how do radio waves travel at the speed of light

• Q & A / Science

Why do radio waves travel at the speed of light and not sound?

by How It Works Team · 06/07/2013

Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation – the same phenomenon as light, X-rays and various other types of radiation, but with much longer wavelengths. As such, they travel at the speed of light (ie 300,000 kilometres/186,000 miles per second) – a lot faster than the 340 metres (1,125 feet) per second that sound itself moves through the air. It’s easy to be fooled by the fact that when you hear the word ‘radio’, you usually think of voices or music, but radio waves aren’t sounds themselves – just the medium used to broadcast an electronic signal from the studio to your hi-fi, which the speaker then turns back into the vibrations in the air which we hear.

Answered by Giles Sparrow.

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On the ground we have spread aluminium foil. Aluminium is a conductor, so this reflects the electric wave with a phase change of 180°, giving approximately zero electric field in the conductor. The receiving antenna measures the superposition of the incident and reflected waves. In the animation, the incident (electrical) wave is blue, the reflected wave is red, and the purple wave is the superposition: the total electric field at that point. The horizontal scale is arbitrary, the vertical scale is pretty accurate and time has been slowed down by a hundred million or so for us to see it.

Standing waves

Light, electromagnetism, time and space.

As mentioned above, the speed of electromagnetic radiation, c = √(1/ε 0 μ 0 ), appears as the characteristic speed in Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism .

It also appears in the theory of relativity, where it is the natural conversion between time and space. In space-time, the separation betwen two events (with separations of space Δx, Δy, Δz and in time Δt) is given by

Electromagnetic radiation travels through space without a medium. So, in retrospect, we can say that it is perhaps unsurprising that c is the natural relation between space and time. When Lamour, Lorentz, Fitzgerald and Einstein proposed this, however, this relation was much less obvious. We give an introduction to relativity in Einsteinlight .

Electromagnetic waves

The following link takes you to page where we measure the speed of light using laser light and time-of-flight. In the next, we use the same radio apparatus to investigate the polarisation of radio waves (and of light). The next one takes you back to the multimedia tutorial The Nature of Light ..

Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave

Energy, a measure of the ability to do work, comes in many forms and can transform from one type to another. Examples of stored or potential energy include batteries and water behind a dam. Objects in motion are examples of kinetic energy. Charged particles—such as electrons and protons—create electromagnetic fields when they move, and these fields transport the type of energy we call electromagnetic radiation, or light.

What are Electromagnetic and Mechanical waves?

Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves are two important ways that energy is transported in the world around us. Waves in water and sound waves in air are two examples of mechanical waves. Mechanical waves are caused by a disturbance or vibration in matter, whether solid, gas, liquid, or plasma. Matter that waves are traveling through is called a medium. Water waves are formed by vibrations in a liquid and sound waves are formed by vibrations in a gas (air). These mechanical waves travel through a medium by causing the molecules to bump into each other, like falling dominoes transferring energy from one to the next. Sound waves cannot travel in the vacuum of space because there is no medium to transmit these mechanical waves.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Electricity can be static, like the energy that can make your hair stand on end. Magnetism can also be static, as it is in a refrigerator magnet. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa—the two are linked. These changing fields form electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium to propagate. This means that electromagnetic waves can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space.

In the 1860's and 1870's, a Scottish scientist named James Clerk Maxwell developed a scientific theory to explain electromagnetic waves. He noticed that electrical fields and magnetic fields can couple together to form electromagnetic waves. He summarized this relationship between electricity and magnetism into what are now referred to as "Maxwell's Equations."

Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, applied Maxwell's theories to the production and reception of radio waves. The unit of frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is named the hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz.

His experiment with radio waves solved two problems. First, he had demonstrated in the concrete, what Maxwell had only theorized — that the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light! This proved that radio waves were a form of light! Second, Hertz found out how to make the electric and magnetic fields detach themselves from wires and go free as Maxwell's waves — electromagnetic waves.

WAVES OR PARTICLES? YES!

Light is made of discrete packets of energy called photons. Photons carry momentum, have no mass, and travel at the speed of light. All light has both particle-like and wave-like properties. How an instrument is designed to sense the light influences which of these properties are observed. An instrument that diffracts light into a spectrum for analysis is an example of observing the wave-like property of light. The particle-like nature of light is observed by detectors used in digital cameras—individual photons liberate electrons that are used for the detection and storage of the image data.

POLARIZATION

One of the physical properties of light is that it can be polarized. Polarization is a measurement of the electromagnetic field's alignment. In the figure above, the electric field (in red) is vertically polarized. Think of a throwing a Frisbee at a picket fence. In one orientation it will pass through, in another it will be rejected. This is similar to how sunglasses are able to eliminate glare by absorbing the polarized portion of the light.

DESCRIBING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

The terms light, electromagnetic waves, and radiation all refer to the same physical phenomenon: electromagnetic energy. This energy can be described by frequency, wavelength, or energy. All three are related mathematically such that if you know one, you can calculate the other two. Radio and microwaves are usually described in terms of frequency (Hertz), infrared and visible light in terms of wavelength (meters), and x-rays and gamma rays in terms of energy (electron volts). This is a scientific convention that allows the convenient use of units that have numbers that are neither too large nor too small.

The number of crests that pass a given point within one second is described as the frequency of the wave. One wave—or cycle—per second is called a Hertz (Hz), after Heinrich Hertz who established the existence of radio waves. A wave with two cycles that pass a point in one second has a frequency of 2 Hz.

Electromagnetic waves have crests and troughs similar to those of ocean waves. The distance between crests is the wavelength. The shortest wavelengths are just fractions of the size of an atom, while the longest wavelengths scientists currently study can be larger than the diameter of our planet!

An electromagnetic wave can also be described in terms of its energy—in units of measure called electron volts (eV). An electron volt is the amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through one volt potential. Moving along the spectrum from long to short wavelengths, energy increases as the wavelength shortens. Consider a jump rope with its ends being pulled up and down. More energy is needed to make the rope have more waves.

Next: Wave Behaviors

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Science Mission Directorate. (2010). Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave. Retrieved [insert date - e.g. August 10, 2016] , from NASA Science website: http://science.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy

Science Mission Directorate. "Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave" NASA Science . 2010. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [insert date - e.g. 10 Aug. 2016] http://science.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy

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Radio Waves

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation. A radio wave has a much longer wavelength than visible light. Humans use radio waves extensively for communications.

This radio tower has both rectangular and circular antennas to transmit and receive radio frequency energy.

Photo by Christina Telep on Unsplash

The wavelengths of radio waves range from a few millimeters (tenths of inches) to hundreds of kilometers (hundreds of miles). Visible light, for comparison, has wavelengths in the 400 to 700 nanometer range, about 5,000 times shorter than the shortest wavelength radio waves. Radio waves oscillate at frequencies between a few kilohertz (kHz or thousands of hertz) and a few terahertz (THz or 1012 hertz). "Far infrared" radiation borders radio waves along the electromagnetic spectrum  and has slightly higher energy and shorter wavelengths than radio waves.

Microwaves are short wavelength radio waves which we use for cooking and for communication. Microwaves have wavelengths between a few millimeters and tens of centimeters (tenths of inches to tens of inches).

Various frequencies of radio waves are used for television and FM and AM radio broadcasts, military communications, mobile phones, ham radio, wireless computer networks, and numerous other communications applications.

Most radio waves pass freely through Earth's atmosphere. However, some frequencies can be reflected or absorbed by the charged particles in the ionosphere .

© 2018 UCAR with portions adapted from Windows to the Universe (© 2005 NESTA)

• Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum

16.1 Traveling Waves

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Describe the basic characteristics of wave motion
• Define the terms wavelength, amplitude, period, frequency, and wave speed
• Explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves, and give examples of each type
• List the different types of waves

We saw in Oscillations that oscillatory motion is an important type of behavior that can be used to model a wide range of physical phenomena. Oscillatory motion is also important because oscillations can generate waves, which are of fundamental importance in physics. Many of the terms and equations we studied in the chapter on oscillations apply equally well to wave motion ( Figure 16.2 ).

Types of Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates, or moves from the place it was created. There are three basic types of waves: mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves, and matter waves.

Basic mechanical wave s are governed by Newton’s laws and require a medium. A medium is the substance mechanical waves propagate through, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed. Mechanical waves transfer energy and momentum, without transferring mass. Some examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves. The medium for water waves is water; for sound waves, the medium is usually air. (Sound waves can travel in other media as well; we will look at that in more detail in Sound .) For surface water waves, the disturbance occurs on the surface of the water, perhaps created by a rock thrown into a pond or by a swimmer splashing the surface repeatedly. For sound waves, the disturbance is a change in air pressure, perhaps created by the oscillating cone inside a speaker or a vibrating tuning fork. In both cases, the disturbance is the oscillation of the molecules of the fluid. In mechanical waves, energy and momentum transfer with the motion of the wave, whereas the mass oscillates around an equilibrium point. (We discuss this in Energy and Power of a Wave .) Earthquakes generate seismic waves from several types of disturbances, including the disturbance of Earth’s surface and pressure disturbances under the surface. Seismic waves travel through the solids and liquids that form Earth. In this chapter, we focus on mechanical waves.

Electromagnetic waves are associated with oscillations in electric and magnetic fields and do not require a medium. Examples include gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet waves, visible light, infrared waves, microwaves, and radio waves. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum at the speed of light, v = c = 2.99792458 × 10 8 m/s . v = c = 2.99792458 × 10 8 m/s . For example, light from distant stars travels through the vacuum of space and reaches Earth. Electromagnetic waves have some characteristics that are similar to mechanical waves; they are covered in more detail in Electromagnetic Waves .

Matter waves are a central part of the branch of physics known as quantum mechanics. These waves are associated with protons, electrons, neutrons, and other fundamental particles found in nature. The theory that all types of matter have wave-like properties was first proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1924. Matter waves are discussed in Photons and Matter Waves .

Mechanical Waves

Mechanical waves exhibit characteristics common to all waves, such as amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and energy. All wave characteristics can be described by a small set of underlying principles.

The simplest mechanical waves repeat themselves for several cycles and are associated with simple harmonic motion. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using some combination of sine and cosine functions. For example, consider the simplified surface water wave that moves across the surface of water as illustrated in Figure 16.3 . Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, the medium, in this case water, moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. In Figure 16.3 , the waves causes a seagull to move up and down in simple harmonic motion as the wave crests and troughs (peaks and valleys) pass under the bird. The crest is the highest point of the wave, and the trough is the lowest part of the wave. The time for one complete oscillation of the up-and-down motion is the wave’s period T . The wave’s frequency is the number of waves that pass through a point per unit time and is equal to f = 1 / T . f = 1 / T . The period can be expressed using any convenient unit of time but is usually measured in seconds; frequency is usually measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 s −1 . 1 Hz = 1 s −1 .

The length of the wave is called the wavelength and is represented by the Greek letter lambda ( λ ) ( λ ) , which is measured in any convenient unit of length, such as a centimeter or meter. The wavelength can be measured between any two similar points along the medium that have the same height and the same slope. In Figure 16.3 , the wavelength is shown measured between two crests. As stated above, the period of the wave is equal to the time for one oscillation, but it is also equal to the time for one wavelength to pass through a point along the wave’s path.

The amplitude of the wave ( A ) is a measure of the maximum displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position. In the figure, the equilibrium position is indicated by the dotted line, which is the height of the water if there were no waves moving through it. In this case, the wave is symmetrical, the crest of the wave is a distance + A + A above the equilibrium position, and the trough is a distance − A − A below the equilibrium position. The units for the amplitude can be centimeters or meters, or any convenient unit of distance.

The water wave in the figure moves through the medium with a propagation velocity v → . v → . The magnitude of the wave velocity is the distance the wave travels in a given time, which is one wavelength in the time of one period, and the wave speed is the magnitude of wave velocity. In equation form, this is

This fundamental relationship holds for all types of waves. For water waves, v is the speed of a surface wave; for sound, v is the speed of sound; and for visible light, v is the speed of light.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

We have seen that a simple mechanical wave consists of a periodic disturbance that propagates from one place to another through a medium. In Figure 16.4 (a), the wave propagates in the horizontal direction, whereas the medium is disturbed in the vertical direction. Such a wave is called a transverse wave . In a transverse wave, the wave may propagate in any direction, but the disturbance of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. In contrast, in a longitudinal wave or compressional wave, the disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation. Figure 16.4 (b) shows an example of a longitudinal wave. The size of the disturbance is its amplitude A and is completely independent of the speed of propagation v .

A simple graphical representation of a section of the spring shown in Figure 16.4 (b) is shown in Figure 16.5 . Figure 16.5 (a) shows the equilibrium position of the spring before any waves move down it. A point on the spring is marked with a blue dot. Figure 16.5 (b) through (g) show snapshots of the spring taken one-quarter of a period apart, sometime after the end of` the spring is oscillated back and forth in the x -direction at a constant frequency. The disturbance of the wave is seen as the compressions and the expansions of the spring. Note that the blue dot oscillates around its equilibrium position a distance A , as the longitudinal wave moves in the positive x -direction with a constant speed. The distance A is the amplitude of the wave. The y -position of the dot does not change as the wave moves through the spring. The wavelength of the wave is measured in part (d). The wavelength depends on the speed of the wave and the frequency of the driving force.

Waves may be transverse, longitudinal, or a combination of the two. Examples of transverse waves are the waves on stringed instruments or surface waves on water, such as ripples moving on a pond. Sound waves in air and water are longitudinal. With sound waves, the disturbances are periodic variations in pressure that are transmitted in fluids. Fluids do not have appreciable shear strength, and for this reason, the sound waves in them are longitudinal waves. Sound in solids can have both longitudinal and transverse components, such as those in a seismic wave. Earthquakes generate seismic waves under Earth’s surface with both longitudinal and transverse components (called compressional or P-waves and shear or S-waves, respectively). The components of seismic waves have important individual characteristics—they propagate at different speeds, for example. Earthquakes also have surface waves that are similar to surface waves on water. Ocean waves also have both transverse and longitudinal components.

Example 16.1

Wave on a string.

• The speed of the wave can be derived by dividing the distance traveled by the time.
• The period of the wave is the inverse of the frequency of the driving force.
• The wavelength can be found from the speed and the period v = λ / T . v = λ / T .
• The first wave traveled 30.00 m in 6.00 s: v = 30.00 m 6.00 s = 5.00 m s . v = 30.00 m 6.00 s = 5.00 m s .
• The period is equal to the inverse of the frequency: T = 1 f = 1 2.00 s −1 = 0.50 s . T = 1 f = 1 2.00 s −1 = 0.50 s .
• The wavelength is equal to the velocity times the period: λ = v T = 5.00 m s ( 0.50 s ) = 2.50 m . λ = v T = 5.00 m s ( 0.50 s ) = 2.50 m .

Significance

Check your understanding 16.1.

When a guitar string is plucked, the guitar string oscillates as a result of waves moving through the string. The vibrations of the string cause the air molecules to oscillate, forming sound waves. The frequency of the sound waves is equal to the frequency of the vibrating string. Is the wavelength of the sound wave always equal to the wavelength of the waves on the string?

Example 16.2

Characteristics of a wave.

• The amplitude and wavelength can be determined from the graph.
• Since the velocity is constant, the velocity of the wave can be found by dividing the distance traveled by the wave by the time it took the wave to travel the distance.
• The period can be found from v = λ T v = λ T and the frequency from f = 1 T . f = 1 T .
• The distance the wave traveled from time t = 0.00 s t = 0.00 s to time t = 3.00 s t = 3.00 s can be seen in the graph. Consider the red arrow, which shows the distance the crest has moved in 3 s. The distance is 8.00 cm − 2.00 cm = 6.00 cm . 8.00 cm − 2.00 cm = 6.00 cm . The velocity is v = Δ x Δ t = 8.00 cm − 2.00 cm 3.00 s − 0.00 s = 2.00 cm/s . v = Δ x Δ t = 8.00 cm − 2.00 cm 3.00 s − 0.00 s = 2.00 cm/s .
• The period is T = λ v = 8.00 cm 2.00 cm/s = 4.00 s T = λ v = 8.00 cm 2.00 cm/s = 4.00 s and the frequency is f = 1 T = 1 4.00 s = 0.25 Hz . f = 1 T = 1 4.00 s = 0.25 Hz .

Check Your Understanding 16.2

The propagation velocity of a transverse or longitudinal mechanical wave may be constant as the wave disturbance moves through the medium. Consider a transverse mechanical wave: Is the velocity of the medium also constant?

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SaveNetRadio

How fast do radio waves travel.

We use radio waves from television and cellular service to navigation and air traffic control. Still, we don’t often stop appreciating them and just how crazy fast they really are. So, how fast do radio waves travel anyway?

Topics Covered - Index

How Fast Do Radio Waves Travel Through Space?

How long does it take for a radio signal to reach pluto, how long does it take for a radio message to travel from earth to the moon and back, how long does it take for radio waves to travel to the sun, how fast are radio waves compared to other types, can we detect radio waves from an alien civilization, so really, how fast do radio waves travel.

Unimpeded, radio waves travel at the speed of light because they are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. In terms of miles, radio waves travel at approximately 186,000 miles per second or 300,000,000 meters per second.

If you’re a science lover or just curious about the technology that makes your life easier, you’ve come to the right place. In the sections below, we will break down how fast radio waves travel, whether they’re in space or here on earth.

We’ll also answer interesting questions like how long it takes for radio waves to reach the moon or pluto. So let’s just dive right in!

There is a common misconception that radio waves travel slower through space than they do through the air. The truth is that radio waves travel at the speed of light, even in space. It might seem like it’s taking them longer because space is so vast that even light and radio waves take considerable time to make their way across it. 

There are galaxies we will never be able to see because they are so far away from us that the speed of light waves can’t keep up with the expansion of the universe. The same, of course, would be true of any radio waves coming from a civilization outside the observable universe. 

To get some perspective on how vast the distances are that radio waves travel through space , let’s see how long it takes for them to travel from our friendly rock Earth to the dwarf planet Pluto.

Radio waves take about four and a half hours to travel from Earth to Pluto. That’s because the waves must travel about three billion miles before reaching their destination. 

Now let’s look at an object that’s a little closer. Our moon . The question is, how long does it take for a radio message to travel from the earth to the moon and back? 

Radio waves can travel to the moon and back at an average of about 2.56 seconds. Therefore if you sent radio waves on a journey to the moon and back, it would be the blink of an eye before they return.  They can make it quickly because the distance from Earth to the moon is only about 238,855 miles. When compared to the 92.5 million miles between Earth and the Sun, that’s nothing. 

You may be wondering, what about the sun then? How long does it take for radio waves to travel from the earth to the sun?

Radio waves take eight minutes to make their way from the earth to the sun. 

That may seem like a short period, but remember, these waves are traveling at the speed of light. This just goes to show how unbelievably big our solar system is, let alone the whole universe. 

To really get an idea of just how incredibly fast radio waves to travel, you just need to compare them to other kinds of waves like sound waves and light waves. 

Below we’ve listed two other types of waves and their speed compared to radio waves:

• Sound waves : Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic wave. Sound waves on the other hand, are a form of mechanical waves. Mechanical waves are not nearly as fast as electromagnetic waves because they are not made of light. Therefore sound waves can only travel 1,100 feet per second. That’s a far cry from the speed of light. 
• Light waves : Like radio waves, light waves are also a form of electromagnetic wave. As such, light waves also travel at the speed of light. The main difference between light waves and radio waves is their frequency. 

The only thing that technically moves faster than the speed of radio waves or light isn’t a wave at all. The only thing faster than the speed of light is the expansion of the universe itself. That’s why radio waves outside the observable universe will never actually reach us.

• Who Invented Radio?
• VHF vs. UHF
• Build a 40’ Antenna
• What is a Two-Way Radio?
• What is a DMR Ham Radio?

Let’s end on a fun note. Because radio waves can travel so far, so quickly, it’s only natural to wonder if we could detect radio waves sent out by an alien civilization living somewhere else in the universe.

While it is possible for us to detect radio waves from an alien civilization, the following issues make it less probable that we will:

• The vastness of space: It’s hard to even wrap your head around just how ridiculously big the universe we live in is. Every indication we have now suggests that intelligent life is relatively rare, so knowing where to point our satellites is like a shot in the dark.
• Radio waves diffuse: The real challenge is that as radio waves travel, they become diffused and unreadable. Therefore, if the advanced civilization is just a little too far away, it would be much harder to distinguish and interpret the radio waves they send. 

There have been scientific projects like SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) that have aimed satellites at the sky in the hopes of detecting a signal. Sadly, every single thing they’ve detected that seemed like it could be from aliens has turned out not to be so far. Still, the future isn’t written, so maybe someday that will be successful.

The only thing faster than traveling radio waves is the expansion of the universe. That’s because radio waves actually travel at the speed of light or 186,000 miles per second. 

This means that radio waves could travel to the sun in about eight minutes and to Pluto in about four and a half hours. Considering the vast distances between us and those objects, we can definitively say radio waves travel quickly. 

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5.1.1: Speeds of Different Types of Waves

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• Kyle Forinash and Wolfgang Christian

The speed of a wave is fixed by the type of wave and the physical properties of the medium in which it travels. An exception is electromagnetic waves which can travel through a vacuum. For most substances the material will vibrate obeying a Hooke's law force as a wave passes through it and the speed will not depend on frequency. Electromagnetic waves in a vacuum and waves traveling though a linear medium are termed linear waves and have constant speed. Examples:

• For sound waves in a fluid (for example air or water) the speed is determined by \(v=(B/\rho )^{1/2}\) where \(B\) is the bulk modulus or compressibility of the fluid in newtons per meter squared and \(\rho\) is the density in kilograms per cubic meter.
• For sound waves in a solid the speed is determined by \(v= (Y/\rho )^{1/2}\) where \(Y\) is Young's modulus or stiffness in Newtons per meter squared and \(\rho\) is the density in kilograms per meter cubed.
• For waves on a string the speed is determined by \(v=(T/\mu )^{1/2}\) where \(T\) is the tension in the string in Newtons and \(\mu\) is the mass per length in kilograms per meter.
• Although electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel (they can travel through a vacuum) their speed in a vacuum, \(c = (1/\mu _{o} ε_{o})^{1/2} = 3.0\times 10^{8}\text{ m/s}\) is governed by two physical constants, the permeability \(\mu_{o}\) and the permittivity, \(ε_{o}\) of free space (vacuum).

Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Here is a more comprehensive list of the speed of sound in various materials .

As we saw in the previous chapter, there is a relationship between the period, wavelength and speed of the wave. The period of a cork floating in the water is affected by how fast the wave passes (wave speed) and the distance between peaks (wavelength). The relationship between speed, period and wavelength of a sine wave is given by \(v=\lambda /T\) where wavelength and period for a sine wave were defined previously. This can also be written as \(v=\lambda f\) since frequency is the inverse of period and is true for all linear waves. Notice that, since wave speed is normally a fixed quantity the frequency and wavelength will be inversely proportion; higher frequencies mean shorter wavelengths.

Often it is easier to write \(ω = 2πf\) where \(\omega\) is the angular frequency in radians per second instead of having to write \(2\pi f\) everywhere. Likewise it is easier to write \(k=2\pi /\lambda \) where \(k\) is the wave number in radians per meter rather than having to write \(2\pi /\lambda\) a lot. (Note that \(k\) is not a spring constant here.) Using these new definitions the speed of a wave can also be written as \(v=f\lambda =\omega /k\).

If the medium is uniform the speed of a wave is fixed and does not change. There are circumstances where the speed of a particular wave does change, however. Notice that the speed of sound in air depends on the density of the air (mass per volume). But the density of air changes with temperature and humidity. So the speed of sound can be different on different days and in different locations. The temperature dependence of the speed of sound in air is given by \(v = 344 + 0.6 (T - 20)\) in meters per second where \(T\) is the temperature in Celsius (\(T\) here is temperature, not period). Notice that at room temperature (\(20^{\circ}\text{C}\)) sound travels at \(344\text{ m/s}\).

The speed of sound can also be affected by the movement of the medium in which it travels. For example, wind can carry sound waves further (i.e. faster) if the sound is traveling in the same direction or it can slow the sound down if the sound is traveling in a direction opposite to the wind direction.

Electromagnetic waves travel at \(\text{c} = 3.0\times 10^{8}\text{ m/s}\) in a vacuum but slow down when they pass through a medium (for example light passing from air to glass). This occurs because the material has a different value for the permittivity and/or permeability due to the interaction of the wave with the atoms of the material. The amount the speed changes is given by the index of refraction \(n=c/v\) where \(c\) is the speed of light in a vacuum and \(v\) is the speed in the medium. The frequency of the wave does not change when it slows down so, since \(v=\lambda f\), the wavelength of electromagnetic waves in a medium must be slightly smaller.

Video/audio examples:

• What is the speed of sound in a vacuum? Buzzer in a bell jar . Why is there no sound when the air is removed from the jar?
• Demonstration of speed of sound in different gasses . Why is there no sound when the air is removed from the jar?
• These two videos demonstrate the Allasonic effect. The speed of sound is different in a liquid with air bubbles because the density is different. As the bubbles burst, the speed of sound changes, causing the frequency of sound waves in the liquid column to change, thus changing the pitch. Example: one , two . What do you hear in each case?
• The Zube Tube is a toy that has a spring inside attached to two plastic cups on either end. Vibrations in the spring travel at different speeds so a sound starting at one end (for example a click when you shake the tube and the spring hits the cup) ends up changing pitch at the other end as the various frequencies arrive. In other words this is a nonlinear system. See if you can figure out from the video which frequencies travel faster, high frequencies or low.

Mini-lab on measuring the speed of sound .

Questions on Wave Speed:

\(f=1/T,\quad v=f\lambda ,\quad v=\omega /k,\quad k=2\pi /\lambda,\quad \omega =2\pi f,\quad y(x,t)=A\cos (kx-\omega t+\phi ),\quad v=\sqrt{B/Q}\)

• Light travels at \(3.0\times 10^{8}\text{ m/s}\) but sound waves travel at about \(344\text{ m/s}\). What is the time delay for light and sound to arrive from a source that is \(10,000\text{ m}\) away (this can be used to get an approximate distance to a thunderstorm)?
• What two mistakes are made in science fiction movies where you see and hear an explosion in space at the same time?
• Consult the table for the speed of sound in various substances. If you have one ear in the water and one ear out while swimming in a lake and a bell is rung that is half way in the water some distance away, which ear hears the sound first?
• At \(20\text{C}\) the speed of sound is \(344\text{ m/s}\). How far does sound travel in \(1\text{ s}\)? How far does sound travel in \(60\text{ s}\)?
• Compare the last two answers with the distance traveled by light which has a speed of \(3.0\times 10^{8}\text{ m/s}\). Why do you see something happen before you hear it?
• The speed of sound in water is \(1482\text{ m/s}\). How far does sound travel under water in \(1\text{ s}\)? How far does sound travel under water in \(60\text{ s}\)?
• What happens to the speed of sound in air as temperature increases?
• Using the equation for the speed of sound at different temperatures, what is the speed of sound on a hot day when the temperature is \(30^{\circ}\text{C}\)? Hint: \(v = 344\text{ m/s} + 0.6 (T - 20)\) where \(T\) is the temperature in Celsius.
• Using the speed of sound at \(30^{\circ}\text{C}\) from the last question, recalculate the distance traveled for the cases in question four.
• Suppose on a cold day the temperature is \(-10^{\circ}\text{C}\: (14^{\circ}\text{F}\)). You are playing in the marching band outside. How long does it take the sound from the band to reach the spectators if they are \(100\text{ m}\) away?
• What is the difference in the speed of sound in air on a hot day (\(40^{\circ}\text{C}\)) and a cold day (\(0^{\circ}\text{C}\))?
• What would an orchestra sound like if different instruments produced sounds that traveled at different speeds?
• The speed of a wave is fixed by the medium it travels in so, for a given situation, is usually constant. What happens to the frequency of a wave if the wavelength is doubled?
• What happens to the wavelength of a wave if the frequency is doubled and has the same speed?
• Suppose a sound wave has a frequency \(200\text{ Hz}\). If the speed of sound is \(343\text{ m/s}\), what wavelength is this wave?
• What factors determine the speed of sound in air?
• Why do sound waves travel faster through liquids than air?
• Why do sound waves travel faster through solids than liquids?
• The speed of sound in a fluid is given by \(v=\sqrt{B/Q}\) where \(B\) is the Bulk Modulus (compressibility) and \(Q\) is the density. What happens to the speed if the density of the fluid increases?
• What must be true about the compressibility, \(B\), of water versus air, given that sound travels faster in water and water is denser than air?
• The speed of sound in a fluid is given by \(v=\sqrt{B/Q}\) where \(B\) is the Bulk Modulus (compressibility) and \(Q\) is the density. Can you think of a clever way to measure the Bulk Modulus of a fluid if you had an easy way to measure the speed of sound in a fluid? Explain.
• The speed of sound on a string is given by \(v=\sqrt{T/\mu}\) where \(T\) is the tension in Newtons and \(\mu\) is the linear density (thickness) in \(\text{kg/m}\). You also know that \(v=f\lambda\). Give two ways of changing the frequency of vibration of a guitar string based on the knowledge of these two equations.
• For the previous question, increasing the tension does what to the frequency? What does using a denser string do to the frequency?
• The following graph is of a wave, frozen in time at \(t = 0\). The equation describing the wave is \(y(x,t)=A\cos (kx-\omega t+\phi )\). Sketch the effect of doubling the amplitude, \(A\).

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)

• For the following graph of a wave, sketch the effect of doubling the wavelength.

Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)

• The mathematical description of a sine wave is given by \(y(x,t)=A\cos (kx-\omega t+\phi )\). Explain what each of the terms \((A, k, \omega, \phi )\) represent.

Electromagnetic Radiation

How does this relate to the electromagnetic spectrum .

Why is the speed of light the way it is?

It's just plain weird.

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute, host of Ask a Spaceman and Space Radio , and author of " How to Die in Space ." He contributed this article to Space.com's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights . 

We all know and love the speed of light — 299,792,458 meters per second — but why does it have the value that it does? Why isn't it some other number? And why do we care so much about some random speed of electromagnetic waves? Why did it become such a cornerstone of physics? 

Well, it's because the speed of light is just plain weird.

Related: Constant speed of light: Einstein's special relativity survives a high-energy test

Putting light to the test

The first person to realize that light does indeed have a speed at all was an astronomer by the name of Ole Romer. In the late 1600s, he was obsessed with some strange motions of the moon Io around Jupiter. Every once in a while, the great planet would block our view of its little moon, causing an eclipse, but the timing between eclipses seemed to change over the course of the year. Either something funky was happening with the orbit of Io — which seemed suspicious — or something else was afoot.

After a couple years of observations, Romer made the connection. When we see Io get eclipsed, we're in a certain position in our own orbit around the sun. But by the next time we see another eclipse, a few days later, we're in a slightly different position, maybe closer or farther away from Jupiter than the last time. If we are farther away than the last time we saw an eclipse, then that means we have to wait a little bit of extra time to see the next one because it takes that much longer for the light to reach us, and the reverse is true if we happen to be a little bit closer to Jupiter.

The only way to explain the variations in the timing of eclipses of Io is if light has a finite speed.

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Making it mean something

Continued measurements over the course of the next few centuries solidified the measurement of the speed of light, but it wasn't until the mid-1800s when things really started to come together. That's when the physicist James Clerk Maxwell accidentally invented light.

Maxwell had been playing around with the then-poorly-understood phenomena of electricity and magnetism when he discovered a single unified picture that could explain all the disparate observations. Laying the groundwork for what we now understand to be the electromagnetic force , in those equations he discovered that changing electric fields can create magnetic fields, and vice versa. This allows waves of electricity to create waves of magnetism, which go on to make waves of electricity and back and forth and back and forth, leapfrogging over each other, capable of traveling through space.

And when he went to calculate the speed of these so-called electromagnetic waves, Maxwell got the same number that scientists had been measuring as the speed of light for centuries. Ergo, light is made of electromagnetic waves and it travels at that speed, because that is exactly how quickly waves of electricity and magnetism travel through space.

And this was all well and good until Einstein came along a few decades later and realized that the speed of light had nothing to do with light at all. With his special theory of relativity , Einstein realized the true connection between time and space, a unified fabric known as space-time. But as we all know, space is very different than time. A meter or a foot is very different than a second or a year. They appear to be two completely different things.

So how could they possibly be on the same footing?

There needed to be some sort of glue, some connection that allowed us to translate between movement in space and movement in time. In other words, we need to know how much one meter of space, for example, is worth in time. What's the exchange rate? Einstein found that there was a single constant, a certain speed, that could tell us how much space was equivalent to how much time, and vice versa.

Einstein's theories didn't say what that number was, but then he applied special relativity to the old equations of Maxwell and found that this conversion rate is exactly the speed of light.

Of course, this conversion rate, this fundamental constant that unifies space and time, doesn't know what an electromagnetic wave is, and it doesn't even really care. It's just some number, but it turns out that Maxwell had already calculated this number and discovered it without even knowing it. That's because all massless particles are able to travel at this speed, and since light is massless, it can travel at that speed. And so, the speed of light became an important cornerstone of modern physics.

But still, why that number, with that value, and not some other random number? Why did nature pick that one and no other? What's going on?

Related: The genius of Albert Einstein: his life, theories and impact on science

Making it meaningless

Well, the number doesn't really matter. It has units after all: meters per second. And in physics any number that has units attached to it can have any old value it wants, because it means you have to define what the units are. For example, in order to express the speed of light in meters per second, first you need to decide what the heck a meter is and what the heck a second is. And so the definition of the speed of light is tied up with the definitions of length and time.

In physics, we're more concerned with constants that have no units or dimensions — in other words, constants that appear in our physical theories that are just plain numbers. These appear much more fundamental, because they don't depend on any other definition. Another way of saying it is that, if we were to meet some alien civilization , we would have no way of understanding their measurement of the speed of light, but when it comes to dimensionless constants, we can all agree. They're just numbers.

One such number is known as the fine structure constant, which is a combination of the speed of light, Planck's constant , and something known as the permittivity of free space. Its value is approximately 0.007. 0.007 what? Just 0.007. Like I said, it's just a number.

So on one hand, the speed of light can be whatever it wants to be, because it has units and we need to define the units. But on the other hand, the speed of light can't be anything other than exactly what it is, because if you were to change the speed of light, you would change the fine structure constant. But our universe has chosen the fine structure constant to be approximately 0.007, and nothing else. That is simply the universe we live in, and we get no choice about it at all. And since this is fixed and universal, the speed of light has to be exactly what it is.

So why is the fine structure constant exactly the number that it is, and not something else? Good question. We don't know.

Learn more by listening to the episode "Why is the speed of light the way it is?" on the Ask A Spaceman podcast, available on iTunes and on the Web at http://www.askaspaceman.com. Thanks to Robert H, Michael E., @DesRon94, Evan W., Harry A., @twdixon, Hein P., Colin E., and Lothian53 for the questions that led to this piece! Ask your own question on Twitter using #AskASpaceman or by following Paul @PaulMattSutter and facebook.com/PaulMattSutter.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, followed by a research fellowship in Trieste, Italy, His research focuses on many diverse topics, from the emptiest regions of the universe to the earliest moments of the Big Bang to the hunt for the first stars. As an "Agent to the Stars," Paul has passionately engaged the public in science outreach for several years. He is the host of the popular "Ask a Spaceman!" podcast, author of "Your Place in the Universe" and "How to Die in Space" and he frequently appears on TV — including on The Weather Channel, for which he serves as Official Space Specialist.

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• voidpotentialenergy This is just my opinion but i think L speed is it's speed because the particle part of it is the fastest it can interact with the quanta distance in quantum fluctuation. Light is particle and wave so the wave happens in the void between quanta. Gravity probably travels in that void and why gravity seems instant. Reply
• rod The space.com article wraps up the discussion with, "So on one hand, the speed of light can be whatever it wants to be, because it has units and we need to define the units. But on the other hand, the speed of light can't be anything other than exactly what it is, because if you were to change the speed of light, you would change the fine structure constant. But our universe has chosen the fine structure constant to be approximately 0.007, and nothing else. That is simply the universe we live in, and we get no choice about it at all. And since this is fixed and universal, the speed of light has to be exactly what it is. So why is the fine structure constant exactly the number that it is, and not something else? Good question. We don't know." It seems that the *universe* made this decision, *But our universe has chosen the fine structure constant to be...* I did not know that the universe was capable of making decisions concerning constants used in physics. E=mc^2 is a serious constant. Look at nuclear weapons development, explosive yields, and stellar evolution burn rates for p-p chain and CNO fusion rates. The report indicates why alpha (fine structure constant) is what it is and c is what it is, *We don't know*. Reply

Admin said: We all know and love the speed of light, but why does it have the value that it does? Why isn't it some other number? And why did it become such a cornerstone of physics? Why is the speed of light the way it is? : Read more

rod said: The space.com article wraps up the discussion with, "So on one hand, the speed of light can be whatever it wants to be, because it has units and we need to define the units. But on the other hand, the speed of light can't be anything other than exactly what it is, because if you were to change the speed of light, you would change the fine structure constant. But our universe has chosen the fine structure constant to be approximately 0.007, and nothing else. That is simply the universe we live in, and we get no choice about it at all. And since this is fixed and universal, the speed of light has to be exactly what it is. So why is the fine structure constant exactly the number that it is, and not something else? Good question. We don't know." It seems that the *universe* made this decision, *But our universe has chosen the fine structure constant to be...* I did not know that the universe was capable of making decisions concerning constants used in physics. E=mc^2 is a serious constant. Look at nuclear weapons development, explosive yields, and stellar evolution burn rates for p-p chain and CNO fusion rates. The report indicates why alpha (fine structure constant) is what it is and c is what it is, *We don't know*.

• rod FYI. When someone says *the universe has chosen*, I am reminded of these five lessons from a 1982 Fed. court trial. The essential characteristics of science are: It is guided by natural law; It has to be explanatory by reference to natural law; It is testable against the empirical world; Its conclusions are tentative, i.e., are not necessarily the final word; and It is falsifiable. Five important points about science. Reply
• Gary If the universe is expanding , how can the speed of light be constant ( miles per second , if each mile is getting longer ) ? Can light's velocity be constant while the universe expands ? So, with the expansion of the universe , doesn't the speed of light need to increase in order to stay at a constant velocity in miles per second ? Or, do the miles in the universe remain the same length as the universe 'adds' miles to its diameter ? Are the miles lengthening or are they simply being added / compounded ? Reply
• Gary Lets say we're in outer space and we shoot a laser through a block of glass. What causes the speed of the laser light to return to the speed it held prior to entering the block of glass ? Is there some medium in the vacuum of space that governs the speed of light ? Do the atoms in the glass push it back up to its original speed. If so, why don't those same atoms constantly push the light while it travels through the block of glass ? Reply

Gary said: Lets say we're in outer space and we shoot a laser through a block of glass. What causes the speed of the laser light to return to the speed it held prior to entering the block of glass ? Is there some medium in the vacuum of space that governs the speed of light ? Do the atoms in the glass push it back up to its original speed. If so, why don't those same atoms constantly push the light while it travels through the block of glass ?

Gary said: If the universe is expanding , how can the speed of light be constant ( miles per second , if each mile is getting longer ) ? Can light's velocity be constant while the universe expands ? So, with the expansion of the universe , doesn't the speed of light need to increase in order to stay at a constant velocity in miles per second ? Or, do the miles in the universe remain the same length as the universe 'adds' miles to its diameter ? Are the miles lengthening or are they simply being added / compounded ?

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Why does it take so long for the radio waves to travel through space?

Actually, radio waves travel very quickly through space. Radio waves are a kind of electromagnetic radiation, and thus they move at the speed of light. The speed of light is a little less than 300,000 km per second. At that speed, a beam of light could go around the Earth at the equator more then 7 times in a second.

The reason that it takes so long for radio messages to travel in space is that space is mind-bogglingly big. The distances to be traveled are so great that even light or radio waves take a while getting there. It takes around eight minutes for radio waves to travel from the Earth to the Sun, and four years to get from here to the nearest star.

How long does it take for transmissions to get between DS1 and Earth? How often is DS1 in communication with Earth? What are radio waves?

How is lag dealt with? Why does the data transfer rate have to drop with distance? What kind of data is DS1 sending back? How do the instruments and sensors coordinate sending signals? How much data is DS1 able to transfer? What is electromagnetic radiation?

How do you make a radio wave?

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How Fast Do Radio Waves Travel in Space (Explained with FAQs)

Writen by Edwin Jones

Fact checked by Andrew Wright

Radio waves play an essential role in most of the technological solutions around you. Unfortunately, very few people know about them; many people do not even know the meaning of radio waves. Therefore, there are a lot of misconceptions about radio waves and their velocity.

This article will provide everything you need to know about radio waves, including how fast do radio waves travel in space.

Table of Contents

What is the Speed of Radio Waves in Space?

What are radio waves, 1. low to medium frequencies, 2. higher frequencies, 3. shortwave radio, 4. highest frequencies, what are the properties of radio waves, 1. do radio waves continue in outer space, 2. does wi-fi take advantage of radio waves, 3. are radio waves the only type of electromagnetic wave, 4. what shape is a radio wave, 5. what are some practical applications of radio waves, 6. what electronics use radio waves, 7. are radio waves from a cell phone harmful.

Radio waves in space travel at the speed of light (c ≈299,79×10^6 m/s). That means the distance radio waves travel in 1 second in space is 299,792,458 meters (983,571,056 ft). So the speed of radio waves is much higher than that of sound waves .

Radio waves can travel through many different media at different speeds. When passing through a medium, the radio wave speed is decreased depending on the medium’s permittivity and permeability.

Radio waves have a wavelength of 0.04 inch to over sixty-two miles. As these waves go farther from the antenna that transmits them, their strength declines.

Contrary to what many people think, radio waves are not the sound you hear from your speakers or radio devices. What you hear are sound waves, not radio waves.

In essence, radio waves are electromagnetic radiation; therefore, they are pretty similar to a light wave . One difference between radio waves and light waves is that you cannot see radio waves.

Physicist James Clerk Maxwell foresaw the existence of radio waves; he created a famous Maxwell’s equation around the 1870s. Later, his prediction of radio waves was advanced by Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist. Heinrich Hertz was also the first to apply Maxwell’s equations to the transmission and reception of radio waves.

The unit of frequency for radio waves was named Hertz (Hz) in honor of Heinrich Hertz.

4 Main Types of Radio Waves

Radio waves are divided into several different types; these include:

These frequencies are the first kind in the radio frequency spectrum; this frequency range covers extremely low to medium radio waves.

ELF stands for extremely low frequency while VLF stands for very low frequency; They operate with frequencies from under 3 to 30 kHz. These frequencies are considered the lowest type of radio frequencies. Moreover, their long-range capability made them suitable for communications equipment in submarines.

In particular, they can penetrate water and rocks. Hence, they have been widely applied in caves and mines.

These frequencies are HF, VHF, and UHF. They are widely used in broadcast audio, public service radio, cell phones, FM, and GPS. As a rule, low frequencies travel farther and propagate better than higher frequencies.

Shortwave radio makes use of frequencies that range from 1.7 MHz to 30 MHz. They are applied in the transmission of radio signals from shortwave stations around the world.

For example, stations like the VOA, BBC, and Voice of Russia use this frequency range for broadcast purposes.

On the other hand, shortwave is also widely used for long-distance broadcast.

These are SHF (Super high frequency) and EHF (extremely high frequency). SHF is widely used in wireless USB, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth; it is also utilized for radar purposes. In particular, super high frequencies can only operate on straight lines; that means they bounce off any obstacle.

Radio waves come with some very different properties; these include:

• Their wavelength is longer than that of infrared light.
• Can overcome materials or obstacles.
• Can travel great distances.
• They cannot be seen and cannot be felt.
• Moving in a vacuum at the speed of light.
• They can be formed by electric currents (including lightning).
• Possess both electric and magnetic components.
• They can be absorbed, refracted, reflected, as well as polarized.

Frequently Asked Questions

Radio waves can be used to send messages to space. NASA actually uses them for communication.

Wi-Fi, like other wireless devices, applies radio frequencies to send signals between devices. However, the range of radio frequencies applied by Wifi is different from devices such as car radios, cell phones, weather radios, etc.

The short answer is no.

They are not the only components of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are several other forms of electromagnetic waves, including radar, BlueTooth, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet light waves, and X-rays; all these components are electromagnetic waves.

Like other electromagnetic waves, radio waves look like ocean surface waves or any other type of wave. Wavelength is measured by the distance from the top of a peak to its neighboring peak.

Radio waves are used to transmit radio signals that your radio can pick up. In addition, they also work in carrying the signals you use for your smartphones and TVs.

There are devices that use radio waves for communication, such as two-way radios, television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, cellular telephones, cordless telephones, garage door openers, satellites, and countless other devices.

Some studies show that radio waves from cell phones can affect the metabolism of brain cells. However, there is no evidence that this effect is harmful.

Hopefully, after you finish reading this article, you will be confident enough to answer when someone asks you “how fast do radio waves travel in space” or “do radio waves travel at the speed of light?”

Thank you for reading. Please share this article if you find it helpful.

Hi, I am Amaro Frank – the Wind Up Radio’s content editor and writer. Working with Adam is so much fun, as his stories and experiences enrich my knowledge about radio communications and radio accessories. My main tasks in Wind Up Radio are building content and generating great articles on different topics around radio accessories.

What Is the Speed of Radio Waves? The Surprising Answer!

Last Updated on Jan 23 2023

Similar to light , radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation. They are used in communications and are most commonly seen in televisions and audio broadcasts but may also be used to send signals to and from spacecraft and space stations. Although many people think of them as a form of soundwave because they are converted by receivers to create audio, radio waves are actually electromagnetic, which means that they are similar to and travel at the same speed as light.

Radio waves travel at 300,000 kilometers per second. They can only achieve this speed in a vacuum but are only fractionally slower in Earth’s atmosphere.

• What Is the Speed of Radio Waves?

Radio waves are electromagnetic radiation like sound waves, microwaves, and X-rays. All of these types of radiation travel at the same speed, which is 300,000 kilometers per second. This means that radio waves could travel around the earth seven times in a single second. It would take 8 minutes for them to travel from Earth to the Sun, and 4 years to reach the nearest star.

• How Far Can a Radio Wave Travel?

Radio waves, and all forms of electromagnetic radiation, dissipate in Earth’s atmosphere, which means that they will eventually stop. However, in the void of space, they will travel on forever so they have no limit to the distance they will travel.

• Are Radio Waves Harmful?

Radiofrequency radiation, which is the type of radiation caused by radio waves, is considered non-ionizing radiation, which means that it does not remove electrons from an atom and does not cause cancer. However, if the body absorbs enough radiofrequency radiation, it can cause parts of the body to heat up, which may cause burns and other related injuries.

It is also theorized that some forms of non-ionizing radiation may cause damage or changes to the body’s cells that lead to cancer, so while they don’t directly cause cancer, it is possible that some of this radiation may indirectly lead to cancerous changes of the body’s cells.

Radio waves are not considered harmful at the levels that most people are exposed to them, although research continues into the effects of non-ionizing radiation in general.

• Does Rain Affect Radio Waves?

Radio waves are, or can be, affected by rain . The waves are reflected, refracted, and essentially diverted by the rain. This can lead to a phenomenon called rain fade, which means that the radio wave signal fades over distance, and it can have a significant impact on the use of radio waves for communication and other purposes.

• Final Thoughts

Radio waves are used to transmit data, including pictures and audio, but while many people think of radio waves as a type of sound wave because radio plays sounds, radio waves are actually a type of electromagnetic radiation, which means that they are in the same class as light. They even travel at the same speed of light, which is slightly slower than 300,000 kilometers per second. Radio waves can travel to the Sun in 8 minutes but can be affected by rain. They are not thought to cause cancer in humans or animals.

• https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/583093main_Earth_Calling.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave
• https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/communications/2-why-does-it-take-so-long.html
• https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/policy/policy-memos/the-radio-frequency-spectrum-and-weather-water-and-climate-uses-and-challenges/
• https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/461024/can-there-be-old-radio-waves-broadcasted-years-ago-still-traveling-in-the-air
• https://www.cancer.org/healthy/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/radiofrequency-radiation.html

Featured Image Credit: Mariakray, Pixabay

Table of Contents

About the Author Robert Sparks

Robert’s obsession with all things optical started early in life, when his optician father would bring home prototypes for Robert to play with. Nowadays, Robert is dedicated to helping others find the right optics for their needs. His hobbies include astronomy, astrophysics, and model building. Originally from Newark, NJ, he resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where the nighttime skies are filled with glittering stars.

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