travel brochure of nigeria

Introducing Nigeria

About nigeria.

• Images of Nigeria
• History, language & culture
• Weather & geography
• Doing business & staying in touch

Plan your trip

• Travel to Nigeria
• Where to stay

While you’re there

• Things to see & do
• Shopping & nightlife
• Food & drink
• Getting around

Before you go

• Passport & visa
• Public Holidays
• Money & duty free

Book your flights

• Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport

Nigeria travel guide

From the loud laughter of traffic-choked Lagos to the green-fringed villages that line rivers and streams, Nigeria is one of the most exciting places to visit in Africa.

Once known only for oil and chaos, the country is changing rapidly. It has a rising middle class, a dynamic arts scene and more miles of golden sand than you can shake a bucket and spade at. Its national parks are home to some of the last remaining endangered species in West Africa, while its mountains offer a cooler climate and spectacular views of the most populous country in Africa.

Those 177 million people are as diverse as the nation itself; in the north, you'll see men in colourful Muslim dress lining prayer mats on Fridays, while their southern counterparts play checkers before church. The cuisine too is varied; there are hot and spicy dishes, fresh fish and meat, fast food and imported fare.

But Nigeria's greatest asset – its wealth of native races and religions, its vibrant population – have also proven its downfall on countless explosive occasions, and military overthrows, coups and assassinations have been numerous. The situation is particularly fraught in northern Nigeria, which is home to the jihadist group, Boko Haram (meaning “Western education is forbidden”).

For all its domestic difficulties, Nigeria remains a major regional power and lays claim to the biggest economy in Africa – if you want to feel the excitement of an emerging country, this land will blow you away.

It’s full of surprises, too. Visitors can find themselves dancing the night away at a Nigerian wedding party, sipping champagne with supermodels, haggling for art in Lagos’ hipster district, Yabi, and swimming beneath cascading waterfalls in the mountains.

Though Nigeria is a loud and brash destination, it also has a quieter, more reflective side that deserves to be seen. In fact it has so many faces that at times it feels more like a continent than a country.

923,768 sq km (356,669 sq miles).

181,526,056 (UN estimate 2016)

204.2 per sq km.

President Bola Tinubu since 2023.

Travel Advice

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office ( FCDO ) provides advice about risks of travel to help British nationals make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice .

Areas where FCDO advises against travel

Your travel insurance could be invalidated if you travel against FCDO advice.

North East Nigeria

FCDO advises against all travel to:

• Borno State
• Adamawa State
• Gombe State

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to:

• Bauchi State
• Taraba State

North West Nigeria

• Kaduna State
• Katsina State
• Zamfara State
• Jigawa State
• Sokoto State
• within 20km of the border with Niger in Kebbi State

North Central Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory, including Abuja

• Niger State
• Plateau State

South East and South South Nigeria

FCDO advises against all travel to the riverine areas (the river and swamp locations accessible by boat, but not by road) of Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River states.

• non-riverine areas of Delta, Bayelsa, and Rivers and Akwa Ibom states
• Anambra State

Nigeria-Niger border   

The Nigeria-Niger land border has been closed by the Nigerian authorities in response to the political situation in Niger. If you’re planning to travel by land across this border, check with the local authorities for the latest information before travelling.

See Niger travel advice before travelling by land across this border.

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel . 

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide as well as support for British nationals abroad which includes:

• advice on preparing for travel abroad and reducing risks
• information for women, LGBT+ and disabled travellers

Follow and contact FCDO travel on Twitter , Facebook and Instagram . You can also sign up to get email notifications when this advice is updated.

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance . Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

This advice reflects the UK government’s understanding of current rules for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK, for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Nigeria set and enforce entry rules. If you’re not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the Nigeria High Commission in the UK .

COVID-19 rules

There are no COVID-19 testing or vaccination requirements for travellers entering Nigeria.

Visa requirements

You must have a visa to enter Nigeria as a visitor. Get your visa before travelling.

Some business travellers are eligible to apply for a visa on arrival. Check the visa conditions from Nigerian Immigration Services .

If you have a valid Nigerian residence permit (CERPAC or Green Card), you do not need a visa to enter Nigeria.

For further information contact the Nigeria High Commission in the UK .

Applying for a visa

You can apply for a visa from Nigerian Immigration Services .

Vaccination requirements

At least 8 weeks before your trip, check the  vaccinations and certificates you need in TravelHealthPro’s Nigeria guide .

Depending on your circumstances, this may include a yellow fever vaccination certificate.

Health screening

You must fill in an online Nigeria Health Declaration Form when entering Nigeria. This includes transit passengers. On arrival, a paper version is available.

You may be asked to take part in thermal screening and carry out a travel history check. This is to assist the Nigerian Government in the detection of diseases of public health importance.

Customs rules

It is illegal to import beer, mineral water, soft drinks, sparkling wine, fruits, vegetables, cereals, eggs, textile fabrics, jewellery and precious metals. It is illegal to export African art, particularly antiques, without written authorisation from the Department of Antiquities. Find more details from the Nigeria High Commission in the UK .

You should also read FCDO ’s overall travel advice and regional risks advice .

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. You should remain alert at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe abroad and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad .

Terrorism in Nigeria

Terrorists are very likely to try and carry out attacks in Nigeria.

The primary terrorist threat in Nigeria comes from Islamic State West Africa ( ISWA ) and Boko Haram. These groups are mainly based in north-east Nigeria in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states. Since 2021, there have also been attacks likely associated with terrorist groups in Niger, Kaduna, Kogi, Bauchi, Ondo, Zamfara, Taraba, Jigawa, Sokoto, Edo and Kano states, as well as the Federal Capital Territory.

Attacks could be indiscriminate and could occur at any time, including in places frequented by foreign nationals, such as:

• places of worship
• bars and restaurants
• sports venues and screenings
• displacement camps
• train networks and stations
• government buildings
• educational institution
• international organisations
• large public gatherings

Take particular care during election periods, or periods of religious significance or other public holidays.

Terrorist groups have also constructed bogus vehicle checkpoints on major supply and commercial routes, such as the A3 Maiduguri-Damaturu road.

A heavy security presence is often a sign of a particularly high risk. Avoid affected areas in the immediate aftermath of an attack. Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities.

Recent significant attacks have included:

• in June 2023, Islamic State West Africa ( ISWA ) carried out an IED attack in Nasarawa State
• in April 2023, ISWA claimed an IED attack on civilians in Jigawa State
• in February 2023, ISWA bombed a local government office in Kogi State
• in 2022, ISWA claimed responsibility for attacks on Nigerian security personnel in Ondo and Edo states
• in 2022, ISWA attacked the Kuje Prison in the Federal Capital Territory and an unknown number of prisoners escaped
• in 2022, ISWA claimed responsibility for attacks on policemen in Niger State, within 30 kilometres of the Federal Capital Territory

Terrorist kidnap

Terrorist groups are highly likely to carry out kidnaps in Nigeria. Kidnappings are widespread and could occur anywhere. Foreign nationals and humanitarian workers have been kidnapped in the North, including in the states of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Katsina, Kano and Kebbi. There may be an increased risk of kidnap, particularly to NGO workers, in Borno State.  

British nationals are seen as legitimate targets, including tourists, humanitarian aid workers, journalists and business travellers. If you are kidnapped, the reason for your presence is unlikely to protect you or secure your safe release. 

The long-standing policy of the British government policy is not to make substantive concessions to hostage takers. The British government considers that paying ransoms and releasing prisoners builds the capability of terrorist groups and finances their activities. This can, in turn, increase the risk of further hostage-taking. The Terrorism Act (2000) makes payments to terrorists illegal. 

Nationwide strikes 

On 3 June the Nigeria Labour Congress and Trade Union Congress of Nigeria started a nationwide strike affecting public services across Nigeria. The strike was suspended on 4 June for 5 days. Both international and domestic flights are resuming but check with your airline or agent before travelling and make alternative arrangements where required.

Political situation

Political rallies, protests and violent demonstrations can take place with little notice. Get advice on areas to avoid. Take care if you’re visiting crowded public places or attending events which attract large crowds. If you see a threatening or intimidating situation, do not try to make your way through it. Turn around and move to safety.

Incidents of intercommunal violence occur frequently and often without warning throughout Nigeria. Although foreign nationals are not normally targeted, there is a risk you could be caught in an attack. Monitor local government announcements and media reporting.

Curfews and communication blackouts

The authorities impose, amend and lift curfews and restrictions on the movement of vehicles at short notice throughout Nigeria.

If you fail to observe curfews and restrictions, you could be at significant risk. Check with the local authorities or someone with local knowledge for up-to-date information.

Network operators in Nigeria have in the past been ordered to suspend mobile networks and wi-fi with very little notice.

Street and road crime

Throughout Nigeria there are high levels of violent street crime including muggings and armed robbery.

There are frequent reports of carjackings, some involving armed gunmen, on Nigeria’s urban and rural road networks.

Criminals have targeted visiting British nationals as their perceived wealth makes them attractive victims. Follow guidance offered by hosts or employers and limit road travel at night as far as possible. Avoid carrying large amounts of cash and never wear valuable watches, jewellery or items of sentimental value. If you suspect danger, move to a safer area.

If you’re caught up in an armed robbery, immediately comply with the attackers’ demands.

Withdrawing and exchanging money

Areas around banks and ATMs have seen a spike in criminal activity, so take extra precautions when withdrawing cash, especially at night.

The Central Bank of Nigeria has issued new 200, 500 and 1000 naira notes. Check notes from currency exchange vendors are valid.

Credit card fraud is common, so keep your card within sight when paying bills.

Financial scams

British nationals are increasingly targeted by scammers operating in West Africa. Scams come in many forms including romance and friendship, business ventures and work or employment opportunities. Scams can put victims at great financial risk. Be cautious about requests for funds, job offers, business ventures and face-to-face meetings with anyone you have been in contact with online. Get more information on scams from Action Fraud, including ‘419’ emails and letters.

If you’re emailed about a money transfer to Nigeria for someone you know, contact the person supposedly receiving the money. If a caller claims to be in distress, ask if they have reported the incident to the British Deputy High Commission in Lagos.

If you receive a suspicious email that claims to be from any British High Commission office in Nigeria, contact the Consular Section of the British Deputy High Commission in Lagos.

IVF and fertility treatment scams

If you’re considering fertility treatment in Nigeria, be cautious. There have been a number of staged fake births (commonly called ‘miracle babies’) where visitors are falsely led to believe they have given birth. There is a risk in bringing a child who is not biologically related to you into the UK without following the legal procedures. The UK has restricted overseas adoption of children from Nigeria.

Kidnapping for ransom

Kidnapping is widespread across Nigeria. There has been a recent increase in kidnappings in the Abuja Federal Capital Territory area.

Criminal groups may kidnap victims by stopping cars on major highways, including the:

• Abuja-Kaduna highway
• Enugu-Awka-Onitsha expressway in Anambra

There is a high threat of kidnapping and other armed attacks at oil and gas facilities in the Niger Delta region. This also applies to facilities at sea.

Possible targets for kidnap include British nationals of Nigerian origin visiting friends and relatives, and British nationals working for international corporations. They will have connections in the country with ready access to funds. There is a possibility that criminal groups could sell hostages on to terrorist organisations.

When arranging meetings, use a secure location. Avoid regular patterns of travel and aim to only travel during daylight hours.

Laws and cultural differences

Using a mobile.

Your SIM must be linked to a Nigerian Identification Number. Get guidance from your network operator.

Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. You should behave and dress modestly, particularly in the north and when visiting religious sites.

Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The dates vary by year. During this time, in any predominantly Muslim area you should not:

• eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public areas (including in cars and taxis) during the daytime
• sit down to eat in hotels and restaurants without checking if there is a separate or screened area for food and drink
• ignore dress codes – it is more important to wear respectful clothing during Ramadan
• play loud music, swear, shout, sing or dance

Be aware that driving may be erratic, particularly at dusk when people are getting back home to eat.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

Possession or use of illegal drugs is a serious offence and can result in lengthy prison sentences and heavy fines.

Using cameras in secure areas

Photography of government, military buildings and airports may lead to arrest.

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex relationships are generally viewed as unacceptable in Nigeria. The ‘Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Bill’ allows lengthy prison sentences for those entering into a same-sex marriage, those witnessing, aiding or abetting a same-sex marriage, the operation and support of gay clubs, societies and organisations and the public display of same-sex relationships.

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers .

Transport risks

Road travel.

Road travel across Nigeria can be chaotic and slow moving. Take a mobile and a supply of bottled water with you when travelling by car.

You can drive in Nigeria with a UK driving licence for up to 3 months. If necessary renew or update it . The minimum legal age for driving is 18.

If you’re staying longer, you will need a 1968 international driving permit (IDP) . For stays of more than a year, you will have to get a Nigerian driver’s licence .

Limit travel after dark outside city centres as far as possible. Avoid quiet and poorly lit roads. Be alert when in traffic jams or at traffic lights. Keep car windows up and doors locked, and make sure valuables are out of sight. If you feel your vehicle is being followed, drive to the nearest place of safety (such as a police station).

Take care when driving outside cities and consider travelling in convoy.

Dangers at road checkpoints

There are authorised and unauthorised vehicle checkpoints throughout Nigeria. Some are for security checks, others to extort small payments of money. Slow down at any type of checkpoint and stay calm. 

There has been an increasing trend of illegal vehicle checkpoints on major supply and commercial routes in northern Nigeria. This includes attacks on major roads into Maiduguri in Borno State, including the A3 Maiduguri-Damaturu road. These attacks have targeted civilians, security forces and aid workers.

Taxis and buses

Public transport throughout Nigeria is dangerous. Taxis and long-distance buses are often poorly maintained, uninsured and driven by unqualified drivers. Most major hotels offer cars for hire with drivers, so use these where possible. Taxis, including online taxi app services, can pose a kidnap risk to passengers.

If you are expecting a greeter or driver to collect you at any of Nigeria’s international airports, make sure they have properly identified themselves before you set off. Bogus greeters are a problem.

There have been armed robberies and incidents of piracy in Nigerian waters, the wider Gulf of Guinea, and on the rivers and harbours in the Niger Delta area. Mariners should get professional security advice and take appropriate precautions.

Swimming risks

Swimming off the coast of Nigeria is sometimes dangerous due to rip tides and undertows, with drownings occurring each year. Get local advice before swimming.

This section has safety advice for regions of Nigeria. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice. 

Insecurity is increasing across Nigeria. Kidnapping, violent crime, and intercommunal violence occur throughout all regions of Nigeria. You should also read FCDO ’s overall travel advice and safety and security advice .

FCDO advises against all travel to Borno State, Yobe State, Adamawa State and Gombe State.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Bauchi and Taraba states.

There is a high and increasing threat from Boko Haram or Islamic State West Africa, particularly around transport hubs, religious areas and large gatherings. Humanitarian personnel, vehicles, supplies and infrastructure can be targeted by terrorists and criminals.

There is a high threat of kidnap and violent attacks. Intercommunal tensions can lead to outbreaks of violence. During the dry season when roads are more easily accessible this risk is heightened. 

Regular military operations are ongoing in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe states. There is a risk of retaliatory attacks.

If you’re in the north-east against FCDO advice, keep in touch with the authorities and the wider community on the security situation. Make sure your safety procedures and contingency plans are up to date. If you are working, make sure you have confidence in your employer’s ability to extract you in the event of any emergency.

If in Maiduguri, be aware that if security were to deteriorate any further, it could be extremely difficult for you to leave the city. FCDO does not advise travelling by road in this area. 

FCDO advises against all travel to Kaduna State, Katsina State and Zamfara State.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Kano State, Jigawa State, and Sokoto State, and within 20km of the border with Niger in Kebbi State.

Banditry and violent attacks are frequent and there is a high threat of kidnap. Incidents of intercommunal violence occur and trains are vulnerable to attack. If you’re travelling in the north-west against FCDO advice, be extremely cautious and monitor local media.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Niger, Kogi, and Plateau states due to criminal and militant activity and incidents of intercommunal violence.

The outer suburbs of Abuja, within the Federal Capital Territory are prone to varying levels of violence, and the safety of daily activity is unpredictable. Violent crime, often involving firearms, has increased and spread from the outer suburbs to more central, wealthier areas of the city.

The risk of terrorism in Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory area has increased. Islamic State West Africa ( ISWA ) has claimed responsibility for attacks. In one attack on Kuje Prison in Abuja in 2022, an unknown number of prisoners escaped, including suspected terrorists. The risk is present across the Federal Capital Territory, including Abuja, particularly in the border areas.

Be cautious when travelling in the Federal Capital Territory. Take advice from trusted contacts and be prepared to cancel or limit your plans.

There are regular protests in Abuja, which can turn violent. Monitor local media, avoid demonstrations and large gatherings and follow instructions from local police and security forces.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to Abia, Anambra and Imo states and non-riverine areas of Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers states.

Militant groups are active across the Niger Delta region and have carried out a number of attacks on oil and gas infrastructure. There’s a high risk of armed robbery, criminality and kidnap in the Niger Delta region.

There have been a number of attacks and targeted killings. Some attacks have been on isolated roads and in remote locations, but they could occur in metropolitan areas. There is also a heightened risk of indiscriminate attacks on police and security infrastructure, which may affect bystanders. A number of states have imposed curfews. Be cautious about travelling in remote areas at night and follow local news and information outlets.

Secessionist groups are active in the south-east and attacks and violent clashes often occur with the military and other security forces. Although foreign nationals are not normally targeted, there is a risk you could be caught in an attack. A period of civil disobedience is expected from 15-19 December. Some previous protests have turned violent.  Anyone travelling to the region should exercise increased caution and continue to follow FCDO travel advice. Monitor local government announcements and media reporting.

South West Nigeria

Violent crime such as mugging, kidnapping, car-jacking and armed robberies are common, particularly in the larger cities . Large-scale attacks are rare, but Islamic State West Africa claimed 2 attacks in 2022. Intercommunal violence is common. While these attacks have not targeted foreign nationals, try to avoid being caught up in such incidents.

Be alert and take any security advice given by your hotel, employer or your hosts.

Nigeria borders

The Nigeria-Niger land border has been closed by the Nigerian authorities in response to the political situation in Niger. Additional checks are in place at the Nigeria-Benin, Nigeria-Niger and Nigeria-Cameroon land borders. If you’re planning to make a land crossing from Nigeria, check with the local authorities for the latest information before travelling.

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Call 112 to report an emergency.

There is no national ambulance service and hospital-owned services are extremely limited. You may need to get local advice or arrange local transport.

Contact your insurance company promptly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccinations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip check:

• the latest information on vaccinations and health risks in TravelHealthPro’s Nigeria guide
• where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

There are ongoing outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria in 2023. You can find more information from TravelHealthPro .

Pharmacies are widely available in Nigeria. They will accept prescriptions from the UK.

Most medicines that require a prescription from a doctor in the UK will require one in Nigeria. If possible, bring a prescription from your GP for a local doctor to copy.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro .

The NHS has information on whether you can take your medicine abroad .

Healthcare facilities in Nigeria

FCDO has a list of doctors in Nigeria . 

Medical standards differ from the UK and you will have to pay for any medical treatment that you receive at public hospitals. Private hospitals are more expensive. Local hospitals may be crowded and there can be shortages in medical supplies and equipment.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health . There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro .

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office ( FCDO ) cannot provide tailored advice for individual trips. Read this travel advice and carry out your own research before deciding whether to travel.

Emergency services in Nigeria

Telephone: 112 (ambulance, fire, police)

Contact your travel provider and insurer

Contact your travel provider and your insurer if you are involved in a serious incident or emergency abroad. They will tell you if they can help and what you need to do.

Refunds and changes to travel

For refunds or changes to travel, contact your travel provider. You may also be able to make a claim through insurance. However, insurers usually require you to talk to your travel provider first.

Find out more about changing or cancelling travel plans , including:

• where to get advice if you are in a dispute with a provider
• how to access previous versions of travel advice to support a claim

Support from FCDO

FCDO has guidance on staying safe and what to do if you need help or support abroad, including:

• finding  lawyers and  funeral directors  in Nigeria
• dealing with a  death in Nigeria
• being  arrested in Nigeria
• getting help if you’re a  victim of crime
• what to do if you’re  in hospital
• if you’re affected by a crisis , such as a terrorist attack

Contacting FCDO

Follow and contact FCDO travel on Twitter , Facebook and Instagram . You can also sign up to get email notifications when this travel advice is updated.

Help abroad in an emergency

If you’re in Nigeria and you need emergency help from the UK government, contact the British High Commission in Abuja or the Deputy High Commission in Lagos.

You can also contact FCDO online .

FCDO in London

You can call FCDO in London if you need urgent help because something has happened to a friend or relative abroad.

Telephone: 020 7008 5000 (24 hours)

Find out about call charges

Risk information for British companies

The  Overseas Business Risk service  offers information and advice for British companies operating overseas on how to manage political, economic, and business security-related risks.

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NIGERIA Travel Guide for 2024: Discover the Gems of Nigeria

Welcome to our comprehensive Nigeria travel guide. Discover the vibrant cities of Lagos and Abuja, explore natural wonders like Olumo Rock and Yankari National Park, and indulge in the rich flavors of Nigerian cuisine. In this Nigeria travel guide, we’ll provide you with valuable insights, tips, and essential information to make your journey through Nigeria an unforgettable experience. From fast facts about Nigeria’s climate, currency, and cultural etiquette to the best time to visit, the top attractions, money-saving tips, and recommendations for authentic souvenirs to bring back home.

What to See and Do in Nigeria

Here are some must-visit places and experiences to add to your Nigeria travel itinerary :

• Lagos : Begin your Nigeria journey in the bustling city of Lagos. Explore the vibrant markets of Balogun and Lekki, soak up the sun at Tarkwa Bay Beach, and visit the historic Badagry Town, known for its slave trade history.

• Abuja : Nigeria’s capital city, Abuja, offers a blend of modern architecture and natural beauty. Don’t miss the impressive Nigerian National Mosque and Nigerian National Christian Centre. Take a stroll through Millennium Park or visit Aso Rock for panoramic views.

• Olumo Rock : Located in Abeokuta, Olumo Rock is a fascinating natural wonder. Climb the ancient rock formations for breathtaking views of the city and explore the historical caves within. Don’t forget to visit the nearby Adire Market for traditional Nigerian fabrics during your Nigeria trip.

• Yankari National Park : Nature lovers will be captivated by Yankari National Park in Bauchi State. Embark on a safari adventure to spot elephants, lions, hippos, and various bird species. Take a dip in the refreshing Wikki Warm Springs, known for its therapeutic properties.

• Benin City : Delve into Nigeria’s history by visiting Benin City. Explore the Benin City National Museum, home to an impressive collection of artifacts. Discover the UNESCO-listed Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin and witness the vibrant brass works at the Igun Street.

Fast Facts About Nigeria: Nigeria Travel Guide

• Climate : Nigeria experiences a tropical climate, characterized by two main seasons: the rainy season (April to October) and the dry season (November to March). The coastal regions are generally hot and humid, while the northern areas have a more arid climate.
• Local Currency : The official currency of Nigeria is the Nigerian Naira (NGN). It is advisable to exchange your currency at authorized exchange centers or banks for the best rates.
• Power Voltage : The power voltage in Nigeria is 230V, with a frequency of 50Hz. The plug types commonly used are the British standard three-pin plugs, so it’s recommended to bring a universal adapter for your electrical devices.
• Language : The official language of Nigeria is English, making it easy for most travelers to communicate. However, there are over 500 languages spoken across the country, showcasing Nigeria’s cultural diversity.
• Religion : Nigeria is a religiously diverse country. The major religions practiced include Christianity, Islam, and traditional indigenous beliefs. Respect for religious customs and traditions is important during your visit.
• Safety : While Nigeria offers amazing travel experiences, it’s essential to stay vigilant and take necessary precautions. Research and follow travel advisories, avoid isolated areas at night, and take care of your belongings.
• Cultural Etiquette : Nigeria is known for its warm hospitality. When visiting local communities or interacting with locals, it’s polite to greet with a handshake and use appropriate titles when addressing elders or individuals of authority. Respecting local customs and traditions is greatly appreciated.
• Tipping : Tipping is not mandatory in Nigeria, but it is customary to tip for exceptional service. In restaurants, a 10% gratuity may be added to the bill. Additionally, it’s a thoughtful gesture to tip hotel staff, guides, and drivers for their services.

When to Visit Nigeria: Seasons and Festivals

Nigeria offers something exciting throughout the year, but the best time to visit depends on your preferences and the festivals you’d like to experience. Here’s a breakdown of the seasons and festivals to help you plan your Nigeria trip:

• Dry Season (November to March): This period is ideal for wildlife enthusiasts and outdoor activities. The weather is pleasant, and you can explore national parks like Yankari or go hiking in the picturesque hills of Jos.
• Rainy Season (April to October): Despite the occasional downpours, the rainy season adds a lush green touch to Nigeria’s landscapes. It’s a great time to witness waterfalls in their full glory, such as the Erin Ijesha Waterfalls or Farin Ruwa Falls.
• Festivals : Nigeria is renowned for its vibrant festivals that showcase its cultural heritage. The Osun-Osogbo Festival (August) celebrates the Yoruba goddess Osun with processions, music, and dance. The Durbar Festival (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha) in Kano and Katsina is a colorful display of equestrian pageantry and traditional attire – a must-attend event during your Nigeria travel adventure. Other notable festivals include the Eyo Festival (May) in Lagos, the Argungu Fishing Festival (February/March) in Kebbi, and the New Yam Festival (August) celebrated by various ethnic groups.

How to Get Around Nigeria

Here are the best ways to get around the country during your Nigeria journey:

• Domestic Flights : Nigeria has a well-connected domestic flight network, making it convenient to travel between major cities. Airlines like Arik Air, Air Peace, and Dana Air offer reliable services.
• Road Trips : Exploring Nigeria by road allows you to witness the country’s diverse landscapes. Rent a car or hire a private driver to enjoy the freedom of discovering hidden gems at your own pace. However, be prepared for occasional traffic congestion in urban areas.
• Public Transportation : Within cities, public transportation options include buses, minibusses (known as “danfos”), and motorcycles (okadas). These options are affordable but can be crowded and may require some familiarity with local routes.
• Inter-city Buses : Long-distance travel between cities is well-served by inter-city bus services. Companies such as ABC Transport, GUO Transport, and Peace Mass Transit offer comfortable and reliable options.
• Ferries : In coastal regions, ferries are available for inter-island transportation. For example, you can take a ferry from Lagos to explore the beautiful beaches and resorts of the nearby islands during your Nigeria trip.

Where to Stay in Nigeria: Accommodation Tips

Here are some valuable tips to help you make the most of your accommodation choices during your Nigeria travel adventure:

• Diverse Options : Nigeria offers a wide range of accommodation options to suit every budget and preference. From luxurious hotels in major cities to budget-friendly guesthouses and vacation rentals, you’ll find something that fits your needs.
• Location Matters : Consider the location of your accommodation carefully. If you’re exploring Lagos, areas like Victoria Island and Ikoyi offer convenient access to attractions and a vibrant nightlife. In Abuja, areas like Garki and Maitama are popular for their proximity to landmarks and amenities.
• Safety and Security : Prioritize your safety by choosing reputable accommodations. Look for properties with positive reviews and good security measures such as gated entrances, CCTV cameras, and 24-hour reception. It’s always beneficial to research the safety of the neighborhood before booking.
• Online Booking Platforms : Utilize trusted online booking platforms to compare prices, read reviews, and find the best deals. Websites like Booking.com, Expedia, and Airbnb provide a wide range of options and allow you to filter based on your preferences.
• Local Guesthouses : Consider staying in local guesthouses or bed and breakfast establishments for a more immersive cultural experience during your Nigeria journey. Not only will you have the opportunity to interact with friendly locals, but you might also discover hidden gems and receive insider tips.

How to Save Money Traveling in Nigeria

Exploring Nigeria doesn’t have to break the bank. With these money-saving tips, you can make your travel budget go further and still enjoy incredible experiences:

• Local Cuisine : Embrace the local culinary scene and savor traditional Nigerian dishes. Eating at local restaurants and street food stalls not only provides an authentic experience but is also cost-effective compared to upscale eateries.
• Bargaining : Bargaining is common in markets and when dealing with street vendors. Don’t hesitate to negotiate prices, especially for souvenirs, crafts, and local products. Polite haggling can lead to significant savings.
• Public Transportation : Opt for public transportation like buses or shared taxis (known as “kekes” or “danfos”) to get around within cities. They are more affordable than private taxis or car rentals and give you a chance to mingle with locals.
• Free Attractions : Nigeria has plenty of attractions that won’t cost you a dime. Explore public parks, visit local beaches, or take a leisurely walk through vibrant neighborhoods like Lekki in Lagos or Garki Village in Abuja.
• Travel Insurance : While it may seem like an additional expense, investing in travel insurance is a wise decision for your Nigeria trip. It can protect you against unexpected medical expenses, trip cancellations, or lost baggage, giving you peace of mind throughout your journey.

What Food to Try in Nigeria: Traditional Cuisine

Here’s a Nigeria travel guide to the culinary delights and traditional dishes:

• Jollof Rice : A beloved Nigerian dish, Jollof Rice is a flavorful one-pot rice dish cooked with tomatoes, onions, and spices. It is often accompanied by grilled chicken or fish and enjoyed at festive occasions.
• Suya : Satisfy your cravings with Suya, a popular street food. It consists of skewered, spicy-grilled meat (usually beef or chicken) coated with a flavorful blend of spices, including ground peanuts.
• Egusi Soup : Egusi Soup is a delicious melon seed-based soup cooked with vegetables, meat, or fish. It is typically enjoyed with pounded yam, fufu, or eba, which are staple Nigerian swallow dishes.
• Pounded Yam and Egusi : Experience the traditional Nigerian way of eating by trying Pounded Yam and Egusi. Pounded Yam is a dough-like staple made from yam tubers, and when paired with Egusi Soup, it creates a satisfying and authentic meal.
• Chin Chin : For a sweet treat, don’t miss out on Chin Chin. These crunchy, bite-sized pastries are made with flour, sugar, butter, and a hint of nutmeg or cinnamon. They are perfect for snacking on the go.

What to Bring from Nigeria: Souvenir Ideas

As you bid farewell to Nigeria, take a piece of its charm and culture home with you through unique and meaningful souvenirs. Here are some souvenir ideas to cherish your Nigeria travel memories:

• Traditional Fabrics : Nigeria is famous for its colorful and intricately designed fabrics. Purchase vibrant pieces of Ankara or Adire fabric, which can be used to create unique clothing, accessories, or home decor items.
• Handcrafted Artwork : Support local artisans by purchasing handcrafted artwork, such as sculptures, masks, or paintings during your Nigeria trip. These pieces reflect Nigeria’s rich cultural traditions and make for striking additions to any home.
• Beaded Jewelry : Nigerian jewelry, particularly those adorned with colorful beads, is a testament to the country’s craftsmanship. Look for intricately beaded necklaces, bracelets, or earrings to add a touch of Nigerian style to your accessory collection.
• Traditional Instruments : Immerse yourself in Nigeria’s musical heritage by bringing home traditional instruments like the talking drum, shekere (beaded gourd), or kalimba. These instruments not only make for unique decor but also allow you to connect with Nigerian rhythms.
• Local Crafts : Explore local markets and discover a plethora of handcrafted items such as woven baskets, pottery, or leather goods. These one-of-a-kind pieces capture Nigeria’s craftsmanship and cultural diversity.

Additionally, check out our articles about 2023 top travel destinations in the world , and the best holiday destinations in 2024 .

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Nigeria Travel Guide – Tips and Inspiration

Hey there! If you’re not a routine reader of this blog, then you have probably found this post while searching for information about visiting Nigeria . Perhaps you’re travelling for business purposes or considering it as an off-the-beaten-path destination?

This Nigeria Travel guide will help you navigate the intricacies of visiting and exploring this West African Country. To begin, here are some quick facts about Nigeria.

What's Covered in this Post

Nigeria Travel Guide – Quick Facts about Nigeria (Tourism)

Getting to Nigeria – Flight and Visa Requirements

All foreign nationals, except those from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), need to apply for a visa to visit Nigeria.

The Nigerian Immigration Service recently introduced a visa on arrival policy for selected individuals and countries. If you do not qualify for it, you may apply to get one from your nearest Nigerian Embassies, High Commissions and Consulates.

In addition to a valid visa, you also need a yellow fever certificate to enter the country.

Which Countries Can Get Visa on Arrival in Nigeria (2021)?

According to the information on the Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) website , the visa on arrival is available to citizens of African countries and business travellers from all other countries, except  ECOWAS nationals.

Note that you need to apply online for this. I would write a separate post when I have more information. In the meantime, be sure to go through the immigration website for more information and read the Visa on Arrival FAQ here.

Nigeria Travel Guide – When is the Best Time to Visit Nigeria?

Nigeria has two major seasons – rainy and dry season. The rainy season begins in April and runs through to October. And the dry season begins in November through March. It isn’t uncommon to have rains in the dry seasons (especially in November and December).

Generally, it is better to visit during the dry season. However, there are advantages to visiting during the rainy season as well. For one, the roads are less dusty and the waterfalls are more beautiful to behold.

December and January have the most advantages. In some places, these months ring in the harmattan season which comes with less humidity and cooler temperatures in the morning and evenings.

Nigeria Travel Guide – Top Places to Visit in Nigeria

Tourist Attractions in Nigeria: Nature – Waterfalls, Springs, Hills…

Tourist Attractions in Nigeria: National Parks, Conservation Centers…

Tourist attractions in nigeria: museums, art galleries, monuments and world heritage sites, getting around within nigeria.

Plane : Nigeria has a total of 6 International Airports and 11 Domestic Airports . About 7 domestic carriers operate within Nigeria. You should note that it is quite common to experience delays in flights schedules. One useful tip will be to always try to catch the first flights out of a city. Those are very rarely delayed. As of this writing, the most reliable airline is Arik Air.

Train : While there is a working rail system in Nigeria, travel by train is not reliable. Interstate and Intrastate (Lagos) trains are old and slow and oftentimes, overcrowded. The exceptions to this are the fairly new rail lines that operate between Abuja and Kaduna and Lagos to Ibadan.

Local Buses & Taxis : Local buses are often the cheapest way to move around. They are not often comfortable though. So, you may want to consider other options. Be sure to negotiate and agree on prices before you start a trip.

Uber, Bolt : These are currently the best ride-hailing apps for use within major cities in Nigeria.

Motorcycles : or Okadas, as they are popularly called, are the quickest means to navigate through major cities. I personally wouldn’t advise the regular use of this means of transportation as it can be rather dangerous. In some cities, they are banned from plying highways and major roads.

Is it safe to travel to Nigeria (2021)?

Many travel boards advise against visiting Nigeria. But how unsafe is it really? Without applying the bias of a local, I’d simply say that certain areas should be off-limits for now. If you exercise a reasonable level of caution while visiting some states in the country, you will be fine.

Generally, the South Western States are best suited for tourism. It is advisable to be in the company of a local when you travel through Nigeria.

Finally…

Before you visit, forget all about your ‘African Fantasies’ and set your expectations correctly.  As expected with low-income countries, there are infrastructure gaps and things may not always go according to plan. You cannot simply just vagabond through Nigeria. I will advise that you research your destinations before you visit.

Above all, remember to always keep your wits about you. There is something called ‘The African Time’. Expect delays and/or emphasize appointment times with people you interact with.

When you visit Nigeria, seek out experiences with people, rather than places. Nigerians (and West Africans in general) can be some of the most welcoming people you would ever meet.

I do hope you enjoy your visit. Feel free to ask me any questions in the comment section below. Also, if you have visited before, I’d love to hear about your experiences travelling in Nigeria. Please share them with me!

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I love to hear from you, leave a comment here cancel reply, 14 comments.

The “African Time” got me! Lmao!

I love how well detailed this article is. Welldone dear!

Thank you, Fisayo!

Trains are now very reliable in Nigeria though

Hmm, I’d argue that they still aren’t. With the exception of the new train routes, it is common for trains to breakdown while en route and for them to be delayed. And with all the racketeering around obtaining tickets, there are still many areas to be improved upon.

This post is really detailed! Thank you for always sharing your knowledge

You’re welcome! Thanks for reading!

great post! I have such a long list of places I want to visit. But it’s great that you’ve set this out in a straight forward manner and would be a great place for someone to start planning a trip to Nigeria!

Yes! Hope you visit soon!

VISA ON ARRIVAL FOR ALL African Union CITIZENS!! YESSS NIGERIA DOING GREAT THINGS! I am pleased to read this! Thanks for sharing, I have now put Nigeria very high up on my destination list!!

Yes! Hope you visit soon. PS: I updated the post to include the fact that you have to apply online first – to get an approval letter and pay the visa fees. The process is quite fast. So it’s more or less an e-visa.

Yes I researched it and saw the eVisa requirements. Still simple to be honest! Thanks again 😝

Lovely comprehensive post! You’ve inspired me.. I may just write a similar one on Jamaica. If I’m ever visiting Nigeria and I’d really love to, I’ll make sure to reread this article. African time won’t phase me. It can’t be any worse than island time. 😂

Haha, never heard about Island time! I thought it was peculiar to just countries in Africa!

Looking forward to reading your guide and visiting Jamaica one day!

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Nigeria Travel Guide

What's unique, nigeria travel blogs.

• Introducing Nigeria
• Destination highlights

The highlight of travelling in Nigeria is meeting these culturally rich people; practically any person in any corner of Nigeria will offer a moment of their time to say ‘Welcome’. Lizzie Williams , author of Nigeria: the Bradt Guide

Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation, is often dominated by impressions of Lagos, a chaotic and traffic-heavy city. Yet look deeper within and beyond this metropolis and you’ll discover a vibrant country of generous people, ancient cultures and an impressive natural heritage. From roadblocks where policemen wear bandanas and mirrored sunglasses, to ladies going to church in the most beautiful dresses you’ve ever seen; from plane-loads of wealthy Nigerians going to Dubai on shopping trips, to people so poor they resort to eating rats and maggots; from black-magic markets full of weird charms, to more cell phones than perhaps anywhere else in the world.

In the waterlogged south of the country are deltas and lagoons where people’s lives haven’t changed for hundreds of years, and in the north are ancient kingdoms and walled cities, even today ruled by sultans and emirs. Love it or hate it, Lagos does have to be seen to be believed and nowhere on earth will you experience such mind-boggling, vibrant chaos as in this mass of humanity; explore the colonial town of Calabar and the primate sanctuaries of the Cross River forests; walk through the mysterious Oshogbo Sacred Forest of Yorubaland, a World Heritage Site; relax in Yankari National Park’s startlingly beautiful Wiki Warm Spring;  journey to ancient Islamic cities such as Kano to experience the centuries-old Kurmi Market – and you’ll see there’s much more to Nigeria than its headline notoriety.

Food and drink in Nigeria

Although typical of what is found throughout west Africa, traditional Nigerian food is more diverse because of the number of ethnic groups in the country. It differs between the south and north depending on what food products are available.

As a general rule of thumb, Nigerians are fond of some kind of starchy staple accompanied by an (often spicy) soup – this is actually more like a sauce or relish and is not runny like a soup. They use a lot of palm oil, a reddish coloured oil made from ground palm kernels, and a lot of chillies ground into a red powder (known in Nigeria simply as pepper). The starches include pounded yam, which is boiled yams literally pounded in a giant mortar until the consistency is light and fluffy; it looks a bit like mashed potato.

Others are eba or garri , porridges made from pounded cassava; amala , ground yam peels, which are boiled into a stiff paste and have a darker brown colour; and semovita , made from maize flour, another mashed-potato-looking concoction and similar to mealie meal or pap eaten all over eastern and southern Africa. Most of these starch-based staples have little taste and are very bland, and some have a fairly slimy texture, but they are cheap and filling and soak up the flavour of the sauce that comes with them. Alternatively you can opt for rice, which is served plain or cooked with peppers and palm oil; the latter is called jollof rice , which is bright orange, fairly hot and very tasty.

Most of the soups are made with lots of palm oil and some meat-based stock, and a few pieces of your chosen meat are plonked on top. Nigeria is renowned for its fiery obe ata (pepper soup), which effectively is the country’s national dish; it’s a thick sauce made by boiling tomatoes, ground pepper, meat or fish broth, onions, palm oil and other spices. A Nigerian must-do is to try dried fish, beef or chicken pepper soup with your choice of starch and be prepared for your eyeballs to melt and your nose to explode, though you may choose to pass on the hugely popular isiewu (goat’s head pepper soup) – every part of the goat’s head is swimming around in it.

Other soups include the tasty egusi soup , made from ground melon seeds and bitter leaf (a sort of spinach); okra soup , made from okra, also known as ladies’ fingers; draw soup , made from palm nuts, which is horribly slimy and viciously hot and is so called because the spices are ‘drawn’ out; and groundnut soup , which is made from peanuts and lends a slight satay flavour to the sauce.

You can add additional meat to these meals, which usually consists of a few pieces of very tough beef or goat, cooked dried fish with its head still intact, or a piece of chicken; the last ranges from delicious KFC-styled fried chicken to a piece of bone with hardly any flesh on that has been boiled dry. It’s worth remembering that you’ll get very good or very bad versions of these meals; there is often no way of telling which it’s going to be. Nevertheless, if you’re lucky you’ll get a big plate of steaming starch, tasty soup and tender meat. If there’s also dodo on the menu add this – it’s a delicious dish of fried plantains.

Fish, meat, vegetables

Because of the prevalence of tsetse fly, cattle are scarce in the coastal regions, so consequently more fish are eaten in the south, while meat is more popular in the north. Look out for suya , which is delicious barbecued beef on sticks, though you can also get offal and goat suya , and kilishi , spiced dried meat that is very thinly sliced and dried outside in the sun. You’ll often see bushmeat on the menu, which is considered a delicacy. Sometimes it’s antelope that’s unfortunately been poached out of the countryside, but more often than not it’s grasscutters (cane rats) or giant rubbery snails called igbin.

Vegetables such as onions, tomatoes, bitter leaf and yam are plentiful throughout Nigeria, though more exotic vegetables can be found in Lagos and the markets of the bigger cities. Outside Lagos we only really saw potatoes (and chips) on the menu in the north. Strangely given the dry climate, we also found more salads in the north, and they were surprisingly delicious, with lettuce, onions and tomatoes, a spattering of tinned baked beans, hard-boiled eggs and a big dollop of mayonnaise.

Fruit is plentiful and bananas, mangos and slices of fresh pineapple, or even coconut, are often seen on the side of the road, as are imported apples and sometimes pears from South Africa. Dairy products are scarce and you are unlikely to see cheese apart from in the posh restaurants on Victoria Island, though tinned condensed milk, milk powder and canned margarine are available. One brand of margarine that’s popular is Blue Band, about which one reader said, ‘I didn’t entirely trust a food product that doesn’t go off when kept in a warm cupboard for a year. My suspicion is that Blue Band is actually a form of spreadable plastic.’

Vegetarian food

Nigerians are largely meat eaters, and there are very few specific vegetarian dishes on restaurant menus. However, there are some exceptions. In the southeastern regions where meat is rare, beans are used to supplement protein in soups, and throughout the country moin-moin , or bean cakes with a slightly gelatinous texture about them, are popular snacks and are usually wrapped up in banana leaves. Vegetarians must be aware that while most soups are made with palm oil and vegetables (with the selected piece of meat added afterwards), the stock is often still meat-based, so ensure you ask first. This is even the case of efo , a wholly vegetable soup, which sometimes also has a meat-based gravy.

Starting with the obvious, international branded soft drinks such as Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite and Schweppes lemon are available everywhere, from roadside stalls to buckets on top of people’s heads, and in all the country’s restaurants and bars. They’re not always cold so check first before handing over the N50 or so it costs for a 350ml bottle – you give the bottle back as soon as you have finished. Occasionally you’ll see disposable cans but these are quadruple the price of a bottle.

There are several brands of locally produced and hugely popular malt drinks in brown bottles; one such drink is brewed by Guinness, and is served very cold. It tastes like a thick, non-alcoholic Guinness. They’re advertised as being very good for you and it’s common to see a couple in a bar with the man drinking a beer and a woman drinking a malt drink.

A drink called Chapmans is hard to find except in the more upmarket restaurants, and is expensive at about N250 for a glass, but is very refreshing; it’s a deep red berry colour and tastes a bit like a non-alcoholic Pimm’s and is made with a good dose of Angostura bitters and either tonic or lemonade with ice and a slice – like lemon or lime bitters. At most motor parks you’ll see men trundling around on bicycles selling chilled, flavoured yoghurt drinks. These taste nice, but I’d give them a wide berth as, despite them being served out of cooler boxes, you have no idea how many times they’ve warmed up in the sun. You’re better off buying these from a supermarket.

Lipton tea bags are readily available, as are small tins of condensed milk, small packets of milk powder and small tins of Nescafé. When ordering tea and coffee in a restaurant, this is what you get, and it invariably comes with bread. If you are unable to speak to anyone in the morning before a caffeine fix, I suggest you bring one of those electric elements you heat water with and a plastic or Thermos mug, as all the ingredients are available in Nigeria.

In a hotel, you may wait for an hour before a simple cup of tea emerges from the hotel kitchen. All over Nigeria in the mornings, on the side of the road and in the motor parks, you’ll see tea-and-bread sellers who serve huge plastic mugs of tea and a hunk of bread, but as they boil the sugar in the water, the tea is exceptionally sweet.

Bottled water is available, though sporadically, so try and buy it when you see it. Expect to pay around N100 for a half-litre bottle. Much more common and sold literally everywhere are half-litre plastic packets of what is known as pure water . Not everyone trusts the purity of pure water and it’s generally believed to be tap water, neatly packaged by pure water packaging machines that are freely advertised in the newspapers for anyone to buy and set up their own pure water business. (One Lebanese businessman I spoke to told me that this is exactly what happens.) Always presume that you are drinking ordinary tap water and not any kind of special mineral water. For this reason I would probably avoid them in Lagos and the bigger cities, where tap water is more likely to be contaminated. One pure water brand I saw in Sokoto was called ‘Acceptable Water’, which says it all.

Except in the northern cities, you won’t have a problem finding alcohol, and there are many excellent brands of locally brewed beer, which are sold in big half-litre re-usable bottles for about N150. The most popular are Star and Gulder; the former has the lighter taste. Big bottles of Guinness are hugely popular, but it’s not served in quite the same way as it is in the emerald isle; you’ll get it very cold and, quite bizarrely, it usually comes with a straw.

It’s brewed to a recipe that keeps the tropical heat from spoiling it, so it’s more strong and bitter than the Irish original. You’ll need to ask for a glass. As Nigerian Breweries is under licence to the Heineken label, you’ll sometimes see cans of Heineken but, as it comes in cans and not re-usable bottles, they are more expensive at around N400–500.

Local drinks include emu , or palm wine, the favourite drink in southern Nigeria, which is a natural sweet, frothy juice with a foul smell. It has to be drunk fresh and is potently alcoholic, and gets more so as the day wears on; administer with care. The distilled version of palm wine is ogogoro , a strong local gin, but it’s very discreetly sold. You’ll sometimes see Gordon’s Spark, which is a Nigerian version of an alcopop made with gin. Imported spirits and wines are expensive and can only be found in upmarket restaurants and hotels, and the few supermarkets dealing in imported goods, and are very rarely seen outside Lagos, Abuja or Port Harcourt.

Health and safety in Nigeria

Nigeria’s poor infrastructure, colossal population, poverty, terrible roads and high crime rate combine to create what can only be described as not a very healthy or safe place to visit. Travelling in tropical Africa exposes us to diseases caused by parasites, bacteria and viruses, some so bizarre we may never have heard of them before. Illnesses are passed around in food and water, or by insects and bugs, and can even be contracted from passing an infected person on the street. Added to this is the high crime rate and manic, highly publicised congestion on the roads.

However, remember that with the right precautions and a sensible attitude, the following events or illnesses are unlikely to trouble you. Getting fully acquainted with them in the first place, and knowing what to do if something goes wrong when you get there, can minimise all Nigeria’s health and safety risks. Prevention is the best way to stay healthy and safe. To put things in perspective, after malaria, which can be prevented by taking the right precautions, the biggest danger for a traveller in Nigeria is being involved in a road accident

Immunisations

Immunisation against yellow fever is essential and proof may be required on entry, and always if you are coming from another yellow fever infected area. There is a real risk of contracting yellow fever so the vaccine would be recommended unless there is a contraindication against having this live vaccine. Most travel clinic experts would then advise against travelling, as the risk of disease is high. Cholera is a risk in high-density urban areas, so if you have time then consider having the oral cholera vaccine (Dukoral), now available in the UK, especially if you have any underlying medical condition or are planning to work in unsanitary conditions.

This palatable berry-flavoured drink is said to offer about 75% protection against the more common strains of cholera. For adults and children six years and over, two doses are needed, taken at least one week but no more than six weeks apart. Ideally the second dose should be taken at least one week before entering an infected area. Two doses of vaccine will provide cover for two years. For children aged two to five, three doses are needed for the same efficacy, but protection lasts only for six months.

Typhoid and hepatitis A and B are present in Nigeria and immunisations are highly recommended. Meningitis and rabies immunisations should also be seriously considered. Routine immunisations, such as for tetanus, diphtheria and polio, should be reviewed and updated. If you do decide to have an armful of jabs, start organising them at least six weeks before departure, and remember that a yellow fever certificate becomes valid only ten days after you’ve had the vaccination.

Travel clinics and health information

A full list of current travel clinic websites worldwide is available on www.istm.org . For other journey preparation information, consult www.travelhealthpro.org.uk  (UK) or http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ (US). Information about various medications may be found on www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel . All advice found online should be used in conjunction with expert advice received prior to or during travel.

Road accidents

Bugs, bowel movements and tropical diseases aside, your safety during any trip to Nigeria is most likely to be endangered by getting around by road. Traffic everywhere, and most infamously in Lagos, is one big aggressive snarl-up. The city roads are choked and congested beyond belief, while the highways and expressways between the cities are poorly maintained, and used by manic drivers who have no respect for oncoming traffic.

Road accidents are common, as attested to by the millions of battered vehicles in the country, and by the thousands of mangled buses and cars on the sides of the road. If you are travelling around in a chauffeur-driven car, by overland vehicle or by overcrowded public transport, always exercise caution on the roads. Always be aware of your driver’s road sense as soon as you get in a vehicle – which you should be able to judge pretty quickly. If you are very uncomfortable with his method of driving then stop him, get out of the vehicle and find an alternative one.

Always avoid driving, or being driven, after dark. There are very few street lights, many vehicles do not have headlights, and there’s the added problem of pedestrians and domestic animals on the road. Additionally, though there are countless police roadblocks during the day, there are far fewer at night on the roads and this is when armed robberies of vehicles tend to take place. If you are taking public transport over quite some distance, set off early in the day as you will inevitably have to wait for some time in the motor park for a vehicle that goes-when-full, and you will want to ensure that you reach your destination before dark. I would also not advise you to travel on the so-called ‘luxury’ buses simply because they nearly always travel at night.

Crime and corruption

Nigeria has a reputation for crime and corruption and has more than its fair share of challenges to safety and security – it is advisable always to be security conscious. Things do happen – armed robberies and carjackings are prevalent in Lagos and there is a threat of mugging. More disturbing are the huge numbers of guns in private possession and in the police and armed forces; all are susceptible to bribery and corruption, and thus could provide arms to civilians at the right price. There have also been incidents when the police themselves have been the perpetrators of crime.

Some of the more outlandish crime that occurs in Nigeria is piracy, or armed robbery on ships anchored in Nigerian waters, or the illegal ‘bunkering’ of oil onto ships belonging to other nationalities. It’s also not uncommon for gangs to hijack oilrigs off the coast to extort money from the oil companies. Also be aware that there have been many recent incidents of hostage-taking for ransom, particularly in the Niger Delta, because of local community problems with the oil companies. People working in Nigeria for these companies should be especially vigilant and follow their employer’s security guidelines.

Although it doesn’t produce any drugs of its own, Nigeria is known as a major drug-trafficking country for Asian heroin smuggled to Europe and the USA, and for South American cocaine trafficked to Europe. Nigerian drug organisations are also heavily involved in other criminal activities such as document fabrication, illegal immigration and financial fraud. But Nigerians in Nigeria are generally not drug users.

I live in Cape Town and at the end of my road is a large Nigerian community (a reported one million Nigerians live in South Africa, and three million in the USA, with other large communities in Europe and elsewhere in the world). Some of Cape Town’s Nigerian community, as well as many Capetonians, sell drugs on the street for a living. We never once got offered drugs on the street by a Nigerian in Nigeria.

Many Nigerians complain that the illegal activities of the offending minority have damaged the whole nation’s image. It was also explained to me that most of Nigeria’s criminals were not in Nigeria at all, and made up the huge populations of Nigerians living overseas. These were the people who were capable of forging, stealing or bribing to get passports and visas, and, as illegal immigrants in other countries, resorting to criminal activity to make a living. Despite all this, Nigeria’s awful reputation for crime is largely exaggerated, especially outside Lagos where you will rarely feel threatened or be a victim of crime. Even in Lagos, long-term visitors may never see an ‘Area Boy’ (hoodlum, thief) or someone out of uniform carrying a gun. But always remember that there is a criminal element in Nigeria and keep up your guard.

Petty theft

The culture of cheating is alive and kicking in Nigeria and you are more likely to be cheated out of something than having it simply stolen off you. This was one of the biggest surprises I had in Nigeria. As a seasoned traveller in eastern and southern Africa, where you guard your bags and possessions fiercely, I didn’t feel the need to do this so attentively in Nigeria. Not once did we have anything stolen out of a hotel room, and after the first few outings on public transport when we crouched over our bags jealously, we would quite willingly throw them into the open back of a vehicle surrounded by hundreds of people and go for a wander around a motor park while waiting for the vehicle to go-when-full.

Political risks

There is no doubt that political and religious tensions in Nigeria are high, and there has been a catalogue of riots and violent incidents since the country gained independence in 1960. There is no real science of assessing political risk, though it’s a good idea to check your nationality’s foreign office advice before you leave home and keep a close eye on Nigerian news. Outbreaks of localised civil unrest and violence can occur all over Nigeria without warning. If something does occur while you are in Nigeria, it is unlikely that a traveller will be targeted or involved, and most violent eruptions are based on local ethnic or religious spats.

Potential trouble spots are in the northern cities, and in the Niger Delta where the local communities resent the presence of the multi-national oil companies. Here is the one place where foreigners could be specifically targeted if they are identified (mistakenly or not) as oil employees and at the time of writing the region was pretty much off-limits to foreigners because of a continual spate of kidnappings.

Female travellers

Nigerian women all over the country travel on their own, be it on long journeys by bus or for a short hop on the back of an okada . Every time I jumped on the back of an okada , however, everyone stopped and stared incredulously. But the attention you get stops there, and you will soon get used to having a million pairs of eyes on you. The most prevalent attitude you are going to meet is complete bemusement. Nigerian society is conducted on the street and Nigerians are by character great socialisers and talkers, and they’ll often approach you for a chat.

Almost all of the time it is just out of inquisitiveness and simply just to say ‘Welcome’. Not once did I receive any rude or suggestive comments, and (only!) once was I approached in a bar environment to ask if I wanted company – as happens anywhere in the world. The guy in question left when I declined. But remember to turn down unwanted attention very politely – pride is important for Nigerian men.

One word of advice for women travellers (at least for anyone over the age of 21!) is to say that you are married even if you’re not. This is not for any practical reason; you certainly won’t be asked if you are married to get a hotel room, even in the Muslim north. But if you are over 21 and not married, Nigerians – male and female – will not get it, and you’ll be embroiled in a lengthy and analytical conversation about why you’re not married. Believe me, it’s just easier to say you are. Although there have been occasions in Nigerian history where rape and sexual assault have been prevalent, they have only really occurred during war times when the army has used rape as a weapon against women. Other than that, sexual crime is not common in Nigerian society. Hopefully this is because it doesn’t happen rather than because it’s not being reported.

The most important thing for a woman to consider is to dress modestly, especially in the Muslim north, though despite the strict sharia code, Western women are not expected to cover their hair. This is because many Christians live in the northern cities and wear what they like, though as a visitor it’s always sensible to respect the local customs.

There are other Islamic considerations to take into account: women are generally not welcome at mosques, particularly at prayer times, and as prayers often happen outside mosques or in open prayer compounds at the side of the road or in markets, it is a good idea not to get too close, and under no circumstances should you stop and stare. In the northern cities, my male fellow traveller went to the main Friday prayers to see several thousand men praying in and around the main mosque. It wasn’t appropriate for me to go and he says that all the women in the area simply melted away during prayer time.

Travellers with a disability

Nigeria, like many other African countries, does not cater for the needs of disabled travellers – or even those of its own disabled population. Unfortunately, few establishments, except perhaps the international hotels in larger cities (about three or four at most), have made any considerations for wheelchair users. Even an able-bodied person would have difficulty finding any space at all on public transport, never mind an actual seat, and getting around the congested streets is virtually impossible.

LGBTQ+ travellers

In early 2007, the national assembly deemed homosexual activity illegal in Nigeria. It’s now punishable by up to five years in prison in the south and, under sharia law in the north, possibly by death.

Travel and visas in Nigeria

A passport (valid for at least six months and preferably with several blank pages) and a Nigerian visa are required for entry into the country. Visa exemptions are granted only to citizens of some of Nigeria’s neighbouring west African countries. Nigerian embassies or consulates are located in the capitals of most European, North American and African countries together with Hong Kong, Tokyo and Canberra.

Some countries may have several visa offices (for example Washington, New York and San Francisco in the USA). British consulates often represent Nigerian overseas missions if there is no Nigerian embassy in the country. The two visas visitors are likely to apply for are the short-term tourist visa, valid for a stay of not more than one month (though they are generally extendible to a maximum of three months in-country), or, for those going to work, a business visa, issued to expatriate ‘experts’ to work on specific projects, which is initially valid for three months but can be extended for up to a maximum of six months (if the expat stays long term it can be changed into a long-term residency visa).

When applying for a tourist visa, you need to produce (along with your passport) your return airline ticket, evidence of funds that you will spend in Nigeria (bank or credit card statements), one passport picture, evidence of a hotel booking or a letter from friends or family in Nigeria, a return or onward air ticket if flying on, and the non-refundable fee. The amount differs greatly depending on nationality, but at the time of writing it was US$144 for UK citizens and US$112 for US citizens and it also varies among the issuing authorities.

In most countries you are required to attend the embassy or high commission in person as part of the application for a visa. You also now need to make your application and visa fee payment online to the Nigerian Immigration Service ( www.immigration.gov.ng ) prior to going to the embassy. You will need to take both your printed online application and payment confirmation page as this has your unique ID number. Applications will only be processed with these documents. For business visas you will also need to produce a supporting letter from your employer stating the nature of your business and guaranteeing sufficient financial support for the visit, or alternatively have an invitation letter from the business you are dealing with in Nigeria.

For both visas, some embassies may also require to see your return airline ticket. Generally, visa turnaround is three to seven days but in many countries there’s now an express 24-hour service for an additional fee.

Once you have a visa, ensure that you make a photocopy of it and the passport page with your photograph on it. Some travellers choose to scan and store them at their email address so you can always access your documentation and print it out. For security reasons it is advisable to detail all your important information on one document, photocopy it, leave a copy with family or friends at home and distribute copies through your luggage.

Details might include things like passport and visa number, travel insurance policy details, a 24-hour emergency contact number, and details of relatives or friends to be contacted in case of an emergency. Other guidebooks recommend that you also put credit card details and travellers’ cheque numbers on this document, but this is not the case for Nigeria – not because you aren’t going to be able to use either travellers’ cheques or credit cards anyway, but because of the prevalence of fraud.

Getting there and away

Nigeria’s international airports are Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos; Aminu Kano International Airport, Kano; Port Harcourt International Airport, Port Harcourt; and Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja. Many international airlines operate to and from Nigeria and there are a huge number of flights – not, unfortunately, because lots of tourists are visiting the country, but because many millions of Nigerians want to live anywhere else in the world but Nigeria.

Established airlines serving Nigeria include Air France, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Egypt Air, Emirates, Ethiopian Airlines, Kenya Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, South African Airways and Swiss (formerly Swissair), variously offering good connections with London, Paris and Dubai, and a number of Dutch and German cities, as well as with Addis Ababa, Nairobi and Johannesburg in east and southern Africa. From Lagos to London, it’s a six-hour flight. Most airlines fly to Lagos, but British Airways also flies to Abuja, KLM flies between Amsterdam and Abuja and Kano, and Air France flies between Paris and Port Harcourt. Travellers from North America have the option of going via Europe or Delta Air Lines offers a direct service between Atlanta and Lagos while United Airlines has just started direct flights between Houston, Washington DC and Lagos.

You can get to Nigeria by boat or ferry from Cameroon, but this trip is not for the faint-hearted and I have heard stories about both ferries and motorboats packed full of people simply disappearing. I’ve had recent feedback that ferry trips have been running smoothly with attention given to passenger numbers, but you should still be very wary of potentially overloaded vessels. Ferries arrive and depart from Calabar while motorboats go from nearby Oron in Cross River State.

The major overland route from Europe through west Africa roughly runs through Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon. From Cameroon it’s sometimes possible to cross into east Africa via Chad and Sudan but this route is routinely closed because of the unrest in these countries. You can do all or part of this epic journey with an overland company or in your own vehicle, though of course you will have to be fully kitted out and self-sufficient, with a 4×4 and all the gear.

For inspiration to start your own overland, check out the Africa Overland Network , who have lots of useful information and links to over 200 websites of people’s individual trips by land, bicycle and motorbike. Also pick up a copy of Bradt’s Africa Overland for lots of practical advice.

You can enter Nigeria by road from Benin, Cameroon and Niger. The easiest and quickest route is from Zinder in Niger through to Kano, then west to Maiduguri, and into Cameroon at Mora. But it’s much more interesting to continue south to Jos and then on down to Calabar via perhaps Yankari National Park. The alternative overland route is from Benin along Nigeria’s coastal highway, the fastest route between Lagos and Cameroon. When crossing into Nigeria get rid of all money from the previous country as it’s hard to change once across the border. Also fill up with diesel, as diesel is not always available everywhere in Nigeria. Once in Nigeria fill jerrycans or water tanks whenever you can, as water is also hard to get (for a small fee you can fill up from public taps). Finally, if you’re not in your own vehicle, public transport links the closest cities in the neighbouring countries with the closest cities in Nigeria, so feasibly backpackers can move about from country to country.

Getting around

There are 22 paved runways around the country and most of Nigeria’s state capitals have their own airports. Until a few years ago there used to be many more airlines, 30 or so, but following two fatal air crashes in Nigeria in 2005, the government got tougher with airline operators. The airlines were required to meet stricter standards of safety but many of them failed and their licences were revoked by the Ministry of Aviation. Unfortunately, despite this move, another fatal crash occurred in 2006, which killed the Sultan of Sokoto among many others. Nevertheless, despite this appalling aviation record, conditions in safety have improved overall lately and, to put it in perspective, it’s worth remembering that between seven and eight million Nigerians take domestic flights annually.

At the bigger airports such as Lagos and Abuja, you can just pitch up for a ticket at the airport, though in many cities some of the airlines have desks in local hotels where you can purchase a ticket. Domestic airfares vary slightly between the various airlines. Expect to pay roughly the following prices: Lagos–Abuja, US$100; Lagos–Warri, US$160; Lagos–Benin City, US$120; Lagos–Calabar, US$120; Lagos–Kano, US$160; Lagos–Sokoto, US$150; and Lagos–Enugu, US$110. There are scores of additional fares from Abuja to these destinations and between the other cities, but you can get an idea of price versus distance from the above. All domestic airlines now have websites listing full schedules. Several airlines now offer fares that are significantly cheaper if the ticket is booked and paid for in advance. Most operators offer online booking with several methods of payment, including local debit cards and cash transactions at certain banks.

Nigeria has over 3,500km of railways and the two main railways are from Lagos to Kano (via Ibadan–Oyo–Ogbombosho–Kaduna); and from Port Harcourt to Maiduguri (via Aba–Enugu–Makurdi–Jos). The railways are run by the Nigeria Railway Corporation ( nrc.gov.ng ), which has been in and out of bankruptcy for the last 20 years. After a few years without a service, the Lagos–Kano line has been upgraded and it’s now possible to take a train from Lagos to Ilorin and from Minna through Kaduna to Kano. The full track between Lagos and Kano has reopened to varying reviews and more services will become available again, possibly including the Port Harcourt–Jos–Maiduguri line. There is a ‘light’ railway system being built in Lagos with seven lines proposed, mainly to serve the suburbs, which should be completed by 2015.

The national road system links all the main centres, and traffic drives on the right. Roads in Nigeria are generally very poor, causing damage to vehicles and contributing to hazardous driving conditions. Of Nigeria’s 200,000km of roads, only about 60,000km are paved, but many of these are in very bad shape and have been decaying for years. Some have lost their asphalt surface or have reverted to being gravel roads; many are barely usable, especially in high rainfall areas of the south. Excessive speed, unpredictable driving habits, and the lack of basic maintenance on many vehicles are additional hazards (as burnt-out wrecks and mangled vehicles along the road will attest). The rainy season from May to October is especially dangerous because of flooded roads. The worst roads are in the southeast of the country. There are few traffic lights or stop signs, and drivers seldom yield the right of way or give consideration to pedestrians and cyclists .

Road travel in Africa is generally erratic, but in Nigeria you will also have to get used to the whole ethos of ‘me first’ – each motorist has absolute power and authority over the road, regardless of whether a pedestrian is walking in front of his vehicle, whether he is on the wrong side of the road and a truck is heading down a hill towards him, or whether he wants to get from point A to point B via an embankment, a pavement or a central reservation. There is a good reason why hire cars come with a driver in Nigeria, and why the more comfortable front seats of a go-when-full minibus are often the last to fill – the views through the eyes of the driver can be very unnerving! Finally, driving without honking the horn is considered discourteous and dangerous.

By minibus and bush taxi

Except for the smallest of villages, every settlement in Nigeria has a motor park, and some of the larger cities have several. All public transport goes from these and you will inevitably spend a great deal of time hanging around them waiting for vehicles to go-when-full.

Sometimes you may be lucky and arrive at a motor park and find a vehicle with only a couple of seats left and depart almost immediately; at other times you may be the first to arrive and have to hang around for another 16 or so people who want to go in the same direction as you.

It’s best to go to a motor park early as the first vehicles of the day fill quickly. The exception is Sunday in the Christian cities, where nothing moves until church finishes about 13.00. Although they seem completely chaotic at first, motor parks are fairly organised and someone will point you in the right direction of the vehicle you want. Always look out for the men in the green and white uniform of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW), who patrol the motor parks and take the fee paid by the drivers for the use of the motor park. One will take you straight to the right bus. There are queues of vehicles and the one that is filling up first will have a wooden pyramid sign on top with the first three letters of the town or city it’s going to. When the vehicle departs, this is simply plonked onto the top of the next one. In nearly all of the motor parks you can hire a porter with a wheelbarrow to carry your luggage.

By okadas and city transport

There must be hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of motorcycle taxis in Nigeria. In the south they are generally called okadas (after a defunct airline); in the north they are known as achabas . If you get stuck, just simply say ‘machine’. You’ll see the odd meaty Suzuki, but the majority of Nigerian okadas are Jinchengs imported from China. Millions of young men make a living as okada drivers and, if they are successful, as they get older and when they can afford to buy a car, they become taxi drivers. They usually carry one person on the back but it’s not uncommon to see two or more people plus an assortment of luggage. In the cities they are faster than regular taxis but are not for the faint-hearted, though you can always tell your driver to slow down.

You will always have to negotiate a ride, which will be as little as N30 for a short hop outside of Lagos, and N50 in Lagos, while a journey of a kilometre or two will cost upwards of N150. In Lagos okada drivers by law now have to wear a helmet and most should offer a passenger helmet too, which may or may not fit or have a working chinstrap.

Given that you might not have a crash helmet (which is already taking a real risk in Lagos traffic), it’s not a good idea to take okadas on busy expressways where the traffic is moving fast. Accidents are common and in the large cities in particular okadas are driven very aggressively. Finally, if you ask an okada driver to take you somewhere and they hesitate at all it means that they don’t know the place. Rather than admitting this, they will drive around randomly until you catch on.

When to visit Nigeria

Nigeria is consistently hot all year round with very little change in temperature, and in the south there is a constant uncomfortable humidity. Temperatures are highest from February to April in the south and from March to June in the north, and lowest from October to January over most of the country. This is the dry season, when there are cooler temperatures but a chaotic dry northeast wind, referred to locally as the harmattan, which carries fine sand across the country from the Sahara. The dust-filled air during this time can be irritating and uncomfortable and appears as a dense fog. The harmattan is more common in the north but affects the entire country except for a narrow strip along the southwest coast.

However, the dry season is still the best time to go, as heavy rains during the rainy season (April–August) severely hamper travel when roads are flooded, motor parks become quagmires, and streets in Lagos turn into rivers of rubbish. On the coast, the rainy season kicks in earlier than in the rest of the country and starts in February or March, continuing until August. It’s best to avoid travel in the south during this time – the sky is continually overcast, it’s hot, humid and wet and, if travelling by public transport, you’ll need gumboots to wade through the mud in the motor parks.

Although Nigeria is wholly within the tropics, its climate varies from tropical at the coast, to sub-tropical further inland, to arid in the north. It experiences two distinct climates – dry and wet. The length of each season varies around the country depending on elevation and latitude but generally the dry season is November–March and the rainy season April to August, with shorter rains in September and October. However, on the coast the rainy season kicks in during February or March when a moist Atlantic air mass, known as the southwest monsoon, routinely batters the coast.

The coast, and predominantly the Niger Delta, receives more rain annually than the rest of the country – up to 4,000mm per year, approximately five times that of London. In contrast, the semi-arid Sahel in the northernmost part of the country receives the least rainfall – about 500mm annually. The peak of the rainy season here is in August, when air from the Atlantic covers the entire country.

However, Nigeria has suffered from a number of droughts over recent years, particularly in the Sahel, and the 20th century is considered among the driest periods of the last several centuries, with well-publicised droughts during the 1970s and 1980s. These drought periods indicate the great variability of climate across tropical Africa.

Nigeria’s temperature is high year-round, and is frequently accompanied by high humidity in low-lying and coastal areas where temperatures average around 32°C. In the north, temperatures generally average 37°C, with extreme northern desert regions averaging 45°C during the day and 6°C at night. Temperatures are highest from February to April in the south and from March to June in the north, and lowest from October to January over most of the country.

The dry season brings cooler temperatures and chaotic dry northeast winds, referred to locally as the harmattan , which carries fine sand from the Sahara across the country. The dust-filled air during this time can be irritating and uncomfortable and appears as a dense fog. The harmattan is more common in the north but affects the entire country except for a narrow strip along the southwest coast. However, an occasional strong harmattan can sweep as far south as Lagos, pushing clouds of dust out to sea and providing relief from high humidity in the capital.

What to see and do in Nigeria

The capital of Cross Rivers State in the extreme southeastern corner of Nigeria, Calabar is a pleasant town in a beautiful setting high on a hill above a curve in the Calabar River. It was originally called Old Calabar to distinguish it from another town called Kalabari. It has a long history of being Nigeria’s eastern port on an estuary of the Gulf of Guinea, and an estimated third of the slaves who left Nigeria were transported through Calabar. The town is also the cultural centre for the Efik people who dabbled in the slave trade as middlemen. It’s made up of the old Efik settlements of Creek Town (Obio Oko), Duke Town (Atakpa), Old Town (Obutong) and Henshaw Town (Nsidung).

Calabar is well known as the home of the Scottish missionary Mary Slessor, who arrived in 1878 from the United Free Church of Scotland. It grew as an important Niger Delta trading state in the 19th century, thanks to the lucrative palm oil trade, and today rubber and timber pass through Calabar’s port; tyre manufacturer Dunlop has rubber plantations around Calabar. It’s surrounded by saltwater swamps and dense tropical forest, and the markets are full of fish, pineapples, bananas, plantains, cassava and palm oil. For a short time (1893–1906) it was the capital of the British Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, before the capital was moved to Lagos, and was the region’s principal port during the early colonial days before it was eclipsed by Port Harcourt.

The older part of town along the Calabar River has some beautiful colonial buildings but they are in various stages of decay. These were shipped from Liverpool frame by frame, with the carpenters, and were not only used by the colonial offices; many of the local chiefs liked the British architecture so much that they ordered their own houses and period furniture from England and this architecture became the hallmark of Old Calabar. These chiefs even took British names: there were the Dukes, the Jameses, and the Henshaws. The best place to explore Calabar’s history is in the excellent museum.

By contrast, Calabar today is also home to two interesting conservation organisations (Pandrillus and Cercopan) that are doing something worthwhile to help Nigeria’s primates in the nearby Cross River forests. In 2007 okadas were banned from the centre of the city. This was initially a temporary measure following disturbances due to motorcycle operators in disagreement with the state government’s introduction of a mandatory motorbike registration fee. However, the ban was never lifted. Whilst this makes for a pleasant reduction in noise in much of the city, it does reduce the available transport options around town.

Cross River Forests & Mountains

Cross River National Park is the largest area of undisturbed rainforest in the country, and has been described as the Amazon of Nigeria; it seemingly goes on forever, over into Cameroon. The park is spectacularly beautiful, with green, rainforest-cloaked mountains and enormous trees. It is split into two parts, the Oban Division and the Okwangwo Division (that also includes parts of the Obudu Plateau), which are approximately 40km apart on either side of the Cross River to the north of Calabar.  The park covers approximately 4,000km² of Cross River State and the terrain is tough, with hilly escarpments, steep valleys and peaks that generally rise higher than the surrounding deep forest, some of which reach nearly 1,000m.

These rainforests are some of the oldest and richest in the whole of Africa, and many reports written by biologists, going as far back as the 1920s, emphasise the extreme biological richness of the area, their relatively intact status and the increasing threat from uncontrolled farming, logging and hunting.

The Oban Division has an estimated 1,558 plant species, while the Okwangwo has 1,545 species, 77 of which are endemic to Nigeria. The unique nature of Cross River State tropical forest is due in part to its high annual rainfall of over 4,000mm, and its relatively short dry season. Consequently, this forest, together with that immediately adjacent in southwest Cameroon, is classified as the only true evergreen rainforest in Africa. Over 60% of Nigeria’s endangered plant and animal species are found only within these forests. These include 132 tree species listed by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as globally threatened. As many as 200 species have been recorded from a single 0.05ha plot, a diversity matched only in exceptionally rich sites in South America. These trees also attract butterflies, and the forests are richer in butterflies than any other part of Africa.

The Okwangwo Division, home to about 80% of all wild primate species in Nigeria, is where Cross River gorillas share the same habitat with other primates, including chimpanzees and drills. Other rare species include leopard, small antelope, a variety of monkeys, as well as buffalo and forest elephants. The gorilla, which had been declared extinct in Nigeria 40 years earlier, was rediscovered in 1987, and the huge amount of international publicity that this generated helped to persuade the government to gazette Cross River National Park in 1988.

Nevertheless, as in Nigeria’s other parks, mismanagement and neglect have taken their toll and, although the forests of the park are largely intact, they have been subjected to recent small-scale logging in some areas, and hunting continues to be practised throughout, endangering many species, notably the drill, chimpanzee, some of the monkeys such as Preuss’s and Sclater’s guenons, and the forest elephant.

Kano is the oldest city in west Africa, and today is the capital of Kano State. It is a teeming and vibrant city with a variety of interesting things to see. Rather surprisingly, in the 2006 census, the population of Kano State was put at 9,383,682, which was just over 370,000 more than Lagos State. This has been highly disputed and Lagos is generally considered to be far bigger.

Nevertheless, Kano is a huge commercial city founded on the trade of the ancient Sahara routes, and it’s in the centre of a major agricultural region where cotton, cattle and about half of Nigeria’s peanuts are raised. The traffic is especially chaotic here, and the pollution in the city is palpable, especially at the end of the dry season from April to May, when hot fumes scorch your throat. Kano has several districts, including the old city, which is walled and contains many clay houses, giving Kano a medieval atmosphere. The parts of the wall that can still be seen today were built in the 15th century, though as in other northern cities, most of it is seriously dilapidated and eroded.

Kano is popular for its traditional arts and crafts, including weaving and indigo cloth dyeing, and it has long been known for its leatherwork; its tanned goatskins were sent to north Africa from about the 15th century, and were known in Europe as morocco leather. The city is also recognised as a centre of learning – being the seat of Bayero University and the Kano State Institute for Higher Education – and the British Council Library and the Kano State Library are also located in the city. If you are in town at the end of Ramadan, then the traditional horseriding celebrations are not to be missed.

The emirs of Kano and Katsina both hold colourful durbars during the Muslim festival of Eid-el-Kabir and Id-el-Maulud. Performances include charges on horseback, knife swallowers, camels, acrobats, snake charmers, drummers and horn blowers. The city has many good restaurants and accommodation options, and you’ll welcome the coffee and cake shops and Western food.

Although Nigeria’s capital city is Abuja, with a population of just under 1.5 million, it took over from Lagos as the country’s official capital only in 1991, and Lagos remains Nigeria’s largest and most overwhelmingly principal city. The city is the capital of Lagos State, lying in the southwestern corner of the country. It’s the smallest state in the federation, and occupies an area of just 3,577km², 22% (or 787km²) of which consists of lagoons and creeks. This is not much bigger than a British county, but with a vastly higher population density. It shares its boundaries with Ogun State in the north and east, the Republic of Benin to the west, and has 180km of Atlantic coastline to the south. The Nigerian name for Lagos is Eko. It wasn’t until the 17th century that the Portuguese renamed it Lagos, meaning ‘lagoons’.

Lagos is situated in one of the few gaps in the 200km-long sandbar that stretches from Benin to the eastern side of Lagos State. It lies in a swampy mangrove zone and is entirely flat, with no natural point being any higher than a metre or so above sea level. The metropolitan area covers three main islands and an ever-increasing section of the mainland spreading out in all directions. The waters of Lagos’s lagoons stretch from a few hundred metres to 15km across, and in recent years landfills in the lagoons have been used for urbanisation. The city is basically a collection of islands that are connected together and to the mainland by long bridges – similar to Manhattan in New York City, though the comparison stops there.

Sacred Groves of Oshogbo

Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its cultural significance, the forested sacred groves are Oshogbo’s main attraction, if not one of the biggest attractions in Nigeria (all the signs for them say ‘Sacred Grooves’). In the traditional Yoruba religion groves are sacred places reserved for rituals or shrines and Osun is today believed to be the last remaining one in the Yoruba culture – hence its inclusion as a World Heritage Site. The forest is a 75ha patch of delightful, butterfly-filled greenery that was once inhabited by the early settlers and founders of Oshogbo some 400 years ago.

Despite being completely surrounded by Oshogbo, the forest supports a remarkable diversity of monkeys, birds, snakes, forest antelopes and other fauna. The sacred nature of the forest means that it is protected, and none of the animals are hunted because they are regarded as physical manifestations of the goddess Osun. This is a rare example of protected rainforest in Nigeria, and an example of conservation as a local initiative, where indigenous people have endeavoured to protect their culture and their environment. Many of the animals in the groves, particularly the monkeys, are fairly tame and easy to see as they jump around overhead in the trees.

Yankari National Park

Yankari National Park and its Wikki Warm Spring is probably Nigeria’s best- known tourist attraction. It was upgraded to its present status as a national park by the government in 1991 and covers an area of 2,244km². Most of the park is made up of rolling hills of woodland savanna and is dominated by two rivers, the Gaji and the seasonal Yashi, that flow through the middle of the reserve, providing the main source of water for the wildlife.

The park was established in 1950 after the then Minister of Animal and Forest Resources went to Sudan and visited the White Nile Game Reserve, saw herds of elephant, antelope and buffalo, and decided that game reserves should be created in Nigeria. On his return he gazetted Yankari, which was a region already rich in game. Between 1955 and 1962, local hunters and farmers were moved out of the area, jeep tracks were ploughed through the forest to allow visitors to go on game drives, and a base camp was built close to Wikki Warm Spring. But in the 1970s and 1980s, wildlife populations declined dramatically due to a rinderpest epidemic and extensive and well-organised poaching by nomadic herdsmen. Marauding cattle were also sometimes killed by the lions, leading to retaliation by herdsmen.

Related books

For more information, see our guide to Nigeria :

Nigeria Travel Guide

Travel & Tourism

With the rise of foreign economic interest in Africa, it’s no surprise that Africa’s most populous country has received plenty of attention lately. Monetary matters aside, Nigeria’s main cities have been becoming more and more cosmopolitan over the years, and that has directly contributed to an increase in tourism and popularity among foreigners.

After decades of dictatorship, Nigeria declared independence in 1960, and has since been seen as an energetic reformer. The government’s ups and downs haven’t stopped Nigerians from living joyful lives, though: in 2003 a study that included more than 65 countries worldwide showed that Nigeria has the happiest people on Earth. So, if you were doubting your travel plans before, these findings should eliminate any uncertainty.

What to Do in Nigeria

1. Calabar Carnival:  This carnival takes place the day after Christmas, and Nigerians from all over flock to Calabar to join in the festivities. Bright dancers, parties, parades: it goes on all day and all night. It’s a definite must-do if you’re in Nigeria at this time of the year.

2. Africa Shrine:  Visit the concert ground of the father of Afrobeat, Fela Kuti—“the shrine” as Nigerians know it— in Ikeya on mainland Lagos, near the airport. Fela’s son, himself a world-renowned musician, and other homegrown artists play there regularly.

3. Oba’s Palace:  Located in Lagos, this is the home of the ceremonial sovereign of Nigeria. In order to visit you must obtain permission beforehand; if you haven’t done so, try at least to drive by it.

4. Abuja:  We recommend hiring a tour guide to visit the country’s capital to get a true local’s viewpoint. For more on Abuja, check out our city page [LINK].

5. Obudu Mountain Ranch:  This gorgeous resort, located in the town of Obudu, used to be a cattle ranch. Now it’s a high-up getaway situated in the Sankwala Mountains. Among its attractions are a cable car ride through the mountains and a golf course.

6. Yankari Game Reserve:  This is an amazing wildlife reserve in northeastern Nigeria. Its location, on the West African savanna, allows tourists to watch wildlife in its natural habitat. It is also Nigeria’s largest national park.

7. Osun-Osogbo:  Also known as the Sacred Grove, this outdoor art commune (accessible by train from Lagos) is situated in a forest known for its mystical past. The structures in this park, such as the Temple of Osun, are truly stunning.

8. Argungu Festival:  A fishing and culture festival in Argungu in Kebbi State, the Argungu Festival is one the oldest and best known such events in the country. The festival is centered on a competition in which participants compete using old-fashioned fishing tools over who can catch the largest fish.

9. Eyo Festival:  If you like dressing up, this festival is for you. Based in Lagos, the masquerade parade takes place in September or October each year. Check the dates while planning your trip.

10. Kano:  Visit one of Nigeria’s most beautiful states and get closer to the arid but spectacular scenery of the Sahara. Don’t miss the tour of the Emir’s Palace and the Durbar celebrations. Every year at the end of Ramadan, hundreds of knights parade in honor of the Emir in their traditional attire, showcasing their riding abilities over their horses.

11. Lekki Conservation Centre: This place is recognized as one of the best nature reserves. The centre is the best place to escape from the big city, enjoy fresh air and relax. It is not only a beautiful place it is also used for the preservation of unique biodiversity.

12. Zuma Rock: This is another one among top tourist destinations. Zuma Rock is located in Madalla, Niger State. The stone described as the watchman-stone that stands over Zuba Town. Zuma Rock has a royal position because other local mountains stay at a considerable distance from it. Zuba people are sure that it is a form of respect that is paid to the Rock.

13. Nike Art Gallery: This a five-story building is a main spot of art in Nigeria. The walls of a building are covered with different artistic inscriptions and drawings, even the fence is adorned with rare marbles. You feel the beauty of art when you walk into the galery through colorful gates. There is no doubt that this place is one of the leaders in the list of bedazzling Lagos destinations.

14. Tarkwa Bay Beach: This is a known sheltered beach situated near Lagos Harbour. This place is very popular among swimmers and water-sports enthusiasts. This is an island of beauty removed from the noise of crowded Lagos. Tarkwa Bay Beach is not as noisy as other public beaches, which makes it a great place to spend time in the company of close people, the beauty of the beach makes it a quiet romantic place.

15. Kajuru Castle: Kajuru Castle is not an ancient monument, it was built in 1978 by a controversial German expatriate living in Kaduna. The style is very European and clearly German with a baronial hall, complete with suits of armour. It has dungeon-style bedrooms and towers with crenulated walls.

The weather is fairly stable throughout the year. Nigeria has a rainy season and a dry season. To avoid rain showers and enjoy high temperatures with low humidity, it is best to travel to Nigeria between November and March. During this period, temperatures can reach over 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) in the shade. December and January witness the Harmattan, sand clouds from the Sahara that linger in the air and sometimes make visibility quite poor (something to bear in mind if you wish to take internal flights). The phenomenon is more common in the north, since it is closer to the desert. April to September is very humid and quite warm 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius.) All in all, you won’t need many warm clothes at all!

Getting In and Around

Visas:  All foreigners require a visa to enter Nigeria regardless of the length of the stay. Fees may vary depending on one’s home country, the length of stay, and the purpose of the trip. We advise allowing ample time to arrange for your visa in order to prevent confusion or delay. Visa application requirements vary depending on country; for requirements for a specific country, visit the official Nigerian immigration website.

Transportation:  In/Out and Within Nigeria: Most travelers will fly into the Murtala Muhammad International Airport, formerly known as the Lagos International Airport.

Within the country, car travel is the best mode of transportation. Traveling by bus is also an option, but do so with the knowledge that it won’t be a luxury ride. For traveling within cities, taxis and private hire cars offer the best ways of getting around without too much expense. If you’re planning to hire a chauffeur for the duration of your trip, make sure that you make arrangements with a reputable country, and try to do so in advance. Taxis (called taking a “drop”) are easy to catch throughout the city during the day, and cost around GBP 1 per ride. Inside major cities, it is also common to strike deals for a full day of service with cab drivers. In Abuja, the Abuja Leasing Company runs the only properly-licensed cab service (green cabs) and represents the safest and most comfortable way to move around town. In Lagos, several private formal companies offer the service and have small booths or agents at the airport’s international terminal. Alternatively, in all cities many informal cab drivers and their associations exist. They can be hired for any number of hours or days. They generally operate private cars without identification. Although they represent a very common way of transport for both Nigerians and foreigners, you may want to leave this option out and prefer a more “formal service” until you become a more seasoned traveler and can discern among them in the interest of security.

Local airlines provide the safest and most efficient means of traveling between cities in Nigeria. Nonetheless, it is worth checking the security record of some of the airline companies. Currently, no Nigerian airline is a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Their safety standards are, however, cleared by the national authority, the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA). Albeit with declining incidence, deadly crashes have continued to occur in recent years. Among the airlines, Aerocontractors, Arik, and Air Nigeria (former Virgin Nigeria) own the newest and most modern fleet of airplanes and have a more solid reputation for security, with their ticket prices coming accordingly at a premium. They provide connections to most domestic as well as some regional and international travel destinations.

Mobile Phones:  The major network providers in Nigeria are MTN, GLO, and Etisalat. You can buy a cheap phone or a SIM card upon arrival.

Safety and Security

Concerned about your safety as you plan travel to Nigeria? We at Africa.com, together with our friends, family and colleagues, travel extensively throughout the continent. Here are the resources we consult when thinking of our safety in Nigeria:

•  UK Government Nigeria Travel Advice Guidance

Africa.com comment: Very timely and frequently updated. Perspective assumes that you ARE going to travel to Nigeria, and seeks to give you good guidance so that you understand the risks and are well informed.

• U.S. State Department Travel Advisory on Nigeria

Africa.com comment: Can sometimes be considered as overly conservative and discourage travel altogether to destinations that many reasonable people find acceptably secure. On the other hand, they have the resources of the CIA to inform them, so they know things that the rest of us don’t know. See what they have to say about Nigeria.

Local Advice

1. Greetings! It is extremely important to greet appropriately those around you when you are in Nigeria. It is a major insult when you do not greet someone in whose company you find yourself. Take care to ask others about how their families are doing as well. This exchange of pleasantries is completely normal, and don’t feel pressured to get into enormous detail.

2. Nigeria’s films and music are legendary. Nollywood, the filmmaking industry of Nigeria, is the second-largest producer of films in the world, behind India’s Bollywood machine. If you’re able to find Nollywood films in the States, try to watch some before you travel to Nigeria; the comedies in particular will give you a glimpse of the kind of humor you will encounter during your trip. Nigerian musicians have not only become some of Africa’s most popular artists but have also crossed over internationally; among them are Fela Kuti, Sonny Ade, and D’banj.

3. Watch your cell phone: petty crime is fairly common throughout Nigeria, so you should keep small items close by and always in sight. Avoid walking at night, and when you’re checking into your hotel, make sure that security guards are employed, or that security gates are working properly.

4. Check out some of the main online newspapers in Nigeria before traveling. We recommend Next or This Day Online.

5. Depending on where you are, language barriers may or may not be an issue. If you are in a main city or traveling with a prearranged guide, English will get you by.

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The 10 Best Things to Do in Nigeria

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Located on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea and bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Benin, Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country. With 250 different ethnic groups and over 500 different languages, it’s famous for its cultural diversity; and for the booming economies of megacities like Abuja and Lagos. Lagos in particular is synonymous with exploding tech, culinary, music, and arts scenes. Outside its major cities, Nigeria’s rural areas are just as extraordinary. From sun-soaked Atlantic beaches to teeming river deltas and sacred waterfalls, natural beauty abounds in this unique corner of West Africa . 

Explore the Chaotic, Cosmopolitan Culture of Lagos

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Nigeria’s biggest city is one of the fastest-growing urban areas in the world, with some estimates putting its population as high as 21 million people. Although many of its residents live in poverty, Lagos is also oil-rich and boasts a dizzying collection of world-class restaurants, galleries, and nightclubs. Watch artists at work while shopping for fine Nigerian paintings and sculptures at Nike Art Centre . Join the crowds patronizing the waterfront bars and street food stalls at Elegushi and Oniru Beaches; or experience fine dining in restaurants that run the gamut from West African to Italian to Japanese. Victoria Island is known for its nightclubs, with Quilox being the most iconic haunt for fashionistas, major music acts, and celebrities. 

Go on Safari in Gashaka Gumti National Park

Fabian Plock / Getty Images

Located in the mountains on the Cameroonian border, Gashaka Gumti National Park is the largest national park in Nigeria. It incorporates roughly 2,600 square miles of dense rainforests, highland plateaus, and woodland savannah, in addition to soaring mountain peaks that include Nigeria’s highest. The diversity of its habitats allows for an incredible variety of wildlife. Look out for leopards, golden cats, and chimpanzees in the rainforests and elephants and lions on the savannah. The park is also designated as an Important Bird Area with more than 500 avian species recorded within its borders. You can buy permits and find accommodation in Serti, the main gateway to the park’s southern sector. Access is easiest during the December to March dry season. 

Search for Endangered Wildlife in Yankari National Park

Denis Smolin/500px/Getty Images

Covering 870 square miles in northeastern Nigeria, Yankari National Park is often labeled as the country’s most rewarding wildlife destination. Upgraded to national park status in 1991, it includes open grassland, river floodplains, and vast tracts of impenetrable bush. It’s best known as the home of Nigeria’s largest surviving elephant population and as one of four remaining strongholds for the critically endangered West African lion. Buffalos, hippos, and roan antelope are also frequently spotted. In between game drives, unwind in the naturally clear Wikki Warm Springs which stay at a balmy 88 degrees F (31 degrees C) all year round. If you plan on renting a car, you can self-drive through Yankari with a hired guide. Otherwise, the park offers twice-daily safari truck tours . 

Experience Yoruba Spirituality in the Osun Sacred Grove

mtcurado / Getty Images 

In the past, sacred forests existed on the edge of many Yoruba settlements. Most have now disappeared due to extensive urbanization, with the exception of the Osun Sacred Grove , located along the banks of the Osun River on the outskirts of Osogbo. Believed to be the dwelling place of the Yoruba goddess of fertility, Osun, the grove is dotted with sanctuaries and shrines where traditional priests and priestesses host daily worship ceremonies. The forest also showcases the sculptures of Austrian Susanne Wenger, who is credited with helping to save the grove when its existence was threatened in the 1950s. Travel during the 12-day Osun-Osogbo Festival (usually held in July or August) to witness religious celebrations and authentic Yoruba music and dancing. 

Learn More About Yoruba Culture in Ancient Ile-Ife

Halley Pacheco de Oliveira / Wikimedia Commons /  CC BY-SA 3.0

Also located in Osun State, the ancient city of Ile-Ife is believed by the Yoruba people to be the birthplace of civilization. According to Yoruba legend, it was founded by Oduduwa on the orders of supreme god Olodumare and continues to be a stronghold for worshippers of the traditional deities. The Yoruba gods and goddesses are honored with frequent religious festivals held at sacred sites throughout the city. At Ile-Ife’s heart is the Oòni's Palace, home of the spiritual ruler of the Yoruba kingdom. Pay a small fee to view inside the palace and discover the royal shrine and the staff of Oduduwa. The palace is also home to Ife Museum with its famous collection of medieval bronze and terracotta sculptures. 

Soak Up Colonial History in Scenic Calabar

Located in the extreme southeast of the country, Calabar enjoys a picturesque location on the hillside above the Calabar River. Once an important port for ships trading goods across the Gulf of Guinea, the city is infamous as one of the continent’s biggest slave trade centers. It is estimated that as many as a million Africans departed from Calabar as slaves, as explained by exhibits in the Slave History Museum. The city was also a capital for the British Protectorate established in the 19th century and its oldest neighborhoods are characterized by the dilapidated grandeur of their historic colonial buildings. Every year throughout the month of December, the Calabar Carnival brings colorful parades, dancing, and international musicians to the city’s streets. 

Climb to the Top of Olumo Rock

Fela Sanu/Getty Images

Olumo Rock is a huge granite outcrop that overlooks the city of Abeokuta in southwest Nigeria. In the 19th century, the rock served as a natural shelter and fortress for the Egba people during periods of inter-tribal warfare. Now it's regarded as an important symbol of protection. It’s also spiritually significant, with religious ceremonies held annually at the Olumo Shrine. At its highest point, the rock stands 450 feet above sea level. You can climb it (with the assistance of stone-carved steps if necessary) or ride a glass elevator to the top. Hire a guide to explain the engravings, shrines, and wartime hideouts you’ll see along the way. Guides cost approximately 1,000 naira and the site is also home to a museum and restaurant. 

Meet Endangered Primates at Afi Mountain Drill Ranch

Fabian Plock / EyeEm / Getty Images 

Drive five hours north of Calabar to reach Afi Mountain Drill Ranch , the field site for primate rehabilitation project Pandrillus . Founded in 1991, the project rescues endangered drill monkeys and chimpanzees that have been orphaned by the illegal poaching trade and rehabilitates them so that they can eventually be released back into the wild. At Afi Mountain, the monkeys are kept in huge enclosures that closely mimic their natural environment, giving you the opportunity for up-close encounters on a guided conservation tour or rainforest canopy walk. The project also enriches the local community by employing young Nigerians who might otherwise have turned to poaching to survive. The ranch is open 365 days a year and has guest cabins for overnight stays. 

Hike to Erin-Ijesha Waterfall and Ikogosi Warm Springs

Fela Sanu/Getty Images 

Also known as the Olumirin Falls, Erin-Ijesha Waterfall is located just outside the town of the same name in Osun State. Believed by the Yoruba to have sacred powers, the falls are a nature photographer’s dream with water cascading down seven distinct tiers. The physically fit can hike all the way to the top, then cool off with a swim in the serene pool at the bottom of the falls. Pack a picnic and plan to make a day of it, or divide your time with an afternoon visit to another natural phenomenon, Ikogosi Warm Springs . Located roughly an hour’s drive away, the springs consist of one warm spring and one cold, flowing side by side through Ikogosi town. Legend has it that the warm spring possesses curative powers. 

Discover Kano, West Africa’s Oldest City

The capital of northern Kano State, Kano is the second-largest city in Nigeria and the oldest city in West Africa. Founded approximately 1,400 years ago, it came to fame as a crossroads on the trans-Saharan trade route and was renowned as a center for Islamic scholarship during medieval times. Today Kano is famous for historic landmarks including its 12th-century city wall, the 15th-century Emir’s Palace, a series of elaborate mosques, and Makama’s House. The latter is home to a museum of Hausa and Fulani artifacts. Before planning a trip to this region of Nigeria, make sure to check the latest travel advisories . Current advice from the U.S. Department of State warns against all but essential travel due to frequent terrorist attacks by Boko Haram. 

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• 3 Other destinations
• 4.1.1 The pre-colonial era
• 4.1.2 Colonial era
• 4.1.3 Post-independence
• 4.2 Climate
• 4.3 Terrain
• 4.5 Holidays
• 4.6 Tourist information
• 6.1 Entry requirements
• 6.2 By plane
• 6.3 By train
• 6.4 By boat
• 7.2 By train
• 7.3 By plane
• 7.5 By taxi
• 10.2 Bargaining
• 16.1 Corruption
• 16.2 Authorities
• 16.3 LGBT travellers
• 17 Stay healthy

Nigeria ( Hausa : Najeriya , Igbo : Naíjíríà , Nigerian Pidgin : Naijá , Tyap : Naijeriya , Yoruba : Nàìjíríà ) is a large country in equatorial West Africa . Often regarded as the "Giant of Africa ", Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with about 216 million people in 2022.

Rich in diversity and landscapes, the country is home to more than 250 ethnic groups and 500 languages. The Hausa are the largest ethnic group, who make up more than 30% of the population.

Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims (who are mostly found in the north and make up between 50-53% of the population) and Christians (who are mostly found in the south). The majority of Nigerian Muslims are Sunni Muslims, and the majority of Nigerian Christians are Protestants. Nigeria has the fifth largest Muslim population in the world, and the sixth largest Christian population in the world.

Nigeria does have its fair share of political and social problems, but don't let that deter you; the country is endowed with a vibrant youth population who have continued to bring glory to the country in various spheres of human endeavours. The entertainment industry in Africa can not be mentioned without referencing 'Nollywood and Afrobeat'; Nigeria's movie industry and popular genre of music respectively. The country is richly blessed with a plethora of appealing tourist attractions, incredibly friendly, jovial, and sociable people, and delicious food (especially the famous West African delicacy, Jollof Rice), and travel provides you the chance to experience and explore one of the most fascinatingly diverse countries on the planet. There's lots to do and see in Nigeria.

Regions [ edit ]

Cities [ edit ]

• 9.055556 7.491389 1 Abuja — the capital, with beautiful rolling terrain and modern Nigerian architecture
• 6.3176 5.6145 2 Benin City — city of the Edo people and rich cultural state
• 4.95 8.325 3 Calabar — oil region, with the world's highest concentration of butterflies in the surrounding regions
• 6.440278 7.494167 4 Enugu — the coal city
• 7.396389 3.916667 5 Ibadan — geographically the largest city in Africa
• 12 8.516667 6 Kano — important Hausa city, commercial hub of the north
• 6.45 3.4 7 Lagos — second most populous city in Africa, former colonial capital and huge commercial hub, economic capital of Nigeria
• 7.766667 4.566667 8 Osogbo — home of the Sacred Grove of Osun, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 4.75 7 9 Port Harcourt — capital of Rivers State and largest city in the oil-rich region, primarily belonging to the Ikwerre

Other destinations [ edit ]

• 5.906944 8.912778 1 Agbokim Waterfalls — a seven-part waterfalls in an area of tropical rainforest.
• 11.5 13 2 Chad Basin National Park — inside the old Kanem-Borno Empire (present-day Borno and the Yobe states).
• 5.416667 8.583333 3 Cross River National Park — primary moist tropical rainforests in the north and central parts, with mangrove swamps on the coastal zones.
• 7.35 11.52 4 Gashaka Gumti National Park — Nigeria’s largest national park, near the border with Cameroon
• 10.3684 4.554719 5 Kainji National Park — a protected savannah in North Central Nigeria
• 10.75 6.5 6 Kamuku National Park — protects typical Savannah vegetation with easy viewing of wildlife and landscape
• 6.416667 5.466667 7 Okomu National Park — part of a rainforest ecosystem that is the habitat for many vulnerable species of flora and fauna.
• 8.667 3.983 8 Old Oyo National Park – named after the Oyo Empire this large park combines archaeological, cultural and historical aspects.
• 9.3 10.5 9 Yankari Game Reserve — the largest wildlife park in Nigeria is home to several natural warm springs.

Understand [ edit ]

History [ edit ], the pre-colonial era [ edit ].

The Nok culture of northern Nigeria flourished between 1000 BC and 500 AD producing life-sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Tiv culture in the north central region of Nigeria dates to 6 BC. Some of the famous bronze terracotta sculpture heads from this culture have been shown around the world.

In the northern part of the country, Kano and Katsina have recorded history which dates back to around 999.

The kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the western block of Nigeria became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively. The Yoruba mythology believes that Ile-Ife is the source of the human race and that it predates any other civilization. Another prominent kingdom in south western Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the well known city of Eko, later named Lagos by the Portuguese. Benin City , the capital of the Kingdom of Benin, grew into one of the most impressive cities in pre-colonial Africa, with its city walls said to be four times the length of the Great Wall of China. However, little of its former glory remains as it was razed to the ground during the British invasion in 1897, with only one building surviving the invasion. Its artworks were looted by the British and can now be seen in the British Museum and various museums in Europe and the United States.

In southeastern Nigeria the Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people flourished from around the 10th century until 1911 and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture.

In northeastern Nigeria, the Kanem Empire ruled from the 8th century to 1376 and was succeeded by the Bornu Empire, which was a powerful Islamic monarchy until it was defeated by the Fulani in the early 19th century.

The first Hausa kingdom was ruled by a queen, Amina, in the 11th century. Hausa kingdoms, based in what's now northern Nigeria, flourished from the 15th to 18th centuries, before eventually being defeated by the Fulani, who proclaimed the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809. The Sokoto Caliphate ruled for less than 100 years before being abolished by the British.

Although the Bornu Empire, Sokoto Caliphate and Kingdom of Benin were eventually absorbed into British Nigeria, the descendants of the rulers retained their titles and influence through the colonial period and maintain them to this day.

Colonial era [ edit ]

Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin trade in Nigeria, and called the main port Lagos after the Portuguese town of Lagos, in Algarve. This name stuck on with more European trade with the region. The Europeans traded with the ethnicities of the coast and also established a trade in slaves which affected many Nigerian ethnicities. Following the Napoleonic Wars , the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior.

In 1885 British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On January 1, 1901 Nigeria became a British protectorate (northern and southern protectorates) and part of the British Empire . In 1914 the northern protectorate and the southern protectorate under the colonial rule were merged forming one single entity named "Nigeria". meaning: Niger [river Niger] area. The name "Nigeria" was given by the wife of the British Governor-General in charge of the country - Sir Lord Lugard.

Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa.

Post-independence [ edit ]

On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. In 1961, the neighbouring British Cameroons was split into two, with Northern Cameroons becoming part of Nigeria, and Southern Cameroons becoming part of Cameroon . As was the habit of colonialists during that era, no attention was paid to the fact that the "protectorates" suddenly and quite chaotically merged hundreds of distinct and autonomous ethnicities, or to the fact that some communities were ripped apart by the sudden construction of boundaries that never existed before. There was never a truly developed sense of singular Nigerian identity. In part, it was this disequilibrium which set the stage in 1966 for several successive military coups.

The Northern coup, which was mostly motivated by ethnic and religious reasons, was a bloodbath of both military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo extraction. The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the Republic of Biafra and the 30-month Nigerian Civil War began. More than one million people died, many of them starving to death before Biafra was defeated.

During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich Niger Delta flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. However, increasing corruption and graft at all levels of government squandered most of these earnings. Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 and although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development. Ethnic violence over the lack of profit-sharing with residents of the oil-producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the current issues in the country, which is the top oil-producing country in Africa.

Climate [ edit ]

Varies; equatorial in the south, tropical in the centre, arid in the north. Natural hazards include periodic droughts and flooding. Tornadoes and hurricanes are rare because they typically are weak at this stage and travel west of the Atlantic.

Terrain [ edit ]

Southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in the southeast, plains in the north. The Niger River enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea. The highest point is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m.

People [ edit ]

Nigeria is the continent's most populous nation and the world's 7th most populous. The people of Nigeria are generally nice, with some even engaging you with conversations. As the Giant of Africa, Nigeria has more than 500 ethnic groups with different languages and customs. The largest ethnic groups — Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani/Hausa and Tiv — comprise more than 75% of the population. They have strong religious beliefs and respect for the elders is a must-do.

Holidays [ edit ]

• New Year's Day (January 1)
• Easter (Good Friday and Easter Monday, according to the Western Christian tradition)
• Workers day (May 1)
• Children's Day (May 27)
• Democracy Day (May 29)
• Eid al-Adha
• Eid al-Fitr , marking the end of Ramadan
• Eid al-Maulid , Prophet Muhammad's birthday
• Independence Day (October 1)
• Christmas (December 25)
• Boxing Day (December 26)

Tourist information [ edit ]

• Nigeria Tourism website

Talk [ edit ]

More than 500 languages are spoken in the country, making Nigeria one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. As impressive as that may sound, many of the country's languages are endangered, and many Nigerians are semi-literate or illiterate in their native languages.

The official and most widely spoken language is English and it serves as the 'lingua franca' of the country. Yet, it's not widely spoken in rural areas, and many Nigerians struggle with it; in 2015, it was reported that over 60% of Nigerian school students received a failing grade in English in Nigeria's most important school leaving examination.

Nigerian Pidgin , a pidgin derived from English, is mostly used in informal conversations.

Hausa is the second most spoken language in Nigeria, given that the Hausa make up 30-40% of the population in Nigeria.

Yoruba is spoken by nearly 42 million Nigerians and you are likely to find a Yoruba speaker in Southwestern Nigeria.

Get in [ edit ]

Entry requirements [ edit ].

Nigeria isn't a country you can just waltz into. There are few visa-free arrangements in place, and almost everyone requires a visa in advance to enter the country, unless they're citizens of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) . Nationals of Kenya are allowed to get a visa on arrival in Nigeria, though.

If you’re coming for less than 30 days, getting a “Visa on Arrival” is almost always the way to go. However, “Visa on arrival” is kind of a misnomer because you must apply for it beforehand , no sooner than two weeks before your trip. Once you land, you’ll go to the airport’s visa on arrival office so they can take your biometrics and put the visa in your passport. At the Lagos airport, this can take a few hours depending on how backed up they are. While annoying, this route is almost always far easier than dealing with your local embassy.

To get the Visa on Arrival pre-approval letter, you’ll just need a passport scan, passport photo, flight booking, and invitation letter from a local company. Since 7 May 2023, the Nigerian Immigration Service has moved to a new website . You can apply for a visa through their new visa application page . Whether the new website's payment portal is working has yet to be tested.

Alternatively, you can try to apply for a tourist or business visa through your local consulate or embassy. However, many Nigerian consulates and embassies don't process visa applications directly and will require you to use a 3rd party processing service like OIS . You'll often need to travel to one of their centers in-person and present a valid passport, a completed visa application form, two passport-sized photographs, a letter of invitation (a hotel reservation may suffice), proof you have funds to cover your travels in Nigeria, and proof you have paid for the visa application. This is almost certainly more hassle than the Visa on Arrival process so it is not recommended.

If you’re coming here longer-term for work, you’ll need to enter the country on an STR (subject to regularization) visa. These can only be applied for at a local consulate or embassy. After entering the country on this visa, you’ll be able to apply for a CERPAC (Combined Expatriate Residence Permit and Aliens Card) which allows you to stay and work.

If you’re coming here to work for a local company, they’ve likely already received an expat quota for you (approval to hire a foreigner) and getting an STR visa should be fairly straightforward (although it can take a month to process).

Nigerian visas are notorious for being very expensive for nationals of certain countries, as different nationalities are charged wildly different fees. If you're a citizen of the United States , you will be charged US$160 to apply for a Nigerian visa. Citizens of India and Bangladesh have the highest visa fee requirements (they are charged US$253 to apply for any type of visa), whereas citizens of mostly African and Asian nations are charged much less. Due to a bilateral agreement, citizens of Singapore may obtain Nigerian visas free of charge.

A handful of Nigerian embassies also charge a US$170 biometric fee in addition to the visa fee for your nationality - countries whose Nigerian embassies charge this fee include Egypt , Japan , Malaysia , South Africa and the United Kingdom . Citizens of Singapore are exempt from paying this biometric fee.

By plane [ edit ]

Lagos is the main international airport for the country, but others include Abuja, Kano, Port Harcourt and Uyo.

• Several European airlines fly to Nigeria: British Airways (London Heathrow - Abuja, Lagos), Virgin Atlantic (London Heathrow - Lagos), KLM ( Amsterdam - Lagos), Air France ( Paris -Charles de Gaulle - Lagos), Turkish Airlines ( Istanbul - Lagos), Lufthansa ( Frankfurt - Abuja, Lagos),
• Delta Air Lines operates daily non-stop flights a week from Atlanta
• United Airlines operates non-stop service from Washington DC to Lagos.
• Other inter-continental airlines fly to Lagos. They include: Middle East Airlines ( Beirut ), Qatar Airways ( Doha ).
• African airlines that fly to Lagos include: South African Airlines from Johannesburg, Egypt Air from Cairo , Ethiopian Airlines from Addis Ababa , Africa World Airlines from Accra , Kenya Airways from Nairobi , Royal Air Maroc from Casablanca , among others.
• Ibom Air operates daily local flights to numerous cities within Nigeria and is expanding their routes to other African countries.
• Air Peace has local and international flights (from other African countries, Dubai and London ), Aero from other African countries.
• Besides these, there are other airlines that operate domestic and regional flights to places like Abidjan , Accra , Banjul , Conakry , Dakar , Douala , Freetown , Johannesburg , Libreville , Monrovia .
• There are also airports in most states of the federation and local air travel is widespread.

By train [ edit ]

There are no international passenger services to Nigeria.

By boat [ edit ]

Transport by boat isn't widespread unless you venture into the riverine areas of Nigeria.

Get around [ edit ]

If you're located in a major city like Lagos or Abuja, taking ride-sharing services Bolt and Uber is usually the easiest way to get around.

However, if you're traveling outside major cities you'll most likely want to hire a car and driver. The road systems in Nigeria are relatively poor compared with North America or Europe, but often still passable. The "okada" (motorcycle) is not for the faint-hearted (there used to be no helmets but as a law the rider is required to have two helmets for himself and a passenger, although very few okada riders adhere to this rule.) and should only be used for short distance journeys. "Okadas" will get you to where you want to go quickly and you will get there in one piece. In Lagos, there are lots of buses and taxis. There are two main types of buses, the molue (an old 911 Mercedes Benz truck turned into school-like bus and the danfo (a Volkswagen Kombi bus turned into an eight-seater minibus). Most smaller cities have more taxis than buses, and they are quite affordable.

For travelling from one city to another, you go to the "motor park", find the taxi that's going to your destination, and wait until it "fills up". The price is fixed, you don't have to negotiate. Some drivers may have a risky driving style however - practically this means that the only rule consistently adhered to (by cars, not necessarily motorcycles), is keeping to the right.

By car [ edit ]

Driving in Nigeria (especially Lagos) is somewhat unique, vaguely resembling driving in Cairo. If mastered, you should however be able to cope in most other countries. While driving in Abuja is relatively decent due to regularly maintained roads, it still doesn't compare with roads in more developed countries.

Many roads are bad, but there are rarely any major accidents, you just have to strap your seatbelts in and enjoy the ride. Expect potholes of every size, and that, except on the highway, people will drive on the wrong side to avoid potholes or other bad patches of road. Sometimes entire roads are non-existent, so be prepared for anything. It is advisable to keep your distance from lorries or large vehicles, as many are driven without side-view mirrors, fully functional brakes, and most dangerous of all, securely strapped/attached cargo.

Grass or branches on the road means there is a broken down vehicle ahead of you, be careful.

If you are white, get used to Nigerians shouting at you as you pass by. It will be something like "Oyibo", "Oniocha", "MBakara", "Bature" or "white man". It all means the same, they are just telling you to smile as you pass.

Self-driving for short-term visitors unfamiliar with the roads, especially in Lagos, is by no means advisable and could actually be quite foolish, perhaps even dangerous. You could easily wander into an area or a road block set by local gangs. If you choose to rent a car, it will come with a driver familiar with the area and style of driving, which is the easier and safer option.

Police may try to take fiscal advantage of you as a foreigner. If you wish to drive yourself it is advisable to stick to the rules, as you will be an easy target for police officers to "fine". These are not real fines, they are payable directly to the officer in cash - without a ticket or a receipt. Even if you obey the traffic rules, police will find some petty reason - like not indicating your intention to drive straight. Should you be pulled over, do not give your license, as you will then lose all bargaining power when negotiating the "fine", which could easily be a maximum of all the visible cash you have on you at the time. Rather, carry a copy of the license and hand that over, or show your license through your window. Also, do not let the police get into your car. They are not really dangerous, but it could get expensive and certainly annoying. However, if you just don't pay and remain calm, it only costs time. They have no real power over you.

Especially over weekends and festive times, it is common practice for police, especially in the richer areas of Lagos, to flag you down and wish you happy weekend/holiday/Christmas/Easter/sunny weather/trip to work. In this case, you did nothing wrong and they do not intend to "fine" you, but are rather asking for a tip. If you insistently yet politely refuse to give something, they will eventually let you go. Just wish them a nice weekend/holiday/etc. too.

If you work for a big company in Nigeria, you will usually have a company driver to drive you around, thereby avoiding the above mentioned problems to a large extent. He can arrange a local driver's license for you should the need arise without a driving test or proof of foreign license.

Nigeria is not part of the most standard international Road Traffic Convention and as such will require a special International Driving Permit (valid only for driving in Nigeria, Somalia and Iraq) (if you do not want to get the Nigerian license), not the normal one applicable to almost all other countries in the world.

The last Saturday of the month is Sanitation Day in Lagos and Kano, when the locals clean their premises. While it is not illegal to be out on the street between 7–10M, due to the higher than usual presence of police officers and road check points, most Nigerians choose to restrict their movements until after 10AM. Should you be caught at this time, you may be taken away by the police to perform some "public sanitation" duty, like mowing lawns, etc.

After having been abandoned for a long time, rehabilitation of rail services in Nigeria are finally in full swing. Helped by Chinese investment several new lines are expected to open in the next few years while older lines are renovated. While still much slower than flying, it is now possible to travel across some parts of the country by train. Nigeria Railway Corporation is the sole operator; this might however change as the government mulls liberalization of the railway sector.

Abuja now has almost daily connections with cities in the interior of Nigeria such as Ilorin, Minna and Kaduna. The Lagos-Ibadan Railway provides high-speed service from Lagos via Abeokuta to Ibadan.

Ibom Air , Arik and Aero Contractors have scheduled domestic connections with modern aircraft and reasonable prices. Their websites are user-friendly and well updated. In Lagos, the two domestic terminals, while next to each other, are about 4-5 km (of road which would not be wise to walk if you don't know the place) from the international terminal, and you would therefore need a taxi to get from the one to the other, should you wish to transfer from an international flight to a domestic one.

By bus [ edit ]

Getting around is relatively easy, except that there could be delays due to traffic jams within most major cities. There are multitudes of coaches and buses that will take you to any part of Nigeria you wish (ABC Transport Services is well known for its services among others). Lagos state government also operates a transit system (BRT buses) which serves the Lagos metropolis.

By taxi [ edit ]

Ride-hailing is available in Nigeria and the following are the most anticipated providers:

• Bolt . Includes many towns. ( updated Jul 2020 )
• Uber . Works in Abuja and Lagos. ( updated Jul 2020 )

See [ edit ]

• Lagos : There are different beach fronts, like Oniru Beach, Landmark Beach, Badagry Beach, Tarkwa bay Beach.
• Lekki (suburb of Lagos): Lekki Conservation Center - a nice little fenced-off and interesting tropical rainforest reserve with wooden walkways, located on the outskirts of the city on the Lekki Express Way, just before the second toll gate. Lekki Beach, Eleko Beach
• Plateau: Hiking and sightseeing the Riyom rocks.
• Enugu : Hiking the old coal mines, and cultural events, e.g. New yam and atilogwu dancers.
• Calabar : Harbour where you can get boat rides, a nice cinema, sit-out parks and slave monuments in the Marina Resort located in Calabar; also there is Tinapa, a little drive outside the city.
• Obudu : Small town a few hours to the north from Calabar very close to the Cameroon border - rent a car from Calabar airport (comes with driver) and ask the driver to take you there via Tinapa. This is a cool mountain escape with a nice resort (Obudu Mountain Resort) on the mountain (the president also has a weekend home there). They have some forest walks, hiking, one of the longest cable cars in the world and very nice pristine swimming pools with fountains available.
• Imo : Igbo Ukwu Shrine, if you are interested in Nigerian art.
• The old walled cities of Kano , Katsina and Zaria .
• Oyo : Palace of Alaafin, traditional markets and Calabash carvers.
• Taraba : Tourist attractions like Mambilla plateau (highest point in the country).
• Machina: A town with its annual cultural festival which takes place in March featuring cultural events such as traditional wrestling and horse racing.
• Argungu: A small town with its annual fishing festival that occurs three days with approximately 35,000 fishermen catching fish in the murky waters.
• Abuja : The capital, one of the most beautiful African cities has many tourist attractions including The Zuma rock, Millenium park and lots of rolling hills.

Do [ edit ]

Nollywood is a huge film industry based in Nigeria. By the early 2010s, Nigeria was producing more films than any country other than India, and the value of production was third after the U.S. and India. Nollywood films are enjoyed around the world. With diverse cultures in Nigeria, the Nigerian film industry isn't language biased: movies are shot in English, Yoruba, Igbo , Hausa , Edo, and other 300 Nigerian languages. There are cinemas in most cities and large towns where you can experience this important side of Nigerian culture.

Buy [ edit ]

Money [ edit ].

Nigeria's currency is naira (symbol: ₦ , ISO 4217 code: NGN ). Banknotes circulate in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000. In 2023, high inflation caused the naira to lose half its value against other currencies.

Cash all your naira back into another currency at the airport before you leave Nigeria. The rate is irrelevant, as the naira is not worth that much outside Nigeria. Naira bills/coins may be of interest to currency collectors, but other than that, they will be nothing more than colourful souvenirs of your trip. Banks will change foreign currency to naira, but usually not the other way around, even though you are a foreigner. You would therefore need to use the Bureaux de Change at the International terminal or the new Domestic terminal or street vendors to get foreign currency should you end up with unused naira at the end of your trip. A safe place to change in Victoria Island is in the tourist market of Eko Hotel in Victoria Island.

If the Bureaux de Change at the airport are closed, the car park outside the International terminal is full of street vendors only willing to change money from any major currency. When dealing with these street vendors, keep the money you are buying fully visible until the deal is finished (i.e. don't put into handbag and later discover it is wrong and then try and bargain) and count carefully with them, as they tend to try and short-change you with a note or two, especially when you change foreign currency into naira (which is a thick bundle of small notes), but with necessary vigilance are generally fine. Street vendors are also plentiful at the main land borders to change naira into CFA francs (XOF (Benin and Niger side) or XAF (Cameroon side)) if need be. XOF and XAF are freely and easily convertible to and from euros at a rate of 655.957 (sometimes with a small commission) when you are in the French countries.

Changing large bills of US dollars or euros will give a better rate with professional money changers, such as on the currency exchange market near Lagos Domestic Airport. This is a walled enclosure with a large number of money changers, which is primarily used by local nationals.

If you have a Visa card, you can withdraw money from Standard Chartered Bank ATMs in Lagos on Aromire St, off Adeniyi Jones, Ikeja & Ajose Adeogun St in Victoria Island Branch, Abuja and Port Harcourt (in Naira) and ATMs of some other banks with "Visa" stickers on them, like GT Bank, UBA, and Zenith. This will save you a lot of stress carrying large sums of money and it is secured.

On Abuja and Lagos International Airport money can be withdrawn from ATMs. On Lagos International there are several ATMs, several may not function at all times. On Lagos Domestic Terminal there is also a functioning ATM in the domestic terminal on the 1st floor. Usually this a quiet ATM which also is very private and secure.

MasterCard/Maestro users can also withdraw money from ATMs at several branches of Zenith Bank and GT Bank. Some ATMs of Ecobank, First Bank and Intercontinental Bank also allow for MasterCard/Maestro cards. Look for the red ATM sign outside, or ask the on-site security officer at any branch. Also look for Ecobank, they have a branch within the premises of the Murtala Muhammed International Airport. Visa is however a safer option if you are visiting the French countries around Nigeria as well, as MasterCard/Maestro is close to useless in these countries.

If you do use an ATM, be aware of the risks of card cloning. This a problem with the airport ATMs which do not have a security guard watching over them. Check your statements regularly after using your card and alert your bank to any suspicious activity.

Nigeria is on an active drive to become a cashless society, and as such, more and more hotels, restaurant and shops (all the bigger ones at least) accept major credit cards (Visa being the preferred one, but ask first, there is both "local Visa" and "international Visa", and MasterCard). Diners Club and Amex are almost universally useless in Nigeria. When paying by card, take the usual precautions (watch how they swipe, don't let the card out of your sight, etc.)

Bargaining [ edit ]

At markets, you are supposed to haggle for your goods (a notable exception is bread: its price is fixed). As a general rule, the real price is about half the price that was first asked. The seller may exaggerate the price when he or she thinks that you are a rich tourist ignorant of the real price. After agreeing on a price, don't walk away without buying; this is considered very rude.

Shops like supermarkets and restaurants will typically charge fixed prices. Fresh products and Western-style sit-in restaurants are quite expensive, with it not being uncommon to pay US$75 for a dinner per person.

Eat [ edit ]

There are many types of traditional cuisine to enjoy. For example: afang soup, okra soup, owo soup and starch in the Niger Delta, plantain (fried, boiled, roasted), pepper soup, amala, eba, efo, pounded yam (iyan - Yoruba for "pounded yam", pronounced " ee-yarn" ), jollof rice, ground nut soup, ogbono soup, isi ewu (goat's head stew), egusi soup, suya (kebab), moin moin, ewedu, gbegiri soup (beans soup), edikangikong, ground-rice, puff-puff, chin chin, ikokore, owerri soup (ofe owerri), which is the most expensive African soup in Nigeria. Not to forget 404 pepper soup - it will make you act like "Oliver Twist." You must realise that 404 means "dog meat." And yes, it can only be found in certain parts of the country because in the west it is seen as barbaric.

For the less adventurous traveller, there are loads of "foreign" restaurants in Lagos, e.g. Sky Bar and the grill at Eco Hotel, Churasco's, Lagoon and Fusion all three next to each other (all-you-can-eat Brazilian grill, Indian and Sushi respectively) with a nice view of the lagoon, Piccolo Mondo, Manuella's Residence (great Italian Pizza from Manuella the Italian lady), Bungalow (close to Coschari's BMW in VI) - good sports bar, grill and Sushi, great Sunday buffet at Radisson Blu. Chocolate Royal is a nice family restaurant with excellent ice cream selection (including ice cream cakes) and pastries in VI. Inside Chocolate Royal is an Oriental restaurant called Métisse. Bottles in VI is a grill and Mexican restaurant. And there are loads more flavours from every corner of the world. Just Google and ask taxi to take you there. Outside Lagos and to a lesser extent Abuja, Western food will tend to disappear, with "Jollof Rice and fried chicken" being a "safe" option if you are not adventurous. Fried plantains, shawarma and chicken suya are some of the best options if you are craving some street food. These are often sold by locals at the roadside.

Foreign restaurants are expensive and you can prepare for a bill of at least $50 to $75 or even $100 per head for main course. If this is too much, try the Syrian Club in Ikoyi (turn North - away from the water) at the Mobil filling station in Awolowo Road (the night club street) in Ikoyi, continue a few blocks and on your left you will see the Syrian mosque, turn in the gate just after the mosque and the Syrian Club will be on your right on the inside of the premises with nice Lebanese/Syrian flair at very affordable (for Lagos) prices in an outdoor setting.

If you are a new expat living in Lagos, do yourself a favour and acquaint yourself early on with the following more expensive, foreign-owned, but well worth it, smaller specialist shops in VI selling all the delicacies and nice imported red meats that foreigners long for in and that Shoprite, Park and Shop, Next, and Goodie's (the main supermarkets) may not stock: 1. Deli's on Akin Adesola (the main road leading to Bar Beach), 2. L'Epicérie across the road from Mega Plaza and 3. La Pointe on Kofo Abayomi Street (close to the Brazilian Embassy/Consulate) and not easy to spot. Knowing these places will significantly improve your coping ability in the first couple of months.

Drink [ edit ]

• Nigeria is one of the places where Guinness is brewed outside of Ireland. And they do it pretty well, although it's not the same product. The Guinness brand (with logo and copyrights where they should be) is also used to brew both an alcohol-free malt version of the black stuff, and an extra strong (about 7.5%) version of Guinness in Kenya (in the case of the latter) and Tanzania (in the case of the former).
• Beer is a big business in Nigeria, although the move toward evangelism and Islamic law is making its mark. Lagos is relatively unaffected due to its cosmopolitan nature. Heineken, Star, Harp, Gulder and other international beers are available.
• Malt beverages (non alcoholic) are very common in Nigeria.
• The other cheap drink of choice is gin, which is locally made. It may contain toxic methanol due to lack of quality control, so steer clear.

Other drinks to consider include: palm wine, wine, zobo (red soft drink, is a tea of dried roselle flowers), kunun, kai kai (also called ogogoro).

The northern states have implemented Sharia (Islamic) law, which means that alcohol is prohibited. Ironically, the only places where you can drink a beer in these states are the police staff bars and the army barracks, because these are institutions under federal law. Beer is available in Kano, in restaurants managed by foreign or Christian people, Chinese restaurants, and/or French cafes.

For a real night out, go to the Sabongari area of the old town. Plenty of bars around that stay open till very late. Many do decent food as well. Sabongari is also the place to buy alcoholic drinks and there are plenty stores open late into the night. Some hotels in Kano are "dry", however in Tahir Guest Palace the staff will be quite happy to buy you a few bottles of beer for you in your room (all rooms have large fridges).

Sleep [ edit ]

Almost all hotels in Nigeria require you to pay before you get your key. This applies even to the Sheraton and the Hilton. Typically you are requested to pay 125% of the room rate and you will be refunded when settling the bill at your departure. If you stay more than one night you need to keep the credit up. However, paying this deposit by credit card can leave you open to subsequent fraudulent use of your details.

Learn [ edit ]

There are lots of private and public primary (elementary) and secondary (high) schools. It is worth it to organize a trip to whatever institution of learning you are interested in as this would give you a personal perspective on what facilities are available in your school of interest. There is a nationwide, standardized common entrance exam for students wishing to go into secondary schools, after they have completed their primary schooling. To gain admission into the universities (both public and private universities are in every state of the federation including the FCT), a prospective student has to sit for and successfully pass the UME (Universities Matriculation Examination) which is administered by JAMB (Joint Admission and Matriculation Board). Also, individual universities regularly screen prospective candidates to make sure they are up to par for university-level work.

Work [ edit ]

Working in Nigeria can be a very positive experience. Nigerian organizations tend to operate like small families, taking in newcomers with open arms and avoiding the coolness and sterility that often characterize the Western professional work environment. For instance, don't even think about coming into the office in the morning without greeting each of your colleagues. Even if you don't, be sure that they will go out of their way to greet you and inquire about your well-being.

It is hard to make generalizations about a country with 140 million inhabitants, but some Nigerians have a work ethic that would put most Westerners to shame. An eight-hour day (not including lunch) seems to be the norm, though it's not uncommon for people to stay late into the night and even come in for a few hours on weekends. Depending on the organization, a foreigner may be able to avoid this, but one should be prepared to work beyond the standard 35-40 hr work week.

The notion of "African time" applies very much to the work environment in Nigeria. Meetings are regularly held later than scheduled and often take longer than necessary. Although Nigerians will unabashedly admit to their habitual tardiness, rarely does one see efforts to correct this behavior. The higher one's position, the later one may arrive at a meeting. On top of that, starting the meeting before the important people arrive is very rude--a common principle shared with many Western countries. When dealing with foreign organizations, Nigerians will often make some efforts to correct this behaviour, for some Nigerians are aware that their conception of punctuality is not shared by all.

Those who are used to the strict North American conception of political correctness at the office may be shocked by the more liberal inter-sexual relations in the Nigerian workplace. Mild sexual jokes are common in meetings and in the office in general, though usually good natured and harmless. A white person working in an all-Nigerian workplace should also be prepared to frequently be reminded of their skin tone, though never in a nasty way. This can become tiresome, but Nigerians are generally very friendly. They use the term "Oyibo" (white man in Yoruba) or "Bature" (white man in Hausa) as a form of affection.

The use of professional titles in written and verbal form is very common in Nigeria. Expect to address your boss as Sir, Doctor, Colonel, etc., and avoid using the first name of a superior unless given permission to do so. Being a foreigner, you will be forgiven for any faux pas, but it is always best to err on the side of caution and politeness.

The mobile phone (cell phone) is an essential tool for virtually all urban - and most rural - Nigerians. Because of the many local networks, many people have two or even three "handsets", each on a different network. Anyone doing business in the country for more than a few days should consider having a mobile phone.

Stay safe [ edit ]

Nigerian crime levels are fairly high, particularly in Lagos . The far north eastern regions of Nigeria is troubled by the Boko Haram jihadist group which is known for its attacks on non-Muslims and taking the law into their own hands. This Islamist group is also known for its harsh interpretation of sharia law which includes flogging. Boko Haram attacks Christians and proselytizers so avoid traveling to the north east in large groups. The US State Department and the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office advise against travel to this area, while Global Affairs Canada recommends against non-essential travel to Nigeria (other than Abuja, Calabar and Lagos) because of the risks of terrorism, and recommends practising special health precautions because of the risk of contracting malaria .

The Niger Delta area is unsafe for tourists . There is continual low-level violence between government and militant groups, and there have been several kidnappings of foreign oil workers.

Corruption [ edit ]

Corruption in general is systemic and endemic in Nigeria. Transparency International ranks Nigeria as one of the most corrupt nations on the planet. In 2012, it was believed that Nigeria has lost a total of $400 billion to corruption since independence. The police are notorious for being highly corrupt and woefully ineffective, and the locals do not trust them at all. Nigerians have to pay the police to get reliable assistance for anything. Cronyism and nepotism are common in the police force, and police officers routinely target, harass, extort, and intimidate people, including locals, for bribes. As a foreigner, you may be seen as a "walking wallet" to corrupt officials.

Authorities [ edit ]

The Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) , which was tasked to combat violent property crimes and was notorious for its gross abuse of power, has since been disbanded.

Do not be tempted to argue or fight back with a corrupt police officer, even if you haven't done anything wrong.

LGBT travellers [ edit ]

Nigeria is not a safe destination for gay and lesbian travellers .

Same-sex sexual activity is punishable by death (stoning) in the following states: Bauchi , Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara.

Elsewhere, Same-sex sexual activity is punishable by up to 14 years of imprisonment .

It is also illegal not to report LGBT individuals and activities to the authorities, which is punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment .

Stay healthy [ edit ]

Travellers to Nigeria are required to vaccinate themselves against yellow fever, preferably 10 days before arrival in Nigeria. As malaria is prevalent, malaria pills and mosquito nets are also recommended. Polio vaccination in Nigeria is intermittent and there is a high rate of infection in the North.

Water is sold in different sizes (sachet and bottle). The bottled water and other soft drinks are safe. It is approx ₦150 for a big bottle (June 2021). The cheap "pure water" sold in plastic bags is cheaper but not as "pure" as Eva water, a brand by Coca Cola Company, or Nestle water by Nestle Nigeria. Do not buy water that does not have NAFDAC registration printed on the bottle. It is advisable to purchase bottled water from convenience stores rather than by the roadside. These upscale convenience stores usually purchase their supplies directly from the suppliers.

For the latest traveller's health information pertaining to Nigeria, including advisories and recommendations, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nigeria destination website.

Respect [ edit ]

Respect for elders , as is the case throughout Africa , is a part of Nigerian culture. If someone in a position of authority (policeman, teacher, someone older than you, and the like) tells you to do something, respect them and do it. There's absolutely nothing wrong with disagreeing with someone older than you so long as you do it respectfully and tactfully.

Some of the country's languages have different ways for someone to address someone older than themselves. Handing things over to people, especially adults and people older than you, with your left hand is considered an insult.

You don't cross or jump over someone's legs if they are sitting with the legs extended out. It's considered bad luck.

Avoid shaking hands with elders and older people in non-Igbo villages. It's disrespectful to do that. Bowing down a little and kneeling or genuflecting for women or prostrating by men (especially among the Yoruba) is the normal thing to do. You may not need to do it either, but just show some form of respect when greeting older people. You can get away with not doing that in big cities or urban areas; they are less traditional there.

When entering a house in the predominantly Muslim north, you have to let them know in advance that you are visiting so that the women can prepare (cover themselves up). Some Islamic customs require women to cover their hair and bodies to other men and this is practised in the North. Knock on the door and wait to be answered before going in. They will ask you to wait while the women are informed. Wait patiently.

Connect [ edit ]

The country code for Nigeria is 234.

Dialing out from Nigeria: you will need to dial the International Code, followed by the phone digit numbers.

Dialing into Nigeria: callers use +234 followed by the phone digit numbers. There is also a company in Nigeria called Elixir Communication Worldwide that offers mobile phones for the blind and visually challenged. All the mobile operators have a roaming agreement with other mobile operators around the world.

The leading zero in area codes and similar prefixes is for domestic calls. It is not dialled when using the country code.

Mobile phone service providers:

• Airtel (Bharti Airtel) ( Formerly Zain, Celtel ). Services include pay and recharge with post-paid, prepaid, data bundle and recharge with easy options *444#. Voice and data with voice, data and devices, home broadband (Wi-Fi) devices. VAS with support, easy recharge. Me2U, MyAirtel App Postpaid plans. 2G 3G 4G LTE. ( updated Jun 2021 )
• MTN . Services include pay and recharge with post-paid, prepaid, data bundle and recharge with easy options *131#. Voice and data with voice, data and devices, home broadband (Wi-Fi) devices. VAS with support, Easy recharge. Me2U, MyMTN App Postpaid plans. 2G 3G 4G LTE. ( updated Jun 2021 )
• 9mobile ( former Etisalat ). Services include pay and recharge with post-paid, prepaid, data bundle and recharge with easy options *222#. Voice and data with voice, data and devices, home broadband (Wi-Fi) devices. VAS with support, Easy recharge. Me2U, My9Mobile App Postpaid plans. 2G 3G 4G LTE. ( updated Jun 2021 )
• Glo ( Globalcom ). Services include pay and recharge with post-paid, prepaid, data bundle and recharge with easy options *777#. Voice and data with voice, data and devices, home broadband (Wi-Fi) devices. VAS with support, easy recharge. Me2U, MyGlo app postpaid plans. 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE. Mobile money. Network with lowest offerings for airtime and data. ( updated Jun 2021 )

Go next [ edit ]

• Travel north to Niger , and into the Sahara Desert.
• Travel east to Cameroon , for some mountain climbing.
• Travel west to Benin , the best way out when travelling to Europe overland.
• Travel northeast to Chad .

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Travel Advisory September 20, 2023

Nigeria - level 3: reconsider travel.

Updated with return to full operational status, removal of obsolete COVID-19 page links, and updates to Do Not Travel Areas.

Reconsider travel to Nigeria due to  crime ,  terrorism ,  civil unrest ,  kidnapping , and  armed gangs .   Some areas have increased risk. Read the entire Travel Advisory.

Do Not Travel to :

• Borno, Yobe, Kogi, and northern Adamawa states due to  terrorism  and  kidnapping
• Bauchi, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, and Zamfara states due to  kidnapping
• Abia, Anambra, Bayelsa, Delta, Enugu, Imo, and Rivers states (with the exception of Port Harcourt) due to  crime ,  kidnapping , and  armed gangs.

Country Summary :  Violent crime – such as armed robbery, assault, carjacking, kidnapping, hostage taking, roadside banditry, and rape – is common throughout the country. Kidnappings for ransom occur frequently, often targeting dual national citizens who have returned to Nigeria for a visit, as well as U.S. citizens with perceived wealth. Kidnapping gangs have also stopped victims on interstate roads.

Terrorists continue plotting and carrying out attacks in Nigeria. Terrorists may attack with little or no warning, targeting shopping centers, malls, markets, hotels, places of worship, restaurants, bars, schools, government installations, transportation hubs, and other places where crowds gather. Terrorists are known to work with local gangs to expand their reach.

There is civil unrest and armed gangs in parts of Southern Nigeria, especially in the Niger Delta and Southeast regions. Armed criminality and gangs, including kidnapping and assaults on Nigerian security services is also pervasive in this region.

Violence can flare up between communities of farmers and herders in rural areas.

The U.S. government has limited ability to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens in many areas of Nigeria due to security conditions.

Read the  country information page  for additional information on travel to Nigeria.

  If you decide to travel to Nigeria:

• Carry proper identification, including a U.S. passport with a current Nigerian visa, if needed.
• Use caution when walking or driving at night.
• Keep a low profile.
• Review travel routes and times to vary your predictability.
• Do not physically resist any robbery attempt.
• Be extra vigilant when visiting banks or ATMs.
• Monitor local media for breaking events and be prepared to adjust your plans.
• Be aware of your surroundings.
• Stay alert in locations frequented by Westerners.
• Avoid demonstrations and large political gatherings.
• Review your personal security plans.
• Have evacuation plans that do not rely on U.S. government assistance.
• Establish a “proof of life” protocol with your loved ones, so that if you are taken hostage, your loved ones know specific questions (and answers) to ask the hostage-takers to be sure that you are alive (and to rule out a hoax).
• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Obtain comprehensive medical insurance that includes medical evacuation.
• Follow the Department of State on  Facebook  and  Twitter .
• Review the  Country Security Report  for Nigeria.
• Prepare a contingency plan for emergency situations.  Review the  Traveler’s Checklist .
• Visit the CDC page for the latest  Travel Health Information  related to your travel.

Borno, Yobe, Kogi, and Northern Adamawa states – Level 4: Do Not Travel

The security situation in these states is fluid and unpredictable due to widespread terrorist activity, inter-communal violence, and kidnapping. Security operations to counter these threats may occur without warning.

Terrorist groups based in the Northeast routinely target humanitarian camps, security forces, churches, schools, mosques, government installations, educational institutions, entertainment venues, and road travelers.

Approximately two million Nigerians have been displaced as a result of the violence in Northeast Nigeria.

Visit our website for  Travel to High-Risk Areas .

Bauchi, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto and Zamfara states – Level 4: Do Not Travel

The security situation in these states is fluid and unpredictable due to widespread inter-communal violence and armed criminality, especially kidnapping and roadside banditry. Security operations to counter these threats may occur without warning.

Abia, Anambra, Bayelsa, Delta, Enugu, Imo, and Rivers states (with the exception of Port Harcourt) – Level 4: Do Not Travel

Crime is rampant throughout Southern Nigeria, and there is a heightened risk of kidnapping , violent civil unrest , and armed gangs .

Embassy Messages

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Quick Facts

Polio and Yellow Fever

No limit if declared

Embassies and Consulates

U.s. embassy abuja.

1075 Diplomatic Drive Central District Area, Abuja Nigeria Telephone: +234 209 461 4328 Email:  [email protected]

U.S. Consulate General Lagos 2 Walter Carrington Crescent, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria Telephone: +234 201 460 3400 (Monday through Thursday 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.; Friday, 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.) Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +234 201 460 3400 Email:  [email protected]

Destination Description

Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

A passport valid for six months, a visa, and proof of Polio and Yellow Fever vaccinations are required to enter Nigeria. You must obtain your Nigerian visa from a Nigerian embassy or consulate in advance of your travel.

What does "Visa on Arrival" mean in Nigeria?  Nigeria's "Visa on Arrival" requires pre-approval.  You must receive a Visa on Arrival approval document from a Nigerian embassy or consulate prior to travel to Nigeria. A Visa on Arrival is only available for the purpose of business travel, as defined by the Nigerian government. No Visa on Arrival is available for tourism. If you attempt to travel to Nigeria without a visa issued into your passport or a Visa on Arrival approval document from a Nigerian embassy or consulate, you will be refused entry. This information is subject to change. Please refer to the Nigerian Immigration Services (NIS) guidelines ( https://immigration.gov.ng/visa-on-arrival-process/ ) and utilize the forms available on their website.

Visit the  Embassy of Nigeria  website for the most current visa information.

The Nigerian Fire Arms Act (1990) provides that no person shall have in his possession or under his control any firearm or ammunition except such person that has a license from the President or from the Inspector General of Police. U.S. citizens found with firearms (declared or undeclared) will be arrested.   

You cannot legally depart Nigeria unless you can prove, by presenting your visa and entry stamp, that you entered Nigeria legally.  In addition, if you exceed your authorized period of stay (as determined by the duration of stay given by the entry officer), you will be required to pay a fine before being allowed to depart. The fine can be up to $4,000 USD depending on the length of overstay.

U.S.-Nigeria dual-national citizens are now required to have a valid Nigerian passport in order to depart the country. Dual-national citizens can be, and often are, denied boarding until they have obtained non-expired Nigerian passports.

A World Health Organization (WHO) yellow card is required for entry into the country. The Nigerian authorities require a  Yellow Fever  vaccination within the past ten years and that adults have a  Polio  booster after the original childhood vaccine series. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes a  country-specific list  of recommended vaccines to receive prior to arrival. See also the Health section below.

Some HIV/AIDS entry restrictions exist for visitors to and foreign residents of Nigeria. Nigerian authorities may deny entry to foreigners who are “undesirable for medical reasons” and may require HIV tests for foreigners intending to marry Nigerian citizens. Please verify this information with the  Embassy of Nigeria  before travel.

Find information on  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction , and  customs regulations  on our websites.

Safety and Security

Terrorism : Terrorist groups and those inspired by such organizations are intent on attacking U.S. citizens abroad. Terrorists are increasingly using less sophisticated methods of attack –including knives, firearms, and vehicles – to target crowds more effectively. Frequently, their aim is focused on unprotected or vulnerable targets, such as:

• High-profile public events (sporting contests, political rallies, demonstrations, holiday events, celebratory gatherings, etc.)
• Hotels, clubs, and restaurants frequented by tourists
• Places of worship
• Shopping malls and markets
• Public transportation systems (including subways, buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights)

Please see our most recent  Travel Advisory  for more details.

For more information, see our  Terrorism  page.

Crime : Muggings, assaults, burglaries, car-jackings, rape, kidnappings, and extortion occur regularly. Law enforcement authorities usually respond slowly and often do not have the resources to provide investigative support to victims.

The U.S. government has limited ability to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens beyond Abuja and Lagos and their immediate surrounding areas. U.S. government employees may be subject to travel constraints as security conditions warrant.

Demonstrations  occur frequently. They may take place in response to political or economic issues, on politically significant holidays, and during international events. 

• Even demonstrations intended to be peaceful can turn confrontational and possibly become violent. 
• Avoid areas around protests and demonstrations. 
• Check local media for updates and traffic advisories.

International Financial Scams :  See the  Department of State  and the  FBI  pages for information.

Internet romance and financial scams are prevalent in Nigeria. Scams are often initiated through Internet postings/profiles or by unsolicited emails and letters.  Scammers almost always pose as U.S. citizens who have no one else to turn to for help. Common scams include:  

• Romance/online dating 
• Money transfers 
• Contracts with promises of large commissions
• Inheritance notices 
• Nigerian Letter or “419” Fraud

Victims of Crime :  U.S. citizen victims of sexual assault are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy in Abuja or Consulate General in Lagos for assistance. Report crimes to the local police at 112, and contact the Embassy at +(234)(9)461-4328 or Consulate General at +(234)(1) 460-3400. Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crime.

Justice in Nigeria may be uneven. Many crimes go unsolved. Others may not be prosecuted to a successful conclusion for the victim.

See our webpage on  help for U.S. citizen victims of crime overseas .

• Help you find appropriate medical care.
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police.
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent.
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion.
• Provide a list of local attorneys.
• Provide information on  victims’ compensation programs in the United States .
• Provide information on victims’ assistance programs in Nigeria:
• National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons ( NAPTIP )
• Women Trafficking and Child Labor Eradication Foundation ( WOTCLEF )
• Women at Risk International Foundation ( WARIF )
• Provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution.
• Help you find accommodation and arrange flights home.
• Replace a stolen or lost passport.

Domestic Violence : U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence are encouraged to contact the Embassy or Consulate for assistance.

Tourism : The tourism industry is unevenly regulated, and safety inspections for equipment and facilities do not commonly occur. Hazardous areas/activities are not always identified with appropriate signage, and staff may not be trained or certified either by the host government or by recognized authorities in the field. In the event of an injury, appropriate medical treatment is typically available only in/near major cities. First responders are generally unable to access areas outside of major cities and to provide urgent medical treatment. Even within major cities, the limited number of first responders and extreme traffic congestion can cause lengthy delays in response time. Emergency services comparable to those in the United States or Europe are non-existent, and the blood supply is unreliable and unsafe for transfusion. You should consider traveling to the United States, Europe, or South Africa for treatment for serious conditions.  U.S. citizens are strongly encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance . 

Maritime Security : Piracy and armed robbery in the Gulf of Guinea continue to trend upwards. Pirates/armed groups operating in the region typically carry out attacks on vessels using automatic weapons. Attacks, kidnappings for ransom, and robbery of crew, passengers, and ship’s property continue to be common occurrences.

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties : You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned.  Possession, use, or sale of cannabis and related products is prohibited under Nigerian law.  U.S. citizens who violate the law may be subject to arrest and prosecution. Individuals establishing a business or practicing a profession that requires additional permits or licensing should seek information from the competent local authorities prior to practicing or operating a business.

Furthermore, some laws are also prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see our website on  crimes against minors abroad  and the  Department of Justice website.

Arrest Notification : If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy or Consulate General immediately. In cases where detainees are dual citizens (holders of U.S. and Nigerian citizenship), the U.S. Embassy or Consulate General may not be promptly notified. See our  webpage  for further information.

Faith-Based Travelers :  See the following webpages for details:

• Faith-Based Travel Information
• International Religious Freedom Report  – see country reports
• Human Rights Report  – see country reports
• Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
• Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad

LGBTI Travelers : Consensual, same-sex sexual relations are illegal in Nigeria. Entering same-sex marriage contracts and civil unions (defined to include “any arrangement between persons of the same sex to live together as sex partners”) is also criminalized, with punishments including fines and prison sentences of up to 14 years. Same-sex marriage contracts and civil unions entered into in a foreign country are not recognized under Nigerian law.

Public displays of affection between persons of the same sex are also punishable by up to ten years imprisonment. Furthermore, the law allows for the prosecution of persons who support or belong to advocacy groups relating to LGBTI issues, with prison sentences of up to ten years. U.S. citizens who participate in free speech or assemblies relating to same-sex marriage could potentially be prosecuted under this law.

In the following northern states, where Sharia law applies, penalties can also include death: Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara.

See our  LGBTI Travel Information  page.

Travelers with Disabilities:   The law in Nigeria prohibits discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental disabilities; however, the law is very unevenly enforced. Social acceptance of persons with disabilities in public is not as prevalent as in the United States. 

Few government buildings, schools, banks, or grocery stores have accessible facilities, including in Abuja and Lagos. Some hospitals and clinics are equally inaccessible to people with disabilities and lack wheelchair ramps or lifts, including some of the hospitals travelers commonly use. Expect accessibility to be very limited in transportation, lodging, communication/information, and general infrastructure, and largely absent outside of major cities. 

Much of the disability equipment for sale locally is refurbished rather than new. Replacement parts can be found in local informal markets and are also generally refurbished parts. Imported higher-end equipment such as electric wheelchairs and lifting equipment can be purchased from a limited number of medical equipment suppliers in the major cities.

Students :  See our  Students Abroad  page and  FBI travel tips .

Women Travelers :  Rape is a crime in Nigeria. According to the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act, rape is punishable by 12 years to life imprisonment for offenders older than 14 and a maximum of 14 years imprisonment for offenders younger than 14. Rape remains a rampant problem.

The VAPP Act, currently applicable only in the Federal Capital Territory, addresses sexual, physical, psychological, and socioeconomic violence, and harmful traditional practices. Federal law criminalizes female circumcision or genital mutilation (FGM/C). Twelve states have also banned FGM/C, though the practice remains common in parts of both Northern and Southern Nigeria.

See our travel tips for  Women Travelers .

Nigerian medical facilities are generally poorly equipped. Many medicines are unavailable, including medications for diabetes or asthma. Take care when purchasing medicines locally, as counterfeit pharmaceuticals are a common problem, and may be difficult to distinguish from genuine medications. Hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services.

Emergency services comparable to those in the United States or Europe are non-existent, and the blood supply is unreliable and unsafe for transfusion. For serious medical problems, you should consider traveling to the United States, Europe, or South Africa for treatment.

For emergency services in Nigeria, dial 112.

Ambulance services are: 

• not present throughout the country or are unreliable in most areas.
• not equipped with state-of-the-art medical equipment. 
• not staffed with trained paramedics and often have little or no medical equipment. 
• Injured or seriously ill travelers may prefer to take a taxi or private vehicle to the nearest major hospital rather than wait for an ambulance. 

We do not pay medical bills . Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance.

Medical Insurance : Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on overseas coverage. Visit the  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  for more information on types of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation.

Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging with your doctor’s prescription. Check with the  Federal Ministry of Health  in Nigeria to ensure the medication is legal in Nigeria.

Vaccinations : Be up-to-date on all  vaccinations  recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further Health Information :

• World Health Organization (WHO)
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• https://healthapp.ncdc.gov.ng/guidelines-and-protocols/
• https://healthapp.ncdc.gov.ng/health-declaration-page/

The U.S. Embassy maintains a  list of doctors and hospitals . We do not endorse or recommend any specific medical provider or clinic.

Health Facilities in General :

• Adequate health facilities are available in major cities, but health care in rural areas may be below U.S. standards.
• Public medical clinics lack basic resources and supplies.
• Hospitals and doctors often require payment “up front” prior to service or admission. Credit card payment is not always available. Most hospitals and medical professionals require cash payment.
• Private hospitals usually require advance payment or proof of adequate insurance before admitting a patient.
• Generally, in public hospitals only minimal staff are available overnight (in non-emergency wards). Consider hiring a private nurse or having family spend the night with the patient, especially a minor child.
• Patients bear all costs for transfer to or between hospitals.
• Psychological and psychiatric services are limited, even in the larger cities, and approaches to treatment and services might be significantly different than the United States.

Medical Tourism and Elective Surgery :

• Medical tourism is a rapidly growing industry worldwide. People seeking health care overseas should understand that medical systems operate differently from those in the United States and are not subject to the same rules and regulations. Anyone interested in traveling for medical purposes should consult with their local physician before traveling. 
• Visit the  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  website for information on medical tourism, the risks of medical tourism, and what you can do to prepare before traveling to Nigeria.
• We strongly recommend  supplemental insurance  to cover medical evacuation in the event of unforeseen medical complications.
• Your legal options in case of malpractice are very limited in Nigeria.  

Pharmaceuticals :

• Exercise caution when purchasing medication overseas. Pharmaceuticals, both over the counter and requiring prescriptions in the United States, are often readily available for purchase with little controls. Counterfeit medication is common and may prove to be ineffective, the wrong strength, or contain dangerous ingredients. Medication should be purchased in consultation with a medical professional and from reputable establishments.
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Food and Drug Administration are responsible for rules governing the transport of medication back to the United States. Medication purchased abroad must meet their requirements to be legally brought back into the United States. Medication should be for personal use and must be approved for usage in the United States. Please visit the  U.S. Customs and Border Protection  and the  Food and Drug Administration  websites for more information.  

Non-Traditional Medicine :

• U.S. citizens have suffered serious complications or died while seeking medical care from non-traditional “healers” and practitioners.  We recommend that you have access to licensed emergency medical facilities in such cases.

Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy :

• If you are considering traveling to Nigeria to have a child through use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) or surrogacy, please see our  ART and Surrogacy Abroad page .
• Although surrogacy agencies/clinics claim surrogacy is legal in Nigeria, there is no legal framework for foreigners to pursue surrogacy in Nigeria. As a result, surrogacy agreements between foreign intending parents and gestational mothers vary widely and are not enforced by Nigerian courts.
• Even though you may have a surrogacy contract, it is not clear if the contract will stand in court as a custody agreement. Therefore, parents should consider obtaining a custody order in Nigeria to be certain their parental rights are recognized.
• Surrogacy for same-sex couples is illegal in Nigeria.
• If you decide to pursue parenthood in Nigeria via assisted reproductive technology (ART) with a gestational mother, be prepared for long delays in documenting your child’s citizenship. Be aware that individuals who attempt to circumvent local law risk criminal prosecution.

Water Quality :

• Tap water is unsafe.  Bottled water and beverages are generally safe.  Be aware that many restaurants and hotels serve tap water unless bottled water is specifically requested, and  may use tap water to make ice for drinks.

Adventure Travel :

• Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information about  Adventure Travel .

General Health :

The following diseases are prevalent:

• Diarrheal illness
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Lassa Fever
• Meningococcal meningitis
• Schistosomiasis
• Trypanosomiasis
• Tuberculosis
• Yellow fever
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control lists Nigeria as “critically high risk” for Malaria. Malaria is especially fatal in Nigeria and accounts for a high burden of disease and death in travelers.
• All travelers should take chemoprophylaxis, even for short stays, and even if they are African by descent.  
• Avoid being outdoors during dusk and dawn and wear clothing over exposed skin whenever possible. Sleep with windows closed and under air conditioning.
• Use the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended mosquito repellents and sleep under insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets.  
• Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information about Resources for Travelers regarding specific issues in Nigeria.

Air Quality :

• Reliable air quality data for Nigeria is limited. However, satellite data suggests that on average it is significantly worse than in the United States. Poor waste management practices and commercial pollution exacerbate seasonal weather variations that affect air quality. Consider the impact seasonal smog and heavy particulate pollution may have on you, and consult your doctor before traveling if necessary.
• Infants, children, and teens.
• People over 65 years of age.
• People with lung disease such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 
• People with heart disease or diabetes. 
• People who work or are active outdoors. 
• Travelers with allergies and/or respiratory disease may experience illness and are encouraged to bring ample supply of prescription medications.

Travel and Transportation

Road Conditions and Safety : Roads are generally in poor condition, causing damage to vehicles and contributing to hazardous traffic conditions. There are few working traffic lights or stop signs, and few traffic officers to manage traffic during power outages. The rainy season, generally from May to October, is especially dangerous because of flooded roads and water-concealed potholes.

All drivers and passengers should wear seat belts, lock doors, and keep windows closed. You should have appropriate automobile insurance.  Drivers and passengers of vehicles involved in accidents resulting in injury or death have experienced extra-judicial actions, i.e., mob attacks, official consequences such as fines and incarceration, and/or confrontations with the victim's family.

Driving between 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. should be done with extreme caution.  Automobiles, trucks, or “okadas” (motorbikes) often drive on the wrong side of the road or on sidewalks.

Traffic Laws : Motor vehicle accidents can be reported by dialing “119.” Traffic control officers may occasionally seek bribes when citing drivers for traffic violations. If stopped by traffic police, drivers should stop as instructed. However, drivers should also keep their doors locked and only roll their windows down an inch for sound. Do not pay any bribes.If requested to drive an officer to the police station, do not do so, especially at night, as some traffic police are imposters.

Public Transportation :  We recommend avoiding public transportation throughout Nigeria. Public transportation vehicles, such as buses and motorbikes, are unsafe due to poor maintenance, high speeds, and overcrowding. Motorbikes are banned within Abuja's city limits and many major thoroughfares in Lagos. “Okada” drivers and passengers are required to wear helmets in several cities; police can fine violators on the spot.

See our  Road Safety page  for more information, and visit Nigeria’s  Federal Road Safety Corps  website.

Aviation Safety Oversight : The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has assessed the government of Nigeria’s Civil Aviation Authority as being in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards for oversight of Nigeria’s air carrier operations. Further information may be found on the  FAA’s safety assessment page .

Maritime Travel : Mariners planning travel to Nigeria or through the Gulf of Guinea should also check for  U.S. maritime advisories and alerts . Information may also be posted to the  U.S. Coast Guard homeport website , and the  ICC  and  NGA  broadcast warnings.

The Commandant of the Coast Guard has determined that effective anti-terrorism measures are not in place in Nigeria ports and has imposed conditions of entry on vessels that arrive in U.S. ports having visited ports in Nigeria. Mariners and passengers on commercial vessels traveling through the ports of Nigeria should exercise increased caution.

For additional travel information

• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
• See the  State Department’s travel website  for the  Worldwide Caution  and  Travel Advisories .
• Follow us on  Twitter  and  Facebook .
• See  traveling safely abroad  for useful travel tips.

Review information about International Parental Child Abduction in Nigeria . For additional IPCA-related information, please see the International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act ( ICAPRA ) report.

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Love Lagos like a local: all you need to know before your trip

May 23, 2022 • 9 min read

The neighborhoods of Lagos brim with commerce and culture © Alucardion / Shutterstock

It’s in the DNA of Lagos to welcome visitors and make them feel at home, whatever the length of their stay.

A common saying, loosely translated, praises Lagos for having room enough for “owners of the house, the guest and the lazy.” It is what this metropolis has done over the centuries, attracting traders, explorers and migrants of all types. As Nigeria ’s commercial and entertainment capital, Lagos remains a magnet for people, Nigerians and foreigners alike, welcoming them with its warmth, energy and color. 

Before you make your trip to this thrilling city, here are a few tips to keep in mind to experience Lagos like a local.

What Covid restrictions are still in place?

Early in April 2022, the Nigerian government announced a revised Covid-19 travel protocol, effectively opening up the country again to inbound travelers. The good news is that fully vaccinated travelers no longer require PCR tests or isolation of any kind, though they do still need to register on the Nigeria International Travel Portal .  

Talk to your doctor about preventing malaria – even if you’ve been here before

Because Lagos is in the tropics, malaria is one of the more common health risks of traveling in the region. Your doctor will prescribe the right medicines to carry along with you; it is also advisable to also have mosquito repellents as backup. Nigerians abroad usually take such precautions if they are visiting for the first time in a while.  

Ride-share apps are the best way to get from the airport and around the city

When you roll your luggage past arrivals, opt for a ride-hailing service (like  Uber and Bolt ), preferred by locals for more-comfortable commutes around the city. Alternatively, you could plan to have a resident meet you, avoiding the stress of having to decide which of the approved taxi operators – all of whom loudly call out to arriving patrons in the terminal – to pick.   

Always have cash on you, just in case – and know how to handle it

You can pay for pretty much anything in Lagos with a debit card, whether for extra room nights or having your hair styled. Increasing numbers of vendors now own point-of-sale (POS) machines, making everyday trading transactions a lot faster and seamless. 

Still, it’s advisable to have some Naira notes – especially in denominations of N50 ($.12), N100 ($.25), N200 ($.50) and N500 ($1.20) – on you at all times, for those awkward moments when the mobile networks fail and cash transfers don’t go through. ATMs throughout the city make withdrawing cash easy. When paying for purchases (or giving or collecting any item, for that matter) be sure to do so with your right hand; older Lagosians consider it disrespectful to hand over cash with the left hand.  

Pack your summer clothing no matter what month you arrive

Lagos has humid weather, with the average temperature is in the region of 32°C (90°F), sometimes reaching 35°C (95°F). So T-shirts, jeans, cotton pants and shorts are likely all you’ll need during your stay. The city experiences rainy (May–August) and dry (November–April) seasons, which you should consider as you plan the best time to visit .

Brace for the noise 

As a first time visitor, you’ll immediately notice that Lagos is a packed city: one of the smallest states in Nigeria, it’s also the most populous, with over 20 million residents. It also has a rather high noise level, thanks to honking frequently, sermons from megaphones in religious centers, bus conductors calling out for passengers and other boisterous sources. If you stay in a hotel near a church or mosque – both of which dot nearly every part of the city – expect services throughout the week to cut into your quiet moments.

Always factor road traffic into your plans

With water transportation still largely underdeveloped and a light-rail network still under construction, Lagosians depend heavily on roads to go about their daily lives. As a result, traffic congestion is infamous in the city. Public transportation is a disorderly mix of licensed mini-buses ( danfo ), taxis and cabs ( kabu-kabu ) operating from garages and roadsides, all of which criss-cross  the many vibrant neighborhoods of the city . 

Three-wheeled transports ( keke marwa ) are ideal for neighborhood shuttles, as are motorcycle taxis ( okada ) – though the latter are officially banned on several routes state-wide, including on major highways. While buses charge fixed rates on their routes, you’ll have to agree on a price before your ride using any of the other options. 

Enjoy the street life, but stay alert

Day and night, Lagosians know to keep their wits about them when taking a stroll or shopping, as smartphones have been reported as stolen in crowded markets or at indoor events. Even so, ignore dire warnings and plunge into the city’s unparalleled urban tableau, which will be one of your most lasting memories of Lagos. 

Island or Mainland? You decide

Lagosians generally refer to themselves as Islanders or Mainlanders, depending on which side of the Lagoon they find themselves on. Everywhere, however, residents affectionately refer to their hometown as Lasgidi.     

For administrative purposes, Lagos is divided into five broad regions that together form an acronym (IBILE), for Ikeja (the capital), Badagry (the far west), Ikorodu, Lagos Island and Epe (the eastern end of town). Wherever you choose to stay in Lagos, every part comes with its own vibe, with plenty of fun and fantastic things to see and do in every district. 

Learn some pidgin

Lagos is dominated by the Yorubas but contains residents hailing from almost every ethnic group in Nigeria. While English is the official language of everyday speech and business, pidgin – a homegrown variant – is spoken and understood by almost everyone; in fact, Lagos could well be the country’s pidgin capital. It’s a good idea to learn a few common sayings before you arrive, to use as you’re going about the city:

• How you dey ? (How are you?) • How now ? (How are things?) • Wetin you tok ? (What did you say?) • Abeg (please) • Na so (That’s true) • E don do (It’s enough) • Lai lai  (impossible/never)

Lagosians light up when foreigners chat them up in pidgin, or in the local Yoruba language.

Get a Cowry card

At some point during your stay, you should try the ease and convenience of a BRT (bus rapid transit), one of the more successful public-private partnerships aimed at solving the city’s transportation challenges. Beloved by many, BRTs travel on dedicated lanes from 6am to 8pm and can sometimes be the best way to avoid traffic as you enjoy views of the cityscape. 

To get on the long, air-conditioned buses, you’ll need to buy a Cowry card at any of the main terminals (Ikeja, Oshodi, Berger, TBS, Ajah or Ikorodu), then top it up with cash before you board. As you get on and off, simply tap in and out to pay your fare. According to the state government, the card will be usable on the light rail and shuttle ferries by 2023.  

The second half of the year is festival season, so plan accordingly

The home of Nollywood and Afrobeats, Lagos is fun year round – but the city really comes to life in the second half of the year. The arts scene booms: post-Covid, new galleries have opened on both the Island and Mainland, and a new exhibition gets announced seemingly every other week. Stage plays and musicals are becoming fairly regular, too. 

August is when the floodgates open, and the city throbs with multiple arty events. While some require an invitation, most are free to attend. The Lagos Books and Art Festival , Lagos Fringe ,  LagosPhoto , Lagos Fashion Week , MUSON (with drama, classical music and dance offerings), the  Lagos International Jazz Festival  and the Lagos International Film Festival are some of the major events on the cultural calendar each year. 

If you’re around during the festive Christmas period, you’re in for a real jamboree. A state-sponsored, weeklong fiesta showcases the best of Lagos entertainment scene from comedy to concerts, as the city closes out one year and begins a new one. Visit during this period to fully understand why “Èkó for Show” is a slogan the city embraces proudly.   

Weeknights are for bar-hopping and catching up with friends 

Lagos is all hustle and bustle during the daytime. And as Lagosians work hard, they also play hard. On weeknights, open-air and neighborhood bars are packed with people sitting out the evening rush-hour traffic, discussing the day’s news and events or simply catching up with friends. Most have in-house DJs, who add to the fun and excitement; some of the bars also serve food, with  suya (barbecued beef), barbecued fish and pepper soup all standard offerings. Note that  suyas and pepper soups are quite spicy and are not to be rushed – bite and slurp with caution, and sip a lot of water to lessen the sting.  

If you get an invitation to an owambe , accept it

On weekends, Lagosians take themselves to beaches, malls or cineplexes. And they dress up to attend birthdays or wedding parties ( owambe ), which are a point of pride here. If you’re lucky to be invited to any of these gatherings, accept at once. This will be your free pass to an afternoon of joy and spectacle, complete with ceremonial costumes and spirited dancing. If you wish to dress as the locals do, a custom outfit can be stitched to order in 24–48 hours.

Typically, the parties are feasts, marked by an almost never-ending flow of food and drinks. Starters are small bites (fried puff-puffs, samosas, spring rolls), accompanied by an assortment of drinks. The main dish could be anything from white rice, jollof rice or fried rice to iyan , eba , amala  and a variety of soups; at buffet events, ask your hosts for advice on which “swallow” (yam, cassava or rice) goes with which soups, stews or sauce, and which delicacies can be served on the same plate or taken together ( ofada rice with bean soup, for instance, would attract curious giggles). One more thing to keep in mind to dine like a true Lagosian: you may use cutlery for some meals, but the proper way to eat swallows is with your hands, after rinsing in water.  

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Travel With Lady Chin

Welcome To Travel with Lady Chin

The Complete Packing List For Lagos, Nigeria

Africa , Nigeria / April 12, 2022 by Lady Chin

Nigeria is hot and humid pretty much all year round. I love warm tropical weather, but the heat can sometimes be sweltering. With all the traffic and the people in Lagos, extra heat radiates from every corner of the megacity.

The best way to handle the heat is to wear lightweight clothing and stay as cool as possible. In this post, I am sharing the complete packing list for Lagos, Nigeria, to help give you an idea about what essentials you need to bring and what you can leave at home. 

Pin Me for Later! 

This is the fourth post in the Nigeria travel series. Here’s the complete 10-part series:

Nigeria Travel Series

Bucket List:  7 Reasons Why You Should Visit Nigeria At Least Once  

Travel Guide:  The Ultimate Lagos, Nigeria Travel Guide: For First-Time Visitors

Food:  9 Popular Foods To Eat In Nigeria

Packing Guide:  The Complete Packing List for Your Trip to Nigeria

Travel Tips:  13 Things You Need To Know Before Visiting Lagos, Nigeria 

Inspiration:  15 Photos That Will Make You Want To Visit Nigeria

Tourist Visa:  5 Tips for U.S. Citizens Applying for a Nigerian Tourist Visa

Lagos:  11 Best Things To do in Lagos

My Story:  Homegoing: Reuniting with My Biological Family

Travel Itinerary:  How to spend 5-day in Lagos, Nigeria 

Your packing list for Lagos, Nigeria 

Given the humidity, you will sweat more than you’re used to. So I recommend packing in a big enough suitcase to fit your belongings for your stay.

Bring a weekend bag to easily get around if you plan to travel within Lagos or outside the city. I used my  Herschel Little America Backpack  when traveling around. It was so much easier than lugging around a boxy suitcase. Plus, when flying domestically, airlines have weight and bag limits.  

Essential Travel Documents

• Valid passport – Check to make sure you have more than 6 months before your passport expires.
• Tourist visa 
• Yellow fever documentation 
• Health insurance card
• Driver’s license
• Copies of your passport. I usually leave a few copies with friends and family at home.
• Copies of lodging or excursion reservations
• U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Nigeria  – Good to keep handy if needed.

What to wear

 I usually pack casual clothes that I don’t mind getting dirty or have less significance. 

Insider Tip:   In Muslim areas, including the coast, t-shirts, and shorts are frowned upon, so bring something to cover your shoulders and wear long pants. 

Pack for the weather

I would pack a light raincoat if you visit during March-August’s rainy season.

If you’re traveling during the dry season, the city experiences cooler temperatures known as Harmattan (December and January), where the winds blow from the Sahara desert. During this time, the temperature tends to drop, especially at night, so make sure to bring a lightweight jacket. I was in Lagos during December and felt perfectly fine. In fact, it was a relief from the scorching sun during the day. 

Clothes & shoes 

• 5 lightweight or cotton tops that cover your shoulders
• 4 pairs of shorts – I packed cotton and jean shorts. 
• 1-2 pairs of lightweight pants 
• 4 dresses & skirts- I recommend bringing dresses and skirts at knee-length and versatile with the option of wearing them day or night. 
• Clubbing outfit(s)- If you plan on partying it up in Lagos, which you totally should! 
• 2-3 bathing suits in case you decide to head to the  beach 
• 1 beach cover-up
• A pashmina or scarf will come in handy if you need to cover your shoulders or head. 
• Comfortable sneakers   
• You don’t mind getting a little dirty with a few pairs of incredibly comfortable sandals.

Insider Tip: It’s illegal to wear army/combat fatigue clothing or print in Nigeria.  

Accessories

• Costume jewelry:  I wouldn’t bring anything valuable 
• Hat:  Listen, the sun in Lagos is no joke, don’t forget to bring a hat to protect yourself.
• Umbrella :  especially if you’re visiting during the rainy season.

Toiletries 

Bring everything that you will need while you’re away. You might not be able to find what you ordinarily would get in the U.S., seeing how Nigeria is still a developing country and all. Here’s a list of items that you might want to consider packing: 

• Travel-sized bottles for shampoo, conditioner, lotion, etc
• Face wash 
• Toothbrush, toothpaste, and floss
• Shower gel or a bar of soap
• Shampoo/conditioner
• Hairbrush/comb
• Sunscreen 
• Body and face lotion – I opt for lightweight creams with SPF sun protection.
• Shea butter – It’s an excellent alternative to sunscreen! 
• Makeup remover wipes
• Facial tissues
• Chapstick/lip balm
• Makeup  
• Satin bonnet or pillowcase – I like to bring both in case my bonnet slips off during the night.  
• Bug spray – I’ve started using this plant-based bug repellent. It smells great and isn’t greasy like other bug sprays. 
• Feminine products – bring more than you need, don’t even skim on this one! 
• Toilet paper – Take some with you, especially when going out. Some public bathrooms may not have anything.
• Cotton swabs (Q-Tips)
• First aid kit – Safety first!
• Personal medication 
• Anti-Malaria prescription from your doctor
• Traveler’s diarrhea relief capsules
• Inhalers – in case you have asthma

Health & Safety Supplies

• Antihistamine
• Motion sickness medicine
• Cough drops 
• Decongestant
• Mild laxative
• Saline nose spray
• Disposable gloves
• Digital thermometer
• Scissors and safety pins
• Anti-bacterial hand wipes
• Aloe gel – works excellent for sunburn
• Insect bite treatment
• Anti-itch gel or cream

Miscellaneous

• 1 bandana – Useful for wiping your face!  
• Earplugs – They work great for the plane!
• Zip-lock bags
• Laundry bag or plastic bags (for your laundry)
• Snacks 
• Packing cubes – ideal for keeping items in your suitcase organized. 
• A small flashlight – Nepa does take light, meaning you will experience a blackout or two during your stay.
• Top bed sheet – if you end up sleeping somewhere and the bed sheets aren’t up to your standards.  
• Toilet seat covers – the public bathrooms aren’t the cleanest and often don’t have toilet covers, so I usually bring a few packs. 
• Small hand fan – In Lagos, mini fans are another thing that comes in clutch, especially with the humidity. 
• Laundry detergent (travel size)
• Eyeglasses 
• Contact lenses- bring extra contacts and solutions, especially as a backup to your eyeglasses.
• Permethrin – insect repellent for clothing.
• Bed net – protect yourself against insect bites while sleeping.

Electronics & Entertainment

I said before, but NEPA takes light often, so you should make sure to charge your devices whenever you can. 

Here’s what you will need:

• Universal charger/adaptor – The plugs in Nigeria are D, and G. Plug D has three round pins in a triangular pattern. This one is my go-to adaptor. 
• Portable charger with cords – I never leave home without my portable charger! 
• Speakers – I don’t leave home without my JBL 4 speakers . These speakers are small enough to travel with and loud enough to keep the party going! 
• Camera and memory card
• Book(s) – I prefer having physical copies of the book.

What you should not bring

Air on the side of caution and leave anything valuable or irreplaceable at home. You don’t want your trip ruined because you misplaced something important to you. 

Conclusion – Lady Chin’s Two Cents 

Viola, there you have it! My hope is that this packing guide helps prepare you for an extraordinary adventure in the motherland! Initially, packing for Nigeria was a chore, but I’ve learned what must come and what can stay home. 

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