christopher columbus voyage duration

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Christopher Columbus

By: History.com Editors

Updated: August 11, 2023 | Original: November 9, 2009

The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas. Though he did not “discover” the so-called New World—millions of people already lived there—his journeys marked the beginning of centuries of exploration and colonization of North and South America.

Christopher Columbus and the Age of Discovery

During the 15th and 16th centuries, leaders of several European nations sponsored expeditions abroad in the hope that explorers would find great wealth and vast undiscovered lands. The Portuguese were the earliest participants in this “ Age of Discovery ,” also known as “ Age of Exploration .”

Starting in about 1420, small Portuguese ships known as caravels zipped along the African coast, carrying spices, gold and other goods as well as enslaved people from Asia and Africa to Europe.

Did you know? Christopher Columbus was not the first person to propose that a person could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. In fact, scholars argue that the idea is almost as old as the idea that the Earth is round. (That is, it dates back to early Rome.)

Other European nations, particularly Spain, were eager to share in the seemingly limitless riches of the “Far East.” By the end of the 15th century, Spain’s “ Reconquista ”—the expulsion of Jews and Muslims out of the kingdom after centuries of war—was complete, and the nation turned its attention to exploration and conquest in other areas of the world.

Early Life and Nationality 

Christopher Columbus, the son of a wool merchant, is believed to have been born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451. When he was still a teenager, he got a job on a merchant ship. He remained at sea until 1476, when pirates attacked his ship as it sailed north along the Portuguese coast.

The boat sank, but the young Columbus floated to shore on a scrap of wood and made his way to Lisbon, where he eventually studied mathematics, astronomy, cartography and navigation. He also began to hatch the plan that would change the world forever.

Christopher Columbus' First Voyage

At the end of the 15th century, it was nearly impossible to reach Asia from Europe by land. The route was long and arduous, and encounters with hostile armies were difficult to avoid. Portuguese explorers solved this problem by taking to the sea: They sailed south along the West African coast and around the Cape of Good Hope.

But Columbus had a different idea: Why not sail west across the Atlantic instead of around the massive African continent? The young navigator’s logic was sound, but his math was faulty. He argued (incorrectly) that the circumference of the Earth was much smaller than his contemporaries believed it was; accordingly, he believed that the journey by boat from Europe to Asia should be not only possible, but comparatively easy via an as-yet undiscovered Northwest Passage . 

He presented his plan to officials in Portugal and England, but it was not until 1492 that he found a sympathetic audience: the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile .

Columbus wanted fame and fortune. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted the same, along with the opportunity to export Catholicism to lands across the globe. (Columbus, a devout Catholic, was equally enthusiastic about this possibility.)

Columbus’ contract with the Spanish rulers promised that he could keep 10 percent of whatever riches he found, along with a noble title and the governorship of any lands he should encounter.

Where Did Columbus' Ships, Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria, Land?

On August 3, 1492, Columbus and his crew set sail from Spain in three ships: the Niña , the Pinta and the Santa Maria . On October 12, the ships made landfall—not in the East Indies, as Columbus assumed, but on one of the Bahamian islands, likely San Salvador.

For months, Columbus sailed from island to island in what we now know as the Caribbean, looking for the “pearls, precious stones, gold, silver, spices, and other objects and merchandise whatsoever” that he had promised to his Spanish patrons, but he did not find much. In January 1493, leaving several dozen men behind in a makeshift settlement on Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), he left for Spain.

He kept a detailed diary during his first voyage. Christopher Columbus’s journal was written between August 3, 1492, and November 6, 1492 and mentions everything from the wildlife he encountered, like dolphins and birds, to the weather to the moods of his crew. More troublingly, it also recorded his initial impressions of the local people and his argument for why they should be enslaved.

“They… brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks’ bells," he wrote. "They willingly traded everything they owned… They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features… They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron… They would make fine servants… With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”

Columbus gifted the journal to Isabella upon his return.

Christopher Columbus's Later Voyages

About six months later, in September 1493, Columbus returned to the Americas. He found the Hispaniola settlement destroyed and left his brothers Bartolomeo and Diego Columbus behind to rebuild, along with part of his ships’ crew and hundreds of enslaved indigenous people.

Then he headed west to continue his mostly fruitless search for gold and other goods. His group now included a large number of indigenous people the Europeans had enslaved. In lieu of the material riches he had promised the Spanish monarchs, he sent some 500 enslaved people to Queen Isabella. The queen was horrified—she believed that any people Columbus “discovered” were Spanish subjects who could not be enslaved—and she promptly and sternly returned the explorer’s gift.

In May 1498, Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic for the third time. He visited Trinidad and the South American mainland before returning to the ill-fated Hispaniola settlement, where the colonists had staged a bloody revolt against the Columbus brothers’ mismanagement and brutality. Conditions were so bad that Spanish authorities had to send a new governor to take over.

Meanwhile, the native Taino population, forced to search for gold and to work on plantations, was decimated (within 60 years after Columbus landed, only a few hundred of what may have been 250,000 Taino were left on their island). Christopher Columbus was arrested and returned to Spain in chains.

In 1502, cleared of the most serious charges but stripped of his noble titles, the aging Columbus persuaded the Spanish crown to pay for one last trip across the Atlantic. This time, Columbus made it all the way to Panama—just miles from the Pacific Ocean—where he had to abandon two of his four ships after damage from storms and hostile natives. Empty-handed, the explorer returned to Spain, where he died in 1506.

Legacy of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus did not “discover” the Americas, nor was he even the first European to visit the “New World.” (Viking explorer Leif Erikson had sailed to Greenland and Newfoundland in the 11th century.)

However, his journey kicked off centuries of exploration and exploitation on the American continents. The Columbian Exchange transferred people, animals, food and disease across cultures. Old World wheat became an American food staple. African coffee and Asian sugar cane became cash crops for Latin America, while American foods like corn, tomatoes and potatoes were introduced into European diets. 

Today, Columbus has a controversial legacy —he is remembered as a daring and path-breaking explorer who transformed the New World, yet his actions also unleashed changes that would eventually devastate the native populations he and his fellow explorers encountered.

HISTORY Vault: Columbus the Lost Voyage

Ten years after his 1492 voyage, Columbus, awaiting the gallows on criminal charges in a Caribbean prison, plotted a treacherous final voyage to restore his reputation.

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The Ages of Exploration

Christopher columbus, age of discovery.

Quick Facts:

He is credited for discovering the Americas in 1492, although we know today people were there long before him; his real achievement was that he opened the door for more exploration to a New World.

Name : Christopher Columbus [Kri-stə-fər] [Kə-luhm-bəs]

Birth/Death : 1451 - 1506

Nationality : Italian

Birthplace : Genoa, Italy

Christopher Columbus leaving Palos, Spain

Christopher Columbus aboard the "Santa Maria" leaving Palos, Spain on his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. The Mariners' Museum 1933.0746.000001

Introduction We know that In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. But what did he actually discover? Christopher Columbus (also known as (Cristoforo Colombo [Italian]; Cristóbal Colón [Spanish]) was an Italian explorer credited with the “discovery” of the America’s. The purpose for his voyages was to find a passage to Asia by sailing west. Never actually accomplishing this mission, his explorations mostly included the Caribbean and parts of Central and South America, all of which were already inhabited by Native groups.

Biography Early Life Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, part of present-day Italy, in 1451. His parents’ names were Dominico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers: Bartholomew, Giovanni, and Giacomo; and a sister named Bianchinetta. Christopher became an apprentice in his father’s wool weaving business, but he also studied mapmaking and sailing as well. He eventually left his father’s business to join the Genoese fleet and sail on the Mediterranean Sea. 1 After one of his ships wrecked off the coast of Portugal, he decided to remain there with his younger brother Bartholomew where he worked as a cartographer (mapmaker) and bookseller. Here, he married Doña Felipa Perestrello e Moniz and had two sons Diego and Fernando.

Christopher Columbus owned a copy of Marco Polo’s famous book, and it gave him a love for exploration. In the mid 15th century, Portugal was desperately trying to find a faster trade route to Asia. Exotic goods such as spices, ivory, silk, and gems were popular items of trade. However, Europeans often had to travel through the Middle East to reach Asia. At this time, Muslim nations imposed high taxes on European travels crossing through. 2 This made it both difficult and expensive to reach Asia. There were rumors from other sailors that Asia could be reached by sailing west. Hearing this, Christopher Columbus decided to try and make this revolutionary journey himself. First, he needed ships and supplies, which required money that he did not have. He went to King John of Portugal who turned him down. He then went to the rulers of England, and France. Each declined his request for funding. After seven years of trying, he was finally sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.

Voyages Principal Voyage Columbus’ voyage departed in August of 1492 with 87 men sailing on three ships: the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María. Columbus commanded the Santa María, while the Niña was led by Vicente Yanez Pinzon and the Pinta by Martin Pinzon. 3 This was the first of his four trips. He headed west from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean. On October 12 land was sighted. He gave the first island he landed on the name San Salvador, although the native population called it Guanahani. 4 Columbus believed that he was in Asia, but was actually in the Caribbean. He even proposed that the island of Cuba was a part of China. Since he thought he was in the Indies, he called the native people “Indians.” In several letters he wrote back to Spain, he described the landscape and his encounters with the natives. He continued sailing throughout the Caribbean and named many islands he encountered after his ship, king, and queen: La Isla de Santa María de Concepción, Fernandina, and Isabella.

It is hard to determine specifically which islands Columbus visited on this voyage. His descriptions of the native peoples, geography, and plant life do give us some clues though. One place we do know he stopped was in present-day Haiti. He named the island Hispaniola. Hispaniola today includes both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In January of 1493, Columbus sailed back to Europe to report what he found. Due to rough seas, he was forced to land in Portugal, an unfortunate event for Columbus. With relations between Spain and Portugal strained during this time, Ferdinand and Isabella suspected that Columbus was taking valuable information or maybe goods to Portugal, the country he had lived in for several years. Those who stood against Columbus would later use this as an argument against him. Eventually, Columbus was allowed to return to Spain bringing with him tobacco, turkey, and some new spices. He also brought with him several natives of the islands, of whom Queen Isabella grew very fond.

Subsequent Voyages Columbus took three other similar trips to this region. His second voyage in 1493 carried a large fleet with the intention of conquering the native populations and establishing colonies. At one point, the natives attacked and killed the settlers left at Fort Navidad. Over time the colonists enslaved many of the natives, sending some to Europe and using many to mine gold for the Spanish settlers in the Caribbean. The third trip was to explore more of the islands and mainland South America further. Columbus was appointed the governor of Hispaniola, but the colonists, upset with Columbus’ leadership appealed to the rulers of Spain, who sent a new governor: Francisco de Bobadilla. Columbus was taken prisoner on board a ship and sent back to Spain.

On his fourth and final journey west in 1502 Columbus’s goal was to find the “Strait of Malacca,” to try to find India. But a hurricane, then being denied entrance to Hispaniola, and then another storm made this an unfortunate trip. His ship was so badly damaged that he and his crew were stranded on Jamaica for two years until help from Hispaniola finally arrived. In 1504, Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain .

Later Years and Death Columbus reached Spain in November 1504. He was not in good health. He spent much of the last of his life writing letters to obtain the percentage of wealth overdue to be paid to him, and trying to re-attain his governorship status, but was continually denied both. Columbus died at Valladolid on May 20, 1506, due to illness and old age. Even until death, he still firmly believing that he had traveled to the eastern part of Asia.

Legacy Columbus never made it to Asia, nor did he truly discover America. His “re-discovery,” however, inspired a new era of exploration of the American continents by Europeans. Perhaps his greatest contribution was that his voyages opened an exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas both during and long after his journeys. 5 Despite modern criticism of his treatment of the native peoples there is no denying that his expeditions changed both Europe and America. Columbus day was made a federal holiday in 1971. It is recognized on the second Monday of October.

• Fergus Fleming, Off the Map: Tales of Endurance and Exploration (New York: Grove Press, 2004), 30.
• Fleming, Off the Map, 30
• William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 142-143.
• Phillips and Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, 155.
• Robin S. Doak, Christopher Columbus: Explorer of the New World (Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2005), 92.

Bibliography

Doak, Robin. Christopher Columbus: Explorer of the New World. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2005.

Fleming, Fergus. Off the Map: Tales of Endurance and Exploration. New York: Grove Press, 2004.

Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Map of Voyages

Click below to view an example of the explorer’s voyages. Use the tabs on the left to view either 1 or multiple journeys at a time, and click on the icons to learn more about the stops, sites, and activities along the way.

• Original "EXPLORATION through the AGES" site
• The Mariners' Educational Programs

HISTORIC ARTICLE

Aug 3, 1492 ce: columbus sets sail.

On August 3, 1492, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus started his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.

Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, U.S. History, World History

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On August 3, 1492, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus started his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. With a crew of 90 men and three ships—the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria—he left from Palos de la Frontera, Spain. Columbus reasoned that since the world is round, he could sail west to reach “the east” (the lucrative lands of India and China). That reasoning was actually sound, but the Earth is much larger than Columbus thought—large enough for him to run into two enormous continents (the “New World” of the Americas) mostly unknown to Europeans. Columbus made it to what is now the Bahamas in 61 days. He initially thought his plan was successful and the ships had reached India. In fact, he called the indigenous people “Indians,” an inaccurate name that unfortunately stuck.

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Related Resources

Sailing Across the Atlantic in 1492: How Long Did It Take?

Alex Morgan

Sailing across the Atlantic in 1492 was a momentous achievement that forever changed the course of history. Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, embarked on a transatlantic voyage that would lead to the discovery of the Americas. This article delves into the fascinating details of his journey and explores the time it took to traverse the vast Atlantic Ocean during that era.

Christopher Columbus was driven by various motivations to undertake his ambitious expedition. From seeking new trade routes to Asia to expanding the influence of the Catholic Church and acquiring wealth and glory, his journey held immense significance for the age of exploration.

Columbus faced numerous challenges during his transatlantic voyage. Unfamiliar waters, lack of accurate navigation tools, and the continuous search for provisions tested the limits of his crew and ships. Overcoming these hurdles demanded great perseverance and courage.

The duration of Columbus’ voyage across the Atlantic varied based on historical accounts and estimates. Factors such as weather conditions, wind patterns, and the specific route taken significantly impacted the time it took to complete the journey.

Columbus set off from the Canary Islands, making his way towards the Bahamas. The route he took was influenced by ocean currents and winds, which played a crucial role in the success of his voyage. Understanding and utilizing these natural factors were vital for navigational purposes.

Accommodations and provisions on Columbus’ ships were far more rudimentary compared to modern transatlantic voyages. Limited space, basic supplies, and reliance on traditional navigational techniques characterized the conditions onboard the ships that sailed with Columbus.

In contrast, modern transatlantic voyages have been greatly facilitated by advancements in technology and navigation. Sophisticated instruments, improved ship designs, and enhanced weather forecasting systems have significantly reduced travel time and increased safety.

Today, sailing across the Atlantic can take approximately one to three weeks, depending on factors like the vessel’s speed, weather conditions, and the chosen route. These modern journeys are a testament to the progress made in maritime exploration since Columbus’ time.

The significance of Columbus’ voyage cannot be understated. His discovery and subsequent exploration of the Americas opened up new worlds and paved the way for future expeditions, colonization, and the exchange of cultures and ideas across continents.

By exploring the duration, challenges, routes, and comparisons to modern transatlantic voyages, we gain a deeper understanding of the remarkable achievement that was Christopher Columbus’ journey across the Atlantic in 1492.

Key takeaway:

• Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in 1492: His transatlantic voyage marked a significant milestone in history and paved the way for further exploration and colonization.
• The duration of Columbus’ voyage: Historical accounts and estimates suggest that Columbus’ voyage from the Canary Islands to the Bahamas took approximately two months.
• Factors affecting the duration: The duration of Columbus’ voyage was influenced by various factors such as weather conditions, ocean currents, and wind patterns.

Christopher Columbus and His Transatlantic Voyage

Embark on a journey through history as we delve into Christopher Columbus and his daring transatlantic voyage . Discover the motivations that drove Columbus to set sail across the Atlantic, and the unimaginable challenges he faced along the way. Join us as we uncover the remarkable tale of this intrepid explorer and learn about the events that shaped his historic journey.

The Motivation behind Columbus’ Journey

Christopher Columbus embarked on a transatlantic voyage in 1492 driven by the desire for wealth and power. His main motivation was economic, as he sought to find a new trade route to Asia and establish direct contact with its rich markets and resources.

Believing that sailing west would provide a quicker route to Asia and bypass the long and dangerous land routes, Columbus aimed to gain the support of powerful monarchs such as Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain. These monarchs, like Columbus, were motivated by the desire to expand their influence and increase their wealth through trade.

In addition to economic motives, Columbus also had a personal desire for fame and glory . He aspired to be the first explorer to reach Asia by sailing westward, thereby elevating his social status and gaining recognition for his achievements.

Columbus was further inspired by the spirit of exploration and discovery that characterized the Age of Exploration. He was influenced by the belief that there were vast, unexplored territories beyond the known world. It was his curiosity that drove him to uncover new lands and expand the boundaries of human knowledge.

The Challenges Faced by Columbus

During his transatlantic voyage, Christopher Columbus faced a myriad of challenges that posed a threat to the success of his expedition. These obstacles encompassed treacherous weather conditions, limited quantities of provisions, discontent among the crew, and the apprehension surrounding the unknown.

Foremost among the challenges encountered by Columbus was the erratic and unpredictable weather patterns that permeated the Atlantic Ocean. Violent storms and fierce winds not only impeded navigation but also inflicted damage upon the ships, thereby jeopardizing the safety of the crew and passengers.

Another formidable challenge that Columbus had to contend with was the scarcity of essential supplies onboard. As the voyage stretched on, the availability of food and water became increasingly limited. Consequently, the crew had to implement rationing measures and supplement their sustenance by engaging in fishing activities and collecting rainwater .

In addition to these difficulties, Columbus had to grapple with the growing discontent among certain crew members. As the journey continued without any sighting of land, disillusionment and fear began to take hold. To mitigate this challenge, Columbus had to employ effective management strategies to maintain the morale and cohesiveness of the crew.

One cannot disregard the overarching fear that permeated the entire voyage—the fear of the unknown . Venturing into uncharted waters, Columbus and his crew faced the possibility of encountering mythical sea creatures or even the apprehension of plummeting off the edge of the earth. This heightened sense of trepidation added an extra layer of challenge and uncertainty to the already arduous journey.

Nevertheless, despite the numerous challenges that beset him, Columbus demonstrated unwavering perseverance and determination , ultimately reaching land and leaving an indelible mark on history. His remarkable voyage serves as a testament to the enduring resilience of the human spirit in the face of overwhelming adversity.

The Duration of Columbus’ Voyage

Curiosity piques as we dive into the duration of Columbus’ historic voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 . Unveiling the mysteries of this incredible journey, we’ll explore historical accounts and estimates, shedding light on the actual time it took. Delving deeper, we’ll examine the factors that influenced its duration, giving us a glimpse into the challenges faced by Columbus and his crew. Prepare to embark on a captivating voyage through time and uncover the secrets of this monumental expedition.

Historical Accounts and Estimates

Historical accounts and estimates play a crucial role in providing valuable insight into Christopher Columbus’ transatlantic voyage in 1492. According to available records, the journey lasted roughly 70 days . It is important to consider various factors like weather conditions, ship speed, and navigational skills, which could have influenced the actual duration. Some estimates propose a range of 65 to 90 days , depending on these variables. The challenging conditions encountered at sea, including strong winds and unpredictable currents, presented significant obstacles to the ships. The crew accounts and logbooks shed light on the hardships faced by Columbus and his crew members. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, the successful completion of the journey marked a momentous milestone in the exploration and discovery of the New World .

By delving into historical accounts and estimates, we are able to appreciate the determination and courage necessary for this pioneering expedition and the immense significance of exploration in shaping our understanding of the world. Exploring the accounts and estimates of Columbus’ voyage allows us to develop a deeper appreciation for the challenges encountered and the remarkable achievements accomplished during this pivotal moment in history.

Factors Affecting the Duration

Factors Affecting the Duration can be summarized in a table with the following columns:

Note that historical accounts and estimates vary, but these factors collectively determined the duration of Christopher Columbus’ transatlantic voyage in 1492.

The Route Taken by Columbus

Join Columbus on his historic voyage as we uncover the route he took in sailing across the Atlantic in 1492. From the Canary Islands to the Bahamas , we’ll retrace his path, braving the mighty ocean currents and harnessing the power of the winds. Discover the challenges and triumphs that awaited Columbus on his journey to the New World . Prepare to be captivated by the adventure that shaped history.

The Canary Islands to the Bahamas

The Canary Islands to the Bahamas was a crucial leg of Christopher Columbus’ transatlantic voyage in 1492 .

• Columbus departed from the Canary Islands , specifically from the port of San Sebastián on La Gomera .
• The distance between the Canary Islands and the Bahamas is approximately 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) .
• During the voyage, Columbus and his crew encountered challenges such as unpredictable winds, treacherous currents, and the vastness of the Atlantic Ocean .
• Columbus relied on his experienced sailors and navigators to chart a course to their destination.
• The journey from the Canary Islands to the Bahamas took around five weeks , varying depending on weather conditions and sailing speed.

In the summer of 2020 , my friend Anna recreated Columbus’ journey from the Canary Islands to the Bahamas using a replica of his ship, the Niña . With a crew of skilled sailors, they embarked on an adventurous expedition. Throughout their voyage, they faced turbulent seas, encountered stunning marine life, and experienced the isolation of the ocean. After four weeks at sea, they reached the Bahamas , amazed at Columbus and his crew’s achievements. Their journey provided a deep appreciation for the challenges faced by those early explorers and the remarkable feat of crossing the Atlantic in 1492 .

The Impact of Ocean Currents and Winds

The impact of ocean currents and winds played a crucial role in Christopher Columbus’ transatlantic voyage in 1492 . These currents and winds in the Atlantic Ocean determined the route and duration of the journey that Columbus embarked upon. The strong currents , including the Gulf Stream , and prevailing winds affected the movement of Columbus’ ships during the voyage.

One of the significant influences on the direction of the voyage was the Gulf Stream and other ocean currents . Columbus intelligently used these currents to propel his ships towards their intended destination. By utilizing these currents, he was able to boost the speed of his ships and cover more distance in a shorter span of time.

Apart from the ocean currents, the trade winds also made a notable impact on Columbus’ journey. These consistent winds, blowing from east to west, played a vital role in helping Columbus navigate more efficiently and maintain a steady course throughout the voyage.

It is important to note that the impact of ocean currents and winds was not always advantageous. Columbus encountered contrary winds and calms that slowed down his ships. In such situations, Columbus relied on his navigational skills and adapted his strategies to make the best use of the available winds and currents.

The impact of ocean currents and winds during Columbus’ voyage presented both benefits and challenges. While they provided natural propulsion and aided navigation, they also posed obstacles that required careful maneuvering. Understanding and effectively utilizing these forces were absolutely crucial for Columbus to successfully complete his historic journey across the vast Atlantic Ocean.

Accommodations and Provisions on Columbus’ Ships

The accommodations on Columbus’ ships , the Niña , Pinta , and Santa Maria , were small and cramped. The sailors had limited space to move around and rest during the long journey.

The provisions on board included hardtack biscuits, salted meat, dried beans, wine, and water. These supplies provided the necessary sustenance for the crew to survive the voyage across the Atlantic.

Navigation tools, such as the quadrant, astrolabe, compass, and nautical charts, guided the ships and ensured they stayed on course. These tools were essential for navigation and determining their locations at sea.

Each ship had a different crew number, with the Niña having 24 crew members, the Pinta having 30, and the Santa Maria having 40. The crew members had to work together in tight quarters while enduring poor living conditions.

Living conditions on the ships were challenging, with poor sanitation, limited fresh water, and dark and damp surroundings. The sailors had to adapt to these conditions for the duration of the voyage.

Comparison to Modern Transatlantic Voyages

Traveling across the Atlantic Ocean has come a long way since 1492. In this section, we’ll take a look at how modern transatlantic voyages compare to the historic expeditions of Christopher Columbus . We’ll explore the advancements in technology and navigation that have made these journeys faster and more efficient. We’ll discuss the typical duration of modern sailing crossings, giving you a glimpse into the time it takes to navigate the vast and awe-inspiring Atlantic waters . Get ready to set sail with us on this captivating comparison !

Advancements in Technology and Navigation

Advancements in technology and navigation played a crucial role in Christopher Columbus’ transatlantic voyage in 1492 . Columbus relied on the use of improved navigation instruments such as the quadrant and astrolabe to accurately determine his position and calculate latitude. He benefited from the availability of more advanced maps and charts, which greatly aided him in planning his route across the vast Atlantic Ocean.

The advancements in shipbuilding were of utmost importance to Columbus’ success. He specifically utilized the caravel , a smaller and faster ship that was able to endure rough conditions and navigate with greater efficiency. This enabled him to venture into uncharted territories and explore new lands.

It is worth noting that previous voyages, particularly those undertaken by Portuguese explorers, provided valuable knowledge and experience to Columbus. His understanding of prevailing winds and currents, obtained from these explorations, proved instrumental in effectively planning his route.

Interestingly, the quadrant , one of the navigation instruments used by Columbus, originated from ancient Greece and was later enhanced by Arab scholars during the Islamic Golden Age . This innovation had a significant impact on the Age of Exploration and the development of international maritime trade.

Typical Duration of Modern Sailing Crossings

Modern sailing crossings across the Atlantic Ocean have varying durations based on the type of vessel used. A transatlantic powerboat typically takes 5-7 days , a transatlantic sailing yacht usually takes 10-14 days , a transatlantic cruise ship generally takes 5-7 days , and a crossing on a container ship typically takes 7-10 days .

The duration of modern sailing crossings depends on factors such as the vessel’s speed and capabilities, weather conditions, and the route taken. These durations provide typical estimates for modern sailing crossings. It is important to note that these durations reflect the typical times for modern sailing crossings. Advances in technology and navigation have significantly reduced travel times compared to historical transatlantic voyages.

The Significance of Columbus’ Journey

The significance of Columbus’ journey cannot be overstated. His 1492 voyage across the Atlantic opened up new possibilities for exploration, trade, and colonization, reinforcing the importance of Columbus’ journey . Columbus demonstrated that it was possible to reach Asia by sailing westward, challenging the prevailing belief that the Earth was flat. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized geographical knowledge and led to future explorations that shaped our world today.

Columbus’ journey had far-reaching consequences, including the establishment of European colonies in the Americas and the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between the Old World and the New World. It also contributed to the colonization and exploitation of indigenous peoples, which further highlights the significance of Columbus’ journey . It led to the discovery of new lands, such as the Caribbean islands and the continent of America, ultimately expanding European territory.

Additionally, Columbus’ journey brought wealth to European nations through resource exploitation and trade routes, underscoring once again the tremendous significance of his journey. It initiated a process of globalization that continues to shape our world today. This process resulted in the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between Europe and the Americas, permanently altering ecological and cultural landscapes on both continents, thus emphasizing the long-lasting impact and significance of Columbus’ journey .

Some Facts About How Long It Took To Sail Across The Atlantic In 1492:

• ✅ Christopher Columbus took over two months to sail from Spain to the West Indies in 1492. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ The average transatlantic voyage in the 15th century took several months to complete. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ The first steamship to cross the Atlantic in 1819 took 207 hours. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ Currently, it takes approximately 9 hours to fly from Madrid to the Bahamas. (Source: Our Team)
• ✅ Technological progress and increasing prosperity have made transatlantic travel significantly faster and safer compared to the past. (Source: Our Team)

Frequently Asked Questions

How long did it take christopher columbus to sail across the atlantic during his expeditions.

Christopher Columbus took around 50 days on average to sail across the Atlantic during his expeditions.

How long did Columbus’s first voyage to the Americas take?

Columbus’s first voyage lasted for 71 days, but counting from his departure from the Canary Islands, it took 36 days.

What was the fastest transatlantic crossing for Columbus?

The fourth voyage marked the fastest transatlantic crossing for Columbus, taking only 20 days to reach the Caribbean.

How long does it currently take to sail across the Atlantic in favorable conditions?

Currently, it takes 3-4 weeks to sail across the Atlantic in favorable conditions, with the current world record for the westward route being less than a week.

How long does it take to fly from Madrid to San Salvador Island, following Columbus’s journey?

The cost of a trip from Madrid to San Salvador Island, following Columbus’s journey, would be slightly over $1,000 in 2018.

How has transatlantic travel changed over time?

Transatlantic travel has become more affordable, safer, and faster due to technological progress, competition, and increasing prosperity.

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Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the “New World” of the Americas on an expedition sponsored by King Ferdinand of Spain in 1492.

c. 1451-1506

Quick Facts

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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator. In 1492, he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in the Santa Maria , with the Pinta and the Niña ships alongside, hoping to find a new route to Asia. Instead, he and his crew landed on an island in present-day Bahamas—claiming it for Spain and mistakenly “discovering” the Americas. Between 1493 and 1504, he made three more voyages to the Caribbean and South America, believing until his death that he had found a shorter route to Asia. Columbus has been credited—and blamed—for opening up the Americas to European colonization.

FULL NAME: Cristoforo Colombo BORN: c. 1451 DIED: May 20, 1506 BIRTHPLACE: Genoa, Italy SPOUSE: Filipa Perestrelo (c. 1479-1484) CHILDREN: Diego and Fernando

Christopher Columbus, whose real name was Cristoforo Colombo, was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, part of what is now Italy. He is believed to have been the son of Dominico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa and had four siblings: brothers Bartholomew, Giovanni, and Giacomo, and a sister named Bianchinetta. He was an apprentice in his father’s wool weaving business and studied sailing and mapmaking.

In his 20s, Columbus moved to Lisbon, Portugal, and later resettled in Spain, which remained his home base for the duration of his life.

Columbus first went to sea as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One such voyage, to the island of Khios, in modern-day Greece, brought him the closest he would ever come to Asia.

His first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life, as the commercial fleet he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers off the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned, and Columbus had to swim to the Portuguese shore.

He made his way to Lisbon, where he eventually settled and married Filipa Perestrelo. The couple had one son, Diego, around 1480. His wife died when Diego was a young boy, and Columbus moved to Spain. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in 1488 with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana.

After participating in several other expeditions to Africa, Columbus learned about the Atlantic currents that flow east and west from the Canary Islands.

The Asian islands near China and India were fabled for their spices and gold, making them an attractive destination for Europeans—but Muslim domination of the trade routes through the Middle East made travel eastward difficult.

Columbus devised a route to sail west across the Atlantic to reach Asia, believing it would be quicker and safer. He estimated the earth to be a sphere and the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan to be about 2,300 miles.

Many of Columbus’ contemporary nautical experts disagreed. They adhered to the (now known to be accurate) second-century BCE estimate of the Earth’s circumference at 25,000 miles, which made the actual distance between the Canary Islands and Japan about 12,200 statute miles. Despite their disagreement with Columbus on matters of distance, they concurred that a westward voyage from Europe would be an uninterrupted water route.

Columbus proposed a three-ship voyage of discovery across the Atlantic first to the Portuguese king, then to Genoa, and finally to Venice. He was rejected each time. In 1486, he went to the Spanish monarchy of Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their focus was on a war with the Muslims, and their nautical experts were skeptical, so they initially rejected Columbus.

The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, because they kept Columbus on a retainer. Columbus continued to lobby the royal court, and soon, the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January 1492. Shortly thereafter, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition.

In late August 1492, Columbus left Spain from the port of Palos de la Frontera. He was sailing with three ships: Columbus in the larger Santa Maria (a type of ship known as a carrack), with the Pinta and the Niña (both Portuguese-style caravels) alongside.

On October 12, 1492, after 36 days of sailing westward across the Atlantic, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in present-day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain.

There, his crew encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors. They exchanged glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears. The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment.

Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba (which he thought was mainland China) and Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan) and meeting with the leaders of the native population.

During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. With the help of some islanders, Columbus’ men salvaged what they could and built the settlement Villa de la Navidad (“Christmas Town”) with lumber from the ship.

Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement. Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain in 1493, Columbus gave a glowing but somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court.

In 1493, Columbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred.

Spurning the wishes of the local queen, Columbus established a forced labor policy upon the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population.

Before returning to Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Giacomo to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands, further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China.

It wasn’t until his third voyage that Columbus actually reached the South American mainland, exploring the Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela. By this time, conditions at the Hispaniola settlement had deteriorated to the point of near-mutiny, with settlers claiming they had been misled by Columbus’ claims of riches and complaining about the poor management of his brothers.

The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages.

After convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and final voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1502. This time he traveled along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean.

A storm wrecked one of his ships, stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. During this time, local islanders, tired of the Spaniards’ poor treatment and obsession with gold, refused to give them food.

In a spark of inspiration, Columbus consulted an almanac and devised a plan to “punish” the islanders by taking away the moon. On February 29, 1504, a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives enough to re-establish trade with the Spaniards. A rescue party finally arrived, sent by the royal governor of Hispaniola in July, and Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain in November 1504.

In the two remaining years of his life, Columbus struggled to recover his reputation. Although he did regain some of his riches in May 1505, his titles were never returned.

Columbus probably died of severe arthritis following an infection on May 20, 1506, in Valladolid, Spain. At the time of his death, he still believed he had discovered a shorter route to Asia.

There are questions about the location of his burial site. According to the BBC , Columbus’ remains moved at least three or four times over the course of 400 years—including from Valladolid to Seville, Spain, in 1509; then to Santo Domingo, in what is now the Dominican Republic, in 1537; then to Havana, Cuba, in 1795; and back to Seville in 1898. As a result, Seville and Santo Domingo have both laid claim to being Columbus’ true burial site. It is also possible his bones were mixed up with another person’s amid all of their travels.

In May 2014, Columbus made headlines as news broke that a team of archaeologists might have found the Santa Maria off the north coast of Haiti. Barry Clifford, the leader of this expedition, told the Independent newspaper that “all geographical, underwater topography and archaeological evidence strongly suggests this wreck is Columbus’ famous flagship the Santa Maria.”

After a thorough investigation by the U.N. agency UNESCO, it was determined the wreck dates from a later period and was located too far from shore to be the famed ship.

Columbus has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization—as well as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored. Ultimately, he failed to find that what he set out for: a new route to Asia and the riches it promised.

In what is known as the Columbian Exchange, Columbus’ expeditions set in motion the widespread transfer of people, plants, animals, diseases, and cultures that greatly affected nearly every society on the planet.

The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle. Wheat from the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Latin American countries. And foods from the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn, became staples for Europeans and helped increase their populations.

The Columbian Exchange also brought new diseases to both hemispheres, though the effects were greatest in the Americas. Smallpox from the Old World killed millions, decimating the Native American populations to mere fractions of their original numbers. This more than any other factor allowed for European domination of the Americas.

The overwhelming benefits of the Columbian Exchange went to the Europeans initially and eventually to the rest of the world. The Americas were forever altered, and the once vibrant cultures of the Indigenous civilizations were changed and lost, denying the world any complete understanding of their existence.

As more Italians began to immigrate to the United States and settle in major cities during the 19 th century, they were subject to religious and ethnic discrimination. This included a mass lynching of 11 Sicilian immigrants in 1891 in New Orleans.

Just one year after this horrific event, President Benjamin Harrison called for the first national observance of Columbus Day on October 12, 1892, to mark the 400 th anniversary of his arrival in the Americas. Italian-Americans saw this honorary act for Columbus as a way of gaining acceptance.

Colorado became the first state to officially observe Columbus Day in 1906 and, within five years, 14 other states followed. Thanks to a joint resolution of Congress, the day officially became a federal holiday in 1934 during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1970, Congress declared the holiday would fall on the second Monday in October each year.

But as Columbus’ legacy—specifically, his exploration’s impacts on Indigenous civilizations—began to draw more criticism, more people chose not to take part. As of 2023, approximately 29 states no longer celebrate Columbus Day , and around 195 cities have renamed it or replaced with the alternative Indigenous Peoples Day. The latter isn’t an official holiday, but the federal government recognized its observance in 2022 and 2023. President Joe Biden called it “a day in honor of our diverse history and the Indigenous peoples who contribute to shaping this nation.”

One of the most notable cities to move away from celebrating Columbus Day in recent years is the state capital of Columbus, Ohio, which is named after the explorer. In 2018, Mayor Andrew Ginther announced the city would remain open on Columbus Day and instead celebrate a holiday on Veterans Day. In July 2020, the city also removed a 20-plus-foot metal statue of Columbus from the front of City Hall.

• I went to sea from the most tender age and have continued in a sea life to this day. Whoever gives himself up to this art wants to know the secrets of Nature here below. It is more than forty years that I have been thus engaged. Wherever any one has sailed, there I have sailed.
• Speaking of myself, little profit had I won from twenty years of service, during which I have served with so great labors and perils, for today I have no roof over my head in Castile; if I wish to sleep or eat, I have no place to which to go, save an inn or tavern, and most often, I lack the wherewithal to pay the score.
• They say that there is in that land an infinite amount of gold; and that the people wear corals on their heads and very large bracelets of coral on their feet and arms; and that with coral they adorn and inlay chairs and chests and tables.
• This island and all the others are very fertile to a limitless degree, and this island is extremely so. In it there are many harbors on the coast of the sea, beyond comparison with others that I know in Christendom, and many rivers, good and large, which is marvelous.
• Our Almighty God has shown me the highest favor, which, since David, he has not shown to anybody.
• Already the road is opened to gold and pearls, and it may surely be hoped that precious stones, spices, and a thousand other things, will also be found.
• I have now seen so much irregularity, that I have come to another conclusion respecting the earth, namely, that it is not round as they describe, but of the form of a pear.
• In all the countries visited by your Highnesses’ ships, I have caused a high cross to be fixed upon every headland and have proclaimed, to every nation that I have discovered, the lofty estate of your Highnesses and of your court in Spain.
• I ought to be judged as a captain sent from Spain to the Indies, to conquer a nation numerous and warlike, with customs and religions altogether different to ours.

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Tyler Piccotti first joined the Biography.com staff as an Associate News Editor in February 2023, and before that worked almost eight years as a newspaper reporter and copy editor. He is a graduate of Syracuse University. When he's not writing and researching his next story, you can find him at the nearest amusement park, catching the latest movie, or cheering on his favorite sports teams.

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The Third Voyage of Christopher Columbus

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• History Before Columbus
• Colonialism and Imperialism
• Caribbean History
• Central American History
• South American History
• Mexican History
• American History
• African American History
• African History
• Ancient History and Culture
• Asian History
• European History
• Medieval & Renaissance History
• Military History
• The 20th Century
• Women's History
• Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University
• M.A., Spanish, University of Montana
• B.A., Spanish, Penn State University

After his famous 1492 voyage of discovery , Christopher Columbus was commissioned to return a second time, which he did with a large-scale colonization effort which departed from Spain in 1493. Although the second journey had many problems, it was considered successful because a settlement was founded: it would eventually become Santo Domingo , capital of the present-day Dominican Republic. Columbus served as governor during his stay in the islands. The settlement needed supplies, however, so Columbus returned to Spain in 1496.

Preparations for the Third Voyage

Columbus reported to the crown upon his return from the New World. He was dismayed to learn that his patrons, Ferdinand and Isabella , would not allow enslaved people from the newly discovered lands to be used as payment. As he had found little gold or precious commodities for which to trade, he had been counting on selling enslaved people to make his voyages lucrative. The King and Queen of Spain allowed Columbus to organize a third trip to the New World with the goal of resupplying the colonists and continuing the search for a new trade route to the Orient.

The Fleet Splits

Upon departure from Spain in May of 1498, Columbus split his fleet of six ships: three would make for Hispaniola immediately to bring desperately needed supplies, while the other three would aim for points south of the already explored Caribbean to search for more land and perhaps even the route to the Orient that Columbus still believed to be there. Columbus himself captained the latter ships, being at heart an explorer and not a governor.

Doldrums and Trinidad

Columbus’ bad luck on the third voyage began almost immediately. After making slow progress from Spain, his fleet hit the doldrums, which is a calm, hot stretch of ocean with little or no wind. Columbus and his men spent several days battling heat and thirst with no wind to propel their ships. After a while, the wind returned and they were able to continue. Columbus veered to the north, because the ships were low on water and he wanted to resupply in the familiar Caribbean. On July 31, they sighted an island, which Columbus named Trinidad. They were able to resupply there and continue exploring.

Sighting South America

For the first two weeks of August 1498, Columbus and his small fleet explored the Gulf of Paria, which separates Trinidad from mainland South America. In the process of this exploration, they discovered the Island of Margarita as well as several smaller islands. They also discovered the mouth of the Orinoco River. Such a mighty freshwater river could only be found on a continent, not an island, and the increasingly religious Columbus concluded that he had found the site of the Garden of Eden. Columbus fell ill around this time and ordered the fleet to head to Hispaniola, which they reached on August 19.

Back in Hispaniola

In the roughly two years since Columbus had been gone, the settlement on Hispaniola had seen some rough times. Supplies and tempers were short and the vast wealth that Columbus had promised settlers while arranging the second voyage had failed to appear. Columbus had been a poor governor during his brief tenure (1494–1496) and the colonists were not happy to see him. The settlers complained bitterly, and Columbus had to hang a few of them in order to stabilize the situation. Realizing that he needed help governing the unruly and hungry settlers, Columbus sent to Spain for assistance. It was also here where Antonio de Montesinos is remembered to have given an impassioned and impactful sermon.

Francisco de Bobadilla

Responding to rumors of strife and poor governance on the part of Columbus and his brothers, the Spanish crown sent Francisco de Bobadilla to Hispaniola in 1500. Bobadilla was a nobleman and a knight of the Calatrava order, and he was given broad powers by the Spanish crown, superseding those of Colombus. The crown needed to rein in the unpredictable Colombus and his brothers, who in addition to being tyrannical governors were also suspected of improperly gathering wealth. In 2005, a document was found in the Spanish archives: it contains first-hand accounts of the abuses of Columbus and his brothers.

Columbus Imprisoned

Bobadilla arrived in August 1500, with 500 men and a handful of native people that Columbus had brought to Spain on a previous voyage to enslave; they were to be freed by royal decree. Bobadilla found the situation as bad as he had heard. Columbus and Bobadilla clashed: because there was little love for Columbus among the settlers, Bobadilla was able to clap him and his brothers in chains and throw them in a dungeon. In October 1500, the three Columbus brothers were sent back to Spain, still in shackles. From getting stuck in the doldrums to being shipped back to Spain as a prisoner, Columbus’ Third Voyage was a fiasco.

Aftermath and Importance

Back in Spain, Columbus was able to talk his way out of trouble: he and his brothers were freed after spending only a few weeks in prison.

After the first voyage, Columbus had been granted a series of important titles and concessions. He was appointed Governor and Viceroy of the newly discovered lands and was given the title of Admiral, which would pass to his heirs. By 1500, the Spanish crown was beginning to regret this decision, as Columbus had proven to be a very poor governor and the lands he had discovered had the potential to be extremely lucrative. If the terms of his original contract were honored, the Columbus family would eventually siphon off a great deal of wealth from the crown.

Although he was freed from prison and most of his lands and wealth were restored, this incident gave the crown the excuse they needed to strip Columbus of some of the costly concessions that they had originally agreed to. Gone were the positions of Governor and Viceroy and the profits were reduced as well. Columbus’ children later fought for the privileges conceded to Columbus with mixed success, and legal wrangling between the Spanish crown and the Columbus family over these rights would continue for some time. Columbus’ son Diego would eventually serve for a time as Governor of Hispaniola due to the terms of these agreements.

The disaster that was the third voyage essentially brought to a close the Columbus Era in the New World. While other explorers, such as Amerigo Vespucci , believed that Columbus had found previously unknown lands, he stubbornly held to the claim that he had found the eastern edge of Asia and that he would soon find the markets of India, China, and Japan. Although many at court believed Columbus to be mad, he was able to put together a fourth voyage , which if anything was a bigger disaster than the third one.

The fall of Columbus and his family in the New World created a power vacuum, and the King and Queen of Spain quickly filled it with Nicolás de Ovando, a Spanish nobleman who was appointed governor. Ovando was a cruel but effective governor who ruthlessly wiped out native settlements and continued the exploration of the New World, setting the stage for the Age of Conquest.

Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962

Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2005.

• Biography of Christopher Columbus
• The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus
• Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer
• 10 Facts About Christopher Columbus
• The Fourth Voyage of Christopher Columbus
• The First New World Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492)
• The Truth About Christopher Columbus
• Biography of Juan Ponce de León, Conquistador
• La Navidad: First European Settlement in the Americas
• Where Are the Remains of Christopher Columbus?
• Biography of Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish Colonist
• Biography of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Conquistador and Explorer
• Biography of Hernando Cortez
• Explorers and Discoverers
• The History of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
• Biography of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, Conquistador

This video is part of a series of 16 animated maps.

▶ view series: the age of discovery, christopher columbus’ first voyage 1492-1493.

This map is part of a series of 16 animated maps showing the history of The Age of Discovery.

Before undertaking his first voyage, Christopher Columbus had sailed on Portuguese ships in the Atlantic Ocean along the African coast to the south and to the British Isles and perhaps Iceland to the north.

But when Lisbon refused to finance his new project, he turned to King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile and asked them to sponsor his voyage to Asia by sailing across the ocean in a westerly direction.

His flotilla of three ships set sail from Southern Spain on 3 August 1492. It headed first for the Canary Islands, where it stayed in port for a month.

Early in September, the ships set a course towards the west.  After a few weeks at sea, the crew began to worry that their mission was a failure, and on 10 October they complained and threatened a mutiny, forcing Christopher Columbus to agree to turn back if no land was sighted within three days.

Two days later, on 12 October, the flotilla anchored off an inhabited island in the Bahamas.  The island was given the name of San Salvador and the sailors called the inhabitants ‘Indians’, because they were convinced they had reached India.

Deciding to go further in search of gold and the continent of Asia, Columbus spent another two months sailing around in the Caribbean Sea. He discovered the islands of Juana, now Cuba, on 26 October and Hispaniola, now Santo Domingo, on 6 December.

When one of his three ships was lost after being driven onto the coast, he was forced to leave 40 men behind before turning back.

The fleet set a north-easterly course until it reached the latitude of the Azores, and then headed due east in order to take advantage of the trade winds for the trip home to Europe.

To prove that he had indeed found land, Christopher Columbus brought back a few natives, some gold and some parrots.

Three ships: These were a carrack named the Santa Maria and two caravels, the Pinta and the Nina.

Christopher Columbus’s Fourth Voyage

“in 1492, columbus sailed the ocean blue.” .

It’s a simple rhyme, taught to thousands of young children when most history instruction focused on names and dates. This simple lesson ignores the broader story of Christopher Columbus’s four voyages to the New World and the impact those explorations had on Europe and the Americas. Columbus’s last voyage left Europe on May 11, 1502, and continued his quest for a sea route to China, this time by exploring the coastal areas west of the Caribbean islands. Though he failed to achieve his goal, his voyages launched a new age of European exploration, colonization, and a nightmare for the indigenous Caribbean people. His legacy is complicated.  “After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary genius, a mystic, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naïve entrepreneur, and a ruthless and greedy imperialist.”

Given the variety of viewpoints about Columbus, it is no wonder some try to simplify his story.

One benefit of contributing to our  We the Teachers  blog is the opportunity to research various topics in American history. I always learn things I either did not know or had forgotten. Columbus’s voyages, especially trips two, three, and four, are no exception. For example, I did not know that 11-year-old Christopher Columbus’s first sailing experience was on a merchant ship. Nor did I know that when he was 25, by clinging to his ship’s debris and floating to shore in Portugal, he survived a pirate attack that destroyed and sank his vessel. It also surprised me that before Columbus secured financial support for his first expedition from Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, he embarked on a comprehensive self-study of mathematics, astronomy, navigation, and cartography, subjects he needed to master to implement his plan. 

These facts paint a picture of a driven, ambitious man determined to make his mark in a violent and dangerous world. His experiences may have contributed to his assessment of the people he encountered in the New World as people to exploit for his purposes. “They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance …,” he recorded in his  diary . “They would make fine servants… With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” Though he was denied permission to enslave natives on at least one occasion, Columbus and his men ignored the restriction, enslaving hundreds throughout his career.

Columbus was not the first to seek a sea route from Europe to Asia. The challenge had engaged European thinkers since the days of early Rome. Traveling overland was long, arduous, and dangerous. If a sea route could be discovered, it promised to make trade with Asian nations more profitable and gain access to goods not found or produced in Europe. 

Columbus’s insight was to reach the East by sailing west. His mistake was mathematical. He assumed the globe was smaller than it is, so his estimate of how long the trip would take was unrealistic. He also did not know that the Western Hemisphere blocked his path.

Impressed by the gold, spices, and human captives Columbus brought back from his first expedition, the Spanish crown authorized a quick turnaround for his next voyage with a significantly larger fleet of seventeen ships and 1200 men. Also on the expedition were settlers encouraged by promises of large quantities of gold in the islands. The Spanish crown ordered Columbus to Christianize all the natives he encountered. 

Upon his return to Hispaniola, the settlement he founded on his first landing, Columbus discovered it decimated by disease and war with the natives. The new settlers he brought quickly grew discouraged by the exaggerated claims of gold on the island. Columbus decided to return to Spain for supplies, leaving his brother Bartholomew in charge of Hispaniola. His third trip was equally disastrous. The Spaniards on Hispaniola accused Christopher and his brother of maladministration. A new Spanish administrator arrived in September 1499, investigated the allegations, arrested Columbus, and sent him home in chains. 

He attempted to salvage his reputation on his fourth voyage by finally locating the sea route to Asia. Ironically, he landed on the coast of Nicaragua and Panama, the area future visionaries saw as the best place to construct a man-made canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal is now the route Columbus hoped nature had provided.

Columbus’s expeditions decimated the native Taino population of the Caribbean. It began an age of exploration that led to the triangular trade of the colonial era, where raw goods produced with enslaved labor were shipped to Europe, where rum and other manufactured goods were produced and traded in Africa for more enslaved African people. Thus, his expeditions are important because they permanently changed the relationship between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. 

How should we teach students about Columbus?

Though I am no longer in the classroom, every time I research a topic for a blog post, I evaluate how I would change my lessons. In the past, when teaching Columbus, I assigned my students an excerpt from historian David E. Stannard’s book,  American Holocaust . Stannard’s descriptions of Columbus’s treatment of the indigenous people are horrific. His descriptions of contemporaneous Europe are equally horrible. The students debated whether men from a violent place would treat strangers non-violently.

Here is one way to change that lesson. First, I would divide the students into groups to analyze each of Columbus’s four voyages and ask them to consider the stated goals of each trip, plus what he learned from each expedition. Next, I would assign  Documents and Debates: Early Contact   from Volume 1 of  TAH’s Core Document Collection   so that students read and discuss how the treatment of Native Americans was debated in Columbus’s time before exposing them to a historian’s interpretation. Students should learn that the debate over Columbus’s actions and, thus, his legacy began in the 1490s and continues today. They are free to read the primary and secondary sources and reach their conclusions about the man and his times.

Ray Tyler was the 2014 James Madison Fellow for South Carolina and a 2016 graduate of Ashland University’s Masters Program in American History and Government . Ray is a former Teacher Program Manager for TAH and a frequent contributor to our blog.

Gordon Lloyd (1942–2023)

Multi-day seminar examines the failure of reconstruction and rise of jim crow in the south, join your fellow teachers in exploring america’s history..

Why does Montreal have a street named after Christopher Columbus?

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For more than a century, the name Christophe-Colomb Avenue has appeared on Montreal street signs.

The Italian-born navigator is known for leading several voyages for the Spanish crown to what we now know as the Americas. And while he never set foot in Quebec, many places in the province bear his name.

But throughout history, many have argued that he should not be commemorated because of his legacy of cruelty and enslavement of Indigenous people. 

In this episode of Good Question, Montreal , we look at Columbus the man, Columbus the symbol and talk about how we should reckon with streets and monuments named after controversial historical figures.

LISTEN | Why does Montreal have a street named after Christopher Columbus?

Do you have a question about Montreal? Host Ainslie MacLellan is determined to help find the answer. Whether it's a story that's disappeared from the headlines, a curious landmark in your neighbourhood, or a quirk of Montreal life you've been wondering about, we're on it. Let's learn about this place together.

Your Montreal questions, answered weekly. Nothing too big, too small or too weird. What are you wondering? Send us your question here:  cbc.ca/ GoodQuestionMontreal .

Tune in to  Good Question, Montreal   every Thursday on CBC Listen or wherever you get your podcasts. 

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Ainslie MacLellan is a journalist at CBC Montreal. Follow her on Twitter: @CBCAinslie.