tourism theories definition

Demystifying Theories in Tourism Research

Journal of Tourism Futures

ISSN : 2055-5911

Article publication date: 15 December 2017

Issue publication date: 15 December 2017

Wengel, Y. (2017), "Demystifying Theories in Tourism Research", Journal of Tourism Futures , Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 198-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2017-059

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2017, Yana Wengel

Published in the Journal of Tourism Futures. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

This book published by CABI is designed to explore the theoretical frameworks applied in tourism research. The book is organised in five parts. The editors have included the 15 chapters devoted to theoretical perspectives on tourism planning and management, theoretical perspectives on tourism marketing and communications, theoretical perspectives on host communities and guest, and a variety of other related subjects. Unsurprisingly, the focus of the book is clearly centred on describing and analysing the current state of theories used in a tourism research. In the introduction part, the editors open a debate on the use of the theories in tourism studies and highlight the uncertainties in this field. The opening argument of the book is that due to the complexities of the tourism research field, some researchers believe in the existence of “tourism research theories” and others borrow theories from other disciplines.

At the beginning of the book, the editors elucidate that this book “attempts” to “demystify” theories and models which guide inquiry and analysis in tourism studies through the provision of a range of topics relative to tourism studies that have applied various theories or conceptual frameworks to address tourism problems and issues. Each chapter describes a research project and illustrates the theory(ies) applied to address the issues related to the project. Chapters begin with a real-life scenario, which outlines some of the issues, challenges or ideas that can provide context for developing a research question or idea in the tourism field. Following, underpinned by the theory the research context of the particular project is explained. Then, the author(s) engages in the discussion of theory(ies) relevant for each particular case. Finally, each chapter concludes with a look at the future with respect to the theory or theoretical frameworks discussed in the chapter.

The book provides useful explanations and definitions of the different terminologies and concepts related to theories in tourism research. Individual authors elaborated on many theories from various disciplines throughout the book. This book definitely offers a broad range of theoretical perspectives and frameworks which could be used to study, investigate and research various issues in tourism. This book introduces readers to the theories and helps to establish ways of thinking or lenses for interpretation of what is happening or the issues related to tourism phenomena. Some of the authors suggest that it is important to establish theoretical links to other disciplines as tourism activity has strong ties with economic, socio-cultural and environmental issues in the society. Thus, tourism research can not exist in isolation.

In terms of the focus of this journal, that of future related issues, in each chapter the book provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of the tourism research field with respect to the theory or theoretical frameworks discussed in the chapter. Additionally, Part 5 – Conclusion summarises key themes and findings with a view to the future and the new opportunities for tourism researchers. This book also introduces novel approaches to the tourism industry, such as innovation theory, which may help to address innovation in the context of destinations, sustainability, product development, stakeholder and actor networks as well as visitor behaviour.

The advantage of this book is that it offers a very useful oversight of the complexities of theories in tourism studies and provides a broad category of knowledge domains of the tourism field. Most importantly, this edited text is delivered in a clear and consistent style appropriate for an introductory level. The layout of each chapter is interesting and visually engaging, the uniform layout through each chapter makes understanding complex issues easier. In terms of the benefits for students, each chapter of the book starts with the objectives and finishes with thought-provoking questions that make readers feeling not bored after reading it. Throughout the book chapters contain helpful diagrams and pictures, relevant case studies provide concrete examples and a chapter’s suggestion on future use of particular theory, all aid student comprehension. As with many edited books with multiple authors, in order to help the reader understand the connections across the chapters, an index of the topics covered is very helpful. Furthermore, in the appendix, this book offers brief reviews of the additional theories that have been applied in the context of tourism.

The criticisms of the book are all relatively minor. Overall, the book presents separate research projects, and after reading a book as a whole there is an impression of lack of integrity and coherence between chapters. However, depending on the use of the book this disadvantage may not be crucial for a reader. The book also gives the impression that the authors mainly were involved in mainstream business-related tourism research projects and have neglected the critical aspects of tourism, core for tourism studies ( Ateljevic et al. , 2012 ; Ateljevic et al. , 2007 ).

Finally, in terms of a final recommendation, the book should prove to be useful for those tourism students who are interested in the understanding tourism research theories in general, but also for those academics and practitioners who are interested in adopting a particular theoretical framework into another context relevant for their tourism project. Including pedagogical features throughout, this book is an accessible approach to a range of controversial and complex issues of tourism theories and an excellent supplementary reading with practical case studies examples for any research methods book.

Ateljevic , I. , Morgan , N. and Pritchard , A. ( 2012 ), The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Creating an Academy of Hope , Routledge , Milton Park .

Ateljevic , I. , Pritchard , A. and Morgan , N. ( 2007 ), The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies , Elsevier , Amsterdam .

Acknowledgements

© Yana Wengel. Published in the Journal of Tourism Futures . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Corresponding author

About the author.

Yana Wengel is a PhD Candidate at The University of Waikato. As a Teaching Fellow, Yana has taught Tourism and the Environment course and contributed as a Guest Lecturer in research methods courses. Her doctoral research investigates the social construction of experiences in world wide opportunities on organic farms programme. She is interested in the areas of volunteer and non-profit tourism, social constructionism, creative methodologies and research methods. As a certified Facilitator, Yana has pioneered LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® methodology in tourism studies.

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Sociology of Tourism

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Sociology of Tourism by Erdinç Çakmak LAST REVIEWED: 23 August 2022 LAST MODIFIED: 23 August 2022 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0263

The sociology of tourism studies tourists’ relationships, roles, and motivations and the ongoing exchange among tourists, institutions, and host communities. Tourism cannot be treated in isolation since it embodies all tourism practices in a system they operate in. Thus, tourism is a complex sociocultural, economic, and political phenomenon and touches all levels of society. The investigation of tourism’s role in society, the tourism system’s effects on nature, tourism spaces, objects, practices, relationships, and the tourist typologies demand systematic sociological investigations. A researcher needs to consider the whole macro system through its members’ social, political, cultural, and economic interactions. In such a social context, both human and nonhuman actors continuously shape and reshape the tourism system, and the tourism system reshapes these actors’ values, attitudes, and behaviors. Researchers examining the sociology of tourism departed from several theoretical Perspectives , blended theory and method, and focused on sociological concepts to understand and explain the different aspects of tourism. This group of scholars has been working within the several cores of sociology (e.g., education, family, economy, development, religion, gender, language, migration, social inequalities, labor, art) and at the margins of emerging interdisciplinary formations, including those crossing many disciplines such as geography, anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, marketing, communication, women’s studies, history, and cultural studies. The sociology of tourism studies engendered transdisciplinary conversations both in academia and in practice, and the results of these studies have created pragmatic changes in tourism practices, habits, and governance.

Five scholars, judging from the Google Scholar citation counts of their critical works on the sociology of tourism, have contributed to the field in an original and pioneering way. These leading scholars’ abundant and consistent publications have provided the foundation for a sociological approach to tourism. They can be called the established leaders of the sociology of tourism, and are listed here alphabetically: Erik Cohen, Graham Dann, Marie-Françoise Lanfant, Dean MacCannell, and John Urry. Cohen 1972 opposed treating tourists as a homogenous mass and provided a heuristic tourist typology ranging from familiarity to strangeness. Later, Cohen 1984 classified tourism’s sociology into four main areas: tourist as a traveler, tourists’ relationships with hosts, the tourism system, and tourism impacts. MacCannell’s 1973 seminal article on staged authenticity spotlighted the relationship between tourism and (Western) modernity, which became an essential research agenda for the sociology of tourism in the last quarter of the twentieth century. MacCannell 1976 argued that alienated modern tourists are motivated by a quest for authenticity in their travels, but this quest is thwarted through a “staged authenticity” offered by host communities. Dann 1977 sought to answer the question “what makes tourists travel?” and employed the themes of anomie and collective representations in the sociology of tourism research. He combined anomie with status enhancement in a motivational study of tourists and provided the first empirical results of the presentation and profiles of anomic tourists. Besides this approach, Dann 1996 took a sociolinguistic approach and examined the promotional counterpart of tourist motivations in “the language of tourism” using semiotic analyses. Lanfant 1980 emphasized the international dimension of tourism. She argued that tourism is a “total social phenomenon” which challenges identity formation. Lanfant, et al. 1995 transcended the dichotomy between seeing tourism as either business or not business and suggested a novel approach reflecting the fundamental level of reality in tourism practice. Urry 1990 introduced Foucault’s concept of “gaze” into tourism discourse. Urry prioritized the visual sense of gaze and distinguished the tourist gaze as “romantic” and “collective” without concerning other Foucauldian issues of power and authority. By introducing the concept “gaze” into tourism, Urry made a crucial theoretical opening in the sociology of tourism, and other scholars followed him by focusing further on the body and other senses. Later in the decade, Urry 1999 proposed studying journeys, connections, and flows (both physical and virtual movements) as mobile theories and mobile methods and that this be placed at the top of the research agenda.

Cohen, E. 1972. Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research 39:64–82.

This article stresses the travel dimension of tourism and devises tourist typologies along a continuum from familiarity to strangeness. It emphasizes the differences among tourists and calls for further examination of their travel types’ attitudes, motivations, and behavior.

Cohen, E. 1984. The sociology of tourism: Approaches, issues, and findings. Annual Review of Sociology 10.1: 373–392.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.002105

This is a crucial academic text for understanding the classification of the sociology of tourism. Cohen classifies tourism into four main areas: tourists, their interaction with hosts, the tourism system, and tourism impacts. Following this article, scholars have given more attention to systematic empirical research in the field.

Dann, G. M. 1977. Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4.4: 184–194.

DOI: 10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8

This paper maintains that tourists’ anomie (i.e., absence of the general societal and ethical standards) needs to be investigated at the pre-travel level. This sociopsychological research is the first empirical research of tourists’ attitudes and behavior and it provides a firmer theoretical and empirical footing to the literature on tourist profiles.

Dann, G. M. 1996. The language of tourism: A sociolinguistic perspective . Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

This book analyzes the verbal framing of tourists’ experiences. Paradigms on social control, the tourist as a child, and the tourism media from the printed word to television screen have been brought together with semiotic analyses at a quality level.

Lanfant, M. F. 1980. Introduction: Tourism in the process of internationalisation. International Social Science Journal 32.1: 14–43.

This article captures the multipolarity of tourism as a particular form of consumption. The author provides insights into world tourism organizations and the role of international bodies and tour operators by using the methodological principles of systems analysis.

Lanfant, M. F., J. B. Allcock, and E. M. Bruner, eds. 1995. International tourism: Identity and change . London: SAGE.

This book offers a novel approach in examining how tourism transcends individual societies and has become an international fact. It emphasizes the necessity of understanding the local and global developments simultaneously. The volume argues that local social practices cannot be understood independently of the global, and that the global practices are never independent of the local setting in which they operate.

MacCannell, D. 1973. Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American Journal of Sociology 79.3: 589–603.

DOI: 10.1086/225585

This academic article and the ensuing book have dominated the discussions in the sociology of tourism in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This study describes the alienation of Western tourists and their search for authentic experiences in other times and places while hosts modify a cultural practice for tourism.

MacCannell, D. 1976. The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class . New York: Schocken.

This is the most influential book in the sociology of tourism and it portrays the role of tourists in postindustrial society. Tourists seek meanings to their deepest longings and travel as pilgrims to the secular world, paying homage to various attractions that are symbols of modernity.

Urry, J. 1990. The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies . London: SAGE.

This book takes a postmodernist perspective and describes the foundation of tourist behavior in the form of a tourist gaze. Here tourism becomes a performance and acts as a central element in the broad cultural changes in contemporary society.

Urry, J. 1999. Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century . London: Routledge.

In this book, Urry suggests the necessity of replacing the examination of society as the traditional basis of sociology from bounded clusters and objects of a region to networks and fluids in the borderless world. The book studies the physical and virtual movements of people, ideas, messages, money, and waste products across international borders.

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Tourism Theories, Concepts and Models

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Tourism Theories, Concepts and Models:Explains why we think about tourism the way we do;Explores key theories, concepts and models that explain how tourism works;Is a comprehensive and cohesive text that develops a series of key ideas that deepens understanding and encourages critical thinking.This important text provides a critical overview of the core theories, concepts and ideas that have shaped the way we think about tourism. Divided into six parts, it takes the reader through the following areas to ensure thorough and coherent knowledge, looking at the important key theories, models and concepts, ensuring clear understanding and the ability for critical thinking:Setting the stage: looking at the interdisciplinary nature of tourism and its’ structure (5 core aspects of generation region, industry, destination region, transit route and tourist)How tourism works: explores the three core dimensions of tourism factors, attractions, access and government policyThe evolution of tourism: examines the main models that have depicted the evolution of tourism destinations, economies and geographies.The tourist: motivations and influences of the tourist as an individual, covering typology, social demographic factors and constraints.Planning models: destination planning, scenarios and forecasting, including responses to current challenges Current issues: examines the theoretical and conceptual foundations for a range of contemporary issues that will affect tourism well into the future, including climate change, overtourism, crisis management and political change.

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Chapter 3. What is Tourism? Definitions, Theoretical Phases and Principles

From the book philosophical issues in tourism.

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Sustainable Tourism (Sustainable Development of Tourism, Sustainable Tourism Management)

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Definitions and Conceptualizations of Sustainable Tourism

A well designed and well-managed tourism can make a significant contribution to the three dimensions of sustainable development and has close linkages to other sectors and can create decent jobs and generate trade opportunities.

UN Resolution ( 2012 , pp. 130/283)

In line with the above description of the United Nations, the “sustainable tourism” definition of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is as follows:

Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.

UNEP and UNWTO ( 2005 , p. 12)

Since the first appearance of the environmental concerns by Brundtland Commission with “Our Common Future Report,” the need for the protection of the scarce resources of the world while developing the industry to meet the needs of current and future generations, conceptually the sustainability,...

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İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey

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Sonuç, N. (2023). Sustainable Tourism (Sustainable Development of Tourism, Sustainable Tourism Management). In: Idowu, S.O., Schmidpeter, R., Capaldi, N., Zu, L., Del Baldo, M., Abreu, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_454

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Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research

2008, Tourism management

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sonia amrizal

Edited by two leading scholars in the field, this is the first title in a new Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Tourism. It is a four-volume collection of canonical and cutting-edge research in event tourism. The origins of event tourism as a topic of serious academic interest are comparatively recent. The subject is largely a postwar development which began especially to unfold in the 1970s, not least in response to a growing interest and recognition of the potential value of events to economies, societies, and their cultures, as well as to environmental regeneration. In part, the continued evolution of the subject has arisen from the development of convention and exhibition management as cognate areas but, through time, policy-makers, planners, and destination managers became aware of the potentially significant and wide role of events in specific localities, ranging in scale from the Olympic Games to community festivals. Event tourism is now a vibrant and dynamic field of study and research, and the sheer scale of the growth in its output makes this Routledge collection especially timely. A wide range of social-science journals have published material about event tourism and this new Major Work makes available foundational pieces of scholarship—as well as cutting-edge research—from these disparate, and sometimes less accessible sources, as well as from the leading UK, European, and North American tourism journals, and from other hard-to-find publications. As well as bringing together the key studies and journal articles that have shaped serious thought about event tourism, the collection will be welcomed as the first mapping of an area that to date has lacked an interdisciplinary synthesis. The thematic organization of the collection, together with the editors' introductions and their commentaries on the collected texts, will make sense of the wide range of approaches, theories, and concepts that have informed event tourism, and will review the history of the subject and the rise of its identity and research agenda. It is an essential collection destined to be valued as a vital research resource by all scholars and students of the subject.

Event Tourism and Cultural Tourism

Larry Dwyer

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In the last decades, the effect of globalization on world tourism has led to increased competition between destinations in search for the optimal positioning. In this scenario events have become an essential element in the tourism development of destinations, attract visitors, encourage investment, improve image and boost the local economy. This article’s main objective is to expand the knowledge of this phenomenon from a theoretical and conceptual viewpoint based on an extensive review of the literature. The findings help to strengthen and synthetize the basic knowledge on events, the influence on destination image and positioning strategies, being valid for both researchers and destination managers.

Sonja Zlatanov

IAR Consorium

IARCON Journals

The social sub-areas of leisure and tourism not only have similarities in their origins, but also similar motives for pursuing them. The increasing interest of the population in both areas as well as the urge for experiences and adventures and the change from a material-to a post-material-oriented society, finds its satisfaction in leisure time as well as in tourism. Due to the new experience society, events in tourism are becoming more and more important in order to offer something artificial, short-term and special in addition to the permanent, long-term tourist offer. The aim of this study is to make a comprehensive inventory of the relationship between leisure, tourism and events in order t o create recommendations for action. The method used in this study was a review of the relevant literature. In analysing various research findings, it was discovered that in the past, leisure time served to regenerate, to restore one's full working capacity. Today it is the other way round, work and its accompanying wages are needed to finance leisure time and to achieve and maintain economic security. As a result, the use of leisure time becomes the purpose of life, people no longer define themselves exclusively by the job they do and the work they have done, but also seek success and recognition through the experiences they have in their leisure time. People find the self-experience they are looking for in their leisure time. They contribute several elements to the emergence of tourism through their complex and comprehensive synergy. Holidays and travel remain one of the most important leisure activities for citizens. T he experience orientation and the increasingly lifestyle-oriented society point to a positive future for tourism. Due to the new experience society, events are becoming increasingly important in tourism. Events are crowd pullers. T hey are an important touristic and economic factor for cities and regions-but only if they convince through perfectly staged worlds of experience and high entertainment value. Factors that have had an impact on tourism and its development can be summarised as follows: social development and the resulting change in values, the general increase in leisure activities, and the increase in tourism-motivated travel.

Frederic Dimanche

Nhat Nguyen

DR. Andriani Kusumawati

The importance of events for urban development is discussed by many experts. This paper emphasizes the event tourism industry and its impact on the economy and local communities. In this article, some cases from the literature of event tourism and their findings were reviewed. This paper examines the important factors affecting the role of event tourism and its progress and prospects for the tourism and hospitality industry. Specifically, this paper aims to investigate the importance of tourism events to promote urban development. A model is proposed based on the concept of shared economy as well as shared values related to the tourism and hospitality industry. The overall conclusion is that city events affect the host community primarily by increasing the sharing economy. The cash addition is important but not at the level that could trigger city development. Thus, the impact on the local people must be central to event management for promoting destination development. Further rese...

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