journey of netflix

How and When Did Netflix Start? A Brief History of the Company

You probably watch or hear about a Netflix show everyday. Here's the story of how the streaming juggernaut came to dominate home entertainment.

The top video streaming service, Netflix, started by shipping DVDs to customers by mail. Fast forward a few decades, and Netflix consumes more than 15 percent of the world's internet bandwidth and has subscribers in more than 190 countries.

How did it achieve such staggering success? It has been a long road of trial and error, luck, and perfect timing. This article covers the history behind Netflix, including how it started, when it became an online streaming service, and all the key milestones in the company's journey.

The Idea Behind Netflix

Netflix was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in a small California city called Scotts Valley in Santa Cruz county.

Hastings has said the idea was sparked by a $40 fine he got for renting the movie Apollo 13 from long-dead Blockbuster and returning it six weeks late. While working out at the gym one day, the sting of the fine inspired him to think of a service that allowed one to order a movie online and get it by mail.

According to Marc Randolph, this story is false and was just a marketing gag. Instead, in early 1997, Reed was the CEO of the company they worked for (Pure Atria), and Marc was its VP of Corporate Marketing. Because a looming merger with another firm would leave them both out of a job, Marc says Reed had told him, "Let's come up with an idea and you can run it and I'll fund it."

As they carpooled to work every day from their homes in Santa Cruz to Silicon Valley, Marc, who wanted to start something like Amazon, pitched all sorts of e-commerce ideas to Reed: surfboards, custom-built baseball bats, personalized dog food, and home-delivery shampoo. To all of them, Reed's reply was simply, "that will never work."

Then, Marc heard of a hot new product invented in Japan called the DVD. He realized DVDs would soon replace VHS Cassettes, and after a bit of brainstorming in the car on Highway 17, Reed was sold on the idea.

On a hot summer in 1997, Marc and Reed walked into Logos Books & Records in Santa Cruz, bought a CD of Patsy Cline's greatest hits, and mailed it to Reed's house a few blocks across the town. When the CD arrived intact, they knew they had found their ticket to e-commerce glory.

On August 29, 1997, Netflix was registered and set up using at least $1.9 million from Reed Hastings, and other investors later supplemented this capital. Hastings became Chairman with 70% ownership, and Marc Randolph, the CEO and a minority owner.

The Early Days of Netflix

After a few iterations in its first few years, Netflix eventually crafted a successful business model: a subscription-based service with no due dates or late fees and unlimited access to content at $19.95.

It also had a queue that subscribers use to specify the order in which DVDs should be mailed to them and a delivery system that automatically mails out a DVD as soon as the previous DVD is returned.

At first, Netflix would pack the DVDs in white envelopes, and it wasn't until 2000 that Netflix changed them to yellow envelopes. Afterward, it only took the company one year to switch to the iconic red envelopes we're more familiar with. The DVDs arrived in a thin package with a postage-paid return sleeve inside, and Netflix covered all postage costs.

The rest, as they say, is history. This formula proved a hit, and Netflix steadily added subscribers. Within five years of launch, Netflix was shipping millions of DVDs daily, and it quickly became one of the best places to rent movies online .

Key Netflix Milestones

As you can see, Netflix didn't become one of the best streaming services in the world instantly; it took the company a lot of time and effort before it became what it is today. Here are a few milestones that made Netflix the streaming giant we know and love.

August 29, 1997 : Netflix is registered in Scotts Valley, California. The service is called Kibble in beta testing, a kind of dog food to remind the team of the old advertising adage that "It doesn't matter how good your dog food advertising campaign is if the dogs won't eat the dog food."

April 14, 1998 : The website launches as Netflix at 9 am. The video library has approximately 900 titles. Marc orders the movie Casino as a test, and it works. Within 15 minutes, the website crashes as other orders start coming in, forcing them to run to the store to buy more servers. At the end of the first day, they booked 137 orders.

1999 : A total of 239,000 subscribers sign up. Netflix's video library expands to 3,100 titles. After a meeting between Marc and Sony goes bad and growth becomes sluggish, Reed demotes Marc to President and takes over as CEO.

2000 : Reed Hastings approaches former Blockbuster CEO John Antioco and asks him to buy Netflix for $50 million. During the meeting, John turns him down and laughs at Reed and the Netflix team.

2001 : Netflix hits one million subscribers and continues to grow.

2002 : Netflix goes public in May. The IPO raises $82.1 million and values Netflix at $309.7 million. Reed has 500,000 shares, and Marc has 166,000 shares.

Netflix opens regional warehouses, bringing overnight delivery in response to subscriber complaints that it took too long to get their DVDs.

2003 : Marc Randolph leaves Netflix and sells his shares.

2006 : Netflix finally becomes profitable, generating more than $80 million. Subscribers rise to 6.3 million.

2007 : Netflix begins streaming content, delivering directly to TVs, computers, and tablets through its Watch Now service. The first trial is in Canada. The service launches with 1,000 titles and is included free in Netflix's $5.99 per month physical DVD subscription tier.

2010 : Netflix changes its focus to streaming and introduces it to the United States. Reed tells investors, "three years ago, we were a DVD by-mail company that offered some streaming. We are now a streaming company which also offers DVD by mail."

Blockbuster files for bankruptcy.

2011 : Netflix splits its streaming business and its DVD rental business into two distinct subscription packages: Netflix for streaming and Qwikster for DVD rentals. Reed reverses the unpopular decision in less than a month after 800,000 subscribers abandon Netflix.

2012 : Netflix starts making original shows. Its first show is Lilyhammer, followed by House of Cards in 2013. Since then, it has produced over 1,900 originals (becoming one of the best streaming services for original content ), many of which, like Squid Game and The Crown, have gone on to be tremendously popular and won many awards.

2013 : Netflix introduces user profiles and rolls this feature out to all Netflix subscribers in August.

2015 : Netflix is present in 50 countries.

2016 : Netflix goes live in 130 countries simultaneously and adds local languages to its user interface, subtitles, and dubbing.

2017 : Netflix officially hits 100 million subscribers worldwide.

2021 : Netflix hits 209 million subscribers in over 190 countries. Notable exceptions are North Korea, Syria, China, and Iran. It has more than 15,000 titles across all its international libraries and earns over $25 billion in annual revenues. The company introduces mobile games, allowing users to play games on Netflix .

2022 : Netflix loses 200,000 subscribers in the first quarter , the first time in over ten years.

Because of this massive loss, the company starts to think of different ways to gain more subscribers. For example, Netflix starts to crack down on password sharing and introduces its first ad-supported tier called Basic with Ads , which offers almost content at a lower price in exchange for sitting through ads every hour.

The Future of Netflix

According to Dorothy Ghettuba, the head of African Programming, it is no longer necessary to go to Hollywood. With Netflix, one can be a superstar in their backyard and export their content to the world.

Over the years, Netflix has gained competitors, including Disney+, Hulu, Prime Video, and HBO Max. These competitors invest heavily in different ways to entertain their audiences. To stay ahead of the pack, Netflix may have to embrace new emerging technologies and try to keep its content fresh.

• Startup of the week

Netflix: A Journey of a Startup Who Changed the Entertainment Industry Forever

| 11 minutes read

The journey of Netflix was not easy, but the startup managed to change the entertainment industry with their innovative thinking, adopting futuristic technology, and developing algorithms.

In 1997 when Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph founded Netflix , no one ever imagined that by 2020 it would register an annual revenue worth $24.99 billion. The US-based startup became one of the biggest TV and movie studios globally in just 24 years, with more subscribers than all the US cable TV channels. Let’s turn back the pages; in 1997, Netflix was a DVD rental firm competing with the neighborhood video rental stores.

Let’s look at:

• Why did Netflix build its business around a single growth metric that its competitors overlooked?
• How Netflix slowly built upon its DVD rental business to launch its online streaming service?
• How the concept of producing its content became a success for customer acquisition and growth for Netflix?

We’re going to analyze how Netflix’s growth has been driven by developments in how, when, and where we consume entertainment and the challenges that are susceptible to sink Netflix, and where the startup could go in the coming years.

So without any delay, hold a cup of coffee, sit back at your place and read till the end. We are sure you will get complete knowledge about Netflix, the platform you love. Reed Hastings finally decided to start a Netflix after returning a copy of Apollo 13 to his local Blockbuster (a global chain of video stores where customers could go and rent videos in-store). Upon returning to the movie, Hastings was told that he has to pay $40 in late fees . He gets scared and thinks about what he will get to tell his wife? He begins to consider the other better way to rent movies; Reed began to devise what would later become Netflix.

The Preliminary Business Model of Netflix

When software engineers Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph founded Netflix in 1997, that time video rental stores dominated the home entertainment market. People like to watch movies at that time, but Reed Hastings observed and thinks ‘how can we make it more convenient?’ From this thought, the seed of Netflix was already in the making, but things were not easy for him to initially change the audiences’ mindset; he did not change the whole procedure. He decided to do rentals in a whole new manner, and Netflix began renting out DVDs by mail in April 1998, and that turned out to be a game-changer in the video-renting market. At that time, VHS dominated the market, and only 2% of the American households owned a DVD player. And by that time, Reed and Rudolph knew if they captured the market by 20 percent of the household, it would be a victory for them.

Netflix’s secret weapon wasn’t luck, but they tried to keep analyzing their market. Hastings and Randolph may have built their initial business around DVDs, but they knew they would not stick into the DVD business forever, even if no one else did.

Hasting never wanted to settle down in the DVD renting business; he saw the opportunity to use the internet to decentralize entertainment and give users a new viewing experience with the best in sound and video quality.

DVD rentals were never Netflix’s target – they were on a way for the new company to achieve a tentative foothold in an intensely competitive market.

Now, let’s capture the moments from years to years, and you will get to know how Netflix moved in these 24 years, starting from scratch to becoming the undisputed king of the streaming platform.

1997: Netflix launches with a video library, with a full 7-day rental policy. By March 1999, Netflix’s video library expanded to 3,100 titles. Rentals initially cost 50 cents each. By February 2000, Netflix’s catalog reached up to 5,200 titles.

1999: Netflix announces its first new subscription model, introduced at an initial price point of $15.95. The subscription plan allows Netflix subscribers can rent up to four movies at a time, with no return-by dates.

2000: Netflix forsakes late fees and return-by dates in favor of a monthly subscription plan priced at $19.94 per month.

2002: Netflix files its initial public offering (IPO) on May 22. Shares in the company are initially valued at $15.

2000-2003: Netflix observed a consistent growth. However, despite increases in both revenue and subscribers, Netflix was still suffering from loss. The company reports a loss of $4.5M in Q1 of 2002 alone . The loss was the result of an increase in operational expenses over costs reported in 2001.

2003-2006: This was when the company planned to refine the subscribers’ experience by providing additional suggestions and recommendations using the Cinematch algorithm, which helped to personalize your choices and suggestions. The algorithm learns what category movies you like, and according to your preferences and views, it creates suggestions.

By the end of 2007, Netflix had more than 6.3M subscribers —and finally, the company came into a state where their business was profitable, generating more than $80M in profits in 2007. The company achieved outstanding growth by challenging market players with a highly researched innovative business model the world has never seen before.

Cable TV channels generally calculate their audiences based on viewership or how many viewers a TV show has? Whereas Netflix comes from the opposite direction by focusing on how many movies (or shows) a viewer has watched. 

This subtle yet crucial distinction has permitted Netflix to stay focused on better engaging viewers on its core “movies watched” metric through key product initiatives such as its CineMatch recommendation algorithm.

While many analysts raised the feasibility of Netflix’s subscription-based model in 1999, this was key to its success. It positioned Netflix as a service where you can watch the end number of shows and movies. This was one of the real innovations behind much of Netflix’s early growth.

The price which Netflix charges from its subscribers is not high when we see the more incredible offers and services we get from the company. Netflix services are a win-win situation for subscribers because it gives them authority to keep rentals as long as they like with no late fees. It also helped the company further to differentiate itself from the Hollywood and Blockbusters Videos while maximizing revenue.

By today’s standards, the CineMatch algorithm is not exactly what it was 20 years back. At that time, CineMatch was surprisingly accurate. The algorithm analyzed three primary factors to make its recommendations—Netflix’s catalog of movies, the ratings that subscribers had given to movies they had watched, and the combined ratings of specific titles based on all Netflix subscribers’ ratings.

 “Our strategy for achieving online movie rental leadership is to continue to grow our DVD subscription business aggressively and to transition these subscribers to Internet video delivery as part of their Netflix subscription offering.” – Reed Hastings.

Netflix knew that their planning and strategies were working. They found the new idea to target most of the audience. They expanded the DVD rental business before transitioning them directly to online streaming services. While its competitors were focused on short-term goals, Netflix was clear on what they need to do in the next four to ten years. 

2007-2012: Streaming Video Hits the Mainstream, DVD Goes out of Fashion

“We named our company Netflix in 1998 because we believed Internet-based movie rental represented the future, first as a means of improving service and selection, and then as a means of movie delivery.” – Reed Hastings

The year 2007 was the changing year for Netflix. Although Netflix’s DVD business was increasing, Netflix was thinking about the future. In contrast, other companies were struggling with their DVD business. Still, Netflix decided to transform its business by launching the first streaming product, Watch Now.

Subscribers’ demand for streaming video practically did not exist. Initially, it fell miserably because, at that time, the internet speed was not great; even the fastest broadband connections can not handle the high-resolution video, which means the overall quality of the video was more flawed than the DVD.

When Netflix launched its first streaming product, ‘Watch Now’ was only supported with Windows and would only work in Internet Explorer after users downloaded an applet to make the video player work.

Although many people thought Netflix’s decision to stream movies over the internet was a foolish decision because firstly, the net connection was slow, secondly the cost of connection was much higher, last but not least, there were limited shows and movies. So combining all these, we can say in 2007, the world was not ready to adopt the new streaming services. But it was a well-logical move from Netflix and a step towards the change of the entertainment industry.

Also Read: 4 Most Disruptive Startups of All Time

By 2008-09, interest in DVD as a home entertainment format was beginning to slow down. After two years of outstanding sales, the DVD market shrank by 4.5% in 2008, the first time since the format was introduced in 1997. Even though Netflix’s DVD rental business was growing like a mushroom and generating high revenue, Hastings and his team knew it wouldn’t last long. They had to secure and make the company future proof, so Netflix went all-in on streaming video.

This was the actual risk for Netflix. Even though its core business (DVD) was growing and performing strongly, Hastings decided to invest in future technologies and invested in building a streaming product.

However, because hardly anybody thought it would get success, even fewer companies actively pursued it. By the time everybody else caught on, Netflix had the best latest streaming technology, the most extensive library of titles, and an enormous subscriber base.

2007: Netflix introduces its first online streaming service, ‘Watch Now.’ The service launches with 1K titles and is included free in Netflix’s $5.99 per month physical DVD subscription tier.

2008: During this year, Netflix announces it will stop the business of DVD retail sales. The announcement comes less than a month after Netflix announces its partnership with premium American cable TV network Starz , which boosts Netflix subscribers and access to more than 2,500+ movies and many TV shows.

2011: In 2011, Netflix decided to review their previous decision. The company announces the rebranding of its DVD rental business, which is known as Qwikster. The company planned to separate its streaming business and its DVD rental business. However, Netflix finishes the year 2011 on a high note. Between the launch of Watch Now in 2007 and the end of 2011, Netflix maximized subscribers’ count from 6 million to 23 million+, increasing 283% in just four years.

Watch Now’s launch was a great example of Reed Hastings’; it was the true vision for what Netflix made for. At the time of Watch Now’s launch in 2007, the startup was in trouble and the company was in a position to sink. Analysts and investors show their concern, and Netflix’s new platform underwhelmed audiences. Some founders might have backtracked, but Hastings shows the faith with his streaming plans, even when it seemed like he was betting on a losing horse.

Part of what made Netflix’s transition to streaming so outstanding was that few other people saw the value in pursuing streaming video. There wasn’t enough consumer demand to justify the costs of developing new streaming technologies. With low perceived value, Netflix developed and innovated with its Watch Now service with relatively little competition.

2013 – Present: Netflix Conquers the World of Entertainment

The period from 2007-2013 may have been the most unrestrained in Netflix’s history, but from 2013 onward, Netflix continued to challenge expectations and reinvent the entertainment business. The first step? Reinventing itself as a TV and movie studio.

2013 saw Netflix dive headfirst into the world of original programming with its high-profile political drama, House of Cards. The show, which received excellent reviews from critics and users, marked a crucial turning point in Netflix’s growth as a brand. Netflix had finally begun to realize its ambitions of being the platform for original content, distributed via Netflix’s proprietary platform.

Netflix had grown enormously before 2013, but sooner the company recognized that its growth was limited to a single dimension: subscribers. By December 2013, Netflix had more than 44M+ subscribers , an increase of approximately 33% from 2012, with total revenues of $4.3 billion, up 21% from 2012’s figures. 

From 2016 onward, Netflix seemed practically unstoppable. The company’s programming received numerous awards, including 54 nominations at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards. Netflix’s feature films became increasingly ambitious and attracted Hollywood’s most prominent screenwriters, directors, and actors. Then, in 2017, Netflix achieved what seemed impossible, the number of Netflix subscribers shattered the total number of cable subscribers in the United States.

Netflix had become the largest entertainment provider services globally and showed no signs of slowing down.

2013: Netflix debuts the political drama ‘House of Cards’, its first high-profile original production. However, Netflix does not release viewership data for any of its titles; Nielsen assumed that House of Cards routinely attracts audiences comparable to those of major cable network TV shows .

2015: Netflix releases its first feature film, ‘Beasts of No Nation.’ The film, which had a budget of $6M and depicted the horrors of war from a child soldier’s perspective in an unnamed African country, was released on Netflix’s streaming service and in a limited theatrical release in the U.S simultaneously—another first for Netflix. Shortly after Beasts of No Nation was released, the film was boycotted by four major American cinema chains, which claimed Netflix’s streaming release violated the traditional 90-day window of exclusivity enjoyed by cinemas.

2016: Netflix goes live in 130+ countries worldwide simultaneously. In a single step, Netflix transitions from an American company to a global brand. Netflix gains more than 7M+ new subscribers in Q4 of 2016 as a result. Later, Netflix received record-breaking 54 nominations at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards for its original programming. 

2017: In 2017, the number of Netflix subscribers surpasses the total number of cable TV subscribers in the United States.

To find new subscribers in overseas markets, Netflix established agreements with cable network operators in every regional market.  Netflix gained millions of new subscribers in overseas markets almost instantly with no need for international advertising campaigns, and cellular providers gained a competitive advantage over domestic competitors by hustling Netflix into their plans. 

Netflix’s international expansion approach is another brilliant example of how the company focuses on the goal and how they achieved it. It doesn’t matter how much success you get; Netflix shows to other companies that don’t distract yourself from your aim and don’t think much about success or failure.

Netflix muscled its way in.

What is the Future of Netflix and Where it Can Go from Here?

Competition from rivals including Amazon Prime and Disney Hotstar will likely intensify in the coming years, but Netflix still has plenty of options:

1. Augmented and Virtual (AR & VR) reality content

To be true at this moment, it is not possible to predict the future of home entertainment. And by extension, the future of Netflix, AR, and VR will play a crucial role in the future of Netflix.

Netflix’s CEO Reed Hastings has been vocally skeptical about AR and VR in the past. Hastings believes that VR is particularly unsuitable for TV and film because binge-watching is a lot more difficult due to sensations that make VR so immersive. (If you’ve ever used a VR headset, you know what he is talking about.)

“We’re experimenting with things, we’re looking at things, but we have no concrete plans. It’s a very early phase, so we’re gonna learn some things with no commitment other than to have the Netflix TV shows and movies be available within the headsets.” – Reed Hastings.

2. Superior shows, driven by data

Netflix uses the data it knows about us to optimize, which shows we are shown in our discovery queues. Although, with so much data at its disposal, Netflix is uniquely positioned to produce significantly better programming using this same data.

Netflix isn’t equipped to get people to watch more shows or movies but to make better shows. A more data-centric approach to TV production could be one area of growth we may see as audiences’ competition intensifies in the coming years.

Important Lessons Every Startup Should Learn from Netflix

It’s been an interesting ride for Netflix for over 24 years. What can we learn from the company’s journey?

1. Identify the one metric that can grow with your business

It’s no secret, and we all know that most new businesses fail. Some companies don’t make it because they cannot handle too many risks, but just as many fail because they don’t aim high enough.

It’s crucial to identify a potential market that you can grow into in your business’s early days. Google may be one of the world’s biggest technology companies, but it still cares about how many searches are led every month. Facebook may have 2.5 billion users, but it has always cared about how active those users are and how it can maximize those active users’ engagement. In short, what we mean to say is never relax; always target what you have aimed for.

2. Palpable moves aren’t necessarily dumb moves

Just because the audience expects your business to do something doesn’t mean it’s the wrong thing to do.

Not every idea has to reinvent the wheel. The best decisions are the ones that help your business to flourish, not the ones that only keep your competitors on their toes. 

However, that’s not to say that the best moves are always obvious. In Netflix’s case, the decision to start streaming video through the internet was the bold decision ever made by a company. But at the time, Hastings’ decision cast doubt on both his leadership and the company’s future. Suppose Hastings had listened to the Naysayers (a person who criticized) who thought streaming was nothing more than a fad. Where would Netflix be today?

3. Focus relentlessly on quality

Netflix has always focused on doing something extraordinary with future technology, whether providing a DVD rental business or developing new streaming technologies. 

This dedication to quality – whether it be the quality of the Netflix experience or the quality of its content – is what has helped Netflix cultivate not only a vast subscriber base but a loyal audience of fans.

Although there are exceptions, it’s generally safe to assume that the higher the quality of your product or service, the higher your costs will be. However, depending on how competitive your vertical is, the question may not be whether you can afford to make a higher-quality product but whether you can afford not to.

Born in the family of entrepreneurs and have inherited the same. Started building applications in order to pay for my tuition. Later founded a tech company, marketing agency , and media outlets.

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The Evolution of Netflix: From Renting DVDs to Establishing Global Streaming Supremacy

In an era where entertainment is at our fingertips and permeates our daily lives, one name stands as an unparalleled pioneer, guiding us through a captivating journey from the modest beginnings of Netflix from a DVD rental industry leader to the vast landscape of global streaming. NETFLIX, a household name with more than 220 million subscribers and a market size of $85 billion available over 190 countries, requires no introduction. It has revolutionised the very essence of how we engage with movies and TV shows, forever altering the dynamics of the entertainment industry.  

Netflix astutely recognised the transition, the relentless tides of technological advancement that would forever reshape the landscape of entertainment consumption. As the world embraced the internet and digital innovation progressed at an unprecedented pace, Netflix seized the opportune moment to redefine the rules of the game.

With an audacious leap into the realm of streaming, it transcended the limitations of physical media, embracing the boundless potential of the digital age. It harnessed the power of cutting-edge technology to bestow upon its users an expansive library of movies and TV shows, available at the mere touch of a button. This bold endeavour not only disrupted the traditional movie rental market but also paved the way for an earth-shattering paradigm shift in our interaction with content. 

Netflix's story is a testament to unwavering commitment, relentless adaptability, and an unyielding pursuit of excellence. Witness the transformative power of continuous innovation as Netflix defies convention, shatters boundaries, and seamlessly adapts to the ever-evolving digital terrain.

History of Netflix - How did Netflix start as a DVD rental company and become an international online streaming service?

• The Birth of an Idea: Netflix was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph, who recognised the potential of the internet for delivering DVDs straight to people's homes. The concept stemmed from Reed Hastings' late fee for a rental movie and sparked the idea of a subscription-based DVD rental service. With a vision to provide customers with convenient access to movies without late fees, Netflix was born.  
• DVD-by-Mail Era: Initially, Netflix operated solely as a DVD-by-mail service, offering a vast collection of DVDs available for rent. Customers could choose their desired titles online, and Netflix would deliver them directly to their doorstep. This disruptive model quickly gained popularity, challenging traditional video rental stores and establishing Netflix as a game-changer in the industry.  
• The Evolution to Streaming : Recognising the shift in consumer behaviour and the rising popularity of online streaming, the marketing strategy of Netflix shifted and it introduced its streaming service in 2007. Initially, it offered a limited selection of movies and TV shows that could be streamed on personal computers. The introduction of streaming marked a pivotal moment for Netflix, setting the stage for its global dominance in the years to come.  
• Original Content and Breaking Barriers: As Netflix expanded its streaming library, it sought to differentiate itself by producing original content. The company's first notable success was the political drama series "House of Cards," released in 2013. With critical acclaim and awards, Netflix proved that it could compete with traditional television networks and reshape the way content was produced and distributed.  
• International Expansion: Having conquered the domestic market, Netflix set its sights on global expansion. In 2010, it expanded its streaming service to Canada, followed by several countries in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. By investing in localised content and embracing cultural diversity, Netflix successfully tapped into a global audience, solidifying its position as a leading global streaming service.

The Winning Formula: Understanding the Reasons behind Netflix's Phenomenal Rise

Netflix stands tall as a global entertainment powerhouse and there are many reasons behind its exponential growth. Let's find out: 

• Convenience: Netflix made it easy for people to watch movies and TV shows. They could rent DVDs by mail and have them delivered to their door, or they could stream movies and TV shows online.
• Selection: Netflix had a large selection of movies and TV shows to choose from. This made it easy for people to find something they wanted to watch.
• Price: Netflix's monthly subscription fees were very affordable. This made it a cost-effective way to watch movies and TV shows.
• Technology: Netflix was early to adopt new technologies, such as streaming. This allowed them to reach a wider audience and provide a better viewing experience.
• Original content: Netflix has invested heavily in original content. This has helped them to differentiate themselves from their competitors and attract new subscribers.

Started the monthly subscription technique

One of the biggest milestones that Netflix has set is the subscription program which has become a ubiquitous part of our modern digital landscape, offering consumers access to a wide range of content at their fingertips. However, it was Netflix that kickstarter this subscription revolution, forever changing the way we consume entertainment. 

• Netflix's Subscription Model : In 1999, Netflix disrupted the traditional pay-per-rental model by introducing its pioneering subscription program. Instead of charging customers per DVD rental, Netflix offered unlimited rentals for a fixed monthly fee which brought it some trusted Netflix members.   
• Transition to Online Streaming : Building upon its successful DVD rental subscription, Netflix recognized the shifting landscape and emerging technology of online streaming. In 2007, it launched its streaming service, enabling the Netflix subscribers to instantly access a growing library of content via the Internet.   
• Pop Stars and Subscription Services : The influence of Netflix's subscription model extended  to pop stars who began leveraging subscription services to offer exclusive content and experiences to their fans. Artists like Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, and Rihanna initiated their own subscription programs, granting fans access to exclusive music, behind-the-scenes footage, merchandise, and concert pre-sales.

The Netflix Effect: How Online Streaming Revolutionised the Entertainment Industry

Netflix not only revolutionised the way we watch movies and TV shows but also had a profound impact on the entire entertainment industry. The rise of streaming platforms like Netflix has given birth to what is commonly known as the "Netflix Effect." This term refers to the phenomenon of Netflix shows and movies becoming popular overnight. When a new Netflix show or movie is released, it often quickly becomes one of the most-watched shows on the platform. This is due to a number of factors:

Netflix Pioneered Binge Watching

Netflix revolutionised entertainment by introducing binge-watching as a cultural phenomenon, which is the practice of watching multiple episodes of a TV show in one sitting. With the release of full seasons of TV shows all at once, viewers were no longer tied to the constraints of traditional weekly episodes. This innovative approach to content delivery reshaped audience expectations and fueled the binge-watching trend that has become synonymous with the Netflix experience. This allowed viewers to watch as much or as little of a show as they wanted, without having to wait for new episodes to be released. It had various effects like - 

• Embraced Viewer Habits : By releasing entire seasons or complete series at once, Netflix tapped into a shift in consumer behaviour. Viewers increasingly preferred to watch multiple episodes in one sitting, immersing themselves in the storylines without the frustration of waiting. This format gave viewers the power to choose their own pace, resulting in an enhanced and addictive viewing experience.  
• Eliminated Time Constraints : The remarkable marketing strategy of Netflix growth was to make the decision to drop entire seasons at once and eliminate the time constraints imposed by traditional TV scheduling. Viewers no longer had to rearrange their lives to catch their favourite shows at specific times. They could indulge in marathon viewing sessions, catering to their own availability and preferences. This newfound freedom allowed viewers to fully immerse themselves in the narrative and engage more deeply with the content.  
• Heightened Engagement and Word of Mouth : The binge-watching model not only increased viewer engagement but also sparked discussions and conversations. Viewers who completed an entire season or series in a short span of time were eager to share their thoughts and opinions, fueling online conversations and generating buzz. This viral word-of-mouth marketing further amplified the popularity of Netflix shows, leading to a snowball effect of viewership and cultural impact.  
• Impact on Content Creation : Netflix's approach to releasing entire seasons at once influenced content creators and showrunners. They now had the opportunity to craft storylines and character arcs with a more comprehensive view of the narrative's progression. This creative freedom allowed for more intricate plotlines, complex character development, and heightened suspense, all of which contributed to the addictive nature of binge-worthy shows.  
• Industry-Wide Adoption : The success of Netflix's binge-watching model did not go unnoticed by other streaming platforms and traditional networks. Competitors began embracing the practice, recognizing its appeal and impact on viewer habits. Platforms such as Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and Disney+ followed suit, releasing entire seasons or shows in one go, catering to the demand for binge-watching and solidifying it as a mainstream viewing practice.

Netflix originals changed traditional TV shows with Unlimited Options and Original Content, without Ads

The evolution of Netflix Originals has revolutionised the traditional entertainment industry, fundamentally altering the way content is produced, distributed, and consumed. By investing heavily in original programming, Netflix has disrupted the established order, challenging traditional networks and studios. This bold move has allowed Netflix to take creative risks, experiment with diverse storytelling formats, and provide a platform for underrepresented voices. 

Netflix Originals have empowered storytellers by granting them the freedom to explore innovative narratives and unconventional themes that may not have been greenlit by traditional channels. This creative liberation has led to the creation of groundbreaking series, documentaries, and films that have captivated global audiences and garnered critical acclaim. Another notable aspect that sets Netflix Originals apart is the absence of advertisements. Unlike traditional channels that interrupt programming with commercial breaks, Netflix offers uninterrupted viewing experiences, allowing viewers to immerse themselves fully in the content.

Furthermore, Netflix's unique distribution model, releasing entire seasons of shows all at once, has transformed the way viewers engage with content. The binge-watching phenomenon that ensued has altered audience expectations and forced other players in the industry to adapt to this new consumption pattern.

Algorithm based Personalised Recommendation Engine

Success of Netflix has revolutionised the way we discover content by leveraging advanced algorithms to personalise our viewing experience. By analysing viewer data and providing tailored recommendations, Netflix introduced a new era in the entertainment industry.

• Netflix's algorithm-driven recommendation system analyses vast amounts of data, including viewing history, ratings, and user preferences, to provide personalised content suggestions.   
• The introduction of personalised recommendations significantly improved viewer engagement on the Netflix platform.  
• Traditional media platforms often favoured mainstream content, making it challenging for niche or lesser-known titles to gain traction. Netflix's algorithmic model changed this dynamic by giving niche content a fair chance .   
• Netflix's data-driven approach to viewer preferences has had a profound impact on content creation. The platform analyses user data to identify trends, understand viewing patterns, and predict audience demand to invest in original content strategically. 

Lead to Evolution of new streaming services

Emulation by Other Streaming Platforms: The success of Netflix's subscription model did not go unnoticed by other players in the industry. As online streaming gained popularity, numerous streaming platforms, such as Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and Disney+, followed suit by adopting subscription-based models. These platforms recognized the convenience and appeal of the subscription model, creating fierce competition and expanding the choices available to consumers.

Analysing the Downfall in Netflix Subscribers: A Closer Look

• Increased competition : The streaming industry is becoming increasingly competitive, with new services like Disney+, HBO Max, and Apple TV+ entering the market. This has made it more difficult for Netflix to attract and retain subscribers.  
• Rising prices : Netflix has raised its prices several times in recent years, which has made the service less affordable for some consumers.  
• Password sharing : Netflix has cracked down on password sharing, which has led some subscribers to cancel their accounts.  
• Lack of new content : Netflix has been criticised for its lack of new, innovative content. In recent years, the company has released a number of high-profile shows, such as "Stranger Things" and "The Crown." However, these shows have not been able to keep up with the demand for new content.

What Netflix is doing to address the decline in subscribers?

• Investing in original content : Netflix is investing heavily in original content, and it is likely to release a number of new shows in the coming years.  
• Expanding into new markets : Netflix is expanding into new markets, such as India and Africa. This will help the company to reach new subscribers.  
• Reducing password sharing : Netflix is working on ways to reduce password sharing, without alienating its subscribers.  
• Improving the user experience : Netflix is constantly working on improving the user experience, such as by making it easier to find new content.

It remains to be seen whether Netflix will be able to reverse its subscriber decline. However, the company is taking steps to address the issue, and it is likely to remain a major player in the streaming industry.

The Future of Netflix

Netflix's story is a striking embodiment of the immense impact brought about by digital transformation. It reminds us that digital transformation is not just about technology. It's about using technology to create new products and services that meet the needs of customers. When done right, digital transformation can help businesses to disrupt entire industries and become leaders in their markets.

The journey of Netflix from a DVD rental industry service to a global streaming giant has redefined the entertainment landscape. It has cemented its status as a dominant force. As the company continues to innovate and shape the future of entertainment, one thing is certain: Netflix has permanently transformed the way in which we consume content, bringing convenience and comfort to the forefront of our viewing experience.

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Journey of Netflix

The Journey of Netflix — From a DVD Rental Site to Tech Giant

When you think Netflix, you think binge-watching movies and series! But did you know Netflix used to be a small DVD rental site? Starting out as a small DVD rental site, Netflix has come a long way to transform itself to becoming an internet giant. Netflix is the world’s leading streaming entertainment service.

The name Netflix is a combination of ‘Net’ in the word ‘internet’ and ‘Flix’ which is a variation of ‘flick’, abbreviation for movie. Netflix was founded on August of 1997 by entrepreneurs Reed Hastings and Marc Rudolph as an upstart DVD rental business. In 20 years since its foundation, the startup has transformed from renting movies to making them one of the biggest TV and movie studios globally.

Netflix’s Innovation to Become a $100 Billion Company in 20 Years

From pay-for-use to subscription service.

Originally, Netflix began with a rent-by-mail DVD model in 1997. At the time of the foundation, video rental stores dominated the home entertainment market. Netflix invested in the opportunity to do rentals differently and introduced renting out DVDs by mail. Users could order films via the internet from the website and have them delivered to their door.

Netflix took over their initial competitor, Blockbuster who at the time offered DVD rental at their rental stores, by shifting to subscription service. Netflix changed its pay-for-use model to a subscription model delivering on-demand entertainment that allowed users to watch their favorite shows at anytime and anywhere they wanted. Similarly, Netflix rebranded and the logos changed over the years.

Introduction of Streaming Service

Following the initial success of the rental model, Netflix went public in 2002 with around 600,000 members subscribed and by 2003 had grown its customer base to 1 million subscribers. At the time, the stock was worth less than $2 a share. The introduction of streaming service in 2007 marked the biggest turning point for Netflix. Netflix introduced the ‘Watch Now’ concept with initially 1000 titles and changed the way people spent their free time by allowing users to watch content online instantly.

In the years 2008 – 2010, Netflix went on to partner with different electronic companies and devices including Xbox, Blu-ray disc players, PS3, Apple devices to allow streaming on those devices. The company introduced a streaming-only plan as it expanded beyond the United States. Netflix made an announcement to split its streaming services and mail-based services in September 2011. The mail-based services was known as Qwikster. A month after the announcement, Netflix abandoned the split due to outcry from subscribers. By 2012 – 2014, Netflix expanded into Europe and rebranded its logo reinventing itself as a TV and movie studio.

Netflix Original Shows

Netflix began to develop their own production and shows in 2013 with the episodic drama series House of Cards marking the first of Netflix Originals. This was based on Netflix’s analysis of their customer’s data that provided a better understanding of their customers’ interests. As of 2016, Netflix had expanded to over 130 countries and offered streaming services in 21 different languages.

Evidently, Netflix success in the entertainment industry is unmatched. The Netflix model is constantly evolving to better serve its over 100 million customer base. Just recently, the company rolled out a new recommendation algorithm serving unique images to all its users that knows exactly which images will make them want to click play.

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A Nigerian Finds Hard Truths — And Hope — In Netflix Series On Nigeria

Ifeanyi Nsofor

The street where I grew up in Kano, northwest Nigeria, is called Independence Road. Each day, it reminded me of Nigeria's independence and sovereignty from Great Britain on Oct. 1, 1960.

This year, as the country marks its 60th anniversary, celebrations will be muted due to COVID-19-related restrictions. But as many Nigerians stay home to celebrate, I hope they will watch the Netflix documentary series Journey of an African Colony, The Making of Nigeria , produced and narrated by Olasupo Shasore, the former attorney general and commissioner for justice in Lagos State and a historian and writer. The series, which has its world premiere on Thursday on the streaming service, traces Nigeria's history of slave trade and colonial occupation — and then independence.

As a Nigerian living in Nigeria, I found the documentary a powerful reminder that to truly celebrate this country's independence, we must take stock of where we came from.

The series begins with clips of Great Britain handing over the reins of power to Nigeria on Sept. 30, 1960. I was happy that it opened with interviews with two women who witnessed Nigeria's first Independence Day celebrations. This is a departure from the usual focus on men for such interviews.

Both women described the joy and pride they felt witnessing such a momentous occasion at the Independence Day ceremony at Race Course (now called Tafawa Balewa Square) in Lagos on Sept. 30, 1960. "I can still remember I was watching that flag. It was the British flag I was watching coming down, coming down, and the Nigerian flag, going up, going up," said Francesca Emmanuel, a former federal permanent secretary, in the documentary. "When the Nigerian flag got to the top, the whole of the racecourse lit up and then they shouted — and then the fireworks! It was a memorable early morning." As a Nigerian, I could relate to these feelings.

Olasupo Shashore, an author and historian and former attorney general in Lagos State, produced and narrated the new Netflix documentary series Journey of an African Colony: The Making of Nigeria. He's shown above in Lagos, Nigeria. Quramo Productions hide caption

Olasupo Shashore, an author and historian and former attorney general in Lagos State, produced and narrated the new Netflix documentary series Journey of an African Colony: The Making of Nigeria. He's shown above in Lagos, Nigeria.

Shasore — whose books, A Platter of Gold: Making Nigeria and P ossessed: A History Of Law & Justice In The Crown Colony Of Lagos 1861-1906 , form the basis of the documentary — then takes viewers through the history of slavery. He says that "the transatlantic slave trade is the greatest human dispersal in history." He argues that Nigeria's role in slavery has not been properly acknowledged by historians. For example, slave merchants transported more than 4 million slaves from Nigeria to the west.

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This documentary reminds me of my visit to Ghana in 2005 as part of my international fellowship with the Ford Foundation. A cohort of fellows from Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal visited the famous Elmina Castle to learn about the slave trade. Built by the Portuguese in the late 1400s, it became an important stop on the route of the Atlantic slave trade. We saw the "door of no return" gate. Once a slave passed through, there was no going back but onward, in shackles, to foreign lands.

Shasore reminds viewers that the slave trade run by European countries would not have been successful without participation of locals — an idea that started becoming prominent among Nigerians a few years ago. I myself was not aware of this until Nigerian writer Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani wrote about it in The New Yorker in 2018. In the piece, she told of her great-grandfather's role as a slave trader : "Long before Europeans arrived, Igbos enslaved other Igbos as punishment for crimes, for the payment of debts, and as prisoners of war. The practice differed from slavery in the Americas: slaves were permitted to move freely in their communities and to own property, but they were also sometimes sacrificed in religious ceremonies or buried alive with their masters to serve them in the next life," she wrote.

Sometimes I wish I could speak to my great-grandparents to hear their stories about the slave trade. Maybe they were enslaved. Maybe other family members of friends were enslaved. Sadly, they died decades before I was born. However, both my uncle Victor Nsofor and Obidinma Onyemelukwe, a professor and a member of my hometown Nanka's leadership council in southeast Nigeria, confirmed to me that there was a slave market in one of our villages. Indeed, the slave trade was closer than I knew. The next time I go to my village, I will visit and explore the site of Eke Ntai slave market in Amako village. According to scholars, local slavery in southeast Nigeria continued until the 1950s.

Africans Mourn Chadwick Boseman: 'A Great Tree Has Fallen'

A recurring message in the documentary is the forceful removal of Black Africans from their communities to become slaves. Consequently, they lost connections to their roots. However, within the past two decades, DNA testing has helped Africans in the diaspora trace their roots back. For example, the late actor Chadwick Boseman was part Yoruba (Nigerian) and Limba (Sierra Leonian), pastor T.D. Jakes and actor Forrest Whitaker both have Igbo ancestries, and CNN journalist Don Lemon is part Nigerian, Ghanaian and Congolese.

After the slave trade ended came colonial occupation. At the Berlin Conference of 1884, European nations carved up the continent and shared the different nations among themselves. I believe it was all about human trafficking, which was sanctioned by the state, clergy and businesses. Great Britain's share were the nations that now make up present-day Nigeria.

The British colonialists ended up stitching together a country made of diverse cultures. Nigeria has more than 250 ethnicities and above 500 languages! These nations within Nigeria have been battling to live in peace with each other since Nigeria's independence. Some ethnic groups have called for secession. Between 1967 and 1970, Nigeria fought a brutal civil war, which led to deaths of at least 1 million Igbos . My only maternal uncle fought in the war and never returned. Although the Biafra-Nigeria civil war ended 50 years ago, the push for nation-building continues among all ethnic groups.

I am Igbo from the southeast part of Nigeria. I grew up in Kano state in northwest Nigeria, my wife is from Edo state, in southern Nigeria and my mother-in-law is from Lagos state in southwest Nigeria. Therefore, my two daughters have Igbo, Edo and Yoruba ancestries. My nuclear family is a microcosm of Nigeria, spanning formerly different nations. To me, Nigeria should not fail. It would be like my family failing.

I want Nigerians to live in peace. However, impacts of slave trade and colonialism continue to threaten our cohesion. Although on paper Nigeria is independent, it is not fully so given its overt dependence on foreign donors to fund social services despite the country's ability to pay for much of the services itself. For instance, Nigeria's total annual health expenditure is $10 billion . While $7.7 billion is spent by Nigerians as they pay for health services, the government and nonprofit organizations in Nigeria focus more on maintaining the $1.1 billion of total international donor support. Nigeria should instead put effort into finding creative ways to fund its health system by looking inward and rechanneling available resources.

Shasore's documentary made me realize that all the nations that make up Nigeria went through the trauma of slavery and colonialism. We need to constantly remind ourselves of our shared painful history so we can all heal together as a united Nigeria.

Dr. Ifeanyi Nsofor is the director of policy and advocacy at a health group called Nigeria Health Watch and Senior New Voices Fellow at the Aspen Institute.

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Netflix’s A Journey: Is It a Reunion Project or a True Story?

In Netflix’s Filipino drama film, ‘A Journey’, the power of friendship, love, and reunions takes center stage. When Kaye Abad’s character receives a cancer diagnosis, she chooses to forego treatment. Instead, she enlists her husband, portrayed by Paolo Contis, to orchestrate a soul-stirring trip across Tasmania. Along for the emotional ride is her best friend, played by Patrick Garcia, as they set forth on a journey of self-discovery, reflection, and pronounced bonds.

In the trip that follows the three of them revisit old memories and the life that they lived. They shed all their inhibitions, share and reorient their lives in a direction that they want to. Under the direction of RC Delos Reyes, the film underscores the importance of the journey that one takes and the people that they take it with. It attempts to convey the idea that the destination is only a product of the path one chooses and the focus should always be on what comes before it. Given the universal emotion that the film taps into, it is important to scrutinize if any real-life story inspired the film.

Genuine Friendships Make A Journey Real

‘A Journey’ serves as a heartwarming reunion for the main cast members of the beloved TV series ‘Tabing Ilog’, which captivated audiences from March 1999 to October 2003. This hit series showcased some of the Filipino entertainment industry’s most prominent actors and quickly became a favorite among young audiences. ‘Tabing Ilog’ was celebrated for its exploration of friendship and served as a coming-of-age drama, navigating the trials and triumphs of its characters’ journeys through life with humor and charm.

Kaye Abad, Paolo Contis, and Patrick Garcia, who were integral to the success of the series, also play the lead roles in the film, paying homage to their beloved characters from ‘Tabing Ilog’. This has been done in various ways. Firstly, in the film, the three characters are shown to be born and raised in a province where the landmark is a river. In the series, the same river was an important point of reference too. Similarly, the iconic theme song from the series has also been used as the background score for the film’s trailer.

The authenticity of ‘A Journey’ is deeply rooted in the genuine bond shared among the actors during their time working together on the series. This sincere friendship shines through in the film. The chemistry and camaraderie that developed off-screen among the cast members translate seamlessly onto the screen, infusing the film with a heartfelt connection that resonates with audiences. It is this genuine camaraderie that not only enriches the storytelling but also lends an undeniable sense of warmth and sincerity.

In an interview, the actors disclosed that the producer of ‘A Journey’ harbored a deep admiration for ‘Tabing Ilog’ and had long envisioned a reunion project. Upon arriving on set, they experienced an immediate sense of familiarity and camaraderie, as if no time had passed since their days on the series. Grateful for the opportunity to collaborate once again, the actors felt incredibly fortunate to reunite and bring their shared vision to life on screen.

After a four-year hiatus from the screen, Kaye Abad found herself feeling nervous as she returned to acting. While she had enjoyed occasional acting for fun with her husband, this marked her first time back on a professional set. Delving into a full-fledged drama was an entertaining yet daunting prospect for her, but the presence of her friends made the transition smoother. Similarly, Patrick Garcia experienced a sense of restarting as he returned to work on a film set.

While the film may not be based on a true story, it is a true story of the friendship of the people working behind the scenes. A treat for the fans of travel films, for the fans of ‘Tabing Ilog’, and for the fans of heartwarming stories that set the stage for a tearjerker, ‘A Journey’ has everything for everyone. It is a reminder that cherished memories are more precious than anything anyone can acquire in life and it is all that one seeks.

Read More: Best Movies About Cancer on Netflix 

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Student work at the school of information, pratt institute, the journey of netflix, introduction.

Netflix is the world’s leading streaming entertainment service with 193 million paid memberships in over 190 countries enjoying TV series, documentaries and feature films across a wide variety of genres and languages. Members can watch as much as they want, anytime, anywhere, on any internet-connected screen. Members can play, pause and resume watching, all without commercials or commitments. Life, at present, is terrifying and oddly mundane. Some of us find comfort in watching the daily press briefings by New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo. Others have Netflix. I use Netflix on a daily basis, it’s my source of entertainment. COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the way we live our daily lives. Many of us now work from home, turn to telemedicine to see a doctor, watch more Netflix stay entertained, and use online communication tools to talk with friends.  

Inspiration

Not everyone was having a bad time with the pandemic – Netflix added a record 15.8 million paid subscribers – almost double the figure forecast by Wall Street analysts.

“ Netflix posts explosive growth, but warns boom may not last ”

“ Pandemic causes boom in streaming services ”

This made me think – what must have been the journey of Netlfix, they changed their whole business model from renting DVD’s to streaming online and now they have Netflix Originals .  This Timeline is about The journey of Netflix, focused on the areas of consumer, product, service, market size and the company.

Materials/ Procedure

Timeline JS was used to create a timeline. It’s an open-source tool that enables anyone to build visually rich, interactive timelines. Beginners can create a timeline using nothing more than a Google spreadsheet. The website is provided with an Official TimelineJS3 Template which could be duplicated and then edited accordingly. The spreadsheet template lets the user drop dates, text and links to media into the appropriate columns.

With a quick google search there was enough information in my hands to add to the timeline from the origin of Netflix to the present. After all my information was entered, you’re supposed to publish the Google Sheet to a webpage by clicking the “Publish to the Web” option under file. Then you copy and paste  the URL from the Google Sheets back on the TimelineJS website, which then returned a link to the newly created timeline!

Results & Analysis

Conducting preliminary research across various sources helped to highlight which events are considered milestones for Netflix. This also helped me in understanding what the focus areas are – consumer, product, service, market size and the company. Finding the appropriate media to accompany each milestone proved to be relatively easy once the events were selected, with creative room for the modern events as both video clips and a variety of images brought many possibilities.

From my research, I was fascinated by the fact of how a renting DVD business could turn out to be one of the biggest companies in the world. This shift was something I wanted to highlight in my timeline to understand what milestones were game-changer for Netflix. I decided to do this by exploring the images and their backgrounds. However, I realised it would be good to have a dark black background with a bold font, here is used – Bitter and Raleway for headings in white color. The idea here was to get as close, we could, to following Netflix design guidelines.

I wanted to work on something that’s relatable to everyone. Streaming platforms have been having a war since quarantine and this made me realise the other platforms have just been here for a couple of years but Netflix did start a while back. It was interesting to understand how the company changed with time. As an IXD student, it also helped me understand the user interface of a timeline which could be used in mobile applications or websites.

Executing this timeline was possible with Timeline JS , I had an overall positive experience. The transition from the spreadsheet to a timeline is quick. If given more time, I would have explored  CSS selectors that could be used to bring in custom fonts and colors.

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Home » Endings Explained

A Journey’s Ending Is A Heart-Wrenching Reminder Of Life’s Unfairness

WARNING: THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS MAJOR SPOILERS

The ending of  A Journey is unexpectedly devastating and speaks about the true frailty of human life.

It always seemed clear that the Netflix film would build to a tear-jerking conclusion, but I was nonetheless taken aback by its poignancy. There’s a desperate feeling to the whole endeavor of Bryan and Kristoff trying to convince Shane to reconsider treatment for her cancer during their trip to Tasmania, but the late reversal is a real saddening shock.

Why Did Shane Refuse Treatment?

Having already lived through cancer once, Shane refuses treatment when she gets the devastating news that the terrible illness has returned. Instead, she makes up a “magic list” of things she wants to do. Kristoff, aka “Tupe”, decided to help by paying for himself, Shane, and her husband Bryan to travel to Tasmania and tick as many items off Shane’s bucket list as possible, including helping her reconnect with her estranged father, Mr. T.

Secretly, the men are hoping Shane will change her mind about the treatment after fulfilling everything on her list.

After their experience seeing the little penguins, Shane, Bryan, Kristoff, and Mr. T check into a nearby motel. Mr. T accidentally slips up and tells Shane that Bryan’s been asking about cancer specialists. Furious, Shane confronts her husband, who’s unapologetic about wanting her to live. Sadly, her cancer has metastasized to other organs and she’s unlikely to survive even with treatment. That’s why she didn’t want to get the chemo.

Shane’s decision, and then her further decision to subsequently hide her justification, speaks to that essential question of how we’d live the remainder of our lives if we knew the clock was ticking down to zero. Shane thinks living large temporarily is better than suffering indefinitely. It’s easy to see Bryan’s point of view, though; he wants his wife to survive. It’s hard for someone to accept the death of a loved one, even if they have already resigned themselves to it.

Shane and Bryan Renew Their Vows

A Journey | Image via Netflix

The following day, Mr. T. leads Shane to a nearby church, where Bryan and his best man, Tupe, are already waiting. Mr. T apologizes for not being around to walk her down the aisle at the first wedding but is grateful he can do it now. Through tears of joy, Bryan and Shane exchange rings and reassure each other of their love, even after they’ve fought. 

On the last day of their trip, the trio go to the beach. Shane thanks Bryan and Tupe for bringing her to Australia and making her happy. She then reveals that she’s decided to get treatment for the cancer and hopefully get to experience Australia the following year. It’s safe to say, Bryan and Tupe are overjoyed to hear this. 

Here, I believed  A Journey  was building towards a happy ending. I was wrong.

Bryan’s Unexpected Demise

Shane and Bryan spend their first night back home in great spirits. But in the morning, Bryan collapses unexpectedly. Shane calls an ambulance, and he’s rushed to the hospital, but the doctors can’t do anything to save him. A devastated Shane has to listen to the doctor telling Tupe her beloved husband died from an aneurysm. 

At Bryan’s funeral, Shane notes how all the arrangements were the ones she had planned for herself and how she never expected to lose Bryan. Shane and Tupe go back to her home and she’s holding Bryan’s ashes in the same urn she’d picked out after first receiving her diagnosis. 

From beyond the grave, Bryan had one last surprise for Shane. He arranged for her favorite singer, Ogie, to come and give her a private performance. 

The way  A Journey  plays with expectations here is devastating. The idea of all the preparations Shane made for her death having to suddenly be applied to her husband’s has a real poignancy, especially given that Shane had already reversed her own decision to accept death.

Tupe Is Left Alone

Tupe decided to take Bryan’s advice, so he told his agent he’d like to get out of his comfort zone. He pitches the idea of a movie about Bryan and Shane’s love story. 

Shane still keeps her promise to her husband and proceeds with the cancer treatments. Tupe and her mother stay by her side through the ordeal. Unfortunately, Shane isn’t responding well to the chemo. When Tupe visits to share his recent Film Festival win with her, Shane confesses that she misses her husband too much to fight the cancer off. 

A while after Shane’s passing, Tupe visits the viewpoint in Tasmania alone and leaves the two penguin toys, Bryan’s necklace, and the film festival award he got for the movie about them. 

The film ends with Tupe inviting a woman who recognized him from the movie he made about Bryan and Shane’s love story out for a coffee. 

You can also check out my thoughts on the film overall in my review of A Journey . You can also read more about Penguin, Tasmania , where the movie was filmed. And if you’re interested, here are 5 romantic Filipino movies like A Journey you should also check out.

Article by Lori Meek

Lori Meek has been a Ready Steady Cut contributing writer since September 2022 and has had over 400 published articles since. She studied Film and Television at Southampton Solent University, where she gained most of her knowledge and passion for the entertainment industry. Lori’s work is also featured on platforms such as TBreak Media and ShowFaves.

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'Sweet Tooth' Season 3 Review: A Bumpy, Satisfying Journey to the End

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The Big Picture

• Sweet Tooth is a hybrid of concepts that shouldn't work but surprisingly does, focusing on humans resisting change.
• Characters like Bear and an excess of new faces in Season 3 distract from Gus' core journey.
• The final episode appropriately concludes the series, showcasing its hopeful and loving nature while honoring the source material.

For three seasons, Sweet Tooth has followed Gus ( Christian Convery ), a kid who is a hybrid between animals and humans — he looks just like a little boy, but he’s also got big ol' antlers coming out of his head. Since its beginning , Sweet Tooth itself, however, has felt like a hybrid of things that shouldn’t work . For example, this was a show about a pandemic that premiered on Netflix as we were dealing with our own world-altering pandemic. The show, developed by Jim Mickle , also took Jeff Lemire ’s decidedly dark graphic novel series and gave it a much lighter approach, the rare apocalyptic series to prioritize wide-eyed hope.

This is also a show packed with adorable animal hybrid children (Bobby, a groundhog hybrid, might be the cutest thing you've ever seen in your life), who are being hunted by humans afraid that they’re being replaced by this new evolution. As Season 3 brings Sweet Tooth to an end, this conflict of hybrids as the next step in our progression and humans losing their grip on their position in the world, this conflict takes center stage in an occasionally bumpy, but ultimately satisfying end for Sweet Tooth’s journey.

Sweet Tooth

A boy who is half human and half deer survives in a post-apocalyptic world with other hybrids.

'Sweet Tooth' Season 3 Sends Gus to Alaska to Find His Mom

Season 3 begins with our main group reunited after the events of the last season , as Gus, Tommy Jepperd ( Nonso Anozie ), Bear ( Stefania LaVie Owen ), and Wendy ( Naledi Murray ) head to Alaska to find Gus’ mom, Birdie ( Amy Seimetz ). Birdie has been attempting to find where the Sick came from, searching for a cure and its origin. When Gus and his team head to find Birdie, they run into Dr. Singh ( Adeel Akhtar ), who wants to help Gus reach his destination after having a vision. They also find themselves hunted by Helen Zhang ( Rosalind Chao ), who has become the “last warlord standing” in this new world and wants to get human births started again, as she’s aided in her hunt by her daughter Rosie ( Kelly Marie Tran ), and her children/wolf hybrids. As Gus and his gang head to Alaska for answers and to find his mom, the humans tracking him down want to undo whatever caused hybrids to be born and bring the world back to the way they remember it.

More than any other season, Sweet Tooth Season 3 is very much about the fight against change from humans who just want things to go back to the way they used to be. While this primarily comes in the season’s new primary villain, Zhang, the series is far more overt about this theme than in the past. Early on, Gus and his crew meet a family who try to hide that one of the children is a hybrid, having them bind their chest to hide their wings. For many of the humans that remain, there’s a very strong focus on how things used to be versus how they are now and trying to make the world great again. Especially for Gus and his allies, there’s a question of whether humans are even worth saving if they're trying to murder and harm innocent hybrid children.

Christian Convery Is Excellent in 'Sweet Tooth's Final Season

This question is most perfectly encapsulated by the journey that Gus goes on in Season 3. It's especially a great season for Convery, who literally has the entire world on his shoulders at times. Through Convery’s performance, we’re seeing a kid who has had to grow up far too early evolving into a storyteller and a leader who has to decide what’s best for the world he’s been born into that mostly doesn’t want him. Gus has almost always had someone on his side to help him on his journey, but one of his best episodes this season, “Beyond the Sea,” mostly isolates him and forces him to figure out what’s best for his group and those who have been lost. It’s a beautiful episode of self-realization that turns Gus into an essential part of what this world will become and needs. Convery excels at bringing this evolution of Gus to life , as he becomes an adult who realizes his importance to the world and how to best help the world move forward.

Last season, Sweet Tooth struggled when it separated these characters , with the middle section often feeling a bit too stretched out and like it was spinning its wheels, which led to an eight-episode season that could’ve been cut in half. Season 3 has a similar problem, which also leads to more of a focus on secondary characters than is needed. This is especially true when Bear and Wendy go on their own adventures away from the primary group. Unlike many of the main characters, the former is a creation specifically for the show, but Sweet Tooth has often struggled to make Bear as compelling as the rest of the main cast. That issue remains in this final season, and unfortunately, teaming her up with Wendy doesn’t do much to fix that.

'Sweet Tooth's Final Episode Irons Out Season 3's Problems

Similarly, Sweet Tooth 's final season also introduces a whole slew of new characters that tend to slow down Gus' main journey rather than elevate it in any major way. We meet the community Birdie has lived with in Alaska, including her friend Siana ( Cara Gee ), Siana’s hybrid daughter Nika ( Ayazkhan Dalabayeva ), and plenty of other members of this small town. But most of these characters are just a means to an end in the larger story, mostly in fighting enemies to get Gus to his destination without us having much of an opportunity to learn too much about them.

This problem also arises when it comes to Zhang and her family. While we knew Zhang before, as Season 2 set her up as the finale’s big bad, this season also has the unfortunate issue of introducing her crew and family. In addition to Zhang’s pregnant daughter and her team of anti-hybrid workers, the most substantial addition this season comes in Kelly Marie Tran’s Rosie. More than almost any other character we see, Rosie is torn between a future where her wolf children can thrive, or the wishes of her mother to end all hybrid lives. Rosie’s an intriguing character stuck between two hard decisions , but we don’t get to delve into this conflict until late in the season.

But the end of this final season is where Sweet Tooth all comes together in a lovely, fitting way . This entire series has been told as a story by our unknown narrator ( James Brolin ), with the season starting with him stating, “All stories end,” and, as with any great story, Sweet Tooth nails its ending. Despite all the mythology and history that this season throws into the mix to try and explain the hybrid situation the world has found itself in, this has always been a story of a boy and “big man” Jeppard. Particularly in the final episode, “This is a Story,” Sweet Tooth pays off this bond perfectly in a way that makes the journey worth it for the final destination. Like so much of the show, Mickle (who wrote and directed the final episode) nails just the right blend of paying homage to Lemire’s comics while finding the perfect tone for this more positive take on the source material.

Sweet Tooth hasn’t necessarily been the smoothest ride, with the wonderful first season being followed by a clunkier-than-expected second , and with many of those issues still consistent in the final season as well. But taken as a whole and with a conclusion that pays off this story in a delightful way and a pitch-perfect performance by Convery, Sweet Tooth is the rare apocalyptic story full of hope and love .

Sweet Tooth's final season is a bit of a bumpy ride, but a fantastic lead performance and great ending make it all worthwhile.

• Christian Convery excels in showing Gus evolve into a leader and storyteller.
• The series finale is possibly the best episode of the entire show.
• Too many secondary characters aren't given enough time and often hold back the main story at hand.

Sweet Tooth Season 3 is now available to stream on Netflix in the U.S.

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Going Down the Garfield Rabbit Hole

He hates Mondays, he’s No. 1 at the box office and he’s been the subject of a lot of weirdness over the last 40-plus years.

By Fred Bierman

Fred Bierman spent an embarrassing amount of time digging into Garfield lore, also hates Mondays and thinks lasagna is only OK.

You may have noticed that “ The Garfield Movie ” was the No. 1 movie in America last week, earning $14 million and taking over the top spot from the infinitely more hyped “Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga.” It has grossed $55 million in North America and $156 million globally in two weeks.

After more than 45 years of daily strips ( that still get made every day ), three feature films, 76 books, three animated series, dozens of video games and a literal boatload of merchandise, we may ask, how did we get here?

In an attempt to answer that question, we took a trip down the Garfield rabbit hole.

So Much Merchandise

The first thing you come across is the merchandise. There are T-shirts, phones , watches , furniture , clocks , slippers , tents , wallets, trading cards, eye shadow and roller skates with Garfield’s leering image.

There was even a Garfield toilet seat cover. “It turned out to be a great product. It was real colorful,” Garfield’s creator, Jim Davis, told The New York Times in 2019 . (There are, in fact, numerous Garfield toilet seat covers .)

This is no accident. Davis released the three-panel newspaper comic strip in 1978 with an eye toward selling his creation.

“I’d like to say it was some sort of a divine inspiration that created the strip,” Davis told The Washington Post in 1982 . “In fact, it wasn’t so much that as a conscious effort to come up with a good, marketable character.”

First came the books. Davis grouped the strips into collections and they were a hit. In November 1982, The New York Times Trade Paperback Best Sellers list featured seven Garfield books among its top 15 titles.

Davis’s creation was so inescapable that for 30 years a beach in western France reported that pieces of Garfield phones were mysteriously washing up on shore. In 2019, The New York Times reported on the phenomenon, which turned out to be caused by “a long-lost shipping container, nestled in a rocky sea cave.”

Cohen vs. Coen

From there you get to the cartoons and movies. The animated “Garfield and Friends” ran for seven seasons from 1988 to 1994. There was “Garfield: The Movie” in 2004, of which A.O. Scott wrote in The Times , “you are likely to leave this one feeling as grouchy and put-upon as the title character.” Audiences didn’t seem to mind. The film grossed $203 million globally.

The biggest surprise of “Garfield: The Movie” was Bill Murray agreeing to voice Garfield. According to Murray, however, it was a misunderstanding that led him to do the movie in the first place. In a 2010 interview with GQ, Murray joked about taking the role.

“I looked at the script, and it said, “So-and-so and Joel Coen.” And I thought: Christ, well, I love those Coens! They’re funny. So I sorta read a few pages of it and thought, Yeah, I’d like to do that.”

It was Joel Cohen , whose credits include “ Cheaper by the Dozen ,” not Joel Coen, the Oscar winner, who was one of the script’s writers. Still, that didn’t stop Murray from returning for the sequel, “Garfield: A Tale of Two Kitties.”

‘Garfield Minus Garfield’

In digging a little deeper, things begin to get weirder.

In 2008, Dan Walsh, a 33-year-old technology manager in Dublin, created “Garfield Minus Garfield,” where he erased Garfield and all the other characters from the strips, leaving only his owner, Jon Arbuckle.

That year, The Times reported on the phenomenon :

Mr. Walsh does nothing to the panels except strip away Garfield and other characters like Odie the dog and Nermal the kitten to create a new, even lonelier atmosphere for Jon Arbuckle, the main human. Without the cutesy thought-bubbles of his lasagna-loving cat, Jon’s observations seem to teeter between existential crisis and deep despair.

Davis took the opportunity to license a “Garfield Minus Garfield” book .

That seemed to open the floodgates for Garfield content that embraced odd humor native to the internet. Other remixes followed. There was “Pipe Garfield,” where the last panel is replaced with a panel of Garfield smoking a pipe.

“Garfield Thrown Out the Window” replaces the third panel with Garfield getting thrown out of a window.

“Garfield Censored” is a strip that replaces one panel with one that reads: “The cartoonist has elected not to show this panel due to its graphic nature.”

Live Action Garfield

This is the point in your journey where you might come across something called “Lasagna Cat.”

Fatal Farm (the duo of Zachary Johnson and Jeffrey Max) are known for creating and directing surreal advertisements for Old Spice and Skittles and for their work on episodes of “I Think You Should Leave” and “Key and Peele.”

They also made “Lasagna Cat,” a web series with two seasons made nine years apart. In 2008 they released 27 short videos on YouTube that were live recreations of Garfield strips followed by a music video and often ending with photo of Davis.

Almost 10 years later, Fatal Farm released another 13 episodes, featuring longer videos with higher production values and even more bizarre content. For example, in “10/20/1984,” a live re-enactment of a strip is followed by a re-creation of the “Miami Vice” episode featuring the Phil Collins classic “In the Air Tonight.”

Or, there’s “07/27/1978,” where a live re-enactment of the strip featuring Garfield smoking a pipe is followed by an hourlong lecture, voiced by the actor John Blyth Barrymore, dissecting every aspect of the strip while talking about art, the cosmos and corruption in the tobacco industry. It has been viewed 3.9 million times on YouTube.

The final video in the 2017 season is almost five hours long and is titled “Sex Survey Results.” It is the only video without a date as a title and the only one that does not feature a re-creation of a strip. It is also one of the strangest videos on the internet. It almost defies description. Watch at your own risk.

‘I’m Sorry Jon’

Now the journey goes from strange to dark.

There is plenty of wholesome Garfield fan art out there (like Garfemon , which imagines Garfield as Pokemon), but there is also a very bizarre and very dark Garfield fan art subculture.

In 2013, the artists Sam and Toby Alden posted a web comic in which Jon Arbuckle awakes to find himself inside of Garfield, and Garfield tells him, “I’m Sorry Jon. I was so hungry.”

This was followed by Garfold , Gramfel and a series of Instagram posts by Catherine Burke , all of whom took the character of Garfield and turned him into a hideous monster terrifying his owner.

This genre of art became so popular that it spawned a section of Reddit known as r/imsorryjon , with over 800,000 users, that is dedicated to dark Garfield fan art. This phenomenon is also known as “Gorefield” or “Creepy Garfield” and it’s very, very weird.

‘Don’t Look in the Basement’

After taking a deep breath, we went back to Garfield strips (again, new ones appear every day) and books to see where this dark side of Garfield might be coming from.

If you look hard enough, there are glimpses of it in some original Garfield content. “Garfield: His Nine Lives” was a surprisingly unsettling 1984 book that features nine Garfield stories, most drawn by artists other than Davis. One of the stories ends with a primal version of Garfield attacking a grandmother .

In early Garfield comics, Jon had a roommate, Lyman, who suddenly stopped appearing in the strips. When asked where Lyman had gone, Davis jokingly wrote, “Don’t look in the basement.”

A 2002 online video game called Garfield’s Scary Scavenger Hunt featured Lyman chained to the basement wall of a haunted house.

There was a series of Halloween strips in 1989 (known as “ Garfield Alone ”) that read like something out of “The Twilight Zone” and spawned strange theories that the entire strip has always taken place in Garfield’s imagination.

The panel ends with Garfield going through what seems like an existential crisis and beginning to question reality. After taking a deep (maybe too deep?) dive into Garfield lore and fandom, we know the feeling.

Inside the World of Comedy

After he hit superstar status for his 2021 musical comedy, “Inside,” Bo Burnham has been conspicuously quiet. But he's managed to turn his supposed absence into a performance .

Netflix is giving comedy the live treatment . Sometimes that’s a good thing, as with John Mulaney’s variety show “Everybody’s in L.A.” But the Katt Williams special and Tom Brady roast were more uneven.

The White House Correspondents’ Association dinner has occasionally featured some great stand-up comedy. Colin Jost’s set will not join that list .

The pandemic dealt a major blow to improv in New York, but a new energy can be seen in performances throughout the city .

Comedians, no strangers to tackling difficult and taboo subjects with humor, are increasingly turning their attention to the climate crisis .

• Cast & crew

Inside Out 2

Follow Riley, in her teenage years, encountering new emotions. Follow Riley, in her teenage years, encountering new emotions. Follow Riley, in her teenage years, encountering new emotions.

• Kelsey Mann
• Dave Holstein
• Meg LeFauve
• Amy Poehler
• Phyllis Smith
• Lewis Black

• Embarrassment

• Riley Andersen

• Mrs. Andersen

• Mr. Andersen

• Valentina 'Val' Ortiz

• Coach Roberts

• Subconscious Guard Frank

• Subconscious Guard Dave

• Forgetter Bobby

• Forgetter Paula
• All cast & crew
• Production, box office & more at IMDbPro

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• Dolby Digital
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