level of security provided. 

Always be alert to possible threats, especially in public places.

Report any suspicious items or activities to police.

To reduce your risks:

• take official warnings seriously
• monitor the media for threats
• follow the instructions of local authorities.

If there's a terrorist attack:

• leave the affected area immediately if it's safe to do so
• avoid the area afterwards in case of more attacks

Don't gather in groups after an attack. This also applies if you're evacuated from a building for security reasons, such as a bomb threat.

Terrorism is a threat worldwide.

Kidnapping occurs across the world with political, ideological and criminal motives. Foreigners, including Australians, have been kidnapped while travelling overseas. Kidnapping can happen anywhere, anytime, including in destinations that are usually at lower risk.

Several active terrorist groups have the intent and capability to kidnap foreigners.  Armed groups from Somalia have kidnapped aid workers in the Somalia border region. Foreigners and residents in coastal resorts and towns in the North Eastern region (Mandera, Wajir and Garissa counties), as well as Lamu county, have been the target of kidnapping.

Kidnapping is a high threat in these regions for:

• humanitarian workers
• journalists

If, despite our advice, you travel to an area with a high risk of kidnapping, our ability to provide consular assistance in these destinations will be limited. To reduce the risk of kidnapping:

• always be alert to your personal security and surroundings
• get professional security advice for travel in locations with a heightened kidnap risk
• check your accommodation has appropriate security measures
• avoid isolated locations, particularly when travelling alone
• vary your movements and don't set patterns
• notify family or friends of planned travel and share your location
• avoid talking about your money or business affairs
• only use ATMs in public places and during daylight hours
• avoid giving personal details to strangers online or over the phone

The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn’t make payments or concessions to kidnappers.

Ransom payments to kidnappers have funded further terrorist attacks and criminal activity. Paying a ransom to terrorist groups will likely break Australian counter-terrorism financing laws.

Crime is high in Kenya and  increases during holiday periods.

Incidents of  armed robbery , carjacking, kidnapping and muggings are possible in:

• Nairobi and other urban centres (e.g. Mombasa)
• some coastal regions, including all of Lamu County, and areas of Tana River and Kilifi Counties
• North Eastern region  (Mandera, Wajir and Garissa counties)
• Some parts of North Rift and Central Rift regions (Turkana, West Pokot, Elgeyo Marakwet, Baringo, Laikipia and Samburu counties)

Petty crime

Thieves snatch jewellery and bags from open vehicle windows, most often while cars are stopped at traffic lights or in heavy traffic.

Groups of bag-snatchers and carjackers on motorbikes target pedestrians and motorists.

Robberies also occur on trains and buses.

To protect yourself from theft:

• always keep vehicle doors locked, windows up and valuables out of sight, even when moving
• secure your accommodation, even when you're in it
• avoid walking after dark
• avoid walking in isolated back-alleys and lanes.

Violent crime

Violent crimes include:

• armed carjackings
• home invasions

Foreigners have been targeted in private homes in Nairobi, tourist areas and while travelling by road. Several incidents have occurred at night outside residential security gates.

Violent crime is particularly common in the Nairobi suburbs of Eastleigh and Kibera. Take extra precautions in these areas.

If you're living in Kenya, invest in strong personal security measures. Regularly review your personal security arrangements.

Do not physically resist any robbery attempt.

Police regularly confront criminal suspects in public places. Random gunfire has killed or wounded bystanders in crowded areas.

Due to widespread HIV/AIDS, if you're a victim of violent crime such as rape , visit a doctor immediately.

Food and drink spiking

Some criminals target foreigners with food and drink spiking. Their motivations can be for assault, including sexual assault, and theft.

To protect yourself:

• never leave food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers
• be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum or cigarettes from new acquaintances
• Partying safely

Crime in outlying areas

Incidents involving banditry and cattle rustling can occur in North and Central Rift regions (Turkana, West Pokot, Elgeyo Marakwet, Baringo, Laikipia and Samburu counties).

Clashes between local groups have occurred in the Mount Elgon region in western Uganda.

The region bordering Somalia is extremely dangerous.

Curfews and security operations can be instituted without prior notice in the North Rift and parts of Central Rift regions.

If you plan to travel to these areas  get up-to-date advice on security and other conditions from your tour operator before you travel.  Monitor the media for latest developments, maintain a high level of vigilance and leave restricted areas as soon as possible.

Scams and fraud

Scams  are common. Criminals often use fake police, hotel, government and other identification to extort money from travellers.

• be wary of demands for money or personal information, including from people claiming to be police or officials. Always ask for and carefully check identification
• be wary of fake bank notes in circulation

Cyber security

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you’re connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth.

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions, or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media.

• Cyber security when travelling overseas

National parks and game reserves

Crime occurs Kenya's national parks and conservation areas, but is rarely serious.

If you plan to visit national parks or game reserves:

• get local advice on security risks, park fees and other conditions before you travel
• get recommendations on travel firms and guides from the Kenya Association of Tour Operators (KATO)
• only use registered tour operators with a good reputation
• respect local wildlife laws and maintain a safe distance when observing wildlife
• follow all park regulations and instructions from local authorities and park wardens

Tours and adventure activities

Transport and tour operators don't always follow safety and maintenance standards. This includes adventure activities, such as diving.

If you plan to do an adventure activity :

• check if your travel insurance policy covers the activity
• use registered tour operators with a good reputation
• ask about and insist on minimum safety requirements
• always use available safety gear, such as life jackets or seatbelts.

If proper safety equipment isn't available, use another provider.

Information on tourism, road conditions and emergency regional assistance is available from the Kenya Tourism Federation  Safety and Communication Centre . Phone:  +254 (0)722 074 564 5 or +254 (0) 738 617 499

Climate and natural disasters

Kenya can experience natural disasters and severe weather , including:

• flash flooding
• earthquakes
• volcanic activity

If a natural disaster occurs:

• secure your passport in a safe, waterproof place
• monitor local media and other sources such as the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
• follow the advice of local authorities
• keep in contact with your friends and family.

Kenya traditionally has two rainy seasons, from March to June, and October to November. Flash flooding and mudslides are common. Roads may close. Expect delays when travelling in these areas.

Northern and eastern Kenya often experience drought. Essential services in these areas may be affected during these times. Expect delays when travelling in these areas.

Earthquakes and volcanoes

Kenya lies on a fault line, and sometimes experiences earthquakes and tremors.

Volcanic activity and earthquakes can happen near Mt Elgon on the Kenya-Uganda border.

Get to know earthquake safety measures for each place you stay.

Tsunamis can occur in Kenya's coastal areas.

To receive tsunami alerts, register with the Global Disaster Alert and Co-ordination System .

Move to high ground right away if local or regional authorities tell you to, or if you:

• feel a strong earthquake that makes it hard to stand up
• feel a weak, rolling earthquake that lasts a minute or more
• see a sudden rise or fall in sea level
• hear loud and unusual noises from the sea

Don't wait for official warnings. Once on high ground, monitor local media.

Travel Insurance

Get comprehensive travel insurance before you leave. Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.

If you can't afford travel insurance, you can't afford to travel. This applies to everyone, no matter how healthy and fit you are.

If you're not insured, you may have to pay many thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

• what activities and care your policy covers
• that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away

Physical and mental health

Consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition. 

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need.

Do this at least 8 weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare, or the welfare of another Australian, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your  nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate  to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location.

• General health advice
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

Medications

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may be considered illegal or a controlled substance, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor.

If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Kenya. Take enough legal medicine for your trip.

Carry a copy of your prescription or a letter from your doctor stating:

• what the medication is
• your required dosage
• that it's for personal use

Health risks

Insect-borne diseases.

Yellow fever is widespread in Kenya. Yellow fever is a potentially fatal virus spread by mosquitoes. It's prevented by vaccination. Get vaccinated before you travel and take your yellow fever vaccination certificate with you to Kenya. 

Malaria is widespread except in Nairobi and at altitudes above 2500m.

Other insect-borne diseases occur, such as: 

• Dengue virus infection
• Rift Valley fever
• Lymphatic  filariasis
• African sleeping sickness

To protect yourself from disease:

• make sure your accommodation is insect-proof
• use insect repellent
• wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
• consider taking medication to prevent malaria

Visit a doctor if you develop either a fever, muscle pain, a rash or a bad headache.

HIV/AIDS infection rates are very high.

Take precautions if taking part in activities that put you at risk of infection.

Other health risks

Waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases are common. These include:

• meningococcal disease
• tuberculosis

Serious outbreaks occur from time to time.

To protect yourself from illness:

• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
• avoid ice cubes
• avoid raw and undercooked food, such as salads
• don't swim in fresh water

Get medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.

Medical care

Medical facilities.

Medical facility standards vary. Medical facilities are adequate in urban areas but may be extremely limited in other places.

Before receiving treatment, public and private facilities need:

• an up-front payment, or
• a payment guarantee, or
• medical insurance confirmation

If you become seriously ill or injured in a remote area, you'll need to be evacuated to a major city. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.

There's a decompression chamber at the Kenyan Naval Base in Mombasa.

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

If you're arrested or jailed, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail.

Penalties for drug offences can be severe and include long jail terms.

Carrying or using drugs

Commercial surrogacy

Get legal advice in Australia and Kenya before going to Kenya for commercial surrogacy arrangements.

• Going overseas for international surrogacy
• Going overseas to adopt

LGBTQIA+ travellers

Kenyan law prohibits sexual acts between individuals of the same sex. Those convicted can face lengthy prison sentences.

Advice for LGBTQIA+ travellers

In Kenya it's illegal to:

• work or volunteer without a valid work permit
• destroy local currency
• smoke in public places outside designated smoking areas
• take photos of official buildings — get advice before taking photos
• possess ivory distribute religious material in public without a licence

It's also illegal to use single-use plastic bags. Read more on this website: https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/Notices/FAQS_Editd_FINAL_2.pdf 

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws apply overseas. If you commit these offences, you may be prosecuted in Australia.

Staying within the law and respecting customs

Dual citizenship

Kenya recognises dual nationality. However, Kenya has not yet fully enacted dual nationality laws.

If you're a dual citizen, this limits the consular services we can give if you're arrested or detained.

Always travel on your Australian passport .

Dual nationals

Local customs

Kenya has conservative dress and behaviour standards, especially in coastal and rural areas. You should dress modestly; wear loose-fitting clothing that covers your shoulders, knees, midriff, chest and back. Take care not to offend.

The Islamic holiday month of Ramadan  is observed in Kenya. Respect religious and cultural customs and laws at this time. Muslims don't eat, drink or smoke between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan.   If you're not fasting, avoid these activities around people who are. Seek local advice to avoid offence.

Explore our Ramadan page to learn more, including dates for Ramadan.

Public displays of affection can lead to harassment, particularly for same-sex couples.

• Going overseas for major events

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

Kenya became a visa-free country in January 2024. However, you'll need to apply online  and pay for an  Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA)  prior to arrival.  Check the Kenya State Department of Immigration and Citizen Services for information on categories of persons exempted from applying for the ETA.

If you already have a valid visa, you can continue to travel using this visa until its expiry.

For Kenyan visa and permit information, visit the  ETA Kenya  and  Kenya Civil Aviation Authority websites.  

Entry and exit requirements can change at short notice. Contact the  Kenyan High Commission in Australia for details about ETAs, currency, customs and quarantine rules.

Border measures

If you enter Kenya with flu-like symptoms, you may need to take a COVID-19 test at your own expense. If your test is positive, you may need to isolate. For more information on COVID-19 travel requirements see:  Kenyan Civil Aviation Authority .

Other formalities

Yellow fever vaccination.

You'll need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter Kenya, or transit through Kenya for 12 hours or longer. Some airlines may want to see a certificate when you leave.

Find out about returning to Australia after exposure to yellow fever .

• Yellow fever - African Region (WHO)
• Kenyan Airports: Kenya Airports Authority

Import and export restrictions

Kenya has strict laws about importing or exporting certain goods, including:

• religious materials and antiquities
• business equipment

Kenyan High Commission in Australia

Identity card for foreigners

If you're a foreign resident, always carry your alien identity card. If you don't, you could be fined or jailed.

Working in Kenya

It's illegal to work without a valid visa. Authorities can fine or jail you for paid or voluntary  work.

To work in the charity sector, get a valid work permit through the Charity Register. 

Foreign journalists seeking to work in Kenya are required to apply for accreditation through the Media Council of Kenya portal .

Living or working overseas

To enter Kenya, your passport must have an expiry date at least 6 months after the date you arrive and at least two blank pages. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over. 

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. Travellers can receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than 6 months.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting a new passport .

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• In Australia, contact the Australian Passport Information Service .
• If you're overseas, contact the nearest Australian embassy, high commission or consulate .

Passport with 'X' gender identifier

Although Australian passports comply with international standards for sex and gender, we can't guarantee that a passport showing 'X' in the sex field will be accepted for entry or transit by another country. Contact the nearest  Kenyan High Commission  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers. 

More information:   

• LGBTQIA+ travellers  

The local currency is the Kenyan Shilling (KES). 

• Kenya Shilling banknotes (Central Bank)

Declare all amounts over US$10,000 when you arrive and depart. This covers all forms of currency, not only cash.

Large banks and foreign exchange bureaus accept traveller's cheques. Hotels don't often accept them.

ATMs in Nairobi and major towns accept international credit cards.

Take care when paying with credit cards or using ATMs. Card skimming incidents are increasing. Only use ATMs at large shopping centres or in banks. Check the machine for unusual parts before you use it. Always keep your card in sight during transactions.

Ask your bank if your cards will work in Kenya.

Local travel

Driving permit.

To drive in Kenya, you'll need both:

• a valid Australian driver's licence
• an International Driving Permit (IDP)

Get your IDP before leaving Australia.

Road travel

Kenya records thousands of road fatalities each year. You're more likely to die in a motor vehicle accident in Kenya than in Australia.

Hazards include:

• poor road conditions
• unsafe and poorly maintained vehicles
• not enough street lighting

Before you drive:

• get to know local traffic laws and practices
• check local information on road conditions, including security risks and road closures
• avoid travel at night on major highways in and out of Nairobi and on rural roads

Driving or riding

Motorcycles

Check if your travel insurance policy covers you when using a motorbike or similar vehicle. 

Always wear a helmet.

Only use established and reputable taxis and limousine services. Arrange these through your hotel.

Only use taxis from official taxi stands or via callout.

When travelling at night to and from Nairobi's airports (JKIA and Wilson), always use a tour or taxi company with a good reputation.

Public transport

Public transport options such as buses and minivans ('matatus') are dangerous.

Bus terminals and other transport hubs have been targeted in terrorist and criminal attacks. There are risks of further attacks.

Theft is common on many train routes. Passengers' belongings have been taken from their compartments. Watch your belongings at all times.

Boat travel

If you travel in Kenyan waters:

• first check the International Maritime Bureau's piracy reports
• arrange personal security measures
• be alert to threats

DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.

Check Kenya's air safety profile with the Aviation Safety Network.

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, contact your:

• family and friends
• travel agent
• insurance provider

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Check the Consular Services Charter to find out what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

For consular assistance, contact the Australian High Commission in Nairobi.

Australian High Commission, Nairobi

Limuru Road, Rosslyn  Nairobi, Kenya

Phone: (+254) 20 4277 100

Website: kenya.highcommission.gov.au Facebook: Australia in East Africa   X: @AusHCKenya

Check the High Commission website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

In a consular emergency, if you can't contact an embassy, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

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Kenya Travel Requirements & Vaccinations

Kenya is a country on the east coast of Africa. Officially known as the Republic of Kenya, it is named for Mount Kenya, the second-highest peak on the continent at 17,057 feet. Swahili and English are the two official languages of Kenya.

The landscape in Kenya is diverse, ranging from low plains and highlands to plateaus and valleys. The climate varies depending on location with tropical conditions prevailing along the coastline and dry, desert-like heat in the northern parts of the country. Daytime temperatures are warm year-round with significant cooling at night, especially inland and at higher elevations. The hottest months are February and March and the coolest are July and August. There are two rainy seasons in Kenya which occur from March to June, and then again from October to December. The rainfall can be heavy so travelers should be prepared if visiting the country during these months.

Kenya offers a vast selection of attractions and sightseeing opportunities, including:

• Safaris through national parks and game reserves
• The Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest, which is listed among the seven natural wonders of Africa
• Historical mosques and colonial-era forts
• Tea and coffee plantations
• Beaches along the Swahili Coast of the Indian Ocean
• Diverse populations of wildlife, reptiles and birds

Recommended Vaccinations for Travel to Kenya

• Hepatitis A
• Malaria (pill form)
• Yellow Fever

*Rabies vaccination is typically only recommended for very high risk travelers given that it is completely preventable if medical attention is received within 7 – 10 days of an animal bite.

Travelers may also be advised to ensure they have received the routine vaccinations listed below. Some adults may need to receive a booster for some of these diseases:

• Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis)

Older adults or those with certain medical conditions may also want to ask about being vaccinated for shingles and/or pneumonia.

This information is not intended to replace the advice of a travel medicine professional. Not all of the vaccines listed here will be necessary for every individual.

Talk to the experts at UH Roe Green Center for Travel Medicine & Global Health to determine how each member of your family can obtain maximum protection against illness, disease and injury while traveling, based on age, health, medical history and travel itinerary.

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Travel Advisory July 31, 2023

Kenya - level 2: exercise increased caution.

Reissued with obsolete COVID-19 page links removed.

Exercise increased caution in Kenya due to  crime, terrorism, civil unrest, and kidnapping .  Some areas have increased risk.  Read the entire Travel Advisory.

Do Not Travel to: Kenya-Somalia border counties and some coastal areas, due to terrorism and kidnapping .

Areas of Turkana County, due to crime .

Reconsider Travel to: Nairobi neighborhoods of Eastleigh and Kibera, due to crime and kidnapping .

Certain areas of Laikipia County, due to criminal incursions and security operations , reconsider travel through Nyahururu, Laikipia West, and Laikipia North Sub-counties.

Country Summary :  Violent crime, such as armed carjacking, mugging, home invasion, and kidnapping, can occur at any time.  Local police often lack the capability to respond effectively to serious criminal incidents and terrorist attacks.  Emergency medical and fire service is also limited. Be especially careful when traveling after dark anywhere in Kenya due to crime.

Terrorist attacks have occurred with little or no warning, targeting Kenyan and foreign government facilities, tourist locations, transportation hubs, hotels, resorts, markets/shopping malls, and places of worship. Terrorist acts have included armed assaults, suicide operations, bomb/grenade attacks, and kidnappings.

Demonstrations may occur, blocking key intersections and resulting in widespread traffic jams.  Strikes and other protest activity related to political and economic conditions occur regularly, particularly in periods near elections.  Violence associated with demonstrations, ranging from rock throwing to police using deadly force, occurs around the country; it is mostly notable in western Kenya and Nairobi.

Due to risks to civil aviation operating in the vicinity of the Kenyan-Somali border, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued a Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM).  For more information, U.S. citizens should consult  Federal Aviation Administration’s Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Notice .

Some schools and other facilities acting as cultural rehabilitation centers are operating in Kenya with inadequate or nonexistent licensing and oversight.  Reports of minors and young adults being held in these facilities against their will and physically abused are common.

Read the  country information page  for additional information about travel to Kenya.

If you decide to travel to Kenya:

• Stay alert in locations frequented by Westerners.
• Do not physically resist any robbery attempt.
• Monitor local media for breaking events and be prepared to adjust your plans.
• Make contingency plans to leave the country. in case of an emergency Review the  Traveler’s Checklist ..
• Always carry a copy of your U.S. passport and visa (if applicable).  Keep original documents in a secure location.
• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Follow the Department of State on  Facebook  and  Twitter .
• Review the  Country Security Report  for Kenya.
• Visit the CDC page for the latest  Travel Health Information  related to your travel.

Specified Areas - Level 4: Do Not Travel U.S. government personnel are prohibited from traveling to the below areas.

Kenya-Somalia Border Counties:

• Mandera due to kidnapping and terrorism.
• Wajir due to kidnapping and terrorism.
• Garissa due to kidnapping and terrorism.

Coastal Areas:

• Tana River county due to kidnapping and terrorism.
• Lamu county due to kidnapping and terrorism.
• Areas of Kilifi County north of Malindi due to kidnapping and terrorism.

Turkana County:

• Road from Kainuk to Lodwar due to crime and armed robbery, which occur frequently.

Specified Areas - Level 3: Reconsider Travel

Nairobi neighborhoods of Eastleigh and Kibera:

• Violent crime, such as armed carjacking, mugging, home invasion, and kidnapping, can occur at any time.  Street crime can involve multiple armed assailants.  Local police often lack the resources and training to respond effectively to serious criminal incidents.

Laikipia County:

• Certain areas of Laikipia County, due to criminal incursions and security operations, reconsider travel through Nyahururu, Laikipia West, and Laikipia North Sub-counties.

Consider carefully whether to use the Likoni ferry in Mombasa due to safety concerns.

Visit our website for  Travel to High-Risk Areas.

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Yellow Fever

Maximum-100,000 Kenyan Shillings

Embassies and Consulates

U.s. embassy nairobi.

United Nations Avenue Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: +(254) (20) 363-6451 Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(254) (20) 363-6170 Email:   [email protected]

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Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

All visitors are required to obtain an electronic travel authorization before entering Kenya. 

  Required for Entry:

• Passport  with at least two blank pages, six months’ validity, and a Kenyan electronic travel authorization.
• You should have  proof of yellow fever immunizations if arriving from an endemic country , or you may be denied entry.

Obtain the latest information on visas, as well as any additional details regarding entry requirements, from the Embassy of Kenya , 2249 R Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 387-6101, or the Kenyan Consulate in New York City.

Working/Volunteering in Kenya : In December 2018, the Kenyan government announced a new work permit program that requires foreigners to apply for permits and visas from their country of origin. You should submit work permit applications at least 6-8 weeks prior to travel. Once in Kenya, submit a renewal application at least 90 days before your work permit expires.

For additional information on immunizations and detailed country-specific recommendations on vaccinations and other health precautions for travelers to Kenya, visit the CDC’s Travelers’ Health website .

HIV/AIDS Restrictions: The U.S. Department of State is unaware of any HIV/AIDS entry restrictions for visitors to, or foreign residents of, Kenya.

Find information on dual nationality , prevention of international child abduction, and customs regulations on our websites.

Safety and Security

You should review the Department of State’s Travel Advisory for Kenya before considering travel to Kenya.

Terrorism: Terrorist groups and those inspired by such organizations are intent on attacking U.S. citizens abroad. Terrorists are using increasingly less sophisticated methods of attack – including knives, firearms, and vehicles – to more effectively target crowds. Frequently, their aim is unprotected or vulnerable targets, such as:

• High-profile public events (sporting contests, political rallies, demonstrations, holiday events, celebratory gatherings, etc.)
• Hotels, clubs, and restaurants frequented by tourists
• Places of worship
• Shopping malls and markets
• Public transportation systems (including buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights)

Terrorist threats remain high in Kenya. Terrorist attacks in Kenya have cumulatively resulted in the death and injury of hundreds of people, including foreigners. Attacks have occurred in periods leading up to and during religious holidays and days of national significance. However, an attack is possible at any time. Please note these recent events:

• In January 2020, terrorists attacked a U.S. Department of Defense facility on the coast, killing several individuals and destroying seven aircraft.
• In January 2019, a small bomb exploded in Nairobi’s Central Business District, slightly injuring two people.
• In January 2019, a terrorist attack on the Dusit D2 Hotel complex in the Westlands area of Nairobi resulted in the death of 21 people, including one U.S. citizen.
• In April 2019, two Cuban doctors were kidnapped from a rural area in Mandera County and were reportedly transported to Somalia.

For more information, see our Terrorism page.

Regions to Avoid :

• The northeastern Kenyan counties of Mandera, Wajir, Garissa, and the northeastern area of Marsabit (including the cities of El Wak, Wajir, Garissa, Mandera, Moyale, and Liboi).
• All parts of the coastal counties of Tana River and Lamu, and all areas of Kilifi County north of Malindi.
• The road between Kainuk and Lodwar in Turkana County due to banditry.
• The Nairobi neighborhoods of Eastleigh and Kibera.
• Avoid using the Likoni ferry due to safety and security concerns.

Crime: Crime in Kenya is a regular occurrence and Kenyan authorities have limited capacity to deter and investigate such acts.

• Violent and sometimes fatal criminal attacks, including home invasions, burglaries, armed carjackings, muggings, and kidnappings can occur at any time.
• “Matatus” (privately-operated public transportation buses) tend to be targeted since they carry multiple passengers.
• Cases of violent street crime targeting Westerners occur in many seemingly safe areas of Nairobi, ranging from simple muggings to kidnapping and extortion, including attacks during daylight hours. U.S. citizens using off-the-street taxis have also been victims of robbery, kidnapping, and extortion.

Forced Marriage is known to occur in Kenya.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) and Cutting (C): This act is known to occur in Kenya. It is a federal crime to perform FGM/C in the United States on any minor younger than 18 years old, punishable by fines and up to five years in prison. It is also a criminal offense knowingly to take a minor younger than 18 years old outside of the United States for the purpose of performing FGM/C (so-called “vacation cutting”).

Sexual Assault is prevalent in Kenya and frequently goes unreported.

• Victims of sexual assault may have difficulty receiving adequate social or medical support .
• While sexual assault is mostly frequently associated with women, sexual assault of men also occurs in Kenya and often goes unreported because of the stigma attached to this type of assault.

International Financial Scams:  See the  Department of State and the  FBI pages for information.

Internet romance and financial scams are prevalent in Kenya. Scams are often initiated through dating apps, internet postings/profiles, or by unsolicited emails and letters.

Common scams include:

• Romance and online dating (Check this online dating scam infographic ).
• Someone you have not met in person quickly offers friendship, romance, and/or marriage.
• Job solicitations asking for a processing fee in advance.
• A person asking for money to pay hospital bills, visa fees, or legal expenses and/or seeming to have many sudden problems overseas.
• Elaborate scam business opportunities, including fraudulent government procurements. Recently, scammers have been impersonating legitimate companies and ordering commodities shipped through Mombasa with payment terms. Companies are encouraged to independently verify the purchasing company to confirm the order prior to shipping goods without pre-payment. Please contact the Commercial Section at [email protected] for assistance verifying procurement opportunities and Kenyan buyers.
• Use good judgement and caution on social media and dating websites. If you decide to meet someone in person that you have connected with online, be sure to set up the meeting in a safe and public place, and let someone know where you are.

Victims of Crime: U.S. citizen victims of sexual assault are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy for assistance.

Report crimes to the local police at 999, 112 or 911, and contact the U.S. Embassy during business hours at +254 (0) 20-363-6451, or after-hours at +254 (0) 20-363-6000.

Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crime.

See our webpage on help for U.S. victims of crime overseas .

• Help you find appropriate medical care
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion
• Provide a list of local attorneys
• Provide information on victim’s compensation programs in the U.S.
• Provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution
• Help you find accommodation and arrange flights home
• Replace a stolen or lost passport

Kenya has assistance programs for victims of crime sponsored by nongovernmental organizations. These programs include but are not limited to the following:

• Gender Violence Recovery Centre (GVRC) Gender Violence Recovery Centre (GVRC) has been providing specialized medical treatment and psychosocial support to low-income survivors of sexual and domestic violence.
• Healthcare Assistance Kenya (HAK) offers a 24-hour Rapid Response Service to women and children survivors of Gender Based Violence at its Call Centre as well as a 24 hour toll-free hotline for sexual and gender based violence assistance.

Domestic Violence: U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence are encouraged to contact the Embassy for assistance.

Tourism: The Kenyan Tourism Regulatory Authority has oversight for the country’s tourism sector. The tourism industry is unevenly regulated, and safety inspections for equipment and facilities vary by region. Hazardous areas/activities are not always identified with appropriate signage, and staff may not be trained or certified either by the host government or by recognized authorities in the field. Game parks and related safari tours with well-established operators generally have been reported to be safe.

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties: You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Individuals establishing a business or practicing a profession that requires additional permits or licensing should seek information from the competent local authorities, prior to practicing or operating a business.

• Penalties for possessing, using, or trafficking illegal drugs in Kenya are severe, and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines.
• Kenya enacted strict legislation regulating the sale and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.
• Penalties for possessing banned wildlife items under Kenya’s Wildlife Act include large fines and severe penalties, including life imprisonment.
• Violations of the Kenya Firearms Act are punishable from one year to life imprisonment. Possession of any amount of ammunition can incur a minimum seven-year sentence.

Furthermore, some laws are also prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see our website on crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website.

Arrest Notification: If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately. See our webpage for further information.

Customs regulations are strict on importing certain items into or out of Kenya such as antiquities, medications, business equipment, currency, ivory, rhino horn, and other wildlife products including hides, skins, and teeth.

U.S. citizens have been detained and arrested for attempting to bring contraband into Kenya. Contact the Embassy of Kenya or one of Kenya’s consulates in the United States for specific information regarding customs requirements.

Alcoholic Drinks Control Act of 2010, which regulates when and where alcoholic drinks may be consumed in public, states that a person found by local law enforcement authorities to be intoxicated or disorderly in or near public areas, including some businesses, may be arrested without warrant and brought to court for trial.

• If convicted, the maximum fine is 500 Kenyan shillings and/or imprisonment for a maximum of three months.
• If convicted three times of the same charge within a 12-month period, you will be required to participate in mandatory rehabilitation at your expense.

More information on this law may be found on Kenya's substance abuse website, NACADA .

Tobacco Control Act 2007 regulates public smoking and the marketing and sale of tobacco products in Kenya. In public places, smoking is allowed only in designated smoking areas.

Currency: You may depart the country with up to 100,000 Kenyan shillings.

• Destruction of Kenyan currency, even in small amounts, is illegal, and almost always results in arrest and a fine.
• You should ensure that your U.S. currency bills are relatively new, as banks in Kenya have been known not to accept older U.S. currency.

Cultural Rehabilitation Centers: Some schools and other facilities acting as cultural rehabilitation centers are operating in Kenya with inadequate or nonexistent licensing and oversight. Reports of minors and young adults being held in these facilities against their will and being physically, sexually, and emotionally abused are common. U.S. citizens are encouraged to thoroughly research these facilities and talk to others who have used them. They should have a plan for an early return if necessary.

Safaris : Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) , the governing body of Kenya’s national parks, requires all tour operators and safari lodges carry nationally mandated insurance. You should:

• Inquire whether prospective safari camps or tour operators are in compliance with this requirement;
• Observe all local or park regulations and exercise appropriate caution in unfamiliar surroundings; and
• Thoroughly check the qualifications and safety record of all tourist lodges and guides before engaging their services and venturing into the wild in their care.

Firearms: Import, possession, and use of firearms is governed by the Kenya Firearms Act.

• Import of all firearms, including sporting guns, is prohibited in Kenya except in accordance with the terms of an import permit.
• Possession of firearms while in Kenya requires a firearms certificate, which can be difficult to obtain.
• Violations of the Kenya Firearms Act are punishable from one year to life imprisonment. Possession of any amount of ammunition is punishable by a minimum seven-year sentence.

Faith-Based Travelers: See the following webpages for details:

• Faith-Based Travel Information
• International Religious Freedom Report – see country reports
• Human Rights Report – see country reports
• Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
• Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad

LGBTQI+ Travelers: Kenyan law criminalizes same-sex sexual activity. The Kenyan penal code criminalizes “carnal knowledge against the order of nature,” which is interpreted to prohibit consensual same-sex sexual activity and specifies a maximum penalty of 14 years of imprisonment. A separate statute specifically criminalizes sex between men and specifies a maximum penalty of 21 years of imprisonment. Police have detained persons under these laws, particularly suspected sex workers. LGBTQI+ advocacy organizations, such as the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya, have been permitted to register and conduct activities. However, societal discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread.

See our LGBTQI+ Travel Information page and section 6 of our Human Rights report for further details.

Students:  See our Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips .

Women Travelers:   See our travel tips for Women Travelers .

Travelers with Disabilities:  Kenyan law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities.The Government of Kenya has not consistently enforced these provisions and implementation has been slow.  Social acceptance of persons with disabilities in public is not as prevalent as in the United States.  Expect accessibility to be limited in public transportation, lodging, and general infrastructure.

• Access to government or private buildings , medical facilities, restaurants, or other public or private facilities is limited.
• Accessibility to public transportation and taxis is limited. There is no functioning bus system in Nairobi, but rather an extensive use of vans (“matatus”) that travel along designated routes; taxis are also used, as are motorcycles serving as taxis (“boda bodas”).
• Public transportation and taxis do not accommodate wheelchairs; these vehicles are most often hailed from the side of busy roads.
• Footpaths along the side of roads are generally unpaved, bumpy, dirt paths, and road crossings are often unmarked.

Please visit the Embassy’s COVID-19 page for more information on COVID-19 in Kenya.

Medical services are adequate in Nairobi for most medical conditions and emergencies.

In the event of an injury, appropriate medical treatment is typically available only in or near the major cities of Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu. First responders generally are unable to access areas outside of major cities and to provide urgent medical treatment. U.S. citizens are encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance and carry emergency numbers. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .

For emergency services in Kenya, dial 999 , 112 , or 911 .

Ambulance services are:

• Not present throughout the country or are unreliable in most areas except Nairobi, Mombasa, Nakuru, and Eldoret;
• Not equipped with state-of-the-art medical equipment; and
• Injured or seriously ill travelers may prefer to take a taxi or private vehicle to the nearest major hospital rather than wait for an ambulance.

We do not pay medical bills. Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance. You may need to call your insurance company or pay and get reimbursed.

Surrogacy: Surrogacy programs in Kenya are unregulated and families have reported difficulties obtaining required legal documentation from Kenyan authorities and taking children out of Kenya; difficulties may increase if a parent is single.

Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage. Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation.

Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription. Check with the Government of Kenya to ensure the medication is legal in Kenya.

The following diseases are prevalent:

• Schistosomiasis
• Traveler’s Diarrhea
• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information about Resources for Travelers regarding specific issues in Kenya.

Vaccinations: Be up-to-date on all vaccinations recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further health information:

• World Health Organization
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Air Quality: Visit AirNow Department of State for information on air quality at U.S. Embassies and Consulates.

The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of doctors and hospitals . We do not endorse or recommend any specific medical provider or clinic.

Travel and Transportation

Road Conditions and Safety: Road accidents are a major threat to travelers in Kenya. Roads are poorly maintained and are often bumpy, potholed, and unpaved.

• Traffic moves on the left side of the road, which can be very disorienting to those not accustomed to it.
• Beware of vehicles traveling at excessive speed, and unpredictable local driving habits.
• Many vehicles are poorly maintained and lack basic safety equipment.
• Heavy traffic jams, either due to rush hour or because of accidents, are common.
• Some vehicles will cross the median strip and drive against the flow of traffic.

U.S. citizens have been fatally injured in accidents involving long-distance, inter-city buses and local buses and vans called “matatus”. Matatus are commonly known to be the greatest danger to other vehicles and pedestrians. U.S. government personnel are prohibited from using matatus.

Injuries and fatalities involving two-wheeled motorcycle taxis, called “boda bodas,” are equally common. Boda bodas often fail to observe basic safety precautions and ignore traffic rules. Inter-city nighttime road travel should be avoided due to the poor road and streetlight conditions and the threat of banditry throughout the country. U.S. government personnel are prohibited from using boda bodas.

During the rainy season, some unpaved roads are impassable even with four-wheel drive vehicles with high clearance. Travelers are urged to consult with local officials regarding road conditions.

See our Road Safety page for more information.

Trains : Most passenger trains are considered unsafe, particularly during rainy seasons, because of the lack of routine maintenance and safety checks. The only approved train route for U.S. government personnel is the Nairobi to Mombasa Standard Gauge Railway. U.S. government personnel can only ride in the first-class cabin to avoid pickpockets and facilitate a rapid exit if necessary.

Aviation Safety Oversight:

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the government of Kenya’s Civil Aviation Authority as being in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of Kenya’s air carrier operations. Further information may be found on the FAA’s safety assessment page .

Maritime Travel: Mariners planning travel to Kenya should also check for U.S. maritime advisories and alerts . Information may also be posted to the  U.S. Coast Guard homeport website and the NGA broadcast warnings .

For additional travel information

• Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
• See the  State Department’s travel website  for the  Worldwide Caution  and  Travel Advisories .
• Follow us on X (formerly known as "Twitter") and Facebook .
• See  traveling safely abroad  for useful travel tips.

Review information about International Parental Child Abduction in Kenya . For additional IPCA-related information, please see the International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act ( ICAPRA ) report.

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Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted through infected mosquitoes. It was named yellow as it, sometimes, cause jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) to the infected people. Thirty-four African countries are endemic to yellow fever.

The incubation period for the virus is 3 to 6 days. Most people don’t experience symptoms. The symptoms are fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, and/or vomiting. Within 24 hours, some patients might experience more severe symptoms. This is the toxic phase; high fever is experienced; Liver and kidney are affected; dark urine and abdominal pain and bleeding occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. Fifty percent of patients in this phase die within days (7-10).

There is no specific antiviral drug for yellow fever. Survival rates can be improved by hospital based early supportive treatment. However, there is a single dose effective vaccine for yellow fever that provides life-long protection. Vaccination is recommended for people 9 month or over living or travelling to yellow fever endemic areas. Some countries require the yellow fever proof of vaccination to allow entry (see list below for African countries).

Recent Outbreaks in Africa

African countries that requires yellow fever vaccination certificate.

Countries that require vaccination for all travellers older that 9 months or 1 year:

Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameron, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’lvoire, DRC, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Niger, Togo.

Countries that requires vaccination for travellers from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission or transit for 12 hours in those countries:

Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

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Yellow Fever Vaccine in Kenya: How to Get a Certificate

• by Anthony Owino on Friday, 8 March 2019 - 2:36 pm

Are you planning for a vacation getaway or that important business trip abroad?

If so, the International Health Regulations require that you be vaccinated with a Yellow Fever vaccine to prevent possible infection.

This article contains information on yellow fever requirements, how to get a certificate, the clinics to visit, how much it costs and its side effects.

What is Yellow Fever Vaccine?

Yellow fever is a serious disease caused by a virus that is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.

Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for people who plan to live in or travel to areas where yellow fever is known to exist, or those who are otherwise at high risk of coming into contact with the virus.

This vaccine is given as an injection (shot) into a muscle.

After receiving the vaccine, you will be given an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) from the clinic where you receive your Yellow Fever vaccine.

The purpose of carrying out Yellow Fever Vaccine

Yellow fever vaccination is carried out for two different purposes:

1. To prevent the international spread of the disease by protecting countries from the risk of importing or spreading the yellow fever virus.

Proof of vaccination is often required for travellers arriving from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and sometimes for travellers in transit through such countries.

Any importation of the virus into such countries by infected travellers could result in its propagation and establishment, leading to a permanent risk of infection for the human population.

2. To protect individual travellers who may be at high risk of coming into contact with the virus.

The risk of yellow fever transmission depends on the presence of the virus in the country in humans, mosquitoes or animals.

As yellow fever is frequently fatal for those who have not been vaccinated, vaccination is recommended for all travellers visiting areas where there is a risk of yellow fever transmission.

These are requirements established by the country and  are subject to change at any time.

The fact that a country has no requirement for yellow fever vaccination does not imply that there is no risk of yellow fever transmission.

WHO determines those areas where “a risk of yellow fever transmission is present” on the basis of the diagnosis of cases of yellow fever in humans and/or animals, the results of yellow fever sero-surveys and the presence of vectors and animal reservoirs.

Validity of certificate

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is valid only if it conforms to the model.

It is valid only after ten (10) days of the vaccination.

The vaccine has lifetime validity. However, some countries may require to renew your vaccination before entry.

Who is eligible for a Yellow Fever vaccine?

Vaccination is recommended for all adults and children who are at least 9 months old.

In special cases, a doctor or health official may determine that a child between 6 and 9 months old should receive a yellow fever vaccine.

This vaccine is also recommended for people who work in a research laboratory and may be exposed to yellow fever virus through needle-stick accidents or inhalation of viral droplets in the air.

If there is a risk of Yellow Fever at your destination, whether vaccination is required for entry or not, be prepared to show a certificate of vaccination or a waiver stating the medical reasons for not being vaccinated.

If you are travelling from a yellow fever endemic country, the Kenya Government will require a yellow fever certificate from you before entry into the country.

If you leave Kenya for another country, chances are you will be required to produce a yellow vaccine certificate, as Kenya is a listed as a yellow fever endemic country.

If you are planning to travel to an area in Kenya where you may be at risk of yellow fever, make sure you are vaccinated before making your trip.

Always confirm with your travel agent if your intended destination requires yellow fever certification to avoid any inconveniences during departure from Kenya.

Who is not eligible for a Yellow Fever Vaccine?

Like any vaccine, the yellow fever vaccine may not provide protection from disease in every person.

Children younger than 6 months old should not receive this vaccine.

You should not receive a booster vaccine if you had a life-threatening allergic reaction after the first shot.

You should not receive this vaccine if you have ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a yellow fever vaccine, or if you have:

1. An allergy to gelatin, eggs, or chicken proteins;  cancer, leukemia, or lymphoma;

2. A weak immune system caused by disease (such as cancer or HIV), or by taking certain medicines such as steroids;

3. A disorder such as myasthenia gravis;

4. A disease or tumour of the thymus gland, or if your thymus has been surgically removed; or

5. If you have received a transplant.

To make sure the yellow fever vaccine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have ever had:

1. a seizure;

2. a neurologic disorder or disease affecting the brain (or if this was a reaction to a previous vaccine);

3. a bleeding or blood clotting disorder such as haemophilia;  Guillain Barré syndrome; or  an allergy to latex.

In the case of a more severe illness with a fever or any type of infection, wait until you get better before receiving this vaccine. You can still receive a vaccine if you have a cold or fever.

Note: According to Everyday Health , it is not known whether yellow fever vaccine will harm an unborn baby.

However, if you are at high risk for infection with yellow fever during pregnancy, your doctor should determine whether you need this vaccine.

You should not receive this vaccine if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How to obtain Yellow Fever certificate

You can get your yellow fever vaccine at the port health clinics located within all Kenya border entry points, seaports and airports at a cost of Ksh 3500.

If you are in Nairobi you can go to City Hall to get the vaccine shot. One can contact them in advance to make an appointment or just walk in. A fee of Ksh 2500 is the charge for the vaccine.

One can get the vaccination at approved Private Hospitals as well as in hospitals and clinics run by the county governments;

The cost of the vaccine may vary between private hospitals and county clinics. Private hospitals charge almost twice the cost offered in public clinics and hospitals.

It takes a few minutes to get the injection and receive your certificate.

Once you get the injection, you are given a small yellow booklet- the yellow fever certificate.

You need to keep it next to your passport and other travel documents because it is proof that you have adhered to all the travel requirements.

Yellow Fever vaccination waiver

A vaccination waiver can be issued by your medical practitioner if the Yellow Fever vaccine is contraindicated for medical reasons.

Be aware that problems may arise when crossing borders and the vaccination waiver may not be honoured.

Take meticulous anti-mosquito bite measures during the daytime in Yellow Fever risk areas.

Yellow Fever Vaccine Side Effects

Becoming infected with yellow fever is much more dangerous to your health than receiving this vaccine.

However, like any medicine, this vaccine can cause side effects but the risk of serious side effects is extremely low.

Seek medical attention once you have any of these rare but serious sides effects within 10 days after you receive the vaccine:

1. High fever, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light;

2. Extreme tiredness, neck stiffness, seizure;

3. Problems with walking, breathing, speech, swallowing, vision, or eye movement;

4. Weakness or prickly feeling in your fingers or toes;

5. Severe pain (especially at night); or

6. Loss of bladder or bowel control.

Serious side effects may be more likely in older adults.  

Common side effects (may occur within 5 to 10 days after vaccination) include:

1. Low fever, general ill feeling;

2. Mild headache, muscle pain;

3. Weakness; or

4. Pain, swelling, or a lump where the shot was given.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.

Countries with risk of Yellow Fever transmission

AFRICA - Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda.

AMERICAS - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Office Locations & Contacts

Port Health Contacts at JKIA

Telephone Medical Emergency: 0705164724

Office: 0773053845/0776183068

email: [email protected]

Ministry of Health

Afya House, Cathedral Rd, Nairobi City, Kenya

P.O. Box 30016–00100,

Nairobi, Kenya.

Telephone: +254-20-2717077

Email: [email protected]

Department of Health Services

Nairobi City County Government

City Hall Annex, 3rd Floor, Room 305

P.O. Box 30075 - 00100

Nairobi, Kenya

Tel: +254-020-2224281

Telephone: Chief Officer-Health Services 020-2025980

Email address: [email protected], [email protected]

Some private hospitals in Nairobi which offer Yellow Fever vaccination include:

Nairobi Hospital, Main Hospital Branch Argwings Kodhek Rd, Nairobi P.O. Box: 30026-00100 Nairobi GPO Tel: +254 20 284 5000 Fax: +254 20 272 8003 Mobile: +254 72 22000 http://www.nairobihospital.org Aga Khan Hospital, 3rd Parklands Ave, Nairobi P.O. Box: 30270-00100 Nairobi GPO Tel: +254 20 366 2000 Mobile: +254 71 109 2000  http://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/Pages/home.aspx

Nairobi Women's Hospital, Hurlingham Hurlingham Medical Plaza Argwings Kodhek Road Nairobi 00202, Kenya Mobile: +254 73 361 8353 +254 72 824 9825 http://nwch.co.ke/

Mater Hospital Dunga Rd, South B, Industrial Area, Nairobi P.O. Box: 30325-00100 Nairobi GPO Tel: +254 20 6903000 Fax: +254 20 6534289 Mobile: +254 71 907 3000 +254 73 216 3000 www.materkenya.com  

Karen Hospital Langata Rd, Karen P.O. Box: 74240-00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 661 300 Fax: +254 20 661 3222 http://karenhospital.org/

MP Shah Hospital Shivachi Road, Parklands P.O. Box 14497-00800 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 429 1000 +254 72 220 4427

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

Kenya travel advice

Latest updates: The Health section was updated - travel health information (Public Health Agency of Canada)

Last updated: July 15, 2024 12:32 ET

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Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, kenya - exercise a high degree of caution.

Exercise a high degree of caution in Kenya due to the threat of terrorism and a high crime rate.

Border with Somalia - Avoid all travel

Avoid all travel to Mandera, Wajir, Garissa and Lamu counties bordering Somalia, due to a risk of kidnapping and attacks.

Border with South Sudan and Ethiopia - Avoid all travel

Avoid all travel to Turkana and Marsabit counties, within 110 km of the borders with South Sudan and Ethiopia, due to armed banditry and cross-border violence.

Regional advisory - Avoid all travel

• within 50 km of the coast of Tana River County
• within 50 km of the coast of Kilifi County (from north of the city of Malindi to the Tana River County limits)

Neighbourhoods of Nairobi - Avoid non-essential travel

Avoid non-essential travel to the neighbourhoods of Eastleigh, Kibera and Pangani, in Nairobi, due to the high crime rate.

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Demonstrations throughout Kenya

Anti-government demonstrations are occurring throughout the counties, including in Nairobi.

There have been reports of barricades, looting, fatal shootings and injuries.

Demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruption to traffic and public transportation. Access to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport may be affected. Telecommunications and Internet access may also be disrupted.

Authorities may impose curfews and restrict movement without notice.

If you are in Kenya:

• avoid areas around government buildings
• avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• avoid areas where security forces are present
• expect heavy security measures and increased security presence
• follow local media to stay informed on the evolving situation
• follow the instructions of local authorities

There is a threat of terrorism. Credible information indicates that foreigners may be targeted by extremists in the following areas:

• the coastal areas of Kenya

There is an increased risk of terrorist attacks in the following counties:

Terrorist attacks have occurred:

• in the coastal region, including in Mombasa and Malindi
• in the Mandera, Wajir and Garissa counties, near the border with Somalia

Foreigners have been targeted in some attacks. Further attacks cannot be ruled out.

Targets could include:

• government buildings, including schools
• places of worship
• airports and other transportation hubs and networks
• public areas such as tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centres, markets, hotels and other sites frequented by foreigners

Be particularly alert during religious holidays, sporting events and public celebrations. Terrorists have carried out attacks during these events.

• Always be aware of your surroundings when in public places
• Stay at hotels that have robust security measures, but keep in mind that even the most secure locations cannot be considered completely free of risk

Areas bordering Somalia and portion of the Coast region

Kenya’s border with Somalia is closed, but it is porous and Somali militias and bandit groups have carried out cross-border attacks against foreigners and humanitarian workers in this region. Some incidents involved the use of improvised explosive devices and have resulted in injuries and deaths, including at the Dadaab refugee camp, 80 km from the Somali border. The risk of such attacks in the region remains high.

Disputes between Somali clans also make the region unstable and dangerous. There is an increased military and police presence and frequent roadblocks due to the Government of Kenya’s efforts to limit Somali incursions and gun-running in the border area.

There is also an increased risk of kidnapping in the northeastern Kenyan counties of Mandera, Wajir and Garissa bordering Somalia and the coastal areas of Lamu County. Groups based in Somalia and northeastern Kenya have targeted humanitarian workers, tourists and residents in the past and deaths have occurred.

Beachfront accommodations on the coastal area are vulnerable to criminal activity, such as armed robbery, break-ins and carjacking.

Areas bordering South Sudan and Ethiopia

There is an extreme threat of kidnapping, terrorism and cross-border violence in the northern counties of Marsabit and Turkana within 110 km of Ethiopia and South Sudan.

Neighbourhoods of Nairobi

Criminal activity remains high in several neighbourhoods and areas of Nairobi. Police capacity to respond to crime and other incidents is very limited.

Northern and Western Kenya

Some areas located in Turkana, Marsabit, Isiolo, Wajir and Mandera counties are considered unsafe. The ongoing threat posed by terrorism is joined by various regional, tribal or clan-based conflicts involving land, cattle and water. Consider using armed escorts when travelling within these counties; escorts can often be arranged through local police stations.

• Avoid venturing away from tourist areas
• Do not travel after dark

Tribal conflicts have occurred in the Mount Elgon area in the western counties of Trans-Nzoia and Bungoma. If you decide to travel to that region:

• Remain vigilant at all times
• Monitor local media

There is a high crime rate in most regions of Kenya, particularly in major cities such as Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, and at coastal beach resorts. Traditionally, crimes increase in the weeks before Christmas.

Be aware that there have been incidents of “mob justice” in which a crowd lynches suspected criminals prior to the arrival of police.

Violent Crime

Carjacking, home invasions, kidnappings and robberies occur, including during daylight hours and in neighbourhoods normally considered safe.

Tourists have been the target of carjacking, robberies and kidnappings while travelling to or from the international airports in Nairobi and Mombasa.

• Only use transportation organized by reputable tour companies or well-marked taxis
• Be particularly vigilant if you are commuting alone

In Nairobi, exercise extreme caution in informal settlement communities, such as Kasarani, Kibera and Mathare, due to the high level of crime and limited capacity of police to respond to incidents.

The Old Town of Fort Jesus in Mombasa has a similar crime rate to other areas of the city during the day. However, there is a greatly increased risk of criminal activity at night, including robberies, attacks and other street crimes. Crime rates are also high on and around the Likoni Ferry (which links Mombasa and the southern resorts).

• Be aware of your surroundings at all times, particularly on roads linking a city centre to residential areas
• Do not walk outdoors at night, particularly in isolated areas
• Exercise caution while walking during daylight hours and if travelling after dark
• When confronted by robbers, comply and do not offer resistance

Petty Crime

Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse snatching, occurs.

• Ensure that your belongings, including your passport and other travel documents, are secure at all times
• Avoid showing signs of affluence or carrying large sums of money
• Ensure that your credit and debit cards, cash and any other financial resources are not all kept in the same place
• Store your belongings in safekeeping facilities
• Never leave your bags unsupervised at a ticket office or a registration desk
• When you leave your hotel room, ensure that the door is locked and the “do not disturb” sign is displayed

Thieves travelling on scooters or on foot have targeted the bags of car or scooter passengers.

• Keep your windows closed, doors locked and valuables out of reach and sight
• Be especially vigilant when stopped at traffic lights

Incidents of passport theft have occurred in the departure area of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi. There have also been cases where checked luggage has been pilfered.

• Be aware of your surroundings at all airports
• Store your valuables in locked hand-luggage
• Do not exchange currency in the public areas of the airport

Demonstrations

Demonstrations take place regularly. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation.

• Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• Follow the instructions of local authorities
• Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations

Mass gatherings (large-scale events)

Curfews can be imposed without notice.

Always comply with the directives issued by local authorities.

Power outages 

Power outages occur regularly across the country. Blackouts may increase the risk of criminal activity in affected areas, which could in turn lead to opportunistic theft during prolonged outages.

Power outages could affect your ability to purchase basic necessisties and impact essential services, such as: 

• public transportation, including flights 
• medical services  
• water supply 
• telecommunications 

Not all buildings are equipped with generators.   

• Plan accordingly  
• Keep a supply of water, food and fuel on hand  
• Make sure you always have an emergency kit on hand
• Monitor local media for the latest updates

Spiked food and drinks

Never leave food or drinks unattended or in the care of strangers. Be wary of accepting snacks, beverages, gum or cigarettes from new acquaintances. These items may contain drugs that could put you at risk of sexual assault and robbery.

Criminals have been known to impersonate hotel employees, police officers or government officials in attempts to get money from tourists.

If you are approached by someone claiming to be a government official or police officer and they fine you for an alleged offence, ask for an official government receipt.

Police officers are required to identify themselves. There is a complaint process through the Kenyan Police Service to investigate allegations of corruption and abuse.

Exercise caution if you are travelling to Kenya to meet someone with whom you have developed a relationship on the Internet (friendship, business or romance). Foreigners are often lured to Kenya, especially during the holiday season (Christmas and New Year), to meet their online contact in person. Once there, they become victims of crime. Some have lost thousands of dollars and some have been arrested for failing to pay debts accrued locally or exorbitant bills racked up as a result of scams.

Overseas fraud

Non-governmental organizations

Foreigners volunteering with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have sometimes reported incidents of fraud, threats and mistreatment by local personnel.

If you are contemplating volunteering with NGOs in Kenya, you should contact the National Bureau of NGOs before making any commitment and before departing Canada, to confirm that the organization you wish to work with is legitimate. All NGOs in Kenya are required by law to be registered with the National Council of NGOs, a self-regulating, non-partisan body.

National Bureau of NGOs

Women’s safety

Women travelling alone may be subject to some forms of harassment and verbal abuse. Attacks involving sexual assault have occurred.

Advice for women travellers

Forced Marriages

Forced marriage affecting foreigners occur. It sometimes occurs without the affected person’s prior knowledge or consent.

General information and advice about forced marriage

Road travel

Road conditions and road safety can vary greatly throughout the country.

Major highways are generally in good condition but minor roads are poorly maintained. Drivers do not respect traffic laws, and drinking and driving is prevalent, especially at night.

Keep this in mind when planning travel by road, as driving at night can be risky. Excessive speeds, poorly maintained vehicles, poor lighting and inadequate signage pose hazards.

During the rainy season, some unpaved roads become impassable, even with four-wheel drive vehicles. You should drive defensively and always be aware of your surroundings.

Serious traffic delays are common. The road from Nairobi to Mombasa is particularly congested and can be dangerous for tourists unfamiliar with local driving conditions. You should travel by air or train if possible.

Use authorized border crossings when travelling by vehicle between Kenya and Tanzania.

Overland travel

Visitors travelling overland to certain game parks and reserves have been attacked by armed bandits. Exercise caution on the roads between the following regions due to attacks, robberies and vehicle hijackings:

• Malindi to Lamu
• Nairobi and the Amboseli, Masai Mara, Nakuru and Tsavo game parks/reserves
• Nairobi and the Mount Kenya/Aberdare area

Public transportation

Public transportation is unsafe.

Inter city buses

Long-distance buses have been involved in serious accidents.

Intra City travel

Local mini buses (matatus) and motorbike taxis (boda-bodas) are generally poorly maintained, recklessly driven and not adequately insured. Matatu hijackings and incidents of passengers being robbed have occurred.

Use reliable taxi companies, and confirm the fare in advance.

The Madaraka Express Railway line between Nairobi and Mombasa is reliable and safe. Other passenger train lines are not safe and are routinely late.

Local assistance

The Kenya Tourism Federation operates a 24-hour Safety and Communication Centre, which provides information on tourism and road conditions, and has information about regional assistance in an emergency.

Safety Centre  - Kenya Tourism Federation

National parks, safaris and reserves

Tourists have been victims of crime, sometimes involving violence, in national parks and reserves, as well as on safaris.

• Remain aware of your surroundings at all times
• Avoid camping alone or without expert local assistance

Wildlife viewing

Wildlife viewing poses risks, particularly on foot or at close range.

• Always maintain a safe distance when observing wildlife
• Only exit a vehicle when a professional guide or warden says it’s safe to do so
• Only use reputable and professional guides or tour operators
• Closely follow park regulations and wardens’ advice

Maritime transportation

The Likoni Ferry (from Mombasa to Likoni) is unsafe due to a combination of high crime rates, uncontrolled crowds, limited safety training, frequent breakdowns and inconsistent maintenance. Stampedes and overcrowding on the ferry have resulted in multiple injuries.

Pirate attacks and armed robbery against ships occur in coastal waters. Mariners should take appropriate precautions.

Live piracy report  - International Maritime Bureau

We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards.

Information about foreign domestic airlines

Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. The Government of Canada cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet your destination’s entry or exit requirements.

We have obtained the information on this page from Kenyan authorities. It can, however, change at any time.

Verify this information with the  Foreign Representatives in Canada .

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel.

Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Its rules on passport validity may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules.

Regular Canadian passport

Your passport must be valid for at least six months from the date of entry into Kenya.

Passport for official travel

Different entry rules may apply.

Official travel

Passport with “X” gender identifier

While the Government of Canada issues passports with an “X” gender identifier, it cannot guarantee your entry or transit through other countries. You might face entry restrictions in countries that do not recognize the “X” gender identifier. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Other travel documents

Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Useful links

• Foreign Representatives in Canada
• Canadian passports

Tourist visa: not required Transit visa: not required if you have a connecting flight and are not leaving the airport  Business visa: required Student visa: required Work Permit: required

As of January 1, 2024, tourists are required to apply and pay for an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) prior to their travel. You can still use issued valid tourist visas until they expire.

You must obtain your visa or eTA online prior to your departure. Be sure to check the visa validity immediately after issuance.

If you don’t have a valid visa, you could be detained, taken to court and charged for being in Kenya illegally. You could be subject to a fine or deportation.

Useful links :

Apply for an eTA  – Government of Kenya Kenyan Civil Aviation Authority  – Government of Kenya eVisa  – Kenyan Department of Immigration Services

Visa extension

Kenyan Immigration authorities may extend your visa for one month at a time, for a maximum of three months. Each extension costs KSH 1000, and must be requested while the visa is still valid.

To extend your visa, contact immigration authorities once you are in the country.

You must pay all visa fees in exact cash and only in U.S. dollars, British pound sterling or euros. You can’t pay for a visa with a credit card.

There is no fee for visas for children under 16 years.

East African tourist visa

The East African Tourist Visa allows for multiple entries to Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda.

This visa is valid for 90 days and cannot be extended.

You must obtain this visa from the authorities of the country that is your first entry point. If you plan to begin your trip in Kenya, you must obtain it from the High Commission for the Republic of Kenya or on arrival.

Work Permits

You must have a valid work permit to work or volunteer in Kenya. It is illegal to work or volunteer in Kenya with any other type of visa.

As a foreign worker in Kenya, you must carry the necessary work permits and documentation with you at all times, even when volunteering. Strict actions will be taken if you don’t comply, including deportation.

To obtain an electronic working permit, apply online with the Department of Immigration Services. You must visit the Kenya Immigration headquarters (Nyayo House in the Central Business District of Nairobi) after completing the online application to obtain your permit.

Apply for a work permit  - Kenyan Department of Immigration Services

NGO workers

Canadians planning to work or volunteer (including, temporarily or part-time) in Kenya for any period are required to have a work permit.

The National Council of NGOs can provide assistance in obtaining a work permit for individuals planning to work for a local NGO if contacted in advance.

If an employee moves from one organization to another, the first permit becomes void and the individual must apply for a new permit to work with the subsequent organization.

Consult with the NGO with whom you are planning to volunteer, as well as with the Kenya Immigration Foreign Nationals Services for full information and requirements.

More information about Kenyan work permits  - High commission of Kenya

• Children and travel

Learn more about travelling with children .

Yellow fever

Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever (vaccines section).

The Kenyan authorities regularly carry out spot checks for proof of yellow fever vaccinations. Carry a copy of your proof of vaccination with you at all times.

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• Zika virus: Advice for travellers - 31 August, 2023
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024
• Polio: Advice for travellers - 3 July, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

Yellow fever   is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is a risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• Proof of vaccination is required if you are coming from a country   where yellow fever occurs.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is recommended depending on your itinerary.
• Contact a designated  Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre  well in advance of your trip to arrange for vaccination.
• Discuss travel plans, activities, and destinations with a health care professional.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites .

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada * It is important to note that   country entry requirements   may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest   diplomatic or consular office   of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Practise  safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

This destination is in the African Meningitis Belt, an area which has the highest rates of meningococcal disease in the world. Meningococcal disease is a serious and sometimes fatal infection. 

Travellers who are at higher risk should discuss vaccination with a health care provider. High-risk travellers include those living or working with the local population (e.g., health care workers) or those travelling to crowded areas or taking part in large gatherings.

Malaria  is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by parasites spread through the bites of mosquitoes.   There is a risk of malaria in certain areas and/or during a certain time of year in this destination. 

Antimalarial medication may be recommended depending on your itinerary and the time of year you are travelling. Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic before travelling to discuss your options. It is recommended to do this 6 weeks before travel, however, it is still a good idea any time before leaving.    Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times:  • Cover your skin and use an approved insect repellent on uncovered skin.  • Exclude mosquitoes from your living area with screening and/or closed, well-sealed doors and windows. • Use insecticide-treated bed nets if mosquitoes cannot be excluded from your living area.  • Wear permethrin-treated clothing.    If you develop symptoms similar to malaria when you are travelling or up to a year after you return home, see a health care professional immediately. Tell them where you have been travelling or living. 

In this destination, rabies is commonly carried by dogs and some wildlife, including bats. Rabies is a deadly disease that spreads to humans primarily through bites or scratches from an infected animal. While travelling, take precautions , including keeping your distance from animals (including free-roaming dogs), and closely supervising children.

If you are bitten or scratched by a dog or other animal while travelling, immediately wash the wound with soap and clean water and see a health care professional. In this destination, rabies treatment may be limited or may not be available, therefore you may need to return to Canada for treatment.  

Before travel, discuss rabies vaccination with a health care professional. It may be recommended for travellers who are at high risk of exposure (e.g., occupational risk such as veterinarians and wildlife workers, children, adventure travellers and spelunkers, and others in close contact with animals). 

Polio (poliomyelitis) is an infectious disease that can be prevented by vaccination. It is caused by poliovirus type 1, 2 or 3. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus 2 (cVDPV2) is present in this country. Polio is spread from person to person and through contaminated food and water. Infection with the polio virus can cause paralysis and death in individuals of any age who are not immune.

Recommendations:

• Be sure that your polio vaccinations are up to date before travelling. Polio is part of the routine vaccine schedule for children in Canada.
• One booster dose of the polio vaccine is recommended as an adult .

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Cholera is a risk in parts of this country. Most travellers are at very low risk.

To protect against cholera, all travellers should practise safe food and water precautions .

Travellers at higher risk of getting cholera include those:

• visiting, working or living in areas with limited access to safe food, water and proper sanitation
• visiting areas where outbreaks are occurring

Vaccination may be recommended for high-risk travellers, and should be discussed with a health care professional.

Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions.

The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration (drinking lots of fluids). Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling.

Typhoid   is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time.

Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination.  

There is a risk of schistosomiasis in this destination. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by tiny worms (blood flukes) which can be found in freshwater (lakes, rivers, ponds, and wetlands). The worms can break the skin, and their eggs can cause stomach pain, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, or urinary problems. Schistosomiasis mostly affects underdeveloped and r ural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing communities.

Most travellers are at low risk. Travellers should avoid contact with untreated freshwater such as lakes, rivers, and ponds (e.g., swimming, bathing, wading, ingesting). There is no vaccine or medication available to prevent infection.

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

There is a risk of chikungunya in this country.  The risk may vary between regions of a country.  Chikungunya is a virus spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Chikungunya can cause a viral disease that typically causes fever and pain in the joints. In some cases, the joint pain can be severe and last for months or years.

Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times. There is no vaccine available for chikungunya.

Rift Valley fever is a viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can be fatal. It is spread to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, from the bite of an infected mosquito, or eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from insect bites and avoid animals, particularly livestock, and unpasteurized dairy. There is no vaccine available for Rift Valley fever.

Visceral  leishmaniasis   (or kala azar) affects the bone marrow and internal organs. It is caused by a parasite spread through the bite of a female sandfly. It can also be transmitted by blood transfusion or sharing contaminated needles. If left untreated it can cause death. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from sandfly bites, which typically occur after sunset in rural and forested areas and in some urban centres. There is no vaccine or medication to protect against leishmaniasis.

• In this country,   dengue  is a risk to travellers. It is a viral disease spread to humans by mosquito bites.
• Dengue can cause flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can lead to severe dengue, which can be fatal.
• The level of risk of dengue changes seasonally, and varies from year to year. The level of risk also varies between regions in a country and can depend on the elevation in the region.
• Mosquitoes carrying dengue typically bite during the daytime, particularly around sunrise and sunset.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites . There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue.

Zika virus is a risk in this country. 

Zika virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can also be sexually transmitted. Zika virus can cause serious birth defects.

During your trip:

• Prevent mosquito bites at all times.
• Use condoms correctly or avoid sexual contact, particularly if you are pregnant.

If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, you should discuss the potential risks of travelling to this destination with your health care provider. You may choose to avoid or postpone travel. 

For more information, see Zika virus: Pregnant or planning a pregnancy.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by bacteria. People can get sick with anthrax if they come into contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax can cause severe illness in both humans and animals. Travellers to areas where anthrax is common or where an outbreak is occurring in animals can get sick with anthrax if:

• they have contact with infected animal carcasses or eat meat from animals that were sick when slaughtered
• they handle animal parts, such as hides, wool or hair, or products made from those animal parts, such as animal hide drums.

If you are visiting these areas, do not eat raw or undercooked meat and avoid contact with livestock, wildlife, animal products, and animal carcasses.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria and usually affects the lungs.

For most travellers the risk of tuberculosis is low.

Travellers who may be at high risk while travelling in regions with risk of tuberculosis should discuss pre- and post-travel options with a health care professional.

High-risk travellers include those visiting or working in prisons, refugee camps, homeless shelters, or hospitals, or travellers visiting friends and relatives.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)   is a virus that attacks and impairs the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). 

High risk activities include anything which puts you in contact with blood or body fluids, such as unprotected sex and exposure to unsterilized needles for medications or other substances (for example, steroids and drugs), tattooing, body-piercing or acupuncture.

Medical services and facilities

Good medical facilities are available in Nairobi, but health-care standards in other parts of the country vary and can be very limited. Medical facilities may require proof of insurance or up-front payment before starting treatment.

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Travel health and safety

Keep in Mind...

The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.

Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a   travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

Identification

You must carry photo identification or a copy of your passport at all times. Police and immigration officials have the right to demand proof of your identification, residency or valid visas. You should cooperate with authorities if you are asked for identification. Failure to present proof of residence or a valid visa to authorities when requested to do so could result in fines or arrest. Keep a photocopy of your passport in a safe place, in case it's lost or confiscated.

Volunteering

It is illegal to work or volunteer in Kenya without a valid work permit. Kenyan authorities strictly enforce this law. Convicted offenders could face heavy fines, jail sentences of up to five years and deportation.

Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are severe. Convicted offenders can expect jail sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment and heavy fines. You could also face fines and jail time if you are convicted of being in a location where there are illegal drugs, even if they are not yours.

There are strict restrictions on the sale of alcoholic beverages and on consuming alcohol in public places.

Drugs, alcohol and travel

Smoking is prohibited in all public places. Convicted offenders could pay heavy fines or face a jail sentence.

Possession of ivory or other banned wildlife items, even if purchased outside of Kenya, is strictly prohibited. Killing, buying, selling or trading any protected wild animal or any of its parts is illegal. Offenders can be arrested and given lengthy prison sentences and heavy fines.

Photography

Photography of government buildings, foreign embassies and missions (including the Canadian High Commission), airports, military facilities or other sensitive locations is prohibited and may lead to arrest or detention.

Illegal and restricted items

Plastic bags.

The use, manufacture or importation of plastic bags, including garbage bags and shopping bags, is illegal. Convicted offenders, including tourists, can face very heavy fines (up to USD 40,000), imprisonment for up to two years, or both.

Plastic bag ban

The recreational and commercial flying of drones is strictly regulated.

You must seek the permission from the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority prior to your arrival. If you don't comply, you may be fined and your drone may be confiscated.

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drones) - Kenya Civil Aviation Authority

To carry firearms, you must obtain permission from local authorities prior to entering the country. Firearms are strictly forbidden in wildlife reserves and national parks.

Pornographic material

Possession of pornographic material is forbidden.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers

Kenyan law prohibits sexual acts between individuals of the same sex. Those convicted can face lengthy prison sentences.

Even though there are few convictions, 2SLGBTQI+ persons are routinely harassed by the police, and societal discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Kenya.

Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics

Dual citizenship

Dual citizenship is legally recognized in Kenya.

If you are a Canadian citizen, but also a citizen of Kenya, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited while you're there. You may also be subject to different entry/exit requirements .

Travellers with dual citizenship

International Child Abduction

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. It does not apply between Canada and Kenya.

If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in Kenya by an abducting parent:

• act as quickly as you can
• consult a lawyer in Canada and in Kenya to explore all the legal options for the return of your child
• report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children's Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre

If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies.

Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country's judicial affairs.

• International Child Abductions: A guide for affected parents
• Canadian embassies and consulates by destination
• Request emergency assistance

Traffic drives on the left.

While driving, drivers must always carry:

• a valid driver's licence
• vehicle registration documents
• proof of valid insurance
• a valid vehicle inspection certificate

These documents must be produced on demand by a police officer.

You must be at least 18 years old to drive a private motor vehicle in Kenya.

You may drive using a Canadian driver's licence for up to 90 days from the date of entry into Kenya.

An International Driving Permit is accepted, if presented with your original Canadian licence.

Residents of Kenya may apply for a Kenyan driver's licence with proof of a valid Canadian driver's licence.

If using a Canadian licence for any of the above cases, it must be in English or a certified translation must accompany it and be presented on demand.

Private motor vehicles must have 2 emergency triangles.

If you are stopped due to a traffic violation, the police officer may ask you to pay an on-the spot fine. Police, however, are not permitted to accept cash on the spot without issuing an official receipt. If you disagree with the traffic ticket, you have the right to ask for due process. The officer should provide you with information on when and where you can go to be properly charged, and then you may pursue that process.

International Driving Permit

Exercise common sense and discretion in your dress and behaviour, particularly in the coast region, where the majority of the population is Muslim.

To avoid offending local sensitivities:

• dress conservatively
• behave discreetly
• respect religious and social traditions

In 2025, the lunar month of Ramadan is expected to begin on or around February 28.

In public, between sunrise and sunset, be discreet when:

The currency is the Kenyan shilling (KES).

ATMs are widely available.

Credit cards are widely accepted at major hotels, but not always in more remote locations.

Many banks and hotels exchange foreign currency. It is also possible to convert Kenyan shillings into foreign currency at the airport upon departure.

M-PESA is a common form of electronic funds transfer accepted across Kenya, including at national parks. National parks do not accept cash and generally accept credit cards, but at times, due to technical difficulties, only payment via M-PESA is accepted.

Travellers who import the equivalent of U.S. $5,000 or more must provide documentation stating the source and purpose of the funds.

Rainy seasons and droughts

Drought is the most prevalent natural hazard in Kenya affecting mainly the eastern, north eastern and coast area, as well as parts of the Rift Valley.

There are normally two rainy seasons in Kenya: from October to November, and from late March to mid-June. Seasonal flooding and mudslides can hamper overland travel and reduce the provision of essential services. Roads may become impassable and bridges damaged.

If you reside in or are travelling to affected areas:

• exercise caution
• monitor local news and weather reports
• follow the advice of local authorities

Volcanoes and earthquakes

Natural disasters are possible due to regional volcanic and seismic activity. While there have not been any recent incidents, pay careful attention to all warnings issued.

Local services

There is no reliable centralized number to reach emergency services. Research and carry contact information for local police and medical facilities.

Consular assistance

Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda

For emergency consular assistance, call the High Commission of Canada in Kenya, in Nairobi, and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

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• Passports, travel and living abroad
• Travel abroad
• Foreign travel advice

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 999 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Kenya
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Kenya , including:

• malaria and dengue
• schistosomiasis

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Kenya. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro .

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro .

Healthcare in Kenya

FCDO has a list of medical facilities in Kenya .

There is also guidance on healthcare if you’re living in Kenya .

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health . There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro .

Related content

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Air Doctor’s Guide To The Yellow Fever Vaccine Before Travel

• July 19, 2024
• Lauren Stuttaford

So you’re planning an adventure to some of the world’s most vibrant and tropical regions? That’s amazing! But you’ll want all the info on yellow fever vaccine before travel to places like Africa or South America.

In this guide, we’ll walk you through what the yellow fever vaccine is, why it’s necessary for your travels, and what side effects you might expect. We’ll also discuss how to get your vaccination certificate, and what to do if you misplace it. Lastly, we’ll share some practical advice on when and where to get vaccinated before you head off on your adventure.

Let’s get you ready for a safe and amazing trip!

What Is Yellow Fever?

Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus and is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus mosquitoes. Unlike some other mosquito-borne illnesses, yellow fever can be both acute and severe, potentially leading to life-threatening complications.

Severe yellow fever can lead to serious health issues such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), bleeding, and organ failure, particularly affecting the liver and kidneys.

Symptoms of yellow fever typically appear 3 to 6 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include fever, chills, severe headache, back pain, general body aches, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, symptoms may progress to high fever, jaundice, bleeding, and multiple organ failure.

What Is The Yellow Fever Vaccine?

The yellow fever vaccine is a safe and highly effective way to protect yourself from yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The vaccine  is made from a live, weakened form of the yellow fever virus and is injected. It stimulates your immune system to develop immunity without causing the disease itself.

How It Works

When you receive the yellow fever vaccine, your body responds by producing antibodies. These antibodies help your immune system recognize and fight off the yellow fever virus if you are ever exposed to it in the future. This provides long-lasting protection, often for life.

Side Effects

Getting the yellow fever vaccine for travel is highly effective and generally safe. But, like any vaccine, it can cause some side effects.

Yellow fever vaccine side effects include:

• Muscle pain
• Soreness at the site of the injection

Countries That Require The Yellow Fever Vaccine For Travel

Many countries have specific entry requirements related to the yellow fever vaccine, especially those where yellow fever is endemic or where outbreaks occasionally occur.

These requirements are put in place to prevent the spread of the disease and to protect the health of residents and travelers alike. Here’s a list of countries that require that you have the yellow fever vaccine before travel:

• Burkina Faso
• Central African Republic
• Congo (Republic of)
• Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Equatorial Guinea
• Guinea-Bissau
• Sierra Leone
• South Sudan

South America:

• Argentina (certain regions)
• Ecuador (excluding the Galápagos Islands)
• French Guiana
• Panama (certain regions)
• Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad only)
• India (for travelers coming from countries known for having yellow fever)
• Indonesia (for travelers coming from countries known for having yellow fever)
• Thailand (for travelers coming from countries known for having yellow fever)
• Papua New Guinea (for travelers coming from countries known for having yellow fever)

Middle East

• Saudi Arabia (for travelers coming from countries known for having yellow fever)

If you’re unsure, you can always take a look at this list from the World Health Organization (WHO).

Getting Your Vaccine Certificate

After you receive your yellow fever vaccine, it’s crucial to get an official vaccination certificate. This document serves as proof of immunization, which may be necessary for entry into certain countries or for specific activities. Here’s what you need to know:

1. Visit a Certified Healthcare Provider: Make sure you get your vaccine from a certified healthcare provider, such as a travel clinic, hospital, or doctor’s office. These providers can issue valid vaccination certificates.

2. Request the Certificate: After your vaccination, ask for a certificate that includes the following information:

• Your full name and date of birth
• The name and batch number of the vaccine administered
• The date of vaccination
• The healthcare provider’s name, signature, and contact information
• An official stamp or seal from the issuing clinic or healthcare provider

3. Digital Certificates: Some healthcare providers offer digital vaccination certificates. These can be stored on your smartphone or printed as needed. Ensure the digital certificate contains all necessary information and is recognized by authorities.

Managing Your Vaccination Certificate

Proper management of your vaccination certificate is essential to ensure it remains valid and accessible when needed. Here’s how to handle it:

Store It: Store your physical vaccination certificate in a secure, easily accessible place, such as a travel document organizer or a dedicated folder.

Make Copies: Photocopy or scan your vaccination certificate and keep a digital copy on your phone or in cloud storage. This provides a backup in case the original is lost or damaged.

Update Regularly: If you receive booster shots or additional vaccines, ensure your certificate is updated accordingly. This can be done at the same healthcare provider where you received your initial vaccination.

Carry It When Traveling: Always carry your vaccination certificate with your travel documents, especially when traveling to countries that require proof of vaccination for entry.

What to Do If You Lose Your Certificate

Losing your vaccination certificate can be stressful, but here are steps you can take to replace it:

• Contact the Issuing Healthcare Provider: Reach out to the clinic or healthcare provider where you got your vaccine. They can issue a replacement certificate.
• Check Digital Records: If you have a digital copy of your vaccination certificate, print it out and ensure it includes all required details. Many health authorities now accept digital records.
• Consult National Health Databases: Some countries maintain national immunization registries. Check if your vaccination records are stored in such a database and request a copy.
• Visit a Travel Clinic: If you cannot retrieve your certificate from the original provider, a travel clinic may assist in verifying your vaccination status and issuing a new certificate.
• Document Your Vaccinations: Keep a personal record of all vaccinations, including dates, vaccine names, and healthcare provider details. This information can help healthcare providers recreate your vaccination history if needed.

When To Get The Yellow Fever Vaccine For Travel

Making sure you get the vaccine in time is important!

According to the NHS , you should get your vaccine at least 10 days before traveling.

Final Thoughts

Getting your vaccines is always a good idea. But things still happen!

If something does occur, you can always use the Air Doctor app.

With the Air Doctor app in your pocket, you can access medical advice, get prescriptions, and receive expert medical guidance wherever you are in the world!

Air Doctor’s easy-to-use app gives you:

• A global network of over 20,000 multi-lingual doctors and specialists
• Choice of clinic, at-home (hotel), and video consultations
• Active in 78 countries
• Cross border prescription services
• Video consultation services in up to 21 languages and 84 countries
• 24/7 multi-lingual support
• Transparent pricing, and reviews
• Most common medical specialties
• Rated 4.8 on Trustpilot and 5 stars on Google

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Jenny Cohen Derfler

Air dr ceo & co-founder.

Jenny is the CEO and one of the Co-Founders at Air Doctor. She spent more than 20 years at Intel, most recently as general manager of its manufacturing facility in Israel and before that in various engineering and manufacturing roles in Silicon Valley. Air Doctor is her second startup having previously founded electric vehicle company ElectRoad.

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Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Persons

What to know.

This page summarizes general recommendations for vaccinating pregnant people with routine vaccines, travel vaccines, and other vaccines. You can reference the table below to find detailed recommendations for each vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

General Recommendations for Vaccinating Pregnant People

Routine vaccines.

• COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for persons who are pregnant , might become pregnant, were recently pregnant or are breastfeeding. The safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination indicates that the benefits of vaccination outweigh any known or potential risks of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.
• Pregnancy is a precaution for Dengvaxia. Vaccination should generally be deferred but might be indicated if the benefit of protection from the vaccine outweighs the risk for an adverse reaction. 1
• Pregnant females, who are at increased risk for dengue-related complications, were not specifically studied in the Dengvaxia trial. The limited number of pregnant females inadvertently vaccinated during the trial had a similar frequency of adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, and stillbirth) as occurred in the control group; however, the number of vaccinated pregnant females was not sufficient to determine a possible effect of Dengvaxia on pregnancy. 1

Hepatitis A

• Pregnant women should be vaccinated with HepA vaccine if they are identified to be at risk for HAV infection during pregnancy (e.g., international travelers, persons who use injection or noninjection drugs [i.e., all those who use illegal drugs], persons who have occupational risk for infection, persons who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee, or persons experiencing homelessness) or for having a severe outcome from HAV infection (e.g., persons with chronic liver disease or persons with HIV infection)
• The safety of hepatitis A vaccination during pregnancy has not been determined; however, because hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) is produced from inactivated HAV, the theoretic risk to the developing fetus is expected to be low. The risk associated with vaccination should be weighed against the risk for hepatitis A in pregnant women who might be at high risk for exposure to HAV. 2
• Pregnant women should be vaccinated with HepA vaccine if they are at risk for infection or severe outcome from infection during pregnancy.

Hepatitis B

• Pregnancy is not a contraindication to vaccination. Limited data suggest that developing fetuses are not at risk for adverse events when hepatitis B vaccine is administered to pregnant women. Available vaccines contain noninfectious HBsAg and should cause no risk of infection to the fetus. 3
• Note: Heplisav-B and PreHevbrio are not recommended in pregnancy due to lack of safety data in pregnant women. Therefore, providers should continue to use Engerix-B, Recombivax HB, or Twinrix for individuals needing hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy. 4

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

• HPV vaccines are not recommended for use in pregnant women . If a woman is found to be pregnant after initiating the vaccination series, the remainder of the 3-dose series should be delayed until completion of pregnancy. Pregnancy testing is not needed before vaccination. If a vaccine dose has been inadvertently administered during pregnancy, no intervention is needed. 5
• A pregnancy registry has been established for 9vHPV. Pregnancy registries for 4vHPV and 2vHPV have been closed with concurrence from FDA. 6

Influenza (Inactivated or Recombinant)

• Pregnant and postpartum women are at higher risk for severe illness and complications from influenza than women who are not pregnant because of changes in the immune system, heart, and lungs during pregnancy…. Influenza vaccination can be administered at any time during pregnancy, before and during the influenza season. Women who are or will be pregnant during influenza season should receive inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) or recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV) . 7

Influenza (LAIV)

• · Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/rr/rr7202a1.htm HYPERLINK "bookmark://R7" 7
• Available human data on JYNNEOS administered to pregnant women are insufficient to determine vaccine-associated risks in pregnancy. However, animal models, including rats and rabbits, have shown no evidence of harm to a developing fetus. 8
• Vaccine recipients might consider avoiding high-risk exposures until after temporary conditions (e.g., pregnancy or transient therapy with immunocompromising therapeutics) are completed. If high-risk exposures cannot be avoided, persons who are pregnant, immunocompromised, or breastfeeding or who have atopic dermatitis may receive JYNNEOS in consultation with their health care provider and after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. 8

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)

• MMR vaccines should not be administered to women known to be pregnant or attempting to become pregnant. Because of the theoretical risk to the fetus when the mother receives a live virus vaccine, women should be counseled to avoid becoming pregnant for 28 days after receipt of MMR vaccine. If the vaccine is inadvertently administered to a pregnant woman or a pregnancy occurs within 28 days of vaccination, she should be counseled about the theoretical risk to the fetus. 9
• Routine pregnancy testing of women of childbearing age before administering a live-virus vaccine is not recommended. MMR or varicella vaccination during pregnancy should not be considered a reason to terminate pregnancy. 10
• Rubella-susceptible women who are not vaccinated because they state they are or may be pregnant should be counseled about the potential risk for CRS and the importance of being vaccinated as soon as they are no longer pregnant. 11

Meningococcal (MenACWY or MPSV4)

• Pregnancy should not preclude vaccination with MenACWY, if indicated . Women of childbearing age who become aware that they were pregnant at the time of MenACWY vaccination should contact their health-care provider or the vaccine manufacturer so that their experience might be captured in the vaccine manufacturer’s registry of vaccination during pregnancy. 12

Meningococcal (MenB)

• No randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate use of MenB vaccines in pregnant or lactating women. Vaccination should be deferred in pregnant and lactating women unless the woman is at increased risk, and, after consultation with her health care provider, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the potential risks. 12

Pneumococcal Conjugate (PCV)

• ACIP has not published pregnancy recommendations for any PCV product at this time. 13

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide (PPSV23)

• The safety of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been evaluated, although no adverse consequences have been reported among newborns whose mothers were inadvertently vaccinated during pregnancy. 13

Polio (IPV)

• Although no adverse effects of IPV have been documented among pregnant women or their fetuses, vaccination of pregnant women should be avoided on theoretical grounds. However, if a pregnant woman is at increased risk for infection and requires immediate protection against polio, IPV can be administered in accordance with the recommended schedules for adults. 14

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

• Note: Only Pfizer RSVpreF (Abrysvo) may be administered to pregnant persons; Arexvy (GSK) and mRESVIA (Moderna) vaccines should not be administered during pregnancy. 15
• Administering maternal RSVpreF vaccine starting in September (1–2 months before the anticipated start of the RSV season) and continuing through January (2–3 months before the anticipated end of the RSV season) will maximize cost-effectiveness and benefits. In jurisdictions with RSV seasonality that differs from most of the continental United States, including Alaska, southern Florida, Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands, providers should follow state, local, or territorial guidance on timing of maternal RSVpreF vaccination. 15

Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap); Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td)

• Health-care personnel should administer a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy irrespective of the patient’s prior history of receiving Tdap . To maximize the maternal antibody response and passive antibody transfer to the infant, optimal timing for Tdap administration is between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation although Tdap may be given at any time during pregnancy. 16
• Currently available data suggest that vaccinating earlier in the 27 through 36–week period will maximize passive antibody transfer to the infant. 16
• For women not previously vaccinated with Tdap, if Tdap is not administered during pregnancy, Tdap should be administered immediately postpartum. 16
• Available data from studies do not suggest any elevated frequency or unusual patterns of adverse events in pregnant women who received Tdap and that the few serious adverse events reported were unlikely to have been caused by the vaccine. 17
• Wound Management: If a Td booster is indicated for a pregnant woman, health-care providers should administer Tdap.
• Unknown or Incomplete Tetanus Vaccination: To ensure protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus, pregnant women who never have been vaccinated against tetanus should receive three vaccinations containing tetanus and reduced diphtheria toxoids. The recommended schedule is 0, 4 weeks and 6 through 12 months. Tdap should replace 1 dose of Td, preferably between 27 and 36 weeks’ gestation. 16
• Providers are encouraged to report administration of Tdap to a pregnant woman, regardless of trimester, to the appropriate manufacturer’s pregnancy registry: for Adacel® to Sanofi Pasteur, telephone 1-800-822-2463 and for Boostrix® to GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, telephone 1-888-452-9622. 17
• Because the effects of the varicella virus on the fetus are unknown, pregnant women should not be vaccinated . Nonpregnant women who are vaccinated should avoid becoming pregnant for 1 month after each injection. For persons without evidence of immunity, having a pregnant household member is not a contraindication for vaccination. 18
• Wild-type varicella poses a low risk to the fetus. Because the virulence of the attenuated virus used in the vaccine is less than that of the wild-type virus, the risk to the fetus, if any, should be even lower. 18
• Routine pregnancy testing of women of childbearing age before administering a live-virus vaccine is not recommended. If a pregnant woman is inadvertently vaccinated or becomes pregnant within 4 weeks after MMR or varicella vaccination, she should be counseled about the theoretical basis of concern for the fetus; however, MMR or varicella vaccination during pregnancy should not be considered a reason to terminate pregnancy. 10
• To monitor the pregnancy outcomes of women inadvertently vaccinated with VZV-containing vaccines immediately before or during pregnancy, Merck and CDC established the Merck/CDC Pregnancy Registry for VZV-Containing Vaccines in 1995. The low rate of exposure of varicella-susceptible women of childbearing age to VZV-containing vaccines, in addition to the rarity of the outcome, contribute to the low feasibility that the registry will provide more robust data on the risk for congenital varicella syndrome within a reasonable timeframe. New patient enrollment was discontinued as of October 16, 2013. Merck will continue to monitor pregnancy outcomes after inadvertent exposures to VZV-containing vaccines during pregnancy or within 3 months before conception. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration will continue to monitor adverse events after vaccination with VZV-containing vaccines through the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). New cases of exposure immediately before or during pregnancy or other adverse events after vaccination with Varivax and ProQuad should be reported to Merck (telephone, 1-877-888-4231) and to VAERS . 19
• There is currently no ACIP recommendation for Shingrix (RZV) use in pregnancy . Consider delaying RZV until after pregnancy. 20

Non-Routine Vaccines

• Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral is contraindicated for use in pregnant women. Avoid becoming pregnant following vaccination for at least 6 weeks after vaccination to prevent the fetus from being exposed to adenovirus. 21
• Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral contains live virus that is shed in the stool for up to 28 days following vaccination and can cause disease if transmitted. It is given to individuals, undergoing intensive military training, who have limited contact with pregnant women, children under age seven and persons with compromised immune systems. 21
• In a pre-event setting , in which the risk for exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores is presumably low, vaccination of pregnant women is not recommended and should be deferred until after pregnancy. 22
• In a post-event setting that poses a high risk for exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores, pregnancy is neither a precaution nor a contraindication to PEP. Pregnant women at risk for inhalation anthrax should receive AVA and 60 days of antimicrobial therapy as described. 22
• No data exist on use of the currently licensed CVD 103-HgR during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Prospective travelers who are pregnant and their clinicians should consider the risks associated with traveling to areas with active cholera transmission. 23
• Human data available from clinical trials with Ervebo are insufficient to establish the presence or absence of vaccine-associated risk during pregnancy. The decision regarding whether to vaccinate a pregnant woman should involve consideration of the woman’s risk for exposure to EBOV. 24

Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

• Pregnancy is a precaution for the use of JE-VC. Vaccination with JE vaccine usually should be deferred because of a theoretical risk for the developing fetus. However, pregnant people who must travel to an area in which risk for JE is high should be vaccinated if the benefits outweigh the risks of vaccination to the mother and developing fetus. 25
• Because of the potential consequences of inadequately managed rabies exposure, pregnancy is not considered a contraindication to postexposure prophylaxis . Certain studies have indicated no increased incidence of abortion, premature births, or fetal abnormalities associated with rabies vaccination.
• If the risk of exposure to rabies is substantial, pre-exposure prophylaxis also might be indicated during pregnancy . Rabies exposure or the diagnosis of rabies in the mother should not be regarded as reasons to terminate the pregnancy. 26

Tick-borne Encephalitis

• TBE virus infection can pose a risk for severe illness in pregnant persons; thus, the benefits of vaccinating pregnant persons when the likelihood of infection is high likely outweigh the potential risks. 27
• No data have been reported on the use of either typhoid vaccine in pregnant women. In general, live vaccines like Ty21a are contraindicated in pregnancy. Vi polysaccharide vaccine should be given to pregnant women only if clearly needed. 28

Vaccinia (Smallpox)

• Because of the limited risk but severe consequences of fetal infection, smallpox vaccine should not be administered in a pre-event setting to pregnant women or to women who are trying to become pregnant. 29
• If a pregnant woman is inadvertently vaccinated or if she becomes pregnant within 4 weeks after smallpox vaccination, she should be counseled regarding concern for the fetus. Smallpox vaccination during pregnancy should not ordinarily be a reason to terminate pregnancy. CDC has established a pregnancy registry to prospectively follow the outcome of such pregnancies and facilitate the investigation of any adverse pregnancy outcome among pregnant women who were inadvertently vaccinated. For enrollment in the registry, contact CDC at 404-639-8253. 29
• Pregnant women who have had a definite exposure to smallpox virus (i.e., face-to-face, household, or close-proximity contact with a smallpox patient) and are, therefore, at high risk for contracting the disease, should be vaccinated. Smallpox infection among pregnant women has been reported to result in a more severe infection than among nonpregnant women. Therefore, the risks to the mother and fetus from experiencing clinical smallpox substantially outweigh any potential risks regarding vaccination. In addition, vaccinia virus has not been documented to be teratogenic, and the incidence of fetal vaccinia is low. 29
• When the level of exposure risk is undetermined, the decision to vaccinate should be made after assessment by the clinician and the patient of the potential risks versus the benefits of smallpox vaccination. 30

Yellow Fever

• Pregnancy is a precaution for YF vaccine administration, compared with most other live vaccines, which are contraindicated in pregnancy. If travel is unavoidable, and the risks for YFV exposure are felt to outweigh the vaccination risks, a pregnant woman should be vaccinated. If the risks for vaccination are felt to outweigh the risks for YFV exposure, pregnant women should be issued a medical waiver to fulfill health regulations. 31
• Because pregnancy might affect immunologic function, serologic testing to document an immune response to the vaccine should be considered. 31
• Although no specific data are available, a woman should wait 4 weeks after receiving YF vaccine before conceiving. 31

Breastfeeding and Vaccination

Breastfeeding is a contraindication for smallpox vaccination , and yellow fever vaccine should be avoided in breastfeeding women if possible. Other vaccines should not affect the safety of breastfeeding and can be given to breastfeeding women if otherwise indicated. Per ACIP:

• “Neither inactivated nor live-virus vaccines administered to a lactating woman affect the safety of breastfeeding for women or their infants. Although live viruses in vaccines can replicate in vaccine recipients (i.e., the mother), the majority of live viruses in vaccines have been demonstrated not to be excreted in human milk. Varicella vaccine virus has not been found in human milk. Although rubella vaccine virus might be excreted in human milk, the virus usually does not infect the infant. If infection does occur, it is well tolerated because the virus is attenuated. Inactivated, recombinant, subunit, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines, as well as toxoids, pose no risk for mothers who are breastfeeding or for their infants.” 8
• “ Breastfeeding is a contraindication for smallpox vaccination of the mother because of the theoretical risk for contact transmission from mother to infant. Yellow fever vaccine should be avoided in breastfeeding women . However, when nursing mothers cannot avoid or postpone travel to areas endemic for yellow fever in which risk for acquisition is high, these women should be vaccinated.” 8

FDA Pregnancy Categories

Regulation traditionally required that each product be classified under one of five pregnancy categories (A, B, C, D, and X) on the basis of risk of reproductive and developmental adverse effects or, for certain categories, on the basis of such risk weighted against potential benefits.

As of August 2016, most vaccines have not yet converted from the FDA letter categories, and are rated in manufacturers’ package inserts as follows:

• Pregnancy Category B : Human Papillomavirus, Influenza (Fluarix, FluLaval, Afluria, Flublok, Flucelvax, Fluzone, Fluzone Intradermal, Fluvirin, Fluad, FluMist), Japanese Encephalitis (Ixiaro), Meningococcal (Menveo), Tdap (Boostrix), Meningococcal B.
• Pregnancy Category C : Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Influenza (Fluzone High Dose, FluMist), MMR, Meningococcal ACWY (Menactra, Menomune), Pneumococcal (Pneumovax23), Td, Tdap (Adacel), Japanese Encephalitis (JE-VAX), Rabies, Typhoid.
• Pregnancy Category D : Anthrax, Vaccinia.

Vaccines that have converted from the letter categories as of August 2016 are:

• Pneumococcal (Prevnar13) – “Available data on Prevnar 13 administered to pregnant women are insufficient to inform vaccine-associated risks in pregnancy.”
• Polio – “Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with IPOL vaccine. It is also not known whether IPOL vaccine can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. IPOL vaccine should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.”
• Varicella: Contraindication. Varivax should not be administered to pregnant females since wild-type varicella can sometimes cause congenital varicella infection. Pregnancy should be avoided for three months following vaccination with Varivax.
• Yellow Fever: “It is also not known whether YF-195 VAX can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. 196 YF-VAX should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.”
• Zoster: There is currently no ACIP recommendation for RZV use in pregnancy. Consider delaying RZV until after pregnancy.
• CDC. Dengue vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), United States, 2021. MMWR. 2021; 70 (No. RR-6): 1–16. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7006a1 .
• CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2020. MMWR. 2020; 69 (No. RR-5):1–38. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1 .
• CDC. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2018; 67 (No. RR-1): 1–31. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1 .
• CDC. Universal hepatitis B Vaccination in adults aged 19–59 years: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022; 71: 477–483. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7113a1 .
• CDC. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2014; 63 (No. 5): 1–30.
• CDC. Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2015; 64 (No. 11): 303.
• CDC. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2023–24 Influenza Season. MMWR. 2023; 72 (No. RR-2): 1–25. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7202a1 .
• CDC. Use of JYNNEOS (smallpox and monkeypox vaccine, live, nonreplicating) for preexposure vaccination of persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022; 71: 734–742. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1 .
• CDC. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP ). MMWR. 2013; 62 (No. RR-4): 13.
• CDC. General best practice guidelines for immunization: special situations. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/special-situations.html .
• CDC. Measles, mumps, and rubella — vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1998; 47 (No. RR-8): 18, 32-33.
• CDC. Meningococcal vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), United States, 2020. MMWR. 2020; 69 (No. RR-9): 1–41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6909a1.
• CDC. Pneumococcal vaccine for adults aged ≥19 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), United States, 2023. MMWR. 2023; 72 (No. RR-3): 1–39. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7203a1 .
• CDC. Use of inactivated polio vaccine among U.S. adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2023. MMWR. 2023; 72:1327–1330. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7249a3 .
• CDC. Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2023. MMWR. 2023; 72: 1115–1122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7241e1 .
• CDC. Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2019. MMWR. 2020; 69: 77–83. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6903a5 .
• 17. CDC. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2018; 67 (No. RR-2): 1–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6702a1 .
• CDC. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2007; 56 (No. RR-4): 28, 31.
• CDC. Closure of varicella-zoster virus–containing vaccines pregnancy registry — United States, 2013. MMWR. 2014; 63 (No. 33): 732-33.
• CDC. Use of recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised adults aged ≥19 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022; 71: 80–84. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a2 .
• FDA. Adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine, live, oral . Package insert.
• CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2010; 59 (No. RR-6): 19-21.
• CDC. Cholera vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2022. MMWR. 2022; 71 (No. RR-2): 1–8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7102a1 .
• CDC. Use of ebola vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), United States, 2020. MMWR. 2021; 70 (No. RR-1):1–12. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7001a1 .
• CDC. Japanese encephalitis vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2019; 68 (No. RR-2): 1–33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6802a1 .
• CDC. Human rabies prevention — United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2008; 57 (No. RR-3): 20-21.
• CDC. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), United States, 2023. MMWR. 2023; 72 (No. RR-5): 1–29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7205a1.
• CDC. Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015. MMWR. 2015; 64 (No. 11): 307.
• CDC. Recommendations for using smallpox vaccine in a pre-event vaccination program: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) . MMWR. 2003; 52 (No. RR-7): 9-11.
• CDC. Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2001; 50 (No. RR-10): 12 & 19.
• CDC. Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) . MMWR. 2010; 59 (No. RR-7): 13 & 21.

Pregnancy & Vaccines

Getting recommended vaccines before or while you are pregnant helps protect both you and your baby from potentially serious diseases.

For Everyone

Health care providers.

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• Section 2 - Interactions Between Travel Vaccines & Drugs
• Section 2 - Travelers’ Diarrhea

Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country

Cdc yellow book 2024.

Author(s): Mark Gershman, Rhett Stoney (Yellow Fever) Holly Biggs, Kathrine Tan (Malaria)

The following pages present country-specific information on yellow fever (YF) vaccine requirements and recommendations, and malaria transmission information and prevention recommendations. Country-specific maps are included to aid in interpreting the information. The information in this chapter was accurate at the time of publication; however, it is subject to change at any time due to changes in disease transmission or, in the case of YF, changing entry requirements for travelers. Updated information reflecting changes since publication can be found in the online version of this book and on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers’ Health website. Recommendations for prevention of other travel-associated illnesses can also be found on the CDC Travelers’ Health website .

Yellow Fever Vaccine

Entry requirements.

Entry requirements for proof of YF vaccination under the International Health Regulations (IHR) differ from CDC’s YF vaccination recommendations. Under the IHR, countries are permitted to establish YF vaccine entry requirements to prevent the importation and transmission of YF virus within their boundaries. Certain countries require proof of vaccination from travelers arriving from all countries ( Table 5-25 ); some countries require proof of vaccination only for travelers above a certain age coming from countries with risk for YF virus transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines areas with risk for YF virus transmission as countries or areas where YF virus activity has been reported currently or in the past, and where vectors and animal reservoirs exist.

Unless issued a medical waiver by a yellow fever vaccine provider, travelers must comply with entry requirements for proof of vaccination against YF.

WHO publishes a list of YF vaccine country entry requirements and recommendations for international travelers approximately annually. But because entry requirements are subject to change at any time, health care professionals and travelers should refer to the online version of this book and the CDC Travelers’ Health website for any updates before departure.

CDC Recommendations

CDC’s YF vaccine recommendations are guidance intended to protect travelers from acquiring YF virus infections during international travel. These recommendations are based on a classification system for destination-specific risk for YF virus transmission: endemic, transitional, low potential for exposure, and no risk ( Table 2-08 ). CDC recommends YF vaccination for travel to areas classified as having endemic or transitional risk (Maps 5-10 and 5-11 ). Because of changes in YF virus circulation, however, recommendations can change; therefore, before departure, travelers and clinicians should check CDC’s destination pages for up-to-date YF vaccine information.

Duration of Protection

In 2015, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices published a recommendation that 1 dose of YF vaccine provides long-lasting protection and is adequate for most travelers. The recommendation also identifies specific groups of travelers who should receive additional doses, and others for whom additional doses should be considered (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 26, Yellow Fever ). In July 2016, WHO officially amended the IHR to stipulate that a completed International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is valid for the lifetime of the vaccinee, and YF vaccine booster doses are not necessary. Moreover, countries cannot require proof of revaccination (booster) against YF as a condition of entry, even if the traveler’s last vaccination was >10 years ago.

Ultimately, when deciding whether to vaccinate travelers, clinicians should take into account destination-specific risks for YF virus infection, and individual risk factors (e.g., age, immune status) for serious YF vaccine–associated adverse events, in the context of the entry requirements. See Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 26, Yellow Fever , for a full discussion of YF disease and vaccination guidance.

Table 2-08 Yellow fever (YF) vaccine recommendation categories 1

Malaria prevention.

The following recommendations to protect travelers from malaria were developed using the best available data from multiple sources. Countries are not required to submit malaria surveillance data to CDC. On an ongoing basis, CDC actively solicits data from multiple sources, including WHO (main and regional offices); national malaria control programs; international organizations; CDC overseas offices; US military; academic, research, and aid organizations; and the published scientific literature. The reliability and accuracy of those data are also assessed.

If the information is available, trends in malaria incidence and other data are considered in the context of malaria control activities within a given country or other mitigating factors (e.g., natural disasters, wars, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic) that can affect the ability to control malaria or accurately count and report it. Factors such as the volume of travel to that country and the number of acquired cases reported in the US surveillance system are also examined. In developing its recommendations, CDC considers areas within countries where malaria transmission occurs, substantial occurrences of antimalarial drug resistance, the proportions of species present, and the available malaria prophylaxis options.

Clinicians should use these recommendations in conjunction with an individual risk assessment and consider not only the destination but also the detailed itinerary, including specific cities, types of accommodations, season, and style of travel, as well as special health conditions (e.g., pregnancy). Several medications are available for malaria prophylaxis. When deciding which drug to use, consider the itinerary and length of trip, travelers’ previous adverse reactions to antimalarials, drug allergies, medical history, and drug costs. For a thorough discussion of malaria and guidance for prophylaxis, see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 16, Malaria .

Entry requirements : Required for travelers ≥1 year old arriving from countries with risk for YF virus transmission. 1

CDC recommendations : Recommended for travelers ≥9 months old going to all mainland areas east of the Canal Zone including Darién Province, the indigenous provinces (comarcas indígena) of Emberá and Kuna Yala (also spelled Guna Yala), and areas of the provinces of Colón and Panamá, east of the Canal Zone. Not recommended for travel limited to the Canal Zone; areas west of the Canal Zone; Panama City (the capital); Balboa district (Pearl Islands) of Panamá Province; or the San Blas Islands of Kuna Yala Province.

• The provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Colón, Darién, Panamá, and Veraguas
• The indigenous provinces (comarcas indígena) of Emberá, Kuna Yala (also spelled Guna Yala) and Ngäbe-Buglé
• No malaria transmission in the province of Panamá Oeste, in the Canal Zone, or in Panama City (the capital)
• Chloroquine (east of the Panama Canal)
• P. vivax (97%)
• P. falciparum  (3%)
• Darién, Emberá, Kuna Yala, and eastern Panamá Provinces : Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, primaquine 5 , tafenoquine 3
• Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Colón, Veraguas, and Ngäbe-Buglé Provinces : Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, primaquine 5 , tafenoquine 3

Related Maps

• Map 2-11 Yellow fever vaccine recommendations for Panama & neighboring countries

Map 2-12 Malaria prevention in Panama

Other vaccines to consider.

See Health Information for Travelers to Panama .

Map 2-11 Yellow fever vaccine recommendations for Panama & neighboring countries 1

View Larger

1 Current as of November 2022. This is an update of the 2010 map created by the Informal WHO Working Group on the Geographic Risk of Yellow Fever.

2 Refers to Plasmodium falciparum malaria, unless otherwise noted.

3 Tafenoquine can cause potentially life-threatening hemolysis in people with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Rule out G6PD deficiency with a quantitative laboratory test before prescribing tafenoquine to patients.

4 Mosquito avoidance includes applying topical mosquito repellant, sleeping under an insecticide-treated mosquito net, and wearing protective clothing (e.g., long pants and socks, long-sleeve shirt). For additional details on insect bite precautions, see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods.

5 Primaquine can cause potentially life-threatening hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency. Rule out G6PD deficiency with a quantitative laboratory test before prescribing primaquine to patients.

6 P. knowlesi is a malaria species with a simian (macaque) host. Human cases have been reported from most countries in Southwest Asia and are associated with activities in forest or forest-fringe areas. P. knowlesi has no known resistance to antimalarials.

Yellow Fever Maps

2 In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded its YF vaccination recommendations for travelers going to Brazil because of a large YF outbreak in multiple states in that country. Please refer to the CDC  Travelers’ Health website for more information and updated recommendations.

3 YF vaccination is generally not recommended for travel to areas where the potential for YF virus exposure is low. Vaccination might be considered, however, for a small subset of travelers going to these areas who are at increased risk for exposure to YF virus due to prolonged travel, heavy exposure to mosquitoes, or inability to avoid mosquito bites. Factors to consider when deciding whether to vaccinate a traveler include destination-specific and travel-associated risks for YF virus infection; individual, underlying risk factors for having a serious YF vaccine–associated adverse event; and destination entry requirements.

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Mark D. Gershman, Emily S. Jentes, Rhett J. Stoney (Yellow Fever) Kathrine R. Tan, Paul M. Arguin (Malaria)

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