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Origins of African Safari

A history of the modern day african safari & its role in sustainable development..

The term safari conjures images of vast savannas, majestic wildlife , and the thrill of the originally from the Arabic verb “safar” which roughly translated means “to make a journey. Originating from the Swahili word for “journey,” safari has evolved to represent an iconic African experience. This article delves into the rich history and evolution of the African safari, providing an in-depth look at its origins, development, and contemporary significance.

The history of the Modern Day African Safari & its Role in Sustainable Development roots of the African Safari can be traced back to the 19th century, a time when European explorers ventured into the uncharted territories of the African continent. Seeking adventure, discovery, and the thrill of the unknown, these intrepid travelers set out on expeditions that would forever change the course of history.

Origins of the African Safari

The origins of safari can be traced back to the first arrivals of Europeans and Arabs in Africa, long before the colonization era, but the big history of it began in the 19th century. Wen academic and economic interest to Africa increased in Western society. Technological advances and medicine (most notably the discovery of quinine as a remedy against malaria) allowed foreigners to step up deep into the continent safely enough. These expeditions established the concept of safari-style travel. While the goal of most was geographical discovery, the search for minerals and new routes of communication, others were primarily aimed at hunting animals, and elephant tusks at the first.

Early Expeditions and Exploration

The modern notion of safari began to take shape in the late 19th century with European explorers and adventurers such as David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. These early expeditions aimed to map uncharted territories, discover new flora and fauna, and establish trade routes. The documentation of their travels and the allure of Africa’s untamed wilderness captivated the European imagination.

Colonial Influence and Hunting Safaris

With the onset of colonialism, the safari experience transformed significantly. Wealthy Europeans, particularly from Britain, ventured into Africa seeking big game hunting adventures. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of grand hunting safaris, where hunters pursued the “Big Five” – lion, elephant, buffalo, leopard, and rhinoceros. These expeditions were often elaborate affairs, involving large teams of porters, guides, and luxurious camps.

Cultural Impact and Literature

The romanticized notion of the African safari permeated popular culture through literature and media. Books like Ernest Hemingway’s “The Green Hills of Africa” and Karen Blixen’s “Out of Africa” painted vivid pictures of the African landscape and the safari experience. These works, along with numerous films and documentaries, further entrenched the safari as a symbol of adventure and exploration.

Evolution of the Safari Experience

As Africa’s political and social landscapes evolved, so did the concept of the safari. The mid-20th century marked a significant shift from hunting safaris to photographic and conservation-focused safaris.

Rise of Photographic Safaris

The decline of big game hunting, coupled with growing awareness of wildlife conservation, led to the rise of photographic safaris. This new form of safari prioritized observing and photographing wildlife in their natural habitats rather than hunting. National parks and game reserves became crucial to preserving Africa’s rich biodiversity.

Conservation Efforts and Eco-Tourism

The latter half of the 20th century saw an increasing emphasis on conservation. Pioneers like Dr. Richard Leakey and organizations such as the African Wildlife Foundation played instrumental roles in promoting wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism. Eco-tourism emerged as a vital industry, contributing to local economies and funding conservation initiatives. Lodges and safari companies adopted sustainable practices, ensuring minimal impact on the environment while providing unforgettable experiences for visitors.

Modern-Day Safaris: A Blend of Tradition and Innovation

Today’s safaris are a blend of traditional experiences and modern comforts, catering to diverse interests and preferences. From luxury lodges to mobile camping, the safari industry has evolved to offer a wide range of options.

Luxury Safaris

Luxury safaris provide an unparalleled experience, combining the thrill of wildlife encounters with top-notch amenities. High-end lodges and camps offer exquisite accommodations, gourmet dining, and personalized services. These safaris often include guided game drives, walking safaris, and exclusive experiences such as hot air balloon rides over the Serengeti or private bush dinners under the stars.

Adventure and Specialized Safaris

For those seeking more adventure, specialized safaris cater to various interests. Walking safaris, led by experienced guides, offer an immersive experience, allowing travelers to explore the bush on foot. Birdwatching safaris attract ornithologists and nature enthusiasts eager to spot Africa’s diverse avian species. Cultural safaris provide insights into the traditions and lifestyles of indigenous communities, enriching the overall safari experience.

Family and Group Safaris

Family and group safaris have become increasingly popular, with tailored itineraries that accommodate multi-generational travelers. These safaris often include educational programs for children, ensuring a fun and informative experience for all ages. Group safaris offer shared adventures , fostering camaraderie among travelers with shared interests.

The Future of African Safari

The future of the African safari lies in balancing the needs of conservation, local communities, and tourism. As the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable travel grows, the safari industry must adapt to meet these expectations.

Technological Innovations

Technological advancements are playing a crucial role in enhancing the safari experience and supporting conservation efforts. Drones, camera traps, and satellite tracking are used to monitor wildlife populations and gather data for research. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) offer immersive experiences, allowing people to explore Africa’s wilderness from anywhere in the world.

Community Involvement and Empowerment

Empowering local communities is essential for the sustainable future of safaris. Community-based tourism initiatives ensure that l ocal populations benefit directly from tourism revenue. Training and employing local guides, promoting local crafts and products, and involving communities in conservation projects are vital steps towards achieving this goal.

Challenges and Opportunities

The safari industry faces several challenges, including habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. Addressing these issues requires collaborative efforts between governments, conservation organizations, and the private sector. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and improvement. By investing in sustainable practices, supporting conservation initiatives, and promoting responsible tourism, the safari industry can continue to thrive while preserving Africa’s natural heritage.

What to expect from your safari trip in Tanzania?

Expect an unforgettable adventure in Tanzania, featuring breathtaking landscapes and diverse wildlife. Witness the Great Migration in the Serengeti, explore the Ngorongoro Crater’s rich ecosystem, and encounter the Big Five. Enjoy guided game drives, luxurious lodges, and cultural experiences with local Maasai communities. Tanzania offers a perfect blend of thrilling wildlife encounters and stunning scenery, making it an ideal safari destination.

When is the best time to go on safari?

The best time for a safari depends on the destination and the wildlife experiences you seek. In East Africa, the dry season (June to October) offers prime game viewing as animals gather around water sources. In Southern Africa, the dry winter months (May to September) provide excellent wildlife viewing due to sparse vegetation. However, each season has its unique highlights, so research the specific destination to determine the best time for your safari adventure.

How much time does going on safari take?

The duration of a safari can vary widely, typically ranging from a few days to several weeks. A short safari, lasting 3 to 5 days, offers a taste of wildlife viewing and adventure. Longer safaris, extending up to 2 weeks or more, provide a more immersive experience, allowing visitors to explore multiple parks and regions, participate in varied activities. Fully appreciate the natural beauty and biodiversity of the safari destination.

How has safari become a popular pastime?

Safari has become a popular pastime due to its thrilling wildlife encounters, stunning landscapes, and the sense of adventure it offers. Modern safaris emphasize conservation and ethical tourism, attracting eco-conscious travelers. Luxury accommodations and guided tours enhance the experience, making safaris accessible and appealing to a wide audience.

Where can you go on safari?

Top safari destinations include Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, Tarangire National Park. Lake Manyara National Park, Mount Kilimanjaro, Arusha National Park, Lake Eyasi, Lake Natron, and the Ngorongoro crater. Each location offers unique wildlife experiences, from witnessing the Great Migration to exploring lush deltas and spotting the Big Five. These diverse ecosystems provide unparalleled opportunities for adventure and wildlife viewing.

Where does the word Safari come from?

The word “safari” originates from the Arabic verb “safar” which roughly translated mean the Swahili language, meaning “journey” or “expedition.” It gained prominence during the colonial era in East Africa, particularly in Kenya and Tanzania. European explorers and hunters adopted the term to describe their expeditions into the African wilderness to observe or hunt wildlife. Today, “safari” commonly refers to guided tours or expeditions for observing and experiencing wildlife in their natural habitats across various African countries.

What kinds of safaris are there?

There are several types of safaris: guided safaris with expert guides, self-drive safaris for independent explorers, photographic safaris for capturing wildlife, and luxury safaris combining adventure with high-end accommodations. Each offers unique experiences, catering to different preferences and interests in wildlife viewing and adventure.

What is an African Safari like in the 21st Century?

Embark on a 21st-century African safari and immerse yourself in unparalleled wildlife encounters. Modern safaris blend adventure with luxury, offering eco-friendly lodges and personalized experiences. Witness the Big Five roaming freely in their natural habitats, guided by expert trackers and conservationists. Capture breathtaking moments against vast savannas and lush landscapes, while indulging in gourmet cuisine and comfortable accommodations. It’s a journey of discovery, conservation, and luxury, redefining the essence of safari experiences in the contemporary era.

Conclusion: The History of Safari – How it All Began

The history of the African safari is a rich tapestry of exploration, adventure, and conservation. From its early roots in trade and exploration to the luxurious and eco-conscious experiences of today. The safari remains a symbol of Africa’s wild beauty and cultural diversity. As we look to the future, the safari industry must continue to evolve. Embracing sustainability and community involvement to ensure that this iconic journey remains available for generations to come.

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An Introduction to Africa's Big Five Safari Animals

 TripSavvy / Vin Ganapathy 

If you're planning an African safari , you'll know that the term 'Big Five' is one of the most commonly used marketing slogans in the safari industry. Game reserves that host the Big Five will usually use this fact as their most significant selling point—but what does it mean? In the game reserves and national parks of Southern Africa , the Big Five represents safari royalty: the African lion, the African leopard, the African elephant, the Cape buffalo, and the rhino (either white or black).

The phrase was initially coined by early game hunters who recognized that these species were the most challenging and most dangerous animals to hunt on foot. This made them the biggest prizes, hence, the Big Five. Today, the phrase has come to represent the most sought-after safari sightings—although, in reality, this is a matter of personal preference. Some of the most endangered, beautiful, or charismatic African animals don't feature on the Big Five list, including the cheetah , the African wild dog, the giraffe, and the hippo.

African Elephant

The African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) is the world's largest and heaviest land animal, with the biggest individual on record weighing in at over 10 tons/22,000 pounds. They are found in 37 sub-Saharan countries and can survive in a wide range of different habitats, from lush wetlands to arid deserts.

African elephants are supremely well adapted to their environment, from their inch-thick skin (which protects them from the sharp thorns of the bush) to their enormous ears (which help to disperse heat and regulate body temperature). They can consume up to 50 gallons of water and 375 pounds of vegetation every day.

Elephants are very social animals. They live in matriarch-led groups that often number more than 100 individuals and communicate using a variety of low-frequency rumbles that can travel for many miles. Female calves usually stay with the herd throughout their life, while young males leave to form bachelor groups and eventually create herds of their own.

In the 1970s and '80s, the global demand for ivory led to a dramatic decrease in elephant numbers. A ban on all ivory trade has helped stabilize the population to around 600,000 in the last decade. However, poaching is still a major issue, especially in parts of Africa where there is political instability. The African elephant is listed as Vulnerable on the  IUCN Red List .

Where to See Elephants:   Chobe National Park , Botswana; Addo Elephant National Park , South Africa; Hwange National Park , Zimbabwe; South Luangwa National Park, Zambia.

African Lion

The African lion ( Panthera leo ) is the undisputed king of the sub-Saharan savannah and is the world's second-largest cat after the tiger. Although lions sometimes hunt during the day, they are typically more active at night which is why most daytime safari sightings are of cats sleeping in the shade. Lions can sleep for up to 20 hours a day.

Unlike other cats, lions are very social animals. They live in prides, usually consisting of one (or sometimes two) males, several females, and their cubs. Lionesses typically do the hard graft when hunting, often working together to bring down larger prey. They are ambush hunters, using their tawny coloring as effective camouflage.

In the wild, lions can live to around 14 years, although most prides experience a high rate of cub mortality, while males often die while fighting to protect their territory. Female lions can synchronize the birth of their cubs to help each other raise them. Cubs are born with rosette markings that fade over time.

Lions have few natural predators, although buffalo will often trample cubs. Predictably, man is the species' biggest threat.  Traditional hunting customs , big game hunters, and large-scale habitat loss have contributed to declining lion populations in Africa. The lion is also classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Where to See Lion: Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa; Okavango Delta , Botswana; Maasai Mara National Reserve , Kenya, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.

African Leopard

The African leopard ( Panthera pardus ) is the most elusive of the Big Five animals. Naturally shy and exclusively nocturnal, leopards spend the daylight hours hidden from view. They are excellent climbers, using trees to scan for prey and store fresh kills away from scavengers like lions and hyenas. If you're looking for a leopard, remember to look up.

Leopards are superbly camouflaged with a series of black spots or rosettes. They have large territories and seldom stay in the same area for more than a few days. Males range more widely than females and mark their presence by urinating and leaving claw marks. They are powerful and can take down prey much larger than themselves.

Their hunting prowess relies on their ability to run at speeds of over 35 miles per hour. They can also jump over 10 feet into the air and are excellent swimmers. Leopards are distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa and are one of the few big game species still found outside national parks.

White spots on the tip of their tails and the back of their ears make mothers visible to their cubs even in the long grass. As with the other Big Five species, leopards are threatened by humans. Encroaching farmlands have reduced their habitat, while farmers often shoot them to stop them from killing their livestock. They are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Where to See Leopard: Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa; Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana; South Luangwa National Park , Zambia; Samburu National Reserve, Kenya.

Cape Buffalo

Cape buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) are found in water-rich game reserves and national parks throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There are four sub-species of Cape buffalo, the largest of which is the one most commonly seen in East and Southern Africa.

Cape buffalo are formidable creatures and have earned themselves a reputation as one of the most dangerous animals in Africa. They are often bad-tempered, especially when threatened, and are equipped with a fused set of deadly curved horns. Male buffalo can weigh as much as 2,000 pounds.

Despite their fierce reputation, buffalo are relatively peaceable with one another, sometimes congregating on the open grasslands in herds of over a thousand individuals. They are protective of their weaker members, often forming a defensive circle around sick or young animals when under attack from prowling lions.

Cape buffalo need to drink every day and are often found close to water. They eat tall, coarse grass and bushes, and as such cannot live in the desert. Cape buffalo continue to be one of the most sought-after trophy animals for big game hunters. They are exceptionally susceptible to domestic cattle diseases like rinderpest and bovine tuberculosis.

Where to see Cape Buffalo: Kruger National Park, South Africa; Chobe National Park, Botswana; Katavi National Park , Tanzania; Lower Zambezi National Park, Zambia.

White and Black Rhino

There are two rhino species in Africa: the black rhino ( Diceros bicornis ) and the white rhino ( Ceratotherium simum ). Both are at risk of extinction due to the poaching epidemic caused by the demand for rhino horns in Asian cultures. It is estimated that there are around 5,000 black rhinos and 20,000 white rhinos left in the wild.

Three subspecies of black rhino have been declared extinct, while the northern white rhino is now extinct in the wild. Conservationists are working tirelessly to protect the remaining sub-species, but their futures are far from secure. The black rhino is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Despite their names, there is no difference in color between the black and the white rhino. The easiest way to tell the species apart is to look at their lips—the black rhino's are pointed and prehensile, while the white rhino's are flat and wide. The Dutch word for "wide" is "wijd," and it is a mispronunciation of this word that gives the white rhino its name.

Black rhinos are usually solitary and have a reputation for being bad-tempered, while white rhinos often live in pairs. Black rhinos prefer desert and scrubland areas and are herbivorous browsers, while white rhinos graze on open savannah areas. It is thought that rhinos have roamed the African plains for 50 million years.

Where to See Rhino: Etosha National Park , Namibia; Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, South Africa; Lewa Wildlife Conservancy , Kenya; Mkomazi National Park, Tanzania

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What is an African Safari – An Introduction

Elephants walk past the camp at sunrise. A herd of zebra skips around the river below. Hyenas cackle until a resonant lion roar echoes through the trees. This is African safari, an evocative immersion in the wild world , an intimate insight into a wilderness that hasn’t been tamed.

The best way to think about it is to consider the etymology of safari. It’s a Swahili word meaning “journey” and journey is the only adequate descriptive for the experience.

It’s a journey that connects you with your wild side , an experience that can only be understood after you’ve taken the plunge and visited Africa’s wildernesses.

What Makes Safari So Special

Africa and African safari are usually too challenging to preconceive . If you’ve been to Paris you can make a guess as to what Rome looks like. But it doesn’t matter how many wildlife documentaries you’ve seen, nothing can prepare for the feeling that exists in Africa’s great wildernesses .

A zoo is where a handful of animals are caged for the enjoyment of thousands of visitors. A safari is where you’re invited into the wildlife world , where you are amongst a handful of visitors admiring hundreds of thousands of wild animals.

Visit a zoo and you’ll see animals, perhaps even get a selfie with them. Go on a safari and the experience can’t be encapsulated in a single moment.

Every day brings an incalculable number of scenes and impressions : baboons shouting, leopard stalking, antelope grazing, buffalo charging, giraffe turned to silhouette at sunset.

So trying to compare a safari to a zoo is like confusing Paris’ Louvre with an elementary school art exhibition: sure, both are art, but they’re not the same.

Embracing the Immersion and Intimacy

With an African safari you are completely immersed in the wilderness and the wildlife world. Through game drives and other activities you will really explore, but the experience is 24-7 . Nature sings a daily lullaby, exotic smells guide your journey, and you can be in awe of the landscapes even when there are no animals in the vista.

At a zoo you’re on the outside looking in. With a safari you’re in the heart of it all, surrounded in 360 degrees of wildlife drama. Seeing animals in their natural habitat is one part of the experience; waking up in the wild is another experience entirely.

This immersion is complemented by intimacy . You get close enough to hear the crunch of lions ripping apart a zebra carcass; glances are shared as an elephant bull looks you up and down; an endangered white rhino seems almost close enough to touch.

Often there is so much going on that everyone gets a different experience in the same place . For example, come across a herd of 2000 zebra and there are many micro scenes to find, not including a lone leopard hiding in the grass nearby.

Experiencing Both the Scale and the Detail

On a first-time safari it’s impossible to ignore the call of specific animals . You want to see lions, leopards, elephants, and all the famous characters endemic to Africa. There’s the big five of course and they’re often high on the list.

At first you’re enjoying redolent snapshots of single animals , taking in all the details on a micro level: a baby elephant chasing a warthog, a lion’s mane, hippos yawning in the water. The level of detail is remarkable and after the first two hours you’ll realise that there is always something new when you look the other way.

Even the smallest private game reserves are on a baffling scale. Some of the big national parks and reserves are larger than most European countries! Such enormous wildernesses provide home for huge animal populations .

Witnessing an elephant is a special experience; around 100,000 elephants can be seen in Botswana’s Chobe National Park . It can take three days just to cross Tanzania’s Serengeti , which is home to more than 2 million wild animals .

It’s this mix of scale and detail that has people coming back year after year for a safari.

But Really, What is an African Safari?

Safari isn’t just going to Africa to see some animals. It’s an opportunity to connect with your wild side and experience the natural world as it really is. But all that’s to come.

Where do you start when there are hundreds of different safari destinations and many distinctive ways to discover the landscape?

Although it’s possible to go on a half or full-day safari, especially if you’re staying in Cape Town, at Africa Freak we always recommend a multi-day safari experience . You’ll see more , feel more , and get a deeper sense of the wild world .

On a typical multi-day safari you’ll enjoy two specific activities each day , which usually maximise the times when animals are most active : early morning and late afternoon . There could be other activities after dark as well, or in big parks like the Masai Mara or Kruger you may spend the whole day exploring.

For the rest of the time you are still on safari. Even at the lodge or camp you’ll be listening to and watching the animals. In most destinations it’s worth the trip just to feel the landscape , before you even set eyes on any of its four-legged inhabitants.

Safari is a Journey

On a multi-day safari you’ll start to understand why safari is such a strong Swahili word. Safari really will take you on a journey as it helps to open up your wild side . With two or three days you can fully explore a single park or reserve, but we’d recommend much longer.

Every safari destination is different , with contrasting landscapes, animals and scenes. Spend a week and you could visit three or four different parks, building a more complete picture of Africa’s wild world.

Hey, if it was up to us we’d spend our whole lives on safari, experiencing all the beauty of the world’s final animal strongholds.

Just by reading this you’ve started the journey and we encourage you to continue. That wild side is ticking within you and there’s never a better time than now to start exploring. Remember, Africa is an enormous continent of 54 countries and over 1000 languages .

Every destination is a little different and suited to a different kind of visitor; you could have a private plunge pool overlooking the herds or a mobile camp hundreds of miles from civilization; for some, safari is sitting back and watching the wildlife roam past, while others want to be out discovering at all times of the day.

So explore the WHERE and learn about Africa’s safari destinations .

Read about WHEN to go on safari to maximise your experience.

Learn about WHO you’re going to meet on the journey, from communities and cultures to all the animals.

Discover HOW a safari day unfolds and get practical tips on making your safari an even better success.

See WHY safari is so important for conservation and self discovery.

And start planning your own safari in Africa .

What is safari?

Where did the word "safari" come from and what does it mean? How are safaris of the past different from the modern adventuring in Africa? Where to go for the best experience? All about this type of nature vacation - by safari fans and experts.

When we hear the word "safari," we imagine a group of tourists moving through an African savannah in search of large wild animals: lions, rhinos, buffalo, and elephants. In historical pictures, we often see men in pith helmets with guns in their hands, while modern pictures show people in SUVs holding long lens cameras. It is an animal hunt - hunting in the literal sense, or just observing and photo-hunting - in the vastness of the hottest continent. Fashion connoisseurs may also think of beige-colored clothing with a straight cut, the obligatory wide belt, and a wide brimmed hat, inherited from the British military who served in Britain's African colonies. All these are our first associations with the beautiful word "safari," which sounds like it could be an Arabic given name.

A modern-day safari is a sightseeing trip to an African national park, the main purpose of which is to observe wild animals. In the past, safaris were organized with the objective of hunting large animals. Africa's canonical Big Five: the elephant, lion, rhino, African buffalo, and leopard are associated with the hunting traditions of Africa. Among hunters, these five mammals were considered to be the most dangerous and difficult to pursue, and their body parts made the most coveted trophies.

Nowadays, hunting on safari is generally condemned by modern society. Altezza Travel advocates for ethical treatment of animals, participates in projects to rescue and rehabilitate animals, strongly condemns hunting, poaching, commercial exploitation and other unacceptable forms of interaction with animals and nature, which humiliate, first of all, the human dignity. We do not organize hunting safaris, do not work in hunting reserves, do not cooperate with companies that exploit animals, and we urge our guests not to finance such organizations and not to participate in activities involving violence and unethical treatment of animals. However, it is still permitted in a very limited number of reserves. This very expensive pastime is strictly regulated by law. So, the vast majority of safaris today are rides on off-road vehicles that go along the routes designated by national parks, where you can meet wild animals, gaze at them up close or through binoculars, take pictures and observe their behavior in the natural environment.

The word "safari" itself comes from Swahili - the main language of the people of East Africa. It means "journey, trip" and goes back to the Arabic word “safar” with the same meaning. In Swahili-speaking countries, the term refers to any journey. There is even a common phrase, safari njema! It is a wish for a good and pleasant journey.

How has safari become a popular pastime?

The Oxford Dictionary defines “safari” as “a trip to see or hunt wild animals, especially in east or southern Africa”. In the West, this word was popularized by the British traveler Richard Francis Burton, who explored East Africa in the 19th century with John Henning Speke and took great pleasure in learning the languages and customs of the peoples he met. Gradually the word “safari” spread into other languages and was used to refer to travel in the wilds of East Africa.

By the way, Richard Burton became famous not only as a linguist and ethnographer but also as a person who translated into English the ancient Indian Kamasutra as well as the Arabic and Persian tales of the Thousand and One Nights. Moreover, he was a rare non-Muslim pilgrim to Mecca and had to disguise himself as a sheikh or a dervish to secretly make those pilgrimages. Burton is also famous as the first European to discover the great African Lake Tanganyika, which stunned him with its beauty.

One of the most well-known historical African safari trips was the long expedition embarked upon by the 26th U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1909 he went to Africa The Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition took Roosevelt from 1909 to 1910 through what is now the territories of Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sudan. with his son and a large escort team for almost a year, just after his presidential term ended. Photos of Roosevelt on the hunt were printed in the newspapers, and a documentary about the trip was shown immediately upon his return. There is a book report of African Game Trails written by Roosevelt himself. We may be struck today by the list of animals killed on that safari, which is scrupulously given in the book. But the expedition was equipped by the Smithsonian Institution and allegedly had scientific motivations behind it.

The expedition brought back from Africa more than 23,000 specimens of plants and animals. It is recorded that 512 large animals have been shot personally by the president and his son, and a total of about 11,400 animals were killed or captured. It took the Institute eight years to catalog all the specimens. They became the basis of today's National Museum of Natural History in Washington. Therein lay the contradiction in Theodore Roosevelt's personality: his passion for hunting was joined with his desire to champion the interests of conservationists and scientists. It was he who founded the U.S. Forest Service. Roosevelt was also the first president to establish national parks and numerous protected areas in the United States.

"Roosevelt in Africa" documentary. Filmed in 1909. Library of Congress archives

Safari as a popular cultural phenomenon was heavily influenced by the American journalist and writer Ernest Hemingway. In the 1930s he traveled through Kenya and Tanganyika (as the mainland territory of present-day Tanzania used to be called). It is known that Hemingway was impressed by Africa’s stunning nature as well as by the magnificent Mount Kilimanjaro. Hunting was one of his passions - he hunted a lot in the Serengeti, as well as near Lake Manyara and today's Tarangire National Park. His love of nature and hunting influenced Patrick, the writer's son, who had been traveling with his parents since childhood. Patrick Hemingway eventually moved to Tanzania and lived there for 25 years. He also worked in Uganda and Kenya and even started his own safari business.

Ernest Hemingway's best-known "African" works are the short story "The Snows of Kilimanjaro '', and the "Green Hills of Africa" novella, which essentially is an autobiographical report of his family’s safari travels. His other drafts about Africa were compiled into the “True at First Light” book and published after the writer’s death by Patrick Hemingway.

Adventure novels on the topic of safari started to appear as early as the 19th century. We can remember the classic Jules Verne’s first novel, “Five Weeks in a Balloon”, which was about a journey in the air over Africa. We may also think of a popular novel by Henry Haggard, called “King Solomon's Mines”, about adventures in South Africa, or of the “World Voyage of a Young Parisian” by Louis Boussenard.

Another genre of literature that has preserved many early safari stories was adventure diary entries. Here one may think of William Kingston's “Adventures in Africa by an African Trader”. Allegedly those entries were written by a real but unidentified ivory trader and Kingston used those writings to compile a book. Another notable work of this genre was “Trader Horn: A Young Man's Astounding Adventures in 19th Century Equatorial Africa”, written by another ivory trader, Alfred Horne. Back then many parts of Africa remained unknown to Europeans, and such books fuelled the public interest in the exploration of the African continent with its incredibly rich geographical, cultural, and biological diversity.

The age of cinematography began in the early 20th century, and there were many popular adventure films set in Africa (most often in East or Central Africa) that also added interest to the topic of safari. The above-mentioned “Trader Horn” was adapted in 1931, although greatly augmented by fictional events. In the mid-20th century, the theme of jungle adventure was popular, and on cinema screens, you could see the African expanses being added alongside such locations as the jungles of Southeast Asia and the Amazon. Later, the 1985 film "Out of Africa'' starring Robert Redford and Meryl Streep had a major influence on the return to fashion of the safari style in clothing and interior design. It was based on the autobiographical book by Karen Blixen, who lived for many years in Kenya, and won seven Academy Awards and three Golden Globes, among other honors.

The growing interest in the modern type of safari travel was promoted even further by numerous documentaries, such as those from the National Geographic and Discovery channels, filmed in East African national parks, most notably in the Serengeti. Scenes of people driving through the savannah in an open car and observing various wild animals in their natural habitats while taking photos have encouraged many to plan their personal adventure - a trip to the great natural reserves of East Africa. Many travelers are also pleasantly surprised to find out that apart from driving in a car, there are numerous other ways of visiting the wild places of Africa.

What kinds of safaris are there?

A classic safari in today’s East Africa is a trip in an off-road vehicle with a driver-guide through the expanse of a national park where wild animals live in their natural habitats. The forests and savannas are roamed by herds of elephants, buffalo, zebras, and antelope of different species, as well as by giraffes which wander alone or in small groups. The trees are often occupied by monkeys and birds, while warthogs hide in the shade of bushes. Large herbivores are hunted by lion prides and solitary carnivores such as leopards and cheetahs. Jackals and hyenas choose smaller victims. Hippos and crocodiles hide in rivers from the heat. Travellers who go on safari have a unique opportunity to observe all those spectacular environments that are teeming with life.

What are the advantages of driving around a national park in a car? This allows you to see a large number of animals of different species in just 2-3 hours. Also, when rangers find an interesting sighting such as a large pride of lions or a rhinoceros, they report it to the safari car driver by radio, so that you can quickly go there and see those animals. The off-road vehicle ride is the most popular safari format, but it is not the only one.

In some parks, where safety conditions allow, you can go on safari afoot. This is usually arranged in the areas where attacks by large animals are unlikely and there are no large herds grazing. For further safety, visitors are accompanied by an armed ranger. Safari walks allow you to get as close as possible to the natural environment of the park, observe the local plant world, and explore nature by encountering it directly.

One of the most beautiful and unusual ways to go on safari in Africa is to fly over the savannah in a hot air balloon. This will guarantee a thrilling experience for any visitors to a national park. Flying in the basket of a hot air balloon will allow you to marvel at the vastness of the landscapes below, and feel the true spirit of adventure captured in the pre-industrial era novels and travel diaries. Modern aerial safari is a premium type of recreation, which costs more than the classic car tours but guarantees amazing emotions and unusual angles from the bird's-eye view. A hot air balloon experience is often added as a "highlight" to a regular game-drive safari.

Another fantastic way to look at Africa’s stunning nature from an unfamiliar angle is by traveling on a boat over the surface of lakes, rivers, or even in the ocean. Riding a boat along one of the Tanzanian rivers, you will hear the guide telling you all sorts of interesting facts about crocodiles and hippos. And, of course, you’ll have a chance to observe those magnificent animals in close proximity! On a sea safari, you can go to various islands or ride a boat near the mainland. One of the highlights of a sea safari is getting close to dolphins and observing how those aquatic mammals play.

Where can you go on safari?

Perhaps the most famous destination for those wishing to go on a safari tour is the Serengeti National Park in East Africa. Many consider the iconic landscapes of the Serengeti to be the birthplace of the safari phenomenon. It is located in northern Tanzania. A natural extension of this national park can be found in neighboring Kenya, where it is called Maasai Mara National Reserve.

Another world-famous protected area can be found nearby: the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. It contains the world's largest ancient caldera which is truly a unique and breathtaking site. The famous zoologist Bernard Grzimek in his book “Serengeti Shall Not Die” called it a huge natural zoo. It is home to the “Big Five” game (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino) and huge migrating herds of herbivore animals. The caldera’s steep walls make it seem like the animals are surrounded by a sort of natural enclosure.

Other notable parks and protected areas include Kenya's Amboseli and the Laikipia Plateau, Kruger National Park in South Africa, the Okavango Delta and Chobe National Park in Botswana, as well as Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda, among others. And we can also mention the famous national park in Zambia, Mosi-Oa-Tunya, and Zimbabwe's Victoria Falls National Park. While these two national parks aren’t large, their main advantage is that both are adjacent to the spectacular Victoria Falls. Another remarkable place that can compete with Victoria Falls in popularity is the renowned Mt. Kilimanjaro volcano, whose international fame helped to bring popularity to some less well-known Tanzanian national parks such as Arusha and Tarangire.

There are many more notable national parks in other countries of the continent. Safari has long spread beyond East Africa. Moreover, the name “safari” is frequently attached to tours in national parks of Asia, primarily in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. In India, for example, Ranthambore, Gir forest, and Kanha national parks are popular. The latter is considered to be the inspiration behind the Rudyard Kipling's “Jungle Book”, which is a story about an animal-raised boy named Mowgli. Generally, these days safari has become a global phenomenon. It is often used to name a journey into the wilderness anywhere in the world, even if it is in Australia.

Starting from the 1960s, so-called “safari parks” started to appear in different countries. Those are basically open-air zoos, where animals live in relatively large open areas. Visitors could enter such territories in their own cars or even on foot. Such experimental “zoos” first began in the U.S. and then in Japan, where you could ride past walking lions.

The first full-fledged safari park was Longleat Safari and Adventure Park in England. Today in that well-known place you can find ostriches, giraffes, antelopes, zebras, and other animals, not only those native to Africa. In the 21st century, there is a huge number of such safari parks around the world. The better places, such as Longleat, often invest in conservation, as well as rescue and rehabilitate animals, for example, those who spend their lives in the circus, like Anne the elephant mentioned above. But, of course, many parks are much worse and they can never be the same as the natural environment. The animals there are kept in captivity and frequently isolated, and some of those parks adopt the practices of contact zoos, which many consider unethical and harmful for the animals.

Real safari without violence towards animals can be found where it once originated - in Eastern Africa. Here animals live and thrive in their native environment without people trying to move them to other continents and intrude on their lives. Tanzania has made great progress in establishing national parks and reserves with clear rules and regulations for the visits into those protected areas, which helps to protect the country’s spectacular conservation areas. This, coupled with Tanzania’s outstanding biodiversity and natural beauty, makes it one of the best countries for safari tourism, if not the best in all of Africa.

If we search Instagram for hashtags and geotags with the word "safari" and then analyze the stats, we’ll see that there are three African countries in the top 10: Tanzania, South Africa, and Kenya. The first place is taken by the Victoria Falls National Park, where the main attraction is, of course, the spectacular waterfalls. But among true safari destinations, pictures from the Serengeti National Park are the most “Instagrammed” with over 160.000 photos tagged. All in all, Tanzania appears to be the clear leader when it comes to wildlife safari adventures.

Active development of tourism in the country, high level of security, as well as availability of many other tourist activities can make your trip to Tanzania delightful, safe, and truly memorable. In addition to going on safari, you can learn about the folk traditions and culture of the local tribes in their villages, take tours to lakes, waterfalls, and other places of natural beauty, as well as explore or relax on the beaches of Zanzibar and other islands. Also, you could go to the diving sites off the coast in the Indian Ocean and observe underwater life with your own eyes. And, of course, there are expeditions to Mt. Kilimanjaro. By combining safaris with a variety of other activities, you can build a plan for the perfect African vacation while staying in the same country.

Welcome to the birthplace of safari - Tanzania, East Africa

The most popular protected areas in Tanzania are located in the north of the country, between Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro. We have already named them: Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Tarangire, Arusha, and Kilimanjaro National Park itself, whose main attraction is the eponymous peak, the highest in Africa. In addition to the Kilimanjaro trek, the north of Tanzania can offer guests two more interesting climbs - to the top of Kilimanjaro’s little brother, Meru volcano, and to Ol Doinyo Lengai, which is considered to be a sacred mountain among the local tribes. Among famous sites nearby there are also Lake Manyara National Park and three major lakes: Manyara, Eyasi, and Natron.

We have long specialized in the organization of nature tours in Tanzania and know all about local safaris. This is why we can confidently say that the incredibly rich travel opportunities of this African country are not limited to the most famous national parks we mentioned above. In the west of Tanzania, as well as in its central and southern parts, there are national parks and reserves that deserve attention. We can especially note Ruaha, Nyerere as part of the Selous, Katavi, as well as Gombe Stream, and Mahale Mountains, among other national parks and reserves.

How much time does going on safari take?

If you plan your trip to Tanzania well, you can ensure a great safari experience in several days, visiting the savannah expanse of the Serengeti with its Great Animal Migration, the famous Ngorongoro crater, as well as the wilderness of Tarangire, where herds of elephants roam among baobabs, the Great Ruaha River, in the waters of which many crocodiles and hippos hide, and the dense forest parks on the coast of Tanganyika, where researchers have spent decades observing chimpanzees.

A good safari trip would take several days. If you can dedicate a couple of weeks or more to your adventure - even better! Every major national park is absolutely worth spending a few days in, and sleeping in lodges A lodge is a hotel in Africa usually located in a wildlife area. Staying in such a place, you can feel closer to nature, and have much more convenient access to safari trips. Most often it is a complex of several houses for guests, which can either be solid buildings or comfortable structures with tent walls. As a rule, at the centre of this complex there is a restaurant which will provide excellent meals for you. The most comfortable lodges are located inside national parks, or nearby. Essentially, lodges are eco-hotels that always have high standards of service and of accommodation facilities. Some of them reach the level of 5 stars. right on the park’s grounds is a great experience. In that case, you’ll have the opportunity to go on safari in the early morning, and in the evening just before sunset. During these periods, the animals are the most active and playful. The majority of interesting scenes of animals interacting with each other usually take place in the morning and evening hours, when they aren’t forced to lazily seek shelter in the shade to avoid the scorching sun.

The incredible diversity of Tanzania’s flora and fauna allows for a variety of experiences. If you have the opportunity to stay on safari for longer than two weeks, don't miss that chance. Theodore Roosevelt spent almost a year in Africa, Ernest Hemingway came twice, and each time it was an extended trip.

All I wanted to do now was get back to Africa. We had not left it yet, but when I would wake in the night, I would lie, listening, homesick for it already.

Ernest Hemingway, “Green Hills of Africa”

What to expect from your safari trip in Tanzania?

There are three elements to a safari trip: safari vehicle rides, rest at one of the nearby hotels, and transfers between the hotel and the national park. Good planning allows you to minimize transfer time so that you will have more time to enjoy the main activities or rest.

Typically, it’s a good idea to stay within the same park for at least three days, ideally five days. This way you can experience the best things a park has to offer, visiting the interesting places that are often missed by hurried tourists.

When choosing hotels, we strongly recommend that you pay attention not so much to the number of stars or interior details, but to the specific conditions you’re looking for in your accommodation. A very important factor is the hotel’s location. A lodge located within a national park often wins even against a luxury hotel in the nearest town. Time spent in transfer should be kept to a minimum, this will allow you to experience more of Tanzania’s spectacular nature. The opportunity to be deep in the park in the hours of the early morning is priceless! And the overall impression at the end of the safari is made up of these individual episodes.

An ideal safari day can be described as follows: the guests wake up early, shower, and take a safari vehicle to the park, taking their lunchboxes with them. This way it’s possible to see the morning predator hunt and lots of animals standing or laying down right on the road or nearby (before dozens of other safari vehicles have arrived). Shortly after that visitors can enjoy an outdoor breakfast at one of the park's picnic sites. Later, they ride some more around the park and return to the lodge for lunch. After lunch, the guests rest in the cool rooms while it is hot outside, and in the afternoon they go on safari again. Again they see many different animals, take beautiful pictures and return to the lodge as it is getting dark. In the evening they enjoy a delicious dinner, cozy outdoor gatherings, and a nice rest before going to bed.

When is the best time to go on safari?

Tanzania is amazing because it is located near the equator and has several geographic regions. This means that you can travel here at any time of the year, as long as you don't set a specific goal, such as seeing antelopes forcing the rivers of Serengeti, which falls on June-August, during the Great Migration. However, Tanzania’s climate and weather conditions allow you to observe animal life almost all year round.

If you are worried about the rainy seasons, let us reassure you - the seasonality of rainy and dry periods in Tanzania these days is rather arbitrary. In any case, some rain very rarely prevents our guests from enjoying a safari. In addition, the so-called rainy season has many advantages, the key ones being the absence of crowds of tourists on popular trails in the parks, and lower hotel prices.

If you can't wait to start planning your safari trip to the heart of Africa, check out Altezza Travel's safari programs. While we offer numerous different tours, a customized program can be even better. Just contact our managers and ask them to put together a program that will be the most suitable for you. A couple of short articles with practical tips may also be helpful: on how to prepare for a safari in Tanzania, and what to bring with you on your trip.

Don't hesitate to ask questions, and feel free to ask us to expand your safari tour program - Tanzania has a lot to offer. We look forward to seeing you on safari!

Valentina, a creative artist with Altezza Travel, draws inspiration from Africa's natural wonders, dividing her time between Tanzania and South Africa. With over 8 years of living across various African regions, she offers invaluable insights and practical travel tips on our blog for those eager to explore this remarkable continent. Having immersed herself in numerous cities, towns, and villages, Valentina has a rich knowledge of African culture, community, and life.

Is there any age limit on safari? My son will be 6 this year

Hi Sandi! You question has inspired us to write a detailed article about it!

To give you a short answer:

1.There are no age limits set by the National Parks.

2. Some lodges and camps have age restrictions, some not accepting children under 5 years old.

3. Ultimately, it depends on your child. Even 3-year-olds can enjoy a safari, while a 14-year-old teenager might be bored and spend all their time on their smartphone. It all depends on the child's behavior. There are even a lot of adults who aren't interested in wildlife. However, we believe that taking kids on an African safari can really spark their interest in wildlife and exploration. Just keep in mind that safaris involve dust, rough roads, and hot sun.

We've had many families go on safari with their kids and they've enjoyed every single day in Tanzania. It's really like the Lion King movie - kids will see elephants, giraffes, zebras from a very short distance from the car - they will definitely fall in love.

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Safari in Africa: a wonderful adventure among wild animals

Going on a safari in Africa is often on many travellers’ bucket lists, whether young or not. Indeed, the idea of an African Safari is always attractive, but we usually perceive this kind of holiday as “expensive” and a “once-in-a-lifetime experience.”

Therefore, picking the right park for your safari in Africa is crucial and the best time to go.

What about the price tag? Is it that expensive of a trip? Well, yes and no. It depends on your travel style and if you can optimize points to cover the cost! From my own experience, I’ve done several safaris in Africa, and yes, they can be very affordable when you aim to reduce the costs with points.

Safari in Africa - How to choose your park and destination?

On the African continent, there are many places where you can go on a safari. The first question to ask yourself is what kind of animals you would like to see on that safari in Africa trip; we usually go on such a trip to spot wildlife, so the first thing to do is to make sure you’re at the correct location.

Indeed, if you’ve been dreaming of watching gorillas forever, you don’t want to end up in the Okavango Delta! Similarly, someone who would love an encounter with lemurs should travel to Madagascar because those mammals can’t be found on the typical safari in Africa .

Also, is there a specific landscape you would prefer to gaze upon? The famous Big Five animals (elephant, lion, rhinoceros, water buffalo and leopard) can be spotted in many different parks on the continent.

However, the scenery changes a lot from one place to another. If that aspect is crucial to you, it is advised to take your time to pick the perfect destination for your safari in Africa .

Safari in Africa - How to choose the best time to go?

Once you are set on what you want to see and where to go, making sure you are visiting during the right window is important. A safari in Africa trip is very dependent on the rainy and dry seasons as animals migrate.

The general rule of thumb is that the dry season between June and October is more proper for a safari in Africa ; the waterholes are scarcer and wildlife will converge on them. When there is a lot of rain, they are more scattered since water is easily found everywhere and they are more challenging to spot as the vegetation is also thicker.

It is also important to note that the Great Wildebeest Migration takes place all year. Therefore, you can see the great wildebeests’ herd anytime; all you must do is to be at the right place; better not be in the Serengeti when they just reached the Masai Mara!

Safari in Africa - The main national parks for a great experience

Here is a brief description of the main national parks to help you choose the one that fits you most and the best time to go on that safari in Africa .

This list is only about the major places and the most populars; there are loads of other exciting areas for your African safari experience.

Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Reserve in Tanzania

If you like savannah or have The Lion King movie in mind when thinking about a safari in Africa , the vastness of the Serengeti will impress you.

As the park is vast, I recommend at least four days to explore it as there will be a lot of driving time. While that might not appeal to some, I enjoyed driving around the fantastic landscape. The most memorable experience was finding that dreaded leopard and its cubs, one of the most challenging Big Five to spot as they hunt primarily at night and rest hide camouflaged in the trees during the day.

As for the Ngorongoro Reserve, it is located in a volcanic caldera. The ecosystem is specific as animals here are pretty much confined in the crater; you can easily encounter the usual fauna except for giraffes as it’s a steep descent. It is also a bit wetter than the Serengeti and you can see the vegetation is different than the savannah.

The minimum time suggested in the park: is 4 days for the Serengeti and 1 day for the Ngorongoro Crater.

The best time to go: January and February + June to October

Masai Mara National Park in Kenya

The Masai Mara National Park is relatively small and dense, making it usually easier to spot the Big Five quickly. Also, it’s an excellent destination to go on a safari in Africa anytime in the year, while the best time is from June to late October.

One of the best spectacles on Earth takes place yearly in East Africa with the Wildebeest Great Migration. The 2 million wildebeest herd follows the rainfall in a circular pattern around Tanzania and Kenya; they must go where the grass is greener and where the waterholes are to survive.

The climax of that staggering wildlife event is the crossing of the Mara River, which runs through Kenya and Tanzania. On their journey, the herd face incredible danger as hungry crocodiles patiently wait for them to take the plunge. Being devoured if you cross or starving to death if you don’t, the wildebeest’s life seems very hard. But that is one of nature’s beautiful “circle of life” events that you should witness once in your life.

If seeing this wonder is important to you, choosing the location of your accommodation is crucial; the further it is, the more time it will eat from your game drive. Some safari in Africa tour companies offers camping trips, so you’re closer to the Mara River.

The minimum time suggested in the park: is 2 days

The best time to go: June to October

The best time to witness the Mara River crossing: July to August (part of the herd sometimes cross in September or October depending on the rainfall)

Okavango Delta in Botswana

A delta is a landform located at the mouth of a river; the phenomenon in Botswana is specific as a delta river usually reaches the sea but here, it continues through the sands of the Kalahari Desert, where it evaporates.

That setting is perfect for wildlife as the area is very rich in nutrients for animals and birds compared to the adjacent desert; it’s a permanent wetland and a year-round safari destination.

There are many bird species (over 400), and it’s majestic when they fly out in front of you. In addition, all the Big Five can be found here.

The best way to experience a safari in the Okavango Delta is either by mokoro (a type of canoe), where animals can pass by you or by bush camping and flying over at low altitude. Having done all three, I have fond memories of the night we went bush camping as an elephant ventured as close as our tents. Both frightening and astounding, we still laugh about how amazing it is to this day.

The minimum time suggested in the delta: is 3 days

Kruger National Park in South Africa

Kruger National Park is a huge game reserve located in northeastern South Africa, with access from Johannesburg, a major hub, in 4 or 5 hours. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including the Big Five.

The park was established to protect the area’s wildlife, but it has since become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country and one of the main reasons people desire to visit South Africa .

Where it stands out is that it’s much more accessible for an independent safari in Africa trips as roads to reach the park are better.

The minimum time suggested in the park: is 2 to 5 days

The best time to go: May to October

Etosha National Park in Namibia

Etosha National Park is great for a safari in Africa because it has a healthy population of black rhinoceros, and they can be harder to find in other parks while possible. However, if you are looking to see the Big Five, the buffalo has been absent from the area since the 1950s.

The park is also known for its extensive salt pan, attracting various bird species. Additionally, the park is home to many ancient archaeological sites.

Many camps are conveniently located near the waterholes where the animals gather. Also, as Namibia has a lot to offer, Etosha fits nicely in a road-trip loop starting and ending in Windhoek.

The minimum time suggested in the park: is 3–4 days

Mgahinga Gorilla National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in Uganda

If you would like to witness gorillas in their natural habitat, you will have to trek in Uganda’s rainforests, home to over 500 mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. It’s a different kind of safari in Africa , but one, nonetheless.

This is a fantastic experience as you get to see those shy and gentle gorillas, but the hike can be very strenuous and challenging as it involves going through thick vegetation, rugged terrain, water sources, etc.

Safari in Africa - How to save on the cost of the trip?

When you plan a safari in Africa trip, there are three aspects to the budget:

• Game drives
• Accommodation
• Getting there

Safari in Africa - Saving on the game drives

No matter where you go for your safari in Africa , you will be looking at game drives to spot animals. There are some exceptions, like in Uganda where you will be trekking and some places where you can go on a walking safari. I’ve done the walking safari in Zimbabwe, and we were accompanied by armed park rangers; we did it that way in order to get closer to the rhinoceros.

The most economical method to do this is to hire a car and drive around yourself. Indeed, most parks allow this provided you have a specific type of vehicles, such as a Land Cruiser or a 4 × 4.

So, to use points to reduce the cost on this aspect, we must resort to reward points you can apply to travel expenses. For example, TD Rewards are easy to get with the generous TD First Class Travel ® Visa Infinite* Card  signup bonus. Then, you can rent a car on the Expedia for TD website for your safari in Africa .

If you are considering this avenue, I would advise you to do it from Johannesburg or Windhoek since there are many other things to see on a road trip in those areas.

The best parks for self-drive safaris are:

• Kruger National Park
• Pilanesberg National Park
• Kgalagadi National Park
• Addo Elephant National Park
• Etosha National Park
• Namib-Naukluft National Park

Besides the main parks mentioned in the previous sections, there are several other places to experience a safari in Africa at a lower cost and without driving.

Having done a few small excursions in South Africa with Viator , I know they offer really great safari tours on a budget. While they can be short, ranging from two hours to multi-day tours, you are still being driven around in a jeep to spot animals!

Whether it is a gorilla trekking tour or a Viator game drive excursion, I would advise you to pay with a credit card without foreign exchange fees , such as the HSBC World Elite ®  Mastercard ® ; in order to save 2.5% on the transaction.

Furthermore, you can use your HSBC Rewards for a statement credit on your safari in Africa activities!

Safari in Africa - Saving on accommodation

This aspect of the budget can be highly variable; it is possible to stay in hostels or camping up to luxury hotels costing thousands of dollars per night! Accommodation is often the most expensive component of a safari in Africa trip.

Regarding cost saving with points, the simplest way is to turn to Marriott Bonvoy , as there are loads of very affordable properties with points in South Africa .

While they are not located in the national parks themselves and while this is not feasible everywhere, it is nevertheless an excellent compromise to cut back on your safari in Africa budget.

Marriott Bonvoy points can add up quickly, thanks to the generous welcome bonuses.

Indeed, for a family, both parents could subscribe to a Marriott Bonvoy MD  Business American Express MD * Card and a Marriott Bonvoy MD  Business American Express MD * Card car and quickly accumulate over 200,000 Marriott Bonvoy points .

In addition, each of those cards will give you a free night’s award certificate .

That’s a lot of points and free nights in a country such as South Africa, where you can explore one of the biggest and most impressive parks, Kruger National Park.

You’ll even have enough points to discover the country in-depth in addition to your safari in Africa !

Safari in Africa - Saving with Organized Tours

Another option for a dreamy safari in Africa is to book an organized tour where they will take care of all activities (game drives), food, accommodation and transport from one park to park. Obviously, it will be more costly when compared to doing it yourself, but it’s understandable if you are not comfortable venturing into Africa on your own.

I also went with this avenue the first time I was backpacking alone in Africa and it was a great way to get at ease; I planned the tour at the beginning of my stay in Africa and ended the trip independently.

G Adventures is an excellent company to book a safari in Africa as they offer all kinds of circuits on the continent and for all budgets. Indeed, you can go camping in the Serengeti, or you can travel in luxury with their “National Geographic Journeys.” It’s up to you and your wallet.

For my first safari in Africa , I went camping for two weeks, visited many different national parks and met amazing like-minded people. We were a tight group by the end, and even a decade later, we are still friends who see each other around the world. How could we not be after all those campfire evenings and travel blunders?

That is another major plus value of these kinds of organized trips.

All G Adventures safari in Africa circuits covers the land portion but excludes flights. To employ points to absorb some of the cost of the tour, you will have to turn to rewards that can be applied to a travel purchase. I have personally used NBC Rewards Points for a safari in Africa with G Adventures .

The   National Bank’s World Elite Mastercard ® offers an exciting bonus, but the card’s travel insurance is one of the best. When planning this kind of “once in a lifetime” trip, you want to ensure all corners are covered.

As for flights that are not included in most safari in Africa tours, we’ll go in-depth in the next section.

Safari in Africa - Saving on flights

Depending on your destination choice for your safari in Africa , you can go with many different programs.

Therefore, the best type of points to aim for are American Express Membership Rewards points, as they can be transferred.

For example, a one-way from Montreal to Nairobi in economy class will cost about 42,500 Avios with the Qatar Airways Privilege Club (you can combine Avios points from the British Airways Executive Club ).

While with Aeroplan , a one-way fare to Kenya is priced at 55,000 Aeroplan points in economy class for the same date.

As with Air France Flying Blue , you will need 35,000 miles for the same journey.

While that is the cheapest number of miles, it will cost you about 46,700 Membership Rewards points because of the transfer ratio; always compare orange with orange.

The sweet spot with Air France Flying Blue ’s program is that children between the age of 2 to 11 get a 25% discount on points redemptions . Therefore, it can be cheaper to go with Flying Blue if you are travelling with little ones.

This program also trumps Aeroplan as you can add a free stopover but all flights have to be operated with either Air France or KLM . For a safari in Africa trip, the odds are that it will be as Paris and Amsterdam are well connected to the African continent.

The comparison above is for a safari in Africa with Nairobi as the entry point; you can visit the Masai Mara, the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro from there.

How to find out the best points program for flights elsewhere in Africa? It’s a matter of points costs and your ability to accumulate them.

First, look for routes on Flight Connections ; if your destination is only served by one airline, you will have your answer quickly by finding out what alliance they are part of.

If the place has flights from all three major airline groups, you have to research for both cost and availability, then analyze. All programs have some dynamic pricing, so the answer is not always the same depending on the destination and dates.

That is why American Express Membership Rewards points are so valuable; not only are they incredibly easy to obtain with daily purchases , but you can also decide which program to use for your safari in Africa when you are ready to book.

My go-to card to accumulate those points with my organic spending is the American Express Cobalt ® Card ; it is probably the quickest way unless you aim for generous sign-up bonuses .

If you wish to fly in business class, you can follow the same steps.

Bottom Line

A safari in Africa can be done on a budget or in luxury; you can do it all independently (self-drive) and camp or stay in a 5-star resort. Whatever you choose, you can reduce the cost with points. Africa is also very well connected with airlines from all three alliances, so you can have your pick.

What to wear for a safari in Africa?

The best thing to wear on a safari in Africa is ample clothes that will keep you covered against mosquitoes. Also, try to dress in beige and khaki tones to blend in with your surroundings.

Nights can be chilly so it’s better to pack warm layers especially if you are camping.

Do you need a visa for a safari in Africa?

It will depend on the country where the safari takes place. For Canadians, a visa is required to visit Tanzania but not for South Africa, so it’s best to check for your specific situation. Some visas can also be obtained on arrival.

What is the best safari in Africa Park?

It will depend on your interests; generally speaking, the most popular ones to see the ‘’Big Five“ are the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Reserve and Kruger National Park.

When is the best time to go on a safari in Africa?

The best time to go on a safari in Africa is during the dry season (from June to October) as water bodies are rarer; consequently, animals will converge to them.

How much does it cost to go on a safari in Africa?

Safari in Africa can be expensive when considering game drives, accommodation and flights, but you can use reward points to help lower the costs. The cheapest way to go on a safari in Africa is to book a local excursion; you can go on a 2-hour game drive for as low as $35 (activity only).

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What is a safari and what’s a wildlife safari in Africa like nowadays?

Of course, you've heard about African safaris and seen photos of celebs looking glamorous on safari in Africa. But, what is a safari really? And what is a wildlife safari in Africa like for the regular 21st-century traveller?

Here, we'll tell you all about African safaris and explain what a wildlife safari in Africa is like for most travellers nowadays. By the end of this post, you'll know what to expect on a wildlife safari in Africa today. 

What is a safari?

A safari is a journey.

In the broadest sense, to go on safari is simply  to travel . More specifically, a safari is a journey that involves going into nature to watch wild animals.

The roots of the word safari  are Arabic (and later Swahili), but the modern concept of safari originated in Africa. Today safari is synonymous with Africa.

Can you only safari in Africa or can you go on safari outside of Africa?

Yes, safari is an African thing. Although you can go on a safari-style trip in places outside of Africa, safaris are essentially African. 

Africa is the home of the safari. This is where the classical idea of the wildlife safari was born and evolved. The safari is firmly rooted in Africa.

That said, you can go on 'safari' in Australia, India, Canada, the United States, and other countries. Of course, there are wilderness areas where you can see wild animals, all over the world. But, none of the wild places outside of Africa are quintessential safari territory. Elsewhere you find wildlife expeditions or wildlife tours (safari-style trips).

You can take trips into the wilderness anywhere, but you can only truly go on safari in Africa. 

What is a safari in Africa, then?

A safari is the most famous and sought-after type of holiday in Africa. Going on safari is widely considered the ultimate 'thing to do' in Africa. Usually, a safari in Africa implies a wildlife safari. 

In essence, an African safari is any journey into the wilderness to observe free-roaming wildlife.

This traditional definition of a safari in Africa has expanded over time, however. Nowadays any trip in Africa where you spend some time in nature looking at free-roaming animals can be called a safari. 

In summary, a safari is a journey (or expedition) to look at wild animals, especially in East Africa and southern Africa. 

A safari in Africa is not...

A wildlife safari in Africa is not a trip reserved for khaki-clad bushwhackers and experienced game rangers or scientists. You don't have to be an outdoorsman like Bear Grylls to love your time on safari. Just about anyone can thoroughly enjoy an African safari in the travel style that suits them best.

A safari is not the same as a tour of a wildlife sanctuary or animal rescue centre. Even in Africa, visits to wildlife havens or shelters are not safaris.

A trip to an African zoo is not a safari. A wine-tasting tour in the Cape Winelands is not a safari. A township tour? No. A trip to meet the Omo Valley tribes in Ethiopia? Technically, not a safari. A road trip in Namibia? Also, strictly speaking not a safari - unless you visit a game park with wildlife, like Etosha.

An African safari is still different from a city holiday, beach vacation, historical tour, or cultural trip in Africa.

In Africa, a holiday only becomes a safari when you add an element of wildlife watching in nature. Be it game viewing by 4x4 safari vehicle, boat, canoe, small plane, or on foot, to name a few. Based on this broader definition of safari, boat trips and marine tours are often classed as 'ocean safaris'. 

First, let's take a look at the traditional African safari and how it has evolved...

What does the word safari mean? (the origins of safari)

The word 'safari' originates from the Arabic word 'safara' which means 'a journey'. The Arabic word was later adopted by the Swahili of East Africa and adapted to become the Swahili word 'safariya' which means 'journey' or 'kusafiri' which means 'to travel'.

The English word 'safari' originates from the late 19th century. The word 'safari' was introduced into the English language as a foreign language word in 1858 and later adopted as an English word. It is said that the word 'safari' was introduced into the English language in 1860 by the legendary British explorer, Sir Richard Francis Burton. Then, in 1890 the English word 'safari' was added to dictionaries according to the  Online Etymology Dictionary .

Today, traditional dictionary definitions of 'safari' still often include a component of hunting:

"...an expedition to observe or hunt animals in their natural habitat, especially in East Africa." and "A trip into any undeveloped area to see, photograph or hunt wild animals in their own environment."

Forget the old concept of a wildlife safari as a hunting trip - that outdated usage is history! 

Safari now refers to an adventure or expedition into the wilds of Africa - with no hunting involved. African safari travel typically provides revenue for local conservation projects and game parks, helping to protect habitats and wildlife, rather than taking them out. African safaris also play an important role in creating awareness about wildlife conservation, as well as benefiting local communities. 

A more modern definition of safari is, simply:

A safari (/səˈfɑːri/; from Swahili safari 'journey') is an overland journey to observe wild animals, especially in eastern or southern Africa. (Wikipedia) 

The history of African safaris

The modern concept of the safari can be traced back to the early colonial era in Africa, from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. With the arrival of the first European explorers and colonizers came the first safari-style expeditions. Some of them aimed at exploring new territories, many for the express purpose of hunting animals.

On these early European-led expeditions, big game (large animals) were hunted and arduously lugged overland by a small army of local tribespeople.

Later, US President Teddy Roosevelt popularized the concept in the United States, when he embarked on a safari of enormous proportions , ostensibly with the aim of filling the Smithsonian Institute with African specimens. Some 11,400 Animals fell to the party's rifles, of which 512 were 'big game' - elephants, lions, leopards, buffaloes, hippos, and rhinos, including six white rhinos - rare even at that time.

Fast-forward to today and you will find that hunting is no longer part of most safaris in Africa. Thankfully the primitive pastime of hunting is largely something of the past. It is not the norm anymore and the vast majority of Africa has long moved on from this colonial-era practice.

Note:  African Budget Safaris absolutely does not promote or sell hunting safaris, nor do we endorse hunting for sport. If you are contemplating a hunting safari, please consider opting for a wildlife-viewing safari instead.

The modern wildlife safari, making a difference in Africa

These days, most people have left the negative hunting connotations of safari travel behind. The outdated ideas of African safaris as hunting trips have largely been replaced by more modern concepts of wildlife safaris. The norm for a safari in Africa is now a socially and environmentally responsible form of travel. 

Nowadays going on safari in Africa means taking an adventurous holiday and having a positive impact at the same time. Wildlife safaris now play a key role in sustaining African economies and protecting wildlife populations. So taking a safari holiday helps make a meaningful difference.

African safaris have become holiday trips that actually benefit the wildlife of Africa. As opposed to hunting wild animals, visitors get to encounter them and help protect them. Most safari tour companies and lodges either actively support (or run) conservation projects, or help generate tourism revenue which contributes to managing wildlife projects and game reserves in Africa.

Eco-safaris & eco-friendly safari travel in Africa

As environmental awareness has grown worldwide, African safaris have become more eco-friendly. Many safari lodges and tour companies have become more environmentally friendly in response to the sustainability challenges we face today.

Finding an eco-safari lodge or a low-impact safari in Africa is easier than ever before. Even the camps and safaris that aren't marketed as being 'green' or eco-friendly often are, in at least some important respects. The camps and lodges located in wilderness areas or national parks, for instance, are typically designed to have minimal impact on the environment and be as self-sufficient as possible due to their remote locations, national laws, and park regulations. 

For eco-friendly safaris that reduce your carbon footprint and contribute to environmental sustainability, talk to us.

• More about eco-safaris in Going Green on Safari  and  Spectacular Eco-Conscious Safari Spots

Socially responsible safari travel in Africa

The modern African safari is a socially responsible journey. Not as an exception but as the norm. Not only does safari travel contribute massively to African economies and provide jobs, but it also helps improve social conditions. 

Local communities across Africa benefit from sustainable tourism through social initiatives created and/or supported by safari organizations - from tour companies and lodges to activity providers, and game reserves. Safari travel also helps sustain small businesses and entrepreneurs selling goods (like local food, crafts, and curios) or providing services (such as guiding and entertainment).

Some safari companies directly support social upliftment projects and provide opportunities to interact with the local people. Others support local communities through the lodges, game reserves, and other companies they use.

• More about socially sustainable safaris in  Responsible Safari: how to travel ethically

Safari travel's critical role in social and economic development

Africa's travel and tourism sector (of which the safari industry is an integral part) "employed more than 24 million people in 2019" based on World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reports.

In particular, Africa's wildlife tourism industry, " usually generates $29 billion a year and employs 3.6 million people"  according to Bloomberg (2020).

The safari industry generates some $12.4 billion in annual revenues for South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania Uganda and Zambia - Africa’s top wildlife tourist destinations. (Reuters, 2020)

South Africa (which has the second-largest tourism industry in Africa) "relies on the tourism industry to indirectly contribute up to 9.1% of the country’s total employment – 1.5 million people – and 7% of its GDP" (Investment Monitor, 2021).

It is clear that safari travel plays a critical role in social and economic development in Africa. Not only through social upliftment and outreach programs but by producing substantial revenue and employment.

"During the past two decades, the hospitality industry has become vital to many African economies. In 2019 it accounted for approximately 7% of Africa’s overall GDP and contributed $169bn to its economy... according to the International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World Bank". (Investment Monitor, 2021)

In short, safari tourism "helps governments justify protecting wildlife habitat,” and “creates revenue for state wildlife authorities, generates foreign-exchange earnings, diversifies and strengthens local economies.” (Bloomberg 2020).

What African Safaris are all about these days

Today African safaris are holiday trips primarily aimed at watching and photographing wildlife in the bush, for fun.

Safari travel in contemporary Africa still implies game viewing and time in wilderness areas (game reserves, wildlife conservancies, and national parks). A traditional African safari is still focused on seeing African wildlife, but safaris are definitely not limited to game viewing.

In addition to game viewing and wildlife tracking, African safaris nowadays are about:

• the experience of being out in the bush (wilderness)
• exploring scenic places and natural wonders
• encountering the local cultures of Africa (old and new)
• visiting historical attractions and sightseeing
• volunteering and supporting good causes
• participating in adventure and outdoor activities ( adventure travel )

Once you're in the wilderness the safari truly begins. You'll spend most of your time enjoying untamed nature at the camps and watching animals in the wild.

Different kinds of safari trips offer a variety of ways to explore the wilderness and look for wildlife and birds. You can choose to explore by riverboat or canoe, on foot or by mountain bike, on horseback (even camelback) or quad-bike. The possibilities are endless with so many specialist safaris to choose from in Africa.

Big 5 Safaris in Africa, explained

The term 'Big Five' was originally coined by big-game hunters to refer to the most dangerous animals to hunt in Africa in the late 1800s.

Today, however, the Big 5 of Africa are the top animals that tourists want to see on wildlife safaris. The iconic African animals of the Big 5 are lions, leopards, rhinos, elephants, and buffalos.

Out of the Big 5 safari animals, only the buffalo is not threatened or endangered. Encountering the Big 5 African animals is now (usually) about the joy of observing them in their natural environment, learning about them, and taking photographs of them. A Big 5 safari is merely a wildlife safari that is focused on seeing and photographing the Big 5 animals of Africa in the wild.

What is a safari now? (in a nutshell)

The African safari has earned a new reputation. By large, the safari has evolved into a socially and environmentally responsible (often beneficial) style of travel in Africa.

Contemporary safaris encompass much more than the unforgettable experience of game viewing and staying in the bush. The 21st-century African safari combines wildlife encounters with a variety of fascinating and exciting travel adventures - from city stays and cultural interactions to beach getaways.

To plan your African safari adventures now, talk to one of our friendly travel experts .

Budget African Safaris to the best travel destinations

Southern africa safari & travel highlights:.

• Botswana Safari  - Chobe Park, Okavango Delta, Moremi, Kalahari & Makgadikgadi
• Namibia Safari  - Etosha Park, Namib Desert, Swakopmund, Fish River Canyon & Windhoek
• South Africa Safari  - Kruger Park, Cape Town, Garden Route, Addo Elephant Park & KwaZulu-Natal 
• Zimbabwe Safari  - Hwange Park, Victoria Falls, Matobo National Park & Great Zimbabwe Ruins
• Zambia Safari  - Victoria Falls, South Luangwa Park, Kafue National Park & Livingstone

East African Safari & Travel Highlights:

• Tanzania Safari  - Serengeti Park, Ngorongoro Crater, Kilimanjaro, Lake Manyara, Selous Reserve & Zanzibar Islands
• Kenya Safari  - Masai Mara, Amboseli Park, Lake Nakuru, Samburu Reserve, Tsavo National Park & Lake Naivasha
• Uganda Safari  - Bwindi National Park, Kibale Park, Murchison Falls, Jinja & Queen Elizabeth National Park
• Madagascar Tours  - Nosy Be Island, Andasibe Park, Montagne d'Ambre National Park & Masoala Peninsula
• Malawi Safari  - Lake Malawi, Dzalanyama Forest, Liwonde Park & Nyika National Park

Too many African Safari options? Get in touch with us for up-to-date advice from one of our African safaris experts

“If there were one more thing I could do, it would be to go on safari once again.” - Karen Blixen (Author of “Out of Africa”)

[Article updated in May 2022]

Landia Davies Content Manager & Sculptor

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• 3 Other destinations
• 4.1.1 From the dawn of humanity to the first empires
• 4.1.2 Classical antiquity
• 4.1.3 Muslim conquest
• 4.1.4 European exploration and early colonialism
• 4.1.5 19th-century imperialism
• 4.1.6 Decolonisation and the legacy of the colonisers
• 4.2 Climate
• 4.3.1 European influence and development aid
• 4.3.2 Chinese influence
• 4.3.3 Russian influence
• 4.4 Religion
• 5.1.1 From Europe
• 5.1.2 From Asia and the Middle East
• 5.1.3 From the Americas
• 5.1.4 From Australia
• 5.2 By road or ferry
• 5.3 By boat
• 6.2 Accessibility
• 6.3 By plane
• 6.6 By thumb
• 6.7 By overland truck
• 6.8 By train
• 6.9 By boat
• 8.1 Flora and fauna
• 8.2 Natural wonders
• 8.3 Landscapes
• 8.4 Historical civilisations
• 9.1 Safaris
• 9.2 Climbing
• 9.3 Trekking and hiking
• 9.4 Sport fishing
• 9.6 Relax on a beach
• 10.1.1 US dollar
• 10.1.2 Euro
• 10.1.3 South African rand
• 10.2.1 Cashless forms of payment
• 10.3 Markets
• 10.4 Prohibited items
• 14.2 Wildlife
• 15 Stay healthy
• 17.1 Telephone
• 17.2 Internet access

Africa is the wellspring of the human race. The second largest continent in the world in both area and population, it offers the visitor a unique blend of natural wonders, renowned prehistoric sites, numerous and often sprawling remains of several of the world's greatest ancient civilisations, vibrant cultures, remote villages and modern cities. Africa has shorelines on the Indian Ocean to the southeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea to the northeast, the Gulf of Aden slightly further south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. This huge continent is more than 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across north-south and 7,500 km (4,800 mi) east-west with some islands even further out and contains many vastly different peoples, religions, and cultures. Africa has more than 50 sovereign countries—the most of any continent.

Africa's Nile River is claimed by some to be the longest river in the world (other geographers argue that the Amazon is longer); the Nile runs 6,650 km (over 4,100 mi) from Burundi to Egypt . The Congo River in the DR Congo is the second largest in terms of discharge, and the deepest with a depth of over 230 m (750 ft) in some spots. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is the world's tallest free-standing mountain at 5,890 m (19,340 ft). Lake Assal in Djibouti is the second-lowest point on Earth, the saltiest lake outside Antarctica , and one of the hottest places on Earth. While the first activity most people associate with Africa is safaris , there are endless possibilities for adventure. For example, you can purchase crafts in markets, venture into the Sahara with a Tuareg caravan, visit traditional villages, hike through the jungle to watch gorillas, climb mountains with rugged landscapes and icy peaks, snorkel in the numerous marine parks while feeding fish, relax on tropical islands in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, snack on exotic treats, paddle down a river in a dugout pirogue or travel across savanna on a colonial-era railway.

Africa's cultural diversity cannot be overstated — most countries are internally diverse and there are huge differences between the Muslim countries in the north with their Arab- and Berber-influenced cultures and the sub-Saharan nations, including the rainbow nation of South Africa that has strong European influences in addition to Bantu and other African traditions. It is also the continent with the largest genetic diversity among the population by far: There is far more genetic diversity among Africans than there is between Africans and inhabitants of any other continent. Despite what lacking media coverage might have led you to believe, Africa is not one country but over 50 countries, making it impossible to make generalisations about "all of Africa". Also, partly due to the nature of colonial borders, most African countries are anything but homogeneous (for example, South Africa has 11 official languages), and culture, cuisine, language or even the dominant religion may change dramatically within a few hundred kilometres without ever crossing a border.

Despite rapidly growing economies in many places, there are still many pockets of poverty in both the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa. While poverty, corruption, and ethnic and religious violence exist in some parts of the continent, large parts of Africa have made impressive progress, with many cities that have growing middle classes and deal with problems such as traffic jams and crowded public transport, rather than the war or famine you might have heard about in some 1980s documentary or development aid commercial.

Most people outside the continent divide Africa into two regions: the Arabic-speaking North Africa, and everywhere else as Sub-Saharan Africa. However, Africa is a very diverse continent, and this division represents a somewhat shallow understanding.

• 5.533333 -0.216667 1 Accra — Ghana's capital
• 9.027222 38.736944 2 Addis Ababa — Ethiopia's capital is one of Africa's "global cities" as a seat of the African Union and of many non-government organisations.
• 30.044444 31.235833 3 Cairo — Egypt's bustling capital is the most populous city in North Africa and a gateway to the heritage of Ancient Egypt.
• -33.925278 18.423889 4 Cape Town — the Mother City of South Africa with Table Mountain, the Cape of Good Hope, and numerous other attractions.
• 14.731944 -17.457222 5 Dakar — the capital of Senegal and the westernmost city in Africa.
• -26.204361 28.041639 6 Johannesburg — South Africa's largest city and perhaps the continent's key financial and economic centre.
• -8.838333 13.234444 7 Luanda — Angola's capital and largest city, which has been through a huge renaissance in the past decade.
• 31.62947 -7.98108 8 Marrakech — a blend of the ancient and modern in Morocco.
• -1.286389 36.817222 9 Nairobi — the capital of Kenya, the largest city in East and Central Africa, and home to the only UN agency headquarters outside of Europe and the U.S.

Other destinations

• 14.1218 38.7315 1 Axum (Aksum) — the ancient capital of Ethiopia, famous for the ruins of various palaces and its stelae
• -24.011389 31.485278 3 Kruger National Park — surely among the best-known national parks in Africa
• 32.638332 14.290496 4 Leptis Magna — intended by the Roman Empire as a model city, its ruins are still impressive
• -3.066667 37.359167 5 Mount Kilimanjaro — the highest mountain on the continent and one of the most striking sights of Tanzania
• -2.332778 34.566667 6 Serengeti National Park — together with Maasai Mara National Reserve across the border in Kenya, this is Tanzania's best known national park and one of the most famous on the continent
• 25.74025 32.602358 7 Valley of the Kings — burial place of several dozen Ancient Egyptian pharaohs and the site of King Tut's tomb
• -17.924778 25.858056 8 Victoria Falls — among the most impressive waterfalls in the world
• -1.4675 29.4925 9 Volcanoes National Park — full of impressive tropical rain forest and volcanic scenery, trekking, and is perhaps the best place in the world to see the rare mountain gorillas.

Non-Africans often think of Sub-Saharan Africa as being comprised only of hunter-gatherer societies prior to European colonialism. However, these views often have their roots in racist pseudoscientific theories used by Europeans to justify slavery and later, colonialism from the 16th to early 20th centuries. While hunter-gatherer societies were indeed widespread in much of the continent, many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa were in fact home to great cities and civilisations dating back to the medieval era.

From the dawn of humanity to the first empires

Early precursors to human beings, most notably Australopithecus afarensis (named for the Afar region in Ethiopia ), the species "Lucy" belonged to, lived and walked on two feet as early as 3 million years ago. Remains of later species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus (the first hominid to leave Africa, as far as we know) were found in other parts of East Africa such as Kenya, Tanzania and around the Great Lakes. Homo sapiens (modern humans), most likely originated either in Southern Africa or in East Africa somewhere in what is now Ethiopia or Kenya. The oldest homo sapiens remains to date are about 195,000 years old and were found in Ethiopia but there are also hints that Homo sapiens may have been present earlier in Southern Africa. Some of the remains of early hominids as well as their tools are on display in various museums in Ethiopia, Namibia and other countries. The Cradle of Humankind is a site in South Africa with plenty of early human fossils.

See In the footsteps of explorers#Out of Africa for some of the history.

North Africa has a recorded history dating back to about 3300 BCE with numerous buildings, ruins, writings, arts, and crafts which have left traces for us to marvel at. The ancient Pharaonic civilisation based in Egypt was the most enduring and among the most impressive ancient civilisations. Egypt was one of the earliest cultures to build monumental buildings, form a hierarchical state and wage large-scale warfare with standing armies, and was one of the stablest empires in recorded history, frequently surviving and absorbing foreign invaders, immigrants and usurpers and turning them (culturally) Egyptian.

South of the Pharaonic civilisation and sometimes in their sphere of influence was the Nubian culture, which had a long history of mutual influence with its northern neighbours and even came to rule over Egypt for a short time. Their most famous remnants are the pyramids of Meroe , Sudan. Another early centre of settled civilisation and later an early centre of Christianity outside the Roman Empire was Ethiopia, where the Aksumite Empire reigned between the fourth century BCE and the 7th century CE and served as an important trading partner of both Indian and Mediterranean powers.

Today, the legacy of ancient African civilisations lives on; many of their monuments, temples and cities are well-preserved and have become popular tourist attractions, and museums host their artefacts. Modern Jews believe themselves to be descendants of slaves from ancient Egypt and Ethiopians of all religions believe they are the descendants of the union of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon (Sheba is thought by most historians to refer to what is now the nation of Yemen , but the queen is said to have also ruled Ethiopia). Yet outside of North Africa, Sudan and Ethiopia, very little is known about African history prior to 1000 CE, as most people were hunter-gatherers (similar to some cultures still found today on the continent), with no writing systems nor lasting structures, arts or crafts, aside from some cave paintings.

Classical antiquity

The Phoenicians , based in what's now Lebanon and part of the coasts of Syria and Israel , colonised North Africa, and established the city of Carthage (now a suburb of Tunis ). Eventually, the Carthaginian Republic became a separate one, and a rival of the Romans as the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War in 146 BCE, burning it to the ground.

In the period after 360 BCE, Europeans invaded the continent. Alexander the Great conquered what were then the Egyptian parts of the Persian Empire in 326 BCE, founded a city named after him and had himself declared pharaoh. Egypt would come under the rule of one of his generals after Alexander's death and under the Ptolemaic dynasty, Alexandria became one of the leading centres of Jewish, Greek and Egyptian philosophy and culture. It was here that a library holding "the wisdom of the ancient world" stood and it was here that the Jewish holy books were translated into Koine Greek. Starting with the Punic wars, the Roman Empire entered the African picture as a major player, and they founded cities such as Leptis Magna , before the partially Hellenised Egypt also became Roman in 31 BCE.

Northern Africa and later Nubia and Ethiopia were also among the earliest centres of Christianity with the first Christians in the area already by the first century CE, even before Christianity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire. A famous letter exchange of Plinius the Younger (then governor in Carthage) and Emperor Trajan is among the best known sources of documentation on the treatment of Christians in the 2nd century CE. Few documents from this time remain, but evidence suggests that heterodox forms of Christianity such as Gnosticism, which were not in line with the officially sanctioned version practised in Constantinople, were popular in Northern Africa, and Egypt seems to have been a centre of precursors of Christian monasteries and of apocryphal gospels (i.e. religious texts not included in the "official" Bible). Gnostic Christianity, which was very prevalent in Egypt starting in the 2nd century CE, was largely crushed there by the 5th century, but left behind important papyri such as the Gnostic Gospels, which were discovered in 1945 in Nag Hammadi, near Luxor in Upper Egypt , and have been translated into many languages. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church also recognises several gospels which are regarded as apocryphal by other churches.

Muslim conquest

The Muslim invasion and the beginning of the Arab Slave Trade in the 7th century CE changed the cultural landscape of Northern and much of Eastern and Western Africa. The newly formed Arab caliphate conquered North Africa and the Horn of Africa within a few decades. Due to the shrewd policy of nominal toleration combined with taxation for Christians and Jews, the Muslim conquerors were able to pacify and religiously assimilate the conquered areas remarkably fast. Some scholars have suggested that the aforementioned heterodoxy in much of the African provinces of the Roman Empire helped in the easy conquest by the Islamic conquerors who were more tolerant (or at least indifferent) towards forms of Christianity not in line with Constantinople. In the west, Berbers intermarried with the Arab invaders to become the Moorish population that later invaded the Iberian Peninsula. When Damascus was invaded in the early eighth century, the Islamic religious and political centre of the Mediterranean shifted to Kairouan in Tunisia. Their progress was limited only by the dense forests of West and Central Africa and to coastal areas in the East. The last region to come under Muslim influence was that of Nubia (modern-day northern Sudan) in the 14th century. While some of the Christian and Jewish heritage is still visible in Northern Africa, actual followers of those religions have become few and far between and Islam is culturally very dominant from Egypt to Morocco and south to Sudan and the northern parts of Nigeria. While Christianity is shrinking due to conversion and emigration from its erstwhile centres in Egypt and elsewhere, Judaism virtually disappeared in the decades following the establishment of Israel when most Jews left or were forced out. That being said, Jewish communities continue to survive in Tunisia and Morocco, albeit with much smaller populations than before the establishment of Israel.

The 7th to 9th centuries were a period of significant change to the history of sub-Saharan Africa. In the west, there was a rise of large and powerful inland kingdoms, such as the Ghana (in Mali & Mauritania, no relation to modern Ghana, capital in Koumbi Saleh ), Dahomey (which lasted until French capture in 1894, now Benin, capital in Abomey ), Za/Gao (in Mali and Niger), Kanem (in Chad), and Bornu (in Nigeria). As many of these kingdoms converted to Islam (usually the conversion of a king included the conversion of his subordinates, at least nominally), trans-Saharan trade grew as salt and gold were transported to Libya and Egypt in large caravans – a trade made possible by the introduction of camels from Arabia in the 10th century that would support much of the area from northern Nigeria west to Mali and Mauritania until the 19th century. The introduction of Islam also brought writing to many African civilisations for the first time, with some of their cities eventually growing into major centres of Islamic scholarship. During the 13th-16th centuries, many of these early kingdoms were replaced with new empires, chief among them the Mali (in Mali, Guinea, and Senegal), Kongo (in Angola, Gabon, Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo, capital in M'banza-Kongo ), and later Songhay (in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, capital Gao ), Ashanti (in Ghana, capital in Kumasi ) and a plethora of small, single-ethnicity kingdoms and city-states sprouted. Many of Mali's popular tourist destinations, including Timbuktu , Djenne , and Gao , rose to prominence during this period as they became hubs of trade and Islamic scholarship. Mansa Musa, one of the kings of Mali, is often said to have been the richest person in history. The Hausa people in northern Nigeria began organising in walled city states, of which remnants remain in Kano , and would eventually consolidate into the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903), with its capital in modern-day Sokoto . Coastal, forested West Africa remained largely unorganised, with the exceptions of a few Yoruba city-states of Benin , Ife and Oyo , along with small Dahomey and Igbo empires all in modern-day Benin and Nigeria.

Meanwhile, Islamic influence and prosperity from Indian Ocean trade rose in East Africa as ships from Arabia, Persia, India, and as far as Southeast Asia dropped anchor in major ports from Somalia down to Mozambique, bringing spices in return for slaves and ivory. This area, known as the Swahili Coast , would become home to many city-states such as Kilwa Kisiwani , Mombasa and Zanzibar . Between the 7th and 19th centuries, over 18 million people were taken from the region as part of the Arab slave trade – roughly twice as many as the Atlantic slave trade would take to the Americas. Today, that influence remains in the culture and gastronomy of many places, most notably on the Indian Ocean islands such as Zanzibar, Comoros, the Seychelles, and Mauritius, and descendants of these slaves would go on to form the Siddi community in India , who continue to preserve many African traditions despite now speaking Indian rather than African languages.

Southern Africa remained largely undeveloped, with primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers such as the San people, but it did contain some small kingdoms. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (namesake of today's state) was one of the most notable, constructing the greatest stone structures in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa at their capital Great Zimbabwe . The Kingdom of Mapungubwe in modern eastern South Africa also left smaller stone ruins. Both profited from the trade in gold and ivory with Arab and Asian merchants.

Despite the spread of Islam, Ethiopia would continue to hold fast as a bastion of Christianity. Among the most impressive examples of Christian architecture dating to this period are the 13th-century rock-cut churches of Lalibela .

European exploration and early colonialism

Perhaps the most pernicious prejudice about Africa is that it is "poor". But just a bit of logical thinking shows just how mistaken this assumption is. Why would countless Europeans, Arabs and others have come here, braved tropical disease and hostile locals (who very much did not want to part with their possessions or be ruled by some pith-helmeted buffoon, thank you very much) if Africa had been poor ? No, it was and is precisely Africa's wealth – in gold, in spices, in mineral resources, in oil and also the labor of its people – that made and makes it attractive for would-be colonisers. That said wealth has subsequently been siphoned off to the pockets of small elites and colonisers may cause many Africans to be poor, but it does not make Africa poor per se.

While a few Genoese, Castilian, and French explorers managed to reach parts of West Africa in the Middle Ages, European exploration of the continent began in earnest when Prince Henry "the Navigator" set out to acquire African territory for Portugal in the mid-15th century. The Portuguese reached Cape Verde in 1445, and by 1480, had charted the course to and began trade with the entire Guinea coast (modern Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria). In 1482, Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo River, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama sailed up the eastern coast, where in Kenya his expedition set up a trading post at Malindi before finding a guide to take them to India.

This voyage established the Cape Route around Africa. The Portuguese set up numerous forts along the African coast and established a highly profitable trade. They initially held good relations with locals, and remained the dominant European power around coastal Africa until the 17th century while Spain, France, and Britain began exploring the Americas.

The lucrative trade and large amounts of gold obtained by the Portuguese lured other nations to the continent. As the demands for labor in the Americas grew, Portuguese sailors began taking shiploads of slaves to the Americas, beginning the Atlantic slave trade . In the early 17th century, the Dutch fought the Portuguese to win control of most of their West and Central African ports, some of which (for example, Luanda ) would be retaken later, and established a couple dozen forts of their own, notably at Goree Island in Dakar and at the Cape of Good Hope – a port they hoped to use for trade routes to East Asia and which has become modern-day Cape Town . In 1642, the French built their first fort on Madagascar (which they claimed in 1667) and in 1663, the British built their first fort on the continent in the Gambia . Swedish merchants established a fort on Cape Coast , which was later overpowered by the Danish nearby at modern Accra.

19th-century imperialism

In the 19th century, European attention shifted from establishing coastal ports for trade to fighting one another to colonise the continent and explore its uncharted interior. With slavery abolished by Britain and their strong efforts to thwart slavery around the world, Europe began to look for other sources of wealth on the continent. The most successful European colony, the Dutch Cape Colony , was seized by the British in 1795. Napoleonic France conquered Egypt in 1798, notably discovering the Rosetta Stone, only to be forced out by the British and then the Ottoman Turks. France invaded a significant amount of coastal West Africa and the Barbary states in Algeria, cutting rampant piracy in the region. Accounts of brave adventurers travelling inland to find places such as Mount Kilimanjaro and rumoured "inland sea" (the Great Lakes) and city of gold on the Nile sparked a wave of exploration in the mid-century primarily by Jesuit and other Catholic missionaries in the Southern, Eastern and Great Lakes regions of Africa. Chief among explorers was the British national hero David Livingstone , who as a poor missionary with few porters explored much of Southern and Eastern Africa, flowed down the Congo River from its sources, and sought the source of the Nile. In West and Central Africa, French, Belgian and Spanish explorers ventured into the Sahara to find the legendary Timbuktu and Malian gold mines and the Congo in search of the Pygmies and hairy, large peoples (gorillas) of Greek legend.

As accounts of Africa's interior reached Europe, nations and merchants began to view the continent as a major source of commerce and wealth, similar to their Asian exploits, while the philanthropic and missionary class saw a great opportunity to "Christianise" and "civilise" the "savage" people of Africa. With social Darwinism introduced, many countries saw Africa as a great opportunity to establish colonial empires and establish their pre-eminence among other European nations — chiefly Germany, to catch up with other European nations, and France, to regain glories lost in North America and under Napoleon. Britain and Portugal joined this Scramble for Africa when they saw their interests threatened. In 1885, the Berlin Conference brought together European colonial powers to carve up the continent into defined colonial territories with many straight lines and no input from any African kingdom or community. Following the Berlin meeting, Italy was designated as a 'protector' over Ethiopia. In 1898, Italy waged an all-out war to colonise Ethiopia and they were defeated at the battle of Adwa . This was possible because all Ethiopians came together under emperor Menelik II to stand together, more important however was that Ethiopia was armed with European weapons and thus the disparity of arms was not as decisively in the European favour as elsewhere. This marks the first time Africans defeated European invaders, and made Ethiopia the only African country that was never colonised by a foreign power (Liberia, the other country that survived the Scramble for Africa, was a U.S. territory).

At the same time, disaster was befalling the people of the Congo, a land awarded at the Berlin Conference as the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium , who proceeded to enslave the people and subject them to mass killings and mutilations when unmeetable production targets for rubber were not achieved. Millions of people were killed in a genocide which extended into the 20th century, ending only in 1908 when worldwide criticism forced the king to relinquish his private ownership over the land and it was turned into a Belgian colony under the control of their parliament. Joseph Conrad wrote the novel Heart of Darkness from his experience as a witness to some of these crimes, which were also condemned in the satirical pamphlet King Leopold's Soliloquy by Mark Twain and another pamphlet, The Crime of the Congo , by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Colonialism would be devastating to many of Africa's civilisations, with the most notable casualties arguably being Benin City and Kumasi , both of which were great pre-colonial cities that were razed to the ground by the invading British in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many cultural artefacts from both cities, as well as other civilisations, were looted in the ensuing wars, and these are now mostly on display in various museums in the Western world, such as the British Museum in London , the Louvre in Paris , the Ethnological Museum in Berlin and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . Debates as to the return of at least parts of the plundered cultural heritage began in the 1970s before fizzling out without concrete results and have started up again in the 2010s and 2020s.

At the turn of the 20th century, Britain began a series of deadly South African Wars from their Cape Colony into surrounding African and Boer (white descendants of the Dutch) lands in modern South Africa, which brought Cecil Rhodes to fame for his vision to unite Africa under British rule from Cairo to Cape Town. There was one World War I battle in German East Africa (Tanzania) which the British lost, although post-war, German possessions were divided among France, Belgium, Portugal and the UK with South Africa de facto taking over what is now Namibia until 1990. The Union of South Africa was granted independence from the UK in 1930 and the Afrikaner minority voted to become a Republic in 1960 (see 20th century South Africa ).

In the prelude to World War II in Africa fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia but was driven out in 1941. The Axis also tried to capture North Africa, but were evicted by the Allies. It was the social changes stemming from the war, in which tens of thousands of Africans fought for their colonial power, and the Atlantic Charter which led to the spread of nationalistic movements after the war.

Decolonisation and the legacy of the colonisers

The decolonisation of Africa began with Libyan independence from Italy in 1951. Colonial powers employed varying means of control over their colonies, some granting natives representation in the government and cultivating a select few civil servants while others maintained a firm grip with an all-European government. In some countries, nationalist movements were quashed and their leaders killed or jailed, while others were able to peacefully achieve independence. In the 1950s, Guinea, Ghana and North African nations gained independence non-violently. In Algeria, France violently fought independence movements until 1963. With the establishment and new constitution of France's Fifth Republic in 1958, French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa ceased to exist, and after a brief "community" with France, the countries of these regions gained independence in 1960. By 1970, all but a handful of African nations were at least nominally independent. However, France made its former colonies and in West and Central Africa sign treaties that gave France control over their natural resources monetary policy. The Portuguese bitterly fought to maintain their African possessions until 1975; all but one gained independence through war. Zimbabwe was the last major colony to gain independence from a non-African colonial overlord, in 1980, following a 14-year period of rule by a white minority government not recognised by Britain, the former colonial power. In 1990, semi-autonomous Namibia gained independence from South Africa and in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia following a protracted war – a peace deal was only achieved in 2018. South Africa remained under firm control by its white minority, oppressing its black, Asian and mixed-raced populations under a system called apartheid until 1994. Morocco maintains control over Western Sahara despite an established independence movement, and this remains a point of contention between Morocco and Algeria. The conflict flared up again in 2020. Following years of civil war, South Sudan became independent from Sudan after a referendum was held in 2011.

Europeans divided Africa with complete disregard for the cultures and ethnic groups in Africa, often dividing a people between two or more countries and forcing peoples with a history of fighting or differing religions into one country. Additionally, a lack of training in civil service before and even after independence left most countries with dysfunctional governments. Leaders tended to reward their own ethnic groups with jobs and money, and in many cases oppressed other ethnic groups. This has been a cause of much strife post-independence across much of sub-Saharan Africa and has led to dozens of prolonged civil wars (notably in Sudan, Angola, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), genocides (notably the Rwandan Genocide), countless coups, and countless inept, corrupt leaders. During the cold war some leaders played the big power blocs against each other while others stayed in power mostly because they were backed by either side. Especially after the cold war ended, some countries such as Somalia descended into protracted internal fighting and are considered failed states as nobody really has any power over the state as a whole and local rackets and militias are unable to provide more than the most basic government functions (with the exception, in that case, of the former British colony of Somaliland ). The discovery of valuable natural resources such as oil, uranium, diamonds, and coltan (columbite–tantalite, an ore from which the rare earth metals niobium and tantalum, in very high demand for technological products such as cell phones, are extracted) is one of the reasons separatist movements have sprung up, motivated in part by the greed of warlords and in part by the neglect of resource-rich areas that want a share in the profits, like the oil-rich exclave of Cabinda , Angola and the Niger Delta in Nigeria.

Fortunately, there are numerous examples in Africa where past conflict has made way for functional and stable governments, offering some hope for the future of Africa. The bleak picture often painted of Africa as a whole could not be further from the truth in many places and thanks to tourism, more stable and accountable governance and rapidly growing economies, some African countries are now looking towards a bright future of which the first signs are already visible.

As the second largest continent, there is a wide range of climates to be found. However, since the continent is nearly centred on the equator, much of the continent is quite warm/temperate with very few, small areas on the continent experiencing any temperatures that can be considered "cold". In the temperate regions (parts of northern Morocco and the Mediterranean coast as well as South Africa), temperatures generally range from the 10s°C to the mid-30s°C (40s–90s°F) year round. Closer to the equator and on islands like Cape Verde or Mauritius, temperatures may only vary less than 20 degrees Celsius (15–35°C/60–95°F) throughout the year. In the deserts and arid regions like the Sahel and Horn of Africa, temperatures routinely hit 40°C or higher (and even 50°C or higher in the heart of the Sahara) but because sand does not retain heat like moist soil does, those same places can easily fall down to 15°C at night. There are a few bastions of cooler weather, however. Higher elevations, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and Algeria or the mountains in Lesotho, are quite cold and snowy during winter and Mount Kilimanjaro, almost on the equator, is cold enough year-round to support glaciers! Peaks on islands such as Reunion , the Canary Islands , Cameroon and other countries are cool enough to necessitate a jacket much of the year.

A far more important factor to consider when travelling to Africa is when the rainy season occurs, depending on the monsoon. While rain may not be a huge factor when travelling to southern or East Africa, it is very problematic in West Africa and on islands in the Indian Ocean. In West Africa, rains will often flood and make many roads and railways impassable and, due to poor drainage, can literally result in rivers of water flowing down streets and sewage lines overflowing. In the Sahel, it can result in flash floods in low-lying areas. Actually, drowning may be the most common cause of death in the desert, as flash floods can surprise people walking in wadis (dry riverbeds). Timing of the rainy season varies a bit even in neighbouring countries, so check the country pages. In West Africa the season starts in March around Cameroon, but not until June in Senegal or the Sahel, and ends around September.

The largest weather-related dangers for travellers to Africa other than flooding are lightning and tropical cyclones . The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more lightning strikes each year than any other country on earth, especially in the eastern part of the country near Goma . Lightning risk is highest from western Kenya/Tanzania and Ethiopia west to Senegal and south to Angola, Zambia and the Northern parts of South Africa. Tropical cyclones affect the islands of the Indian Ocean, with the season running from mid-November to end of April (mid-May in the Seychelles and Mauritius). Tropical cyclones also infrequently affect the horn of Africa near Djibouti and Somalia, but when they do, the arid land results in major flooding. Tropical cyclones often form off the coast of western West Africa (Guinea/Senegal) during the early part of the Atlantic Hurricane Season (June–August) and will rarely impact Cape Verde , for which these particular storms are called "Cape Verde-type hurricanes".

After Africa's messy divorce from its European colonial powers, many African countries became mired in political power struggles and civil war. Since the 1980s, however, the nations of this continent have drawn closer and many conflicts on the continent have seen neighbouring countries intervene positively rather than intervention/invasion by European and Western powers. Most African countries are developing democracies—struggling with corruption, but moving towards democratic values, like free and fair elections, freedom of speech, and involvement in government by several strata of society.

Nevertheless, there are a few countries which still retain authoritarian governments, dictatorships, and kleptocracies. Prior to peace agreements ending civil war in each, Angola and Mozambique were Communist one-party states and remain under the control of these parties, which have shifted from Marxist-Leninist to far-left/socialist ideology and retain Communist symbols in their flags, coats of arms, national anthems, and other national symbols. Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea remain among the most authoritarian countries on Earth, with severe repression of opposition.

Several national governments have a weak hold of their territory, such as Somalia, both Congos, the Central African Republic, Chad, Libya and Mali. In addition to national governments, some "tribes" continue to retain kings/chiefs recognised by the national government as well as local people and are sometimes even given limited autonomy/authority over "tribal" lands. The problem of "tribalism" that plagues many African countries is somewhat of a misnomer, as many of these "tribes" are ethnically and linguistically more diverse and different from each other than most European ethnicities, and often they were forced to live in one state due to the arbitrary nature of colonial borders. Still in some African countries ethnic and personal loyalties were more important than party ties or ideologies and the marginalised ethnicities often strived to overturn these regimes, only to replace them with one dominated by their ethnicity.

Today, more than at any time in the continent's history, the nations of the continent are cooperating on important issues and increasingly relying on themselves to stop conflict and broker peace, rather than allowing the UN and Western powers to do so. The African Union ( AU ) is the continent's answer to the United Nations and promotes unity and the resolution of conflicts. It was established in 2002, with its administrative seat in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and represents all African nations and territory, and various European possessions in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The AU has been able to achieve some accomplishments in promoting human rights, development, economic integration, harmonising business/customs/immigration rules, and intervening to stop conflicts (notably in Somalia ) and unconstitutional power plays in member states. However, much work remains to be done and corruption remains rampant, numerous countries suffer from political/ethnic strife, and quality measures in development, education, health, and human rights remain low.

European influence and development aid

European colonial powers remained active in many nations post-independence; France retains close diplomatic, military and economic ties with many of its former colonies, and many of the others, such as the United Kingdom, Portugal and Belgium, have large African immigrant communities originating from their respective former colonies. The U.S., largely unburdened by the "former colonial power" stigma, has long been active in promoting conflict resolution, human rights, and providing development aid and emergency assistance. While development aid rarely exceeds 1% of the donor countries' budgets, some African countries are or have in the past been dependent on aid money and credits from countries and international institutions such as the World Bank. While there has been a change in focus from large-scale projects such as dams and highways to more local initiatives such as rural electrification or public transport for individual cities, the topic remains controversial and some African voices have even called for an end to development aid altogether. Another problem with the World Bank credits is that new (democratic) governments often have to pay back old credits that their (authoritarian, kleptocratic) predecessor have taken out and wasted or outright embezzled, thus forcing their political agenda to conform to the wishes of the World Bank in large part instead of their own people. The question whether some or all of those "onerous loans" should or could be forgiven is another contentious issue between the (mostly European and North American) creditor nations and the African debtors. Another source of money for many people as well as countries is so-called "remittances" – that is, money that emigrants from African countries send back to their friends and relatives in their former home countries. While this has sometimes helped grow local economies and bring direly needed investment, the extreme dependence of some areas on this source of revenue has created a great deal of economic problems. As a traveller you will probably notice that Western Union and similar services are available almost ubiquitously, as they are frequently used for the purpose of receiving remittances.

Chinese influence

China has notably been a major player on the continent since 2000 and Western diplomats are now trying to play catch-up and fight for influence with China. The Chinese demand for natural resources is great and the Chinese have accosted many African governments without the stigma of being a rich, Western nation or caring much about the values (human rights, political freedom, etc.) of the governments they deal with. Another selling point for them is the large number of state-run companies they have and the integration between the Chinese government and the state-owned companies they use to mine and build roads and infrastructure compared to the relationship between Western governments and private businesses. China has largely sought mineral rights by building infrastructure and seeking lucrative concessions for their state-owned companies as up-front "payment" for resources to be later extracted. The largest gift from the Chinese is likely the US$200 million headquarters complex for the African Union, built and financed by China and opened in 2012. There is also an increasing number of African students choosing to study at Chinese universities, and several scholarships offered by the Chinese government for that purpose. Whether the Chinese involvement proves beneficial or is just another form of neocolonialism remains to be seen, and is a controversial topic both inside the countries China is involved in and outside of them.

Russian influence

Russian influence has also been growing in Africa since the 2020s, with the post-coup governments in Burkina Faso , Mali and Niger having expelled the French military and brought the Russian military in to replace them.

Religion and spirituality are important all across Africa. The most prolific religions are Christianity and Islam , with a sizeable number of irreligious/atheist Africans and adherents of traditional religions. The exact percentages of religious adherents vary widely across regions and among respected sources, with roughly 40–50% Muslim, 40–45% Christian, 10–15% indigenous beliefs and 5–10% irreligious.

Christianity is spread across a large region, encompassing nearly all of Southern, Central and Eastern Africa, and has a long history on the continent. Egypt is closely associated with early Christian Church history. Ethiopia was among the first nations to adopt Christianity as their official religion (in 330 C.E.) Most Christians are Protestant or Roman Catholic and mix it with indigenous beliefs, except for the Orthodox populations of Egypt, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Christian missionaries and the desire to "civilise" tribal Africans through conversion was a major drive of European colonisation.

Islam is the largest religion on the continent by number of adherents (according to most sources) but, bolstered by the large Muslim populations of Egypt and Nigeria, covers a smaller geographic footprint. All North African countries are overwhelmingly Muslim with only Egypt having a sizeable Christian minority, but irreligion is growing, especially among urban youth. Nearly all of West and Sahelian Africa is also majority Muslim, except for Cape Verde, Liberia, Ghana, Benin and Togo. Nigeria, Chad and Cote d'Ivoire are all about equally split between Muslim populations in the north and Christians in the south. Islam was first brought to the continent in the centuries after its birth, spreading across northern Africa and later being spread down the Indian Ocean coast by merchants and seafarers to the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and the Comoros. The Swahili language is strongly influenced by Arabic. Most Muslims are Sunni, with a large population of moderate Sufis in West Africa and Sudan, who often blend Sunni Islam with traditional beliefs. An attempt has been made to promote more conservative forms of Islam since the 1990s, through Muslim NGOs and Saudi Arabian assistance, although this coincides with a fear of radicalisation and the emergence of al Qaeda and other Islamist groups in parts of North Africa and the Sahel (particularly Mali, Niger and Algeria). In certain Muslim regions, adherence to religious law is expected, such as no alcohol consumption (but khat is fine, where legal ) and the covering of women's limbs, and extreme offence is taken when these rules are broken or, worse, Islam or its prophets are insulted.

Traditional African religions are practised by many Africans either exclusively or as syncretic elements woven into their practice of Christianity or Islam. There is no single uniting aspect to these religions beyond the fact that they all rely on oral tradition and animism. In some cases, the belief isn't in particular deities, but rather "magic". Among common, but certainly not universal, elements of indigenous African religions are:

• Recognition of one god or dual gods and respect for natural elements as supernatural beings
• Respect of the cyclical nature of life (agriculture, rain/drought, wax/wane of the moon)—the "circle of life";
• Communication with ancestors is practised or integral to communication with god and other deities;
• Medicine men and traditional healers are consulted for a broad range of topics, such as physical, psychological, spiritual, moral, and legal matters. They may also facilitate communication with ancestral spirits or use magic and sorcery — hence the term "witch doctors".

Magic plays a role in many traditional African beliefs. Magic refers to the interaction between the natural & supernatural worlds, the seen & the unseen. Magicians, witches, shamans and sorcerers are believed to have special skills to manipulate communication and relations between the two worlds, either for better or for worse. Unfortunately, it is a somewhat common occurrence (especially in rural Central and West Africa) for people to claim that others are using magic for improper reasons and are witches. Accusations of being a witch or using magic often lead to ostracism of individuals — women are thrown out of homes, children are abandoned by parents, are subjected to violent and painful exorcisms, and are frequently murdered. In some places, witches are believed to be the source of terminal illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.

The Vodun religion practised in Togo and Benin (a precursor to Haitian Voudou and related religions among the African Diaspora in the Americas) believes that all creation is divine and thus carries the power of the divine. This explains how certain plants have the ability to heal and why mundane "fetishes", such as statues or dried plants and animals, hold healing and rejuvenating powers.

Hinduism is practised by the large ethnic Indian populations in former British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, the Seychelles and Mauritius, where many Indians were indentured servants under British masters. Mauritius is the only African country, and for that matter, the only country outside South Asia , where a majority of the population practices Hinduism (52%). Judaism has a long, if not well known, history on the continent. The largest Jewish community in Africa today is in South Africa , mostly comprised of Ashkenazi Jews of Lithuanian descent. The Beta Israel of Ethiopia are legally-recognised Jews and believed to be descendants of one of the Ten Lost Tribes (the Tribe of Dan). Many Jewish communities existed throughout North Africa, some from the early Diaspora while others fled persecution in Iberia in the 7th and 15th centuries. Those communities are now almost entirely gone, having emigrated to North America, Israel and France to escape persecution or being outright forced out after the founding of the state of Israel, though vestiges of these communities do still survive in Morocco and Tunisia .

• Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart . The classic work of modern African literature. Though set in pre-colonial Nigeria , Achebe's magnum opus is in some sense the story of European colonisation of Africa as a whole. It was groundbreaking when published for telling an African story from the perspective of Africans, rather than Europeans. At the time, it was standard to portray African cultures as primitive and simple; Achebe broke this assumption by depicting the richness and complexity of an African society.
• Battuta, Ibn. The Travels of Ibn Battuta. The travel diaries of the legendary explorer Ibn Battuta, considered one of the greatest travellers in history. In 1325, he set out on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca from his native Morocco, age 21, and over the next three decades passed through more than 40 modern countries travelling over three times the distance than near-contemporary Marco Polo. His 1325-1332 trip visited North Africa , Somalia , and the Swahili Coast ( Kenya , Zanzibar and Tanzania ). A journey between 1349-1354 visited Timbuktu , passing through modern Morocco , Mauritania , Mali , Niger and Algeria . A few modern translations exist, including the 1829 translation by Samuel Lee ( The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Cosimo Classics, 2009. ISBN 978-1605206219 ) and a 2003 one by Tim Mackintosh-Smith ( The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Macmillan UK, 2003. ISBN 978-0330418799 ), who also re-traced Battuta's footsteps in the early 21st century and published a few other books about his journeys. Battuta's pilgrimage to Mecca, travelling across medieval North Africa & the Middle East was the basis for the 2009 IMAX film ( Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta [dead link] , IMDb ). Berkeley University has a good online account of his travels.
• Dowden, Richard. Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles. PublicAffairs, 2010. ISBN 978-1586488161 This book attempts to examine the continent of Africa and explain why Africa is the way it is. This book has numerous case examples highlighting the issues/struggles faced by the continent & its people today. 592 pages.
• Kapuscinski, Ryszard. The Shadow of the Sun. Vintage, 2002. ISBN 978-0679779070 Memoirs of African journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski, who arrived in 1957 to see the first states gain independence and offers insight on the tumultuous years of the late 20th century on the continent.
• Meredith, Martin. The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. PublicAffairs, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58648-398-2 One of the best and most comprehensive books available to cover the tumultuous recent history of Africa, from the events leading to independence to the 21st century. 752 pages.
• Naipaul, V. S.. The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief. Picador, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0 Examines the complex interactions of traditional religions, Western religions, and other beliefs in modern African society in Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa.
• Reader, John. Africa: A Biography of the Continent. Vintage Books, 1997. ISBN 0-679-73869-X Covers the history of the continent from early man to the first decades of independence, including ancient societies and peoples, early exploration by Westerners, colonisation, and independence. 801 pages.

The continent has perhaps the least extensive air route network of all the world's inhabited continents. When flying to major destinations like Johannesburg , Nairobi , or Accra , there's a good amount of choice and airfare costs about average when compared to routes of similar length around the world. Airfares tend to be cheaper when booked from a European capital that has a strong colonial link to your destination, which typically means from London , Paris , Brussels and Lisbon . Egypt also has plentiful, cheap connections with the Middle East & Europe. However, less popular destinations like Brazzaville or Niamey may only be served by a few flights per week operated by major airlines and the cost of airfares can be expensive. Some African airlines (such as South African airlines) only service their neighbouring African countries.

Africa's major airlines—Royal Air Maroc, Kenya Airways, Egypt Air, & Ethiopian Airlines—all offer a decent level of service to the continent's capitals and other major cities and fly to many major cities around the world. Few other African airlines operate inter-continental flights and many have poor or questionable safety records and offer poor levels of service. Many flights to Africa are available from/through Europe and the Middle East. Keep in mind that many airlines are part of alliances and code share agreements and you will likely fly on more than one airline.

See your destination's article for more specific information on flights. Bear in mind that many African countries only offer a few international flights each day, or in some cases, each week. While it isn't hard to reach South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria or Egypt, getting to Malawi or Togo can be quite a challenge.

From Europe

There are more flights to Africa from Europe than from any other continent. Popular holiday destinations such as Egypt , Tunisia , Morocco , Cape Verde , Kenya & South Africa are well-served from Europe's major cities, even with discount and charter airlines. Royal Air Maroc, Tunisair, Egypt Air have a good selection of European destinations and Ethiopian, Kenya Airways, Rwanda Air, Air Senegal, TAAG Angola airlines serve one of more major cities (London, Paris, Lisbon etc.). Turkish Airlines flies to 44 destinations in 41 African countries as of 2023 and has some of the lowest fares. The cheapest flights to African cities are often through the African country's former colonial power. Cities with large immigrant populations such as London, Marseille, and Paris have a good number of flights to Africa.

From Asia and the Middle East

Nearly all North African countries along with Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia have extensive connections with the Middle East. And similarly, countries with large Muslim populations are likely to have a connection to Jedda or Mecca either year-round or seasonal (e.g. during hajj). Middle Eastern airlines such as Emirates, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways have greatly expanded their services to Africa, and offer connections to many major African cities at competitive rates than European airlines.

From the Americas

Multiple destinations are served non-stop or directly from the United States , including Johannesburg, Nairobi, Lagos, Addis Ababa, Accra and Dakar. Limited service is available from Brazil (to Angola and the Canary Islands), Canada (to Algeria), Cuba (to Angola), and Venezuela (to the Canary Islands). Kenya airways, Delta, United and Ethiopian Airlines are the main operators between the US and Africa. Delta's Johannesburg to Atlanta flight is the second-longest flight in the world by both distance (13,582 km) and scheduled time (16 hr 40 min).

From Australia

There are only a handful of direct flights connecting Johannesburg to Perth and Sydney . Additionally there is a connection between Mauritius and Perth.

By road or ferry

The only land connection to another continent is the 163 km-wide Isthmus of Suez, which is found in Egypt (although the Sinai peninsula is sometimes considered a part of Africa for geopolitical reasons). Thus the only way to drive into Africa is to drive through Egypt. Most people driving from the Middle East to Africa travel through Jordan and take a short car ferry to Egypt to avoid transiting Israel, since Egypt's two African neighbours (Sudan and Libya) deny entry for persons with Israeli stamps or Egyptian/Jordanian stamps indicating travel to Israel.

Despite there being just one, narrow land crossing into the continent, there are other ways to bring vehicles into Africa by short car ferries. The short crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco is crossed by several ferries daily and relatively inexpensive. Other car ferries include:

• Italy – Tunisia ferries are operated by a couple of different companies . However, you must pass through Algeria to Mauritania/Niger -or- Libya to Egypt, both very expensive and difficult to enter with a car.
• Spain or France to Algeria car ferries are run by Algerie Ferries. Their website is in French only .
• Yemen–Djibouti ferries may be running weekly or more frequently (information about this crossing is little and conflicting) to avoid Egypt (because of the extremely high import taxes) or Sudan (as the Ethiopian-Sudan border is prone to banditry). It is also possible to cross by dhow in motorcycles or small/light vehicles.
• Port Sudan , Sudan to Jeddah , Saudi Arabia car ferries are run daily and are a great way to avoid the very high tariffs to enter Egypt, although visas for SA are difficult to obtain.
• Ferries link Morocco with Spain and Gibraltar . In addition, there are also connections between mainland Spain and its African possessions Ceuta and Melilla , from which you can drive across the border to Morocco.

Several overland trucks make journeys which cross between Europe or the Middle East and Africa, these companies are listed below under " Get around/By overland truck ".

Many Mediterranean cruises stop in North African countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Some ocean liners will stop in the Canary or Cape Verde Islands on trans-Atlantic crossings or in South Africa, Madagascar, Mombasa, Zanzibar, the Seychelles, or Mauritius on round-the-world trips.

Elsewhere in Africa, cruises are limited to luxury or 'boutique' cruise lines often aboard small vessels and quite expensive or " freighter cruises " which do not offer much to "passengers" but may spend a few days in a handful of ports. Grimaldi Freighter Cruises has weekly departures to West Africa making the round-trip from Amsterdam in 38 days.

The Seychelles, Reunion and Mauritius are popular destinations for yachts and private vessels, but piracy around the Horn of Africa has kept a lot of the European vessels away.

The general rule that visas are more difficult to obtain for countries that have more authoritarian governments and are less "classical" tourist destinations is true for Africa as well, although there are exceptions. Also with few exceptions it is easier to get into most countries if you are from a "first world" country. Visa requirements and costs for African countries differ depending on your nationality/citizenship and by country. Many countries in southern and eastern Africa have visa-free or visas available at the airport or border crossing for EU, American, Canadian, and a few other nationalities with a minimal amount of paperwork and wait. On the other hand, some countries have burdensome requirements that often differ among their embassies and border crossings.

Most countries in West Africa require visas for travellers from outside the region. In some cases these visas can be arranged at airports or (less commonly) at borders, but this is often not an option. West African embassies are not widespread outside of the region (generally limited to former colonial metropoles), and visa services are sometimes not available in some neighbouring countries. Sometimes visas are issued rapidly, sometimes it's a lengthy and costly process. Check before starting a trip across the region, as regulations and practices often change.

More and more African countries now have E-visas.

There are four customs unions in effect in Africa:

• Southern Africa: South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini
• West Africa: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
• Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Gabon
• East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

Accessibility

There are a number of reliable airlines that ply the African Continent. Chief among them are:

• South African Airways (SAA) ( Johannesburg , South Africa ), [1] , has daily flights to most major Southern, Eastern, & Central African political and economic hubs. The flight from Washington, D.C. does stop in Senegal , but if you get off there, SAA has no connections to anywhere else.
• Kenya Airways (Nairobi, Kenya), [2] , connects more African cities than any other airline on the continent. It is partly owned by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, offers good service and frequent flights to all countries within the East African region and many other major African and international destinations.
• Ethiopian Airlines (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), [3] carries more passengers than any other African airline. It offers a direct service from many European cities & Washington to its hub Addis Ababa . From there it has a very good coverage to many cities in Africa. The flight from/to Washington refuels in Rome.

There are also many airlines which are noteworthy in particular regions, such as TAAG Angola Airlines (South/Central Africa), Royal Air Maroc (West/Central/North Africa, but its hub is in Morocco), Air Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa), Air Burkina (West Africa), Air Senegal (West Africa), Air Austral (Indian Ocean), Air Mauritius (Indian Ocean), Tunis Air (North Africa), and Rwanda Air (East Africa). Many other African carriers offer flights to more remote locations.

If you want to drive your own car around Africa see also Carnet de Passage

For sightseeing trips, it may be less expensive to hire a taxi than to rent a car, but be sure to negotiate taxi fares beforehand. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season and disrupted by floods in the rainy season. If you plan on travelling in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, avoid the rainy months of May through October above the equator and the rainy months of November through April below the equator. Some roads may be flooded or washed out during these months.

Travel by car outside large towns can be dangerous. Major roads are generally well maintained but there are few divided highways in Africa. In addition, rural auto accidents are fairly common because of high speed limits and the presence of wildlife in these areas. Night driving, especially in rural areas, is not recommended, and visitors are encouraged to hire reputable tour operators for safaris or other game viewing expeditions.

Bus service is extensive in Africa and in almost all countries it is the main means of transportation for locals and tourists alike. Styles of busses and minibuses vary across the continent, refer to country pages for more info.

Locals hike rides in vehicles with strangers throughout Africa, often paying a fee to the driver in return for the favour or service. The distinction between a private vehicle and a taxi is blurred and in many countries, informal taxi business flourish, by picking people up from the side of the road who want a lift. In some areas, such as Johannesburg, specific hand signals are used by hitchhikers to indicate where they wish to go and it is common for vehicles to carry several people at the same time a particular area. Foreigners may expose themselves to considerable personal risk by travelling in this way, and it is important to understand the political and social climate of each region before doing so.

By overland truck

Some people with limited amounts of time or who would prefer not to make their own arrangements opt for the "overlander" experience. Many operators run tours in large trucks that are comfortable and equipped with facilities for around 8-30 persons. They're generally run on a pretty tight schedule and cover a lot of distance, such as "Nairobi to Johannesburg in six weeks". These tours are run throughout the whole continent but East and Southern Africa are by far the most popular destinations. Accommodation is mostly camping with tents provided. Most meals are arranged and many are prepared by those on the trip (cooking duties rotated throughout the trip), and free time (like everything else) is scheduled. However, there is plenty of time to participate in the adventure activities that certain areas of Africa are famous for such as Victoria Falls , Swakopmund , Zanzibar, and Serengeti National Park . Some people really enjoy these tours, especially when they do not have enough time to organise all travel arrangements themselves. Others loathe the very thought of travelling in a group and think that they keep you way out of touch with the "real" Africa. Whatever the case, they're a very different way to travel through Africa. The people that go on these tours tend to be young at heart and slightly adventurous; these tours are not luxury trips.

Most railway lines in Africa were built by the colonial powers, often with great human cost, with the main purpose of extracting wealth from the interior to coastal cities for export. After the fall of colonialism, many lines haven't been extended or maintained. passenger railways in Africa are therefore sparse with the majority being short, slow and within one country. However, during the 2010s, Chinese and European investment have rehabilitated several lines and also built new standard gauge railway lines in several countries.

The North African states of Algeria , Egypt , Morocco and Tunisia all have rail networks of adequate quality, some of them even comparing favourably to a few European or East Asian countries, with connections to most major cities. In 2018, Morocco opened Africa's first true high speed rail line between Tangier and Rabat . Due to political tensions (and in part the sparse population in border areas) there are however no international train services between these countries. For travellers to and from Egypt the old Wadi Halfa to Khartoum , in Sudan , train is useful as it connects with the ferry across Lake Nasser to the Egyptian rail terminus in Aswan . A unique experience, but not very useful as a means of transportation, is to ride the longest train in the world in Mauritania , either in the caboose or atop open iron ore carriages. Libya has no railways and plans to change that were derailed by the political troubles that have shaken this country since the 2010s.

South Africa has a long history with passenger rail, there are overnight trains from most major cities several times per week. Additionally Gauteng province is served by the fast Gautrain , connecting the major cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria with O.R. Tambo International Airport . There are no proper international trains to South Africa but several lines terminate at border cities, making it quite easy to travel from neighbouring countries such as Mozambique and Zimbabwe . Most other countries in Southern Africa have some form of passenger services, but quality and frequency vary greatly. Finally, for those with money to splurge, there are trains like the Blue Train and Rovos Rail , which offer luxurious old world charm.

East Africa has had declining services for a long time but due to recent investment several new lines have opened between major cities. Both Ethiopia and Kenya now boast brand new trains connecting major cities. The classic TAZARA line , connecting Dar es Salaam with Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia still holds up, passing through several national parks. Central African countries have fared worse with little to no investment, and railways to show for it. Angola has rehabilitated its railway lines but services remain spotty. Very limited and erratic services are available in other countries.

A few services remain in West Africa with Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso to Abidjan , Cote d'Ivoire being the most usable for tourists. Nigeria is however investing heavily in rail and several new intercity trains have sprung up. Senegal has also built a new commuter rail line, linking the capital Dakar with several nearby suburban towns.

Where there is water, there are usually boat services to some extent. In the DRC, boats are the primary means of transportation due to the extensive network of rivers and lack of good roads and railways. Some noteworthy river journeys in Africa are:

Along the Niger River small, wooden pirogues varying in design from a 2-person canoe to wide, ~10 person boats with a canopy and toilet. Travelling by pirogue is slow, but the Sahelian scenery and people you meet on the boat and during stops make this a memorable African experience. Due to cataracts, pirogues on the Niger only operate in Mali & Niger

Along the Congo River large, old and often overcrowded ferries connect cities along the river in the Republic of the Congo , DR Congo and Central African Republic . Small boats from villages come out and moor themselves to these ferries to sell food and merchandise and the boat is a bustling marketplace of hundreds of people much of the time. Conditions aboard these ferries are poor and bearable only by the most seasoned of travellers. Talk to the captain to see if you can use one of the handful of rooms to sleep.

There is no dominant language in Africa, but if you are travelling in West or Central Africa, French and English will be the most useful across these nations and regions. Arabic is the dominant language in North Africa, although French is also widely spoken in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. English is also useful in many countries, and dominant in much of Southern Africa. Swahili is the most useful language in East Africa. In Ethiopia, most people speak Amharic , which is indigenous to Ethiopia. Even if you know a blanket language like French, it is always a good idea to bring phrasebooks for the native languages. In Senegal , for example, despite being part of Francophone Africa, visitors are likely to find Wolof very useful and sometimes necessary when dealing with locals. It also helps if you have a basic understanding of the language used by a country's former colonist (e.g. German is useful to know if you are going to Namibia, since there is a large German-speaking white population). The more you wish to interact with locals or go out of the cities, the more important it will be for you to have resources to communicate in the local African languages.

Africa's linguistic diversity is exemplified by South Africa, which has eleven official languages, some of which have the most complex inventory of sounds in any human language, with over a hundred different sounds to distinguish meaning. English in comparison has less than half that number.

Flora and fauna

Many visitors are attracted by the African flora and fauna and several countries benefit from safari tourism to African national parks .

Natural wonders

Africa is home to many famous natural wonders, from the Nile River, the world's longest river, to Victoria Falls . The continent is home to two of the world's four volcanoes with permanent lava lakes – the dramatic Mount Nyiragongo which rises hundreds of metres above Goma , DR Congo and Erta Ale in Ethiopia 's stark Danakil Depression. Both volcanoes can be climbed by the adventurous tourist to stand at the rim gazing in awe at the bubbling lava below, an especially incredible sight at night! Mount Cameroon and its glorious stretch of lava also creates a beautiful site with a variety of flora and fauna.

Roughly centred on the Equator, Africa is known for landscapes typical for warm parts of the world.

Northern Africa is dominated by the immense Sahara desert wedged between the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Apart from the coastal rim and the banks of the Nile, this is a dry and remote part of the continent. The most notable (and likely easiest accessible) mountain range here is the Atlas mountains range in Morocco . The highest peak is Jbel Toubkal , the highest mountain in Africa not located in the east of the continent.

South of the Sahara, vegetation gradually increases the further south one travels. From southern Sahel onwards, the terrain is rather flat with savanna and steppe. This is however not the case at these latitudes in the eastern part of Africa; this is the northern end of Africa's "backbone" of several mountain chains stretching down all the way from Ethiopia to South Africa like an extension of the Nile. East Africa is also where you can find the largest lakes, including Lake Victoria. Named after the 19th century British queen Victoria, this is Africa’s largest and the world's second largest fresh water lake by surface area and the source of one of the two forks of the Nile. The countries bordering Lake Victoria are renowned as the best places in Africa to go on safari, as well as the only places left to see chimpanzees and gorillas in their natural habitat. Due east of the lake, a little more than halfway to the Indian Ocean, and on the northern border of Tanzania, lies Africa's highest free standing mountain, Kilimanjaro . Off the coast is the Zanzibar Archipelago.

Bisected by the Equator, unsurprisingly the heart of Africa is dominated by rainforest. The Congo rainforest is the second largest in the world, remote and mostly uninhabited, and going here is often more of an expedition than a tourist trip. The Eastern Central part is also the best place to go on the continent if you are interested in volcanoes .

Further south, the landscape becomes more and more dry again, especially in the western half. Namibia in particular is known for its deserts and canyons. The landscape is different in the east with scenic mountains and waterfalls including the mighty Victoria Falls , yes, it too was named after the queen. On the highland plateau in this corner of Africa is Lesotho , the only country in the world that is entirely located higher than 1400 m above the sea level. The southernmost part of the continent — South Africa — is reminiscent of the northernmost rim with Mediterranean climate and subtropical vegetation.

There are also several island nations or territories located in the oceans outside mainland Africa. They are as a rule mountainous with mountain chains often consisting of volcanoes. Surrounded by sea, they as a rule have cooler temperatures than inland locations at the same latitudes.

Historical civilisations

While the continent's diverse and unique wildlife is often all that is mentioned in regards to African travel, as home to the oldest civilisations on the planet, Africa has equally impressive cultures and history. The most famous civilisation on the continent, and arguably in the world, is that of ancient Egypt . From the southern city of Abu Simbel to Luxor and all the way north to Alexandria and Cairo, including the Pyramids of Giza , the only surviving one of the original Seven Wonders of the World and the most iconic symbols of this ancient kingdom. Sites from the Nubian Kingdom that had close ties with Egypt can be found in Sudan, such as Gebel Barkal and many other pyramids in Meroe . There are also remains of the former city-state of Carthage that can be found in modern-day Tunisia.

Ethiopia offers many ruins from the ancient Axumite Kingdom where the Queen of Sheba ruled. The obelisks and Dungur ruins in Axum were built prior to the kingdom's conversion to Christianity. As one of the world's oldest Christian nations, it is also home to many of the world's greatest and oldest Christian religious monuments, such as the Ezana Stone and the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, where the Ark of the Covenant is said to be stored. Other famous Christian structures built later by the kingdom's successor, the Abyssinian Empire , especially during the 12th and 13th centuries, can also be found in Lalibela .

In West Africa, structures from the ancient Mali Empire can be found in Timbuktu and Djenne . Although there are Islamic influences, the architectural styles of the Malian Kingdom's mosques are still quite unique and recognizably African. The cliff dwellings in Mali's Dogon Country , built by the Dogon people, are also impressive ancient structures in Mali . Remnants of the Ghana Empire can be found in parts of Mauritania and Mali, including the archaeological sites at Koumbi Saleh , Oualata and Aoudaghost . Often overshadowed by Africa's other monuments, Sungbo's Eredo in Ijebu Ode , Nigeria , built by the Yoruba people, is actually the largest pre-colonial structure remaining on the continent. Today it towers over the city, covered in vegetation. The royal palaces of the Dahomey Kingdom still stand in their former capital of Abomey , and ruins of the Kingdom of Kongo can still be found in their former capital of M'banza-Kongo . While they were largely destroyed by the British during the Scramble for Africa, Benin City and Kumasi still contain a few relics of the Kingdom of Benin and Ashanti Empire respectively. In Sokoto , Nigeria, remnants of the Sokoto Caliphate can still be found in the local museums, as well as the sultan's palace, and the city continues to serve as one of Africa's main centres of Islamic scholarship.

Ruins from the ancient Swahili culture can be found in the coastal areas of East Africa, particularly in Kenya and Tanzania . The Swahili structures combines elements of African architecture with Islamic architecture, which was quite prominent around the 14th century. Some of the most famous Swahili structures include the Gedi Ruins and Pillar Tombs around Malindi , and Kilwa Kisiwani . Mombasa and Zanzibar's Stone Town feature Swahili structures spanning hundreds of years from its early days to the 18th century.

In Southern Africa, the ruins of Great Zimbabwe have fascinated visitors ever since Europeans discovered them. No European had believed that the inhabitants of black Africa were capable of creating any great monuments on their own until the ruins of this ancient culture were discovered.

Many cities, such as Leptis Magna , Timgad , and Dougga feature Roman ruins as impressive as those in Europe itself. Many other European structures can be found throughout the continent, dating back to the earliest days of imperialism. One of the most unique European-influenced styles is the Cape Dutch style found in South Africa , which traces its origins to the first white settlers in sub-Saharan Africa in the 17th century. Although clearly influenced by Dutch architectural conventions, it has also diverged significantly from European architecture to adapt to African conditions, making it a unique style in its own right. Uniquely among white communities in Africa, the descendants of these Dutch settlers, now known as the Afrikaners, have developed their own ethnic identity, and by and large consider themselves to be Africans rather than Europeans.

Music has been called "Africa's common language", and is part of everyday life in most African nations. Music in Africa is divided into six musical regions each of which have their own unique styles. The musical regions are Southern, Northern, Eastern, and Central Africa, and lastly Sene-Gambia. Southern African styles include Chimurenga (mostly dominant in Zimbabwe ) and Mbaqanga which has come to be widely known as South African jazz (mostly dominant in Botswana and South Africa ), Sene-Gambia African styles include, Griot (played across Mali , Guinea , Gambia and Senegal ). Central African styles include Soukous which takes pieces of Latin rumba, American jazz, a bit of rock and incorporates it into a style very unique to the Congo (very dominant in the Congo regions ). East African styles include the very energetic Benga which is dominant in East African countries like Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

West African styles include Juju and Highlife, Juju is a style of Nigerian popular music derived from traditional Yoruba Percussion while Highlife originates from Ghana but is also played in Nigeria. Northern African styles include Magrib and Rai both of which bear strong Islamic and Arabic stamps thanks to the Medieval Islamic expansions. This kind of music is very popular in Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Western popular music and many musical genres from the Americas (including ragtime, country music, jazz , the blues, rock'n'roll , reggae, calypso, salsa and samba) exhibit strong influences from traditional African music, while these genres in turn have exerted a strong influence on modern African pop music. South Africa is also known for its jazz musicians who participated in their own unique genre, among the most famous of Hugh Masekela whom was as trumpet player.

Most African countries have their own unique indigenous music styles of which a few are popular in other African countries. Botswana has styles which are a must-see for any traveller going there; it is also one of the few countries whose styles are popular in other African countries. Their unique styles include Setapa, Dikoma, Hosana, Chiperu and Tsutsube. All these styles have their own designated dance styles, which go along with the music as it is performed hence why they are popular in other Southern African countries and among tourists.

Safari – an overland travel to view the stunning African wildlife – is arguably the greatest tourist attraction in Africa. Most countries, except in the north, have at least one national park with organised safaris. A safari can take on a range of forms, from a simple one-day minibus ride, to week-long stays at a lodge. Commonly it is a 4x4 ride across the savanna in search of the "Big five": elephants, lions, leopards, rhinos, & buffalo. Such safaris are offered primarily in Southern and East Africa . Many parks have strict regulations both on visitor activities and behaviour, along with entry & camping fees. Among the most well-known parks are South Africa 's Kruger National Park , Tanzania 's Ngorongoro Crater , Etosha National Park in Namibia , the Okavango Delta region of Botswana , and the Tsavo East / West National Parks, and Nairobi National Park .

The three basic safari styles are driving safari, walking safaris, and mobile safari. Some regions also offer safaris on boats/canoes, horses, elephants, or hot air balloon or light aircraft. The driving safari is by far the most popular form of safari and is best for most first-timers as it is easier, often cheaper, and generally allows you to see more wildlife. A driving safari can be a one-day affair, but it often includes a couple nights spent camping or in lodges. Low-price driving safaris are often made in minibuses without a guaranteed window seat. Luxury safaris will likely include drives in a 4x4 vehicle in small groups and stays at fine lodges with swimming pools and spas. A walking safari consists of hiking, either for a few hours or several days, with fewer opportunities to see many animals, but allows hikers to get closer to some animals and have experiences like stumbling upon the bones of a recent lion kill. For mobile safaris , a camp is set up each night of your safari; it might also contain a portable lunch camp. At a fly-in safari , the visitor is flown directly (or very close) to a lodge, instead of hours of overland transit.

For the most basic trips, travellers should have a minimum budget of US$70/day, while some of the most visited parks may cost US$100–150/day. Luxury trips can easily run over US$1000/day. If a price offer seems too good to be true, it often is, and there is probably a good reason why. This can be the result of hidden fees, large errors, omissions or lies when calculating a price, an unlicensed operator, abusive labour practices, poor equipment, length of the trip, and extras that you may not have thought of and for which this operator plans to charge a steep fee. Thoroughly check what each tour operator provides in their cost, and make sure to get a written agreement before payment and departure. Self-drive safaris are possible in some parks, but highly discouraged for beginners.

Africa does not have tall, jagged mountain ranges and there are very few mountains that require technical gear. The Atlas Mountains across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; the Drakensberg in South Africa and Lesotho; the Semian Mountains in Ethiopia; and the Rwenzori Mountains between Uganda and the DR Congo are the only considerable mountain ranges on the continent, all with numerous peaks which can be easily climbed. Additionally, there are some tall volcanoes along the Great Rift Valley, on the Indian Ocean islands and in Cameroon. Some of the continent's most climbed or unique mountains are:

• Jbel Toubkal (4165 m) near Marrakech , Morocco is the tallest peak in the Atlas Mountains and can be climbed without technical gear in summer.
• Mount Cameroon (4040 m) near Douala , Cameroon, is the tallest peak (actually a volcano) in Cameroon and is famous for the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster, when the lake released a huge volume carbon dioxide gas, suffocating thousands. Fast-paced hikes to the top and back are possible in a day.
• Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 m) in Tanzania near the Kenya border is the continent's highest peak, the world's tallest free-standing mountain, and perhaps the most climbed mountain on the continent, owing to its accessibility and the lack of need of technical gear. The range of scenery one passes from base to peak makes it a destination almost all climbers have on their wishlist.
• Mount Kenya (5199 m) is Kenya's tallest mountain and also popular climb with many non-technical walking and climbing routes through lush scenery and is less than 200 km from Nairobi. The surrounding national park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
• Table Mountain National Park (1086 m) which dominates the city of Cape Town has hundreds or routes to the plateau, ranging from easy walks to technical rock climbs. In November 2011, Table Mountain was named one of the new 7 Wonders of Nature.
• Mount Nyiragongo (3470 m) in the DRC on the Rwanda border is one of just 3-4 volcanoes in the world with a lava lake in its crater. A climb takes about 8 hours and involves camping on a ledge at the top – a safe 700 m above the lake – for the night (of course, the steaming, bubbling lava is more spectacular at night).

Abseiling and rock climbing can be done in many parts of Africa, with many opportunities in South Africa.

Trekking and hiking

Most of Africa's mountain ranges and highlands are suitable for trekking. The Drakensberg in South Africa and Lesotho, the Garden Route in South Africa, the Ethiopian Highlands and Mali's Dogon Country are the most popular trekking destinations in Africa and most guidebooks to these countries describe the most popular routes. In the dense jungles of the Central African Republic and DRC, treks to pygmy settlements, almost always organised, are available. Established trekking routes exist in the forests of Guinea's Fouta Djallon highlands and in Cameroon .

The Aïr Massif in Niger is popular for hiking around its sand scraped rock formations and oases, usually short distances from your camel or vehicle transport. Hiking can also be done in many forests with established paths. In Uganda, Rwanda, & the adjacent DR Congo, hiking to see the endangered mountain gorilla is a major tourism draw, although permits are US$500 to spend hours hiking through tropical forests to spend 1 hour in close proximity to the gorillas.

Sport fishing

There are a good number of great scuba diving sites across Africa. The Red Sea off Egypt offers clear, tranquil waters. Diving in the Indian Ocean is common off all islands and on the continent from Kenya south. Diving in South Africa is most famous for "shark dives", where divers are lowered in cages to watch sharks feed on bait, although other diving opportunities exist. Few locations inland are popular with divers; Lake Malawi – which is clear, deep and filled with unique species – is the only lake with a significant number of dive operators.

Relax on a beach

Africa has a very long coastal line with thousands of beautiful beaches as it is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

Soccer is the most widespread and popular sport with games between countries usually drawing tens of thousands of patriotic, cheering fans filling basic stadiums, as many world class African players return from Europe to play for their respective national teams. Watching a football match in Africa is a must; try to dress in the colours of the home team and join the cheering celebration with your neighbours! The biennial Africa Cup of Nations is the continent's premier championship. The most recent AFCON was held in Côte d'Ivoire in 2024 from 13 January to 11 February. Upcoming Cups will be hosted by Morocco (2025) and Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda (2027). South Africa played host to the first African FIFA World Cup in 2010.

Rugby is played by several former British colonies in Southern & Eastern Africa. South Africa's Springboks are among the best teams in the world. And while they were traditionally associated with the white and specifically the Afrikaner part of the population they have now significant following among all ethnic groups after Nelson Mandela famously wore a Springbok jersey during the 1995 world cup that was held in and won by South Africa.

Cricket is also played, especially in former British colonies, with South Africa being considered one of the elite teams in world cricket, and Zimbabwe also considered a respectable team.

The three easiest currencies to exchange within Africa are the euro, US dollar, & UK pound sterling. In some countries with a large tourism sector Australian & Canadian dollars and Japanese yen may be exchanged at large banks and some currency exchanges, but you will receive a poor exchange rate as these currencies are uncommon and more troublesome for the banks in turn to exchange. The continent is roughly split between regions where the US dollar is easiest to exchange and use and others where the euro is. In Southern African countries the South African rand enjoys a regionally dominant position (see below) and may be easier to exchange than other currencies. Generally speaking you will experience poor exchange rates outside of most of these countries, and even currency movement restrictions.

Due to concerns about counterfeiting, money changers, banks, and most likely even merchants will not accept US dollar banknotes that are worn or more than ten years old. As strange as that sounds, it seems to be a rule among anyone dealing much in dollars and you will find it difficult or even impossible to dispose of worn or older dollar banknotes. The same does not seem to hold true for euro banknotes, but may do so for other non-African currencies.

With few exceptions (most notably the South African rand), African currencies are generally not accepted by banks or money changers outside their native territory, or at least not at a decent exchange rate. The currencies of some smaller countries are non-exchangeable and become worthless abroad, with some countries prohibiting export of their currencies and confiscating and even fining people leaving the country with currency (most notably the Angolan kwanza).

There are three currency unions in Africa:

• Common Currency Area (using South African rand): South Africa , Eswatini (Swaziland), Lesotho and Namibia .
• West African CFA franc (XOF): Benin , Burkina Faso , Cote d'Ivoire , Guinea-Bissau , Mali , Niger , Senegal and Togo .
• Central African CFA franc (XAF): Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea and Gabon

Some countries that are part of a currency union still mint their own currency as well (such as Namibia's dollar), meaning that both forms of currency are legal tender.

Despite sharing the same name and same exchange rate (655.957 CFA francs = €1), the two "CFA franc" currencies are issued by different banks and are not interchangeable. A 1000 CFA franc banknote from Gabon will not be accepted by a merchant in Benin, and vice versa. Indeed, even with banks and money changers it will likely be easier (and you'll receive a better exchange rate) to exchange euro banknotes or even US dollars. Given the fixed exchange, if visiting any of these countries, the euro will receive a more favourable exchange rate.

The Mauritanian ouguiya & Malagasy ariary are the only two non-decimal currencies in use in the world, divided into 1/5th fractions known as khoums & iraimbilanja, respectively.

The U.S. dollar has been the de facto currency of Zimbabwe since the collapse of the Zimbabwean dollar and allowance of foreign currency as tender in January 2009. Dollar coins are usually not accepted in Zimbabwe and you may have problems getting change for small purchases. The Djiboutian franc (178.8=US$1) and Eritrean nakfa (16.5=$1) are pegged to the dollar.

The U.S. dollar is the easiest currency to exchange (and may receive a better exchange rate compared to the euro) in Southern Africa and East Africa, as well as the DR Congo , Nigeria , & Liberia . Many tour operators, tourist attractions, and hotels in these regions set their prices in dollars, some even going as far as to offer poor exchange rates for or even refuse local currency. Also, many countries in these regions set their visa prices in dollars and will only accept dollars (or perhaps pound sterling).

The euro is the official currency of France's Mayotte and Reunion territories, Spain's Canary Islands and Portugal's Madeira and Porto Santo. The West and Central African CFA francs are pegged to the euro at 655.975 (formerly, 100 to the French franc). The Moroccan dirham is pegged (with a fluctuation band) to the euro at roughly 10 dirhams to one euro. The Cape Verdean escudo is pegged at 110.265 to one euro and the Comoran franc is pegged at 491.9678 to one euro. The Sao Tome and Principe dobra was fixed at 24500 to one euro in 2010 to guarantee stability – it was worth just 12000 per euro in 2004.

The euro is the easiest currency to exchange and receives the best exchange rate in countries whose currencies are fixed to the euro, with strong European ties, or where the majority of tourists are European. This generally corresponds with North Africa, the Sahel , West Africa and Central Africa with the exceptions of Egypt, Sudan and Ghana, neither the euro nor dollar is better, and Nigeria, the DRC and Liberia. Due to the relatively recent creation of the euro and long-standing status of the dollar, beware that there are some regions of Africa where people either have never heard of the euro or will see it as worthless.

South African rand

The South African rand is an official currency and widely circulated in South Africa , Lesotho , Eswatini (Swaziland), & Namibia . Although the latter three issue their own currencies, they are pegged 1:1 with the rand and are not legal tender in the other countries as is the SA rand. The rand has also been accepted in Zimbabwe since the Zimbabwean dollar's demise, but not as widely as the U.S. dollar. It is also readily exchanged (and sometimes accepted for payment) in Botswana , Mozambique and most of the tourist spots in Botswana and Zambia . Namibia mints a local currency which is also legal tender alongside the SA rand in Namibia, so always note the form of currency used on goods for sale.

Cashless forms of payment

Due to the nigh-ubiquity of cellphone ownership and the sometimes highly volatile currencies (and shortage of "hard currency" banknotes or their value being much too great for everyday transactions) various mobile phone based payment systems have been pioneered in Africa. Depending on your itinerary, it can be very advisable to make yourself familiar with those systems and have them installed to your phone.

Many African countries and tribes are known for their handicraft . High-quality sculptures, utensils and textiles can be found for a fraction of the price of a similar item made in a high-income country.

North Africa is known for carpets .

Prohibited items

Trade in ivory is prohibited by nearly all countries in the world, with hefty penalties and even jail time for offenders. Many animal products (some commonly found in fetish markets) are also banned by western countries, such as tortoise shells, tusks of any animal, or any part of or item made with an endangered species. Some African countries keen on conservation will prosecute all violators to the fullest extent of the law, so be careful when purchasing animal products unless you want to spend years in an African prison. Keep in mind that even if an item may be exported from an African country it may be illegal to import into your home country; the EU and US have strict laws on importing animal products in the name of conservation. See also animal ethics .

Some medications which may be purchased without a prescription in Western countries or parts of Africa may contain ingredients considered illegal narcotics or controlled substances in some countries. In particular, diphenhydramine is a "controlled substance" in Zambia and several Americans have been fined and jailed on drug-trafficking charges for possessing the over-the-counter allergy medicine Benadryl (elsewhere called Dimedrol) and the pain reliever Advil PM whose main active ingredient is diphenhydramine.

Drug trafficking is as common an offence as in most Western countries. The list of which substances are considered prohibited or restricted drugs varies from country to country. Khat which is readily grown and consumed in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, is an illicit drug in most other African countries. Organised drug trafficking is a major problem in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau en route from South America to Europe.

As with most countries, check local laws concerning antiquities before trying to leave the country with anything that appears to be over 100 years old.

Always make sure that any diamonds or other jewels you are buying can satisfy two conditions:

• The number of, weight, and total value of the jewels you purchase can be legally imported back to your home country.
• Rough diamonds are subject to restrictions of the Kimberley Process, which prohibits the import and export of rough diamonds without a certificate of the country of export and your home country.
• Your home country may also prohibit other jewel importation because of sanctions or import prohibition.

Food varies wildly and you can find Arab-influenced cuisine ( in the North ) as well as European-derived (in South Africa and Namibia) or local food originating from times before colonisation. While you won't find five-star restaurants in every city or indeed every country, if you keep an open mind, you are in for some truly amazing and once-in-a-lifetime culinary experiences, once you venture out of standard tourist fare.

As could be expected from a continent as huge and diverse as Africa, there are a large variety of drinking options. While South Africa has come to be known as a wine-growing region of international acclaim, drinking anything alcoholic in the Muslim-majority countries or the predominately Muslim areas of countries such as Nigeria may be unwise or even illegal. There are also a variety of non-alcoholic drinks that either originated from Africa or have been perfected here, such as rooibos tea in South Africa or coffee in Ethiopia.

While business districts and resort cities have high-end hotels, accommodation can be very basic off the beaten path.

While camping in a national park can be an exciting experience, be aware of dangerous animals, and of crime.

While much of Africa is safe for travel and many tourist attractions on the continent are far from conflict, there are still a few regions in which conflict and/or sociopolitical tensions exist. Political unrest, religious extremism and piracy are also concerns in some areas with a recent rise in militant Salafist groupings.

Jihadist groups are mostly concentrated in the Horn of Africa, parts of North Africa and the Sahel region, as well as their adjacent areas. Somalia , where warlords have fought for control since the collapse of the central government in 1993, and the Central African Republic , where general lawlessness and rebels exist throughout most of the country, should only be visited by experienced travellers who are very competent regarding the dangers that exist. Otherwise, these areas should be considered no-go regions. Exceptions are Somaliland which is de facto independent and relatively safe and the CAR's isolated Dzanga Sangha National Reserve .

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to the second largest jungle after the Amazon and most of the country is impassable by land. The eastern and northeastern regions are home to rebels and general lawlessness and have been home to the bloodiest conflict since World War II. Safer regions are the west (incl. Kinshasa ), south (near Zambia border, incl. Lubumbashi ), and a few spots practically on the border, such as Goma , Bukavu , & Virunga National Park .

The Central Sahara is host to numerous problems, notably that a growing presence (or at least impact) of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb in much of Saharan Algeria , northern Mali (north of Timbuktu, east of Gao, and near the Nigerien border), and far eastern Mauritania has resulted in several kidnappings (incl. one Briton beheaded, kidnapped near the Mali-Niger border) and a couple of suicide bombings in Nouakchott . Since the end of a civil war in Mali in 2012, Northern Mali (including Timbuktu, Gao and the Mauritania and Niger borders) is highly dangerous on account of the presence of Tuareg & Islamist rebels. A Tuareg uprising has left much of the area around Agadez , Niger – once a popular tourist destination – off-limits and unsafe. Several borders in the Sahara are closed or very unsafe as a result of banditry: Libya-Sudan (closed), Libya-Chad (closed), Chad-Sudan (unsafe due to Darfur conflict), Chad-Niger (banditry), Libya-Niger (banditry), Mali-Algeria (no road crossings, AQIM), Algeria-Mauritania (AQIM), Mali-Niger (AQIM/rebels), Mali-Mauritania (AQIM/rebels) and Algeria-Morocco (closed).

Portions of Cote d'Ivoire , Sierra Leone , Liberia , and Chad are home to rebels and it is important to obtain up-to-date information on which parts of these countries are safe to visit (see warnings on those pages). Northern Nigeria is home to Islamic extremists who have carried out several attacks against non-Muslims, mostly targeting other Nigerians, but there is still a significant risk to Westerners. The region around the Niger River delta has been home to rebels for decades. Similarly, in Sudan, only the western Darfur regions and south-central "boundary" between the conflicting North-South are dangerous.

Many countries in Africa are unsafe for gay travellers , with high levels of homophobia widespread in the general population. Homosexuality is illegal in most African countries (however, South Africa and Botswana are notable exceptions to this rule) and it in some cases carries the penalty of imprisonment or even death. Nigeria and Uganda have taken it a step further by making it a criminal offence to know that someone is homosexual and not report it to the police.

Crime in major African cities varies significantly by country and it is usually unwise to travel around at night alone. While much of it involves scamming, mugging or petty theft, violent crimes are generally less common. Check the "stay safe" areas of the individual countries you are going to.

In most parts of Africa dangerous wildlife should be of only very minor, if any, concern at all. In some parts of East Africa and South Africa large abundances of potentially dangerous animals can be found, but the majority of the time any traveller would most likely be perfectly safe in a vehicle with their tour guide. Nonetheless, attacks and deaths do occur (rarely with foreigners, but commonly with locals) and it is best to be well-informed. Nile crocodiles can be extremely dangerous and swimming is not an option in most low-lying portions of East Africa. Lions and leopards can be dangerous, but you are unlikely to encounter them on foot unless you are being extremely foolish. Large herbivores such as elephants and rhinos can also be very dangerous if aggravated, even while in a vehicle, Hippopotamuses are the animal most likely to attack or kill a human unprovoked and should be avoided without an experienced guide. Venomous snakes exist and are plentiful, but are very shy and you are unlikely to even see one let alone be bitten by one. When it comes to pests , most insects in the country are no more dangerous than what you would find in any other country, and the spiders are mostly harmless to humans. Despite all of this, easily the most dangerous non-human animal in the entire African continent is the mosquito, which infects a very large number of Africans with malaria every year, and tsetse flies that cause sleeping sickness are also a major problem in some areas. (Check individual country and region pages and WHO reports to see whether the places you plan to travel to are affected by these diseases.)

Stay healthy

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of HIV and AIDS infection on Earth. A 2005 UN Report says over 25 million Africans are infected, over 7% of adults on the continent. Be extremely cautious about any sexual activity in Africa. The rates of HIV infection among sex workers are phenomenally high.

Bushmeat from gorillas, monkeys, chimpanzees and mandrills should be avoided. Due to their similarity to humans, a number of diseases (including yet-undiscovered or poorly studied ones) can be spread by consuming their flesh, especially if it is not sufficiently heated. HIV is undoubtedly the most famous disease transmitted from other primates, but others include Ebola, anthrax and yellow fever.

As tap water is not always up to hygienic standards, bottled water (be careful to take a look at the seal before opening the bottle as some people simply refill bottles with tap water) is an option if you want to decrease the risk of traveller's diarrhoea, especially on shorter stays. Remember to always drink enough, especially in hot climates, and avoid drinking too much alcohol when you don't know your surroundings and/or have just recently arrived.

Various infectious diseases , including mosquito -borne diseases, are a problem in parts of Africa. Vaccines, medication, and other precautions may be recommended to avoid infection. A non-exhaustive list that travellers should think about: dengue , malaria , measles, polio, rabies , yellow fever . Measles and polio vaccines are routine in many countries, but you should make sure yours are up to date.

In virtually all African countries, elders are traditionally accorded a great deal of respect as they're seen as sources of wisdom and guidance. Be mindful of that when visiting countries in the continent.

See also: Telephone service and List of country calling codes .

Country calling codes for Africa are generally 3-digit numbers beginning with 2, in the form +2XX. Examples are +234 for Nigeria , +233 for Ghana , +263 for Zimbabwe , +254 for Kenya and +262 for Reunion . Exceptions are Egypt and South Africa , with the 2-digit country calling codes +20 and +27, respectively.

Traditional landline telephone services are sketchy. South Africa and the North African countries are the only regions of the continent to have decent quality. It is largely owing to this that mobile phones have proliferated across the continent. Don't be surprised when you are in a seemingly remote corner of the continent and among a poor tribe, when a man whips out a mobile phone to show you pictures of family or ask you to find your Facebook profile for him to send a friend request. In many places, you will receive offers from traders to use their mobile phone for a fee, much as you would be solicited to purchase a wood carving or mat. Texting is more commonly used than calling.

If you decide to purchase a mobile phone locally, beware counterfeit phones. Smartphones are likely to be cheaply-made versions of phones a couple years behind those found in Western markets (that's not to say the latest Galaxy S model or iPhone can't be found). Should you choose to bring a phone from home, your best bet would be to bring a GSM phone (the most common network type worldwide). It's not terribly difficult to find a dealer selling scratch cards to replenish a local SIM; simply scratch to reveal a PIN number and enter into your phone (per the instructions). The cost of purchasing a SIM card and minutes is far less than charges for roaming with a mobile phone network from a Western country.

Continent-wide, faster data networks (3G and 4G) are being installed at a fast pace. However, outside major cities, data service is often at very slow 2G speeds (comparable to dial-up internet or worse). Many telecom companies limit use of 4G and 3G networks to post-paid customers.

Internet access

Computers are out of the reach of most Africans. Therefore, computer shops (cyber cafés) are common throughout the continent, except perhaps the most isolated corners of the most inaccessible countries ( Chad , CAR, Somalia ). Many computers are full of viruses and malware. With a little bit of computer savviness, you can load a flash drive or burn a CD with an anti-virus program and possibly an alternative web browser (Firefox, Opera, Chrome) to use on public computers at cyber cafés.

Wi-Fi internet access is becoming increasingly common. Most upscale hotels along with some mid-range hotels (mainly in more developed countries) will offer it for guests. Some may charge a fee for this. Using your personal laptop, tablet, or smartphone on a Wi-Fi connection is preferable to internet cafés for accessing banking, email, social networking, and other sensitive accounts.

The fastest internet services can be found in North Africa, parts of West Africa such as Ghana , Nigeria and around East Africa ( Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda , Rwanda ), where an impressive roll-out of fiber-optic networks and fast, new undersea cables to the Middle East has made Kenya an up-and-coming hotspot for tech companies and international businesses requiring fast connections. South Africa has the most developed and fastest internet connections on the continent. In contrast, some less-developed countries and regions continue to rely on slow satellite connections, with speeds comparable to or even worse than dial-up connections once common in Western countries. Ghana is also emerging as one of the more consistent internet service providers in Africa with the use of dongles especially being common. Wi-Fi hotspots are also available in hotels, pubs and university campuses.

Internet censorship is an issue in various countries on the continent, often implemented or ramped up for political reasons. This often consists of blocked social media and other communication tools; less commonly, governments may shut off the internet altogether surrounding elections or other contentious events.

Postal networks are generally slow, if not unreliable altogether. Boxes and parcels sent to destinations outside the continent may take weeks or even months to arrive at their destination. FedEx, UPS and DHL maintain a good network of offices in major cities throughout the continent and the ease of shipping, speed and better reliability are worth the higher shipping charges.

Post restante is available in some countries (check with the national postal service first) and allow mail to be sent to a post office, where it is kept for the receiver. No address is written on the piece – just receiver's name, city, country, postal code, and "Poste Restante". Make sure the sender spells your (the receiver's) name correctly and clearly. The receiver shows up at the post office, presents identification (such as a passport) and pays a small fee. Since some post offices are rather disorganised, make sure to have the clerk check under your first name and for any possible spelling errors (describe the piece to them, ask to be shown items with a similar name, look under Q instead of O).

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A new view: Bousfield says tourism can help sustain traditional culture.

Reinventing the African Safari

From the April 2011 issue of National Geographic Traveler

In 1993, Ralph Bousfield co-founded Uncharted Africa Safari Company, now billed as “one of the last truly traditional safari operations in Africa.” The company hosts visitors at various classically styled camps in Botswana’s Kalahari Desert, where they can witness migrating wildebeest, watch playful meerkats, and listen to the cry of the hyena. Guests visit ancient baobab trees and venture out onto the dusty Makgadikgadi salt pan, the remnant of a once great lake. Bousfield takes his inspiration from his late father, Jack Bousfield, who was an adventurer and hunter. Today’s safaris, however, eschew guns for cameras and make cultural interactions—with local Bushmen, for example—an important part of the experience. Your father came from an era that some Africans aren’t particularly proud of. How has your approach to the business changed? Obviously we’re products of history, but we’ve learned so much since my father’s day. We’ve learned about the costs our actions have to the environment. We’ve learned to appreciate the role of wildlife, their movements and migrations. As a company, we try to stay cutting edge, to offer every sort of luxury but also a very personal experience involving wildlife, local people, and experts. What sort of experiences do visitors have meeting the Bushmen? You’ll experience an enormous collective knowledge of 35,000-plus years, getting an idea of how all of us lived until about 10,000 years ago—as hunter-gatherers. With the men, you’ll experience the making of bows and arrows, tracking, traditional hunting, and the manufacture of medicines from plants and herbs. With the women, you’ll experience collecting and preparing plants—they use about 120 different species—the making of ostrich eggshell beads and jewelry, and the tanning of skins using roots. Probably most important to our visitors is the spiritual element: seeing how these people are absolutely passionately connected to the land and how, through their shamans and healers, they are connected to the spirit world. On the safaris, you spend time with the shamans and watch them do trance dances. It’s a very personal, intimate experience. They’ll ask you to participate in some of the ceremonies they do. It’s not just a “get naked and dance for the tourist” kind of thing. It really provides a proper understanding of what’s going on in their culture. It’s a very rare and authentic experience. Tell us a bit about your use of helicopters on tours. The helicopter is the latest means of exploring, getting you to places you otherwise simply cannot go. Accessing these areas actually benefits them, because we bring money and attention to places that would be too marginal for us to operate in using trucks. Some people say: “I bet helicopters use lots of fuel.” Actually, they leave a smaller carbon footprint than a big convoy of vehicles would, not to mention avoiding having to build bridges and all that to get the vehicles there. With helicopters you can just hop in. In 2010 we did helicopter trips in the Kalahari, accessing areas with rock art. The previous year we went into northern Uganda, viewing various highland species of wildlife. Are you optimistic that indigenous communities can preserve their ancient cultures? That’s enormously important, but the preservation takes different forms. Here in Botswana, everybody has to go to school by law, even the traditional cultures, and I think that’s good. Some people, taking a romantic Western perspective, want to see the locals in a sort of arrested development, living in a traditional way like they were an exhibit in a museum. That attitude, though it gives a nice feeling in the short term, is unsustainable. What does get sustained—in terms of the skills and knowledge of a culture—is whatever the world assigns value to. If people look down on someone who lives as a hunter-gatherer, saying, in effect, “You’re close to being an animal,” then the communities will not want to continue that lifestyle. On the other hand, the work we do as safari outfitters gives value to the traditional ways of living—and the traditional knowledge of botany and wildlife, for example. Our work helps preserve the old ways, saying to the Bushmen: “Your knowledge is worth something.” I was discussing our safaris with some Bushmen, and a few of the guys said to me: “We would like to do exactly what you do.” I said: “What do you think I do?” And they said: “We know what you do. You use the knowledge that you inherited from your father. People pay you to do what he taught you. We want to do the same thing with what we know.” I said something like: “You’re so right! You’re right on the money.” And, indeed, the guys were totally getting it. Rather than just looking into the past, they were looking to the future and finding a way to mutually benefit. Do you retreat into nature to de-stress, to recharge? Yes. We live in the Kalahari, among big, wide-open spaces. It’s a huge environment that puts things into perspective. You feel quite insignificant, not in a negative way but just in how we can sometimes take ourselves too seriously and get caught up in the little day-to-day irritations. I’ve been driving since six o’clock this morning, moving through herds of thousands of wildebeest and springbok and oryx. Being out in raw nature is like meditating, almost as though you are achieving a different state of consciousness. And if I’m having a hard time, I just go for a long walk into that environment. The farther you walk, the smaller you become, and the more insignificant your problems. I always come back from these walks thinking: “Okay, I’m ready to take on the next challenge.”

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19 African Safari Facts

Written by Francine Pohl

Modified & Updated: 31 May 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Embark on an exhilarating journey through the wild heart of Africa as we uncover 19 captivating safari facts that will ignite your sense of adventure and deepen your appreciation for the natural world. From the awe-inspiring wildlife to the breathtaking landscapes, an African safari is a bucket-list experience that promises unforgettable encounters with nature's most magnificent creations. Whether you're a seasoned safari enthusiast or dreaming of your first expedition, these fascinating facts will transport you to the enchanting realm of the African savannah, where every moment is infused with wonder and untamed beauty. Let's delve into the extraordinary world of African safaris and discover the remarkable secrets that await amidst the untamed wilderness.

Key Takeaways:

• African safaris offer thrilling adventures, diverse wildlife, and rich cultures, showcasing the untamed beauty of the continent and leaving lasting memories for adventurers of all ages.
• The African wilderness beckons with its timeless wonders, from the majestic Victoria Falls to the iconic Big Five, inviting everyone to embrace the spirit of adventure and immerse themselves in nature’s splendor.

African Safari Adventure: 19 Fascinating Facts

Embark on a thrilling journey through the heart of Africa with these captivating African safari facts.

The African Safari is an Unforgettable Experience

African safaris are renowned for their breathtaking landscapes , diverse wildlife, and rich cultural experiences. From the majestic Serengeti to the iconic Maasai Mara, these vast expanses of natural beauty offer a glimpse into the untamed wilderness.

The Big Five: Lion, Leopard, Elephant, Rhino, and Buffalo

The term "Big Five" originated from the five most challenging animals to hunt on foot. Today, it represents the most sought-after wildlife sightings for safari enthusiasts.

The Great Wildebeest Migration

Witness the awe-inspiring spectacle of over two million wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles migrating across the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem in search of greener pastures, a natural phenomenon unmatched anywhere else in the world.

The Enigmatic Maasai People

The Maasai, a semi-nomadic tribe inhabiting Kenya and Tanzania, have coexisted with wildlife for centuries, showcasing a harmonious relationship with the environment and preserving their traditional way of life.

The Splendor of Victoria Falls

Located on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, the majestic Victoria Falls is one of the largest and most breathtaking waterfalls in the world, captivating visitors with its sheer grandeur and natural beauty.

The Diverse Ecosystems of Africa

From the vast savannas and dense jungles to the arid deserts and lush wetlands, Africa boasts an incredibly diverse range of ecosystems, each supporting a unique array of flora and fauna.

The Thrill of Safari Game Drives

Embark on exhilarating game drives through the African wilderness , offering unparalleled opportunities to observe wildlife in their natural habitat, from elusive big cats to graceful giraffes and imposing elephants.

The Magnificent Mount Kilimanjaro

Towering over the East African landscape, Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, attracting adventurers from across the globe to undertake the challenging yet rewarding trek to its summit.

The Cultural Richness of Swahili Coast

Explore the vibrant Swahili culture along the East African coast, where ancient traditions, tantalizing cuisine, and intricate art forms converge to create a tapestry of captivating experiences.

The Resplendent Okavango Delta

Discover the Okavango Delta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Botswana , where a labyrinth of waterways and lush islands provides a haven for an astonishing variety of wildlife, earning its reputation as a paradise for nature enthusiasts.

The Enchanting Sounds of the African Bush

Immerse yourself in the symphony of the African bush, where the melodic calls of birds, the rhythmic footfalls of wildlife, and the rustling of foliage create an enchanting ambiance that resonates throughout the wilderness.

The Timeless Beauty of Baobab Trees

Marvel at the iconic baobab trees that dot the African landscape, often referred to as the "Tree of Life" for their longevity and cultural significance, adding a touch of mystique to the savanna scenery.

The Allure of Luxury Safari Lodges

Indulge in the opulence of luxury safari lodges, where world-class amenities seamlessly blend with the untamed surroundings, offering a lavish retreat after a day of thrilling safari adventures.

The Importance of Wildlife Conservation

African safaris play a pivotal role in promoting wildlife conservation and preserving natural habitats, fostering a greater understanding of the need to protect the planet's biodiversity for future generations.

The Mesmerizing Night Sky of Africa

Gaze in wonder at the celestial display above the African wilderness, where the unpolluted night skies reveal a tapestry of stars, constellations, and celestial wonders, creating a mesmerizing celestial panorama.

The Timeless Appeal of Bush Breakfasts

Savor a delectable bush breakfast amidst the untamed beauty of the African wilderness, an experience that combines culinary delights with the thrill of being surrounded by nature's splendor.

The Enduring Legacy of African Safaris

African safaris have left an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of adventurers, creating lasting memories and fostering a deep appreciation for the untamed beauty and boundless wonders of the African continent.

The Call of the African Wilderness

Embarking on an African safari is an invitation to embrace the untamed spirit of the continent, where every moment unveils a new adventure and every encounter leaves an indelible impression, making it an experience unlike any other.

Unveil the allure of the African safari and immerse yourself in the timeless wonders of the continent, where nature reigns supreme, and every moment is infused with the spirit of adventure.

Embarking on an African safari is an unparalleled adventure that unveils the breathtaking beauty and diverse wildlife of the continent. From witnessing majestic lions roam the savannah to encountering gentle giants like elephants and giraffes, the safari experience is truly awe-inspiring. By immersing oneself in the heart of nature, visitors gain a profound appreciation for the intricate ecosystems and the importance of wildlife conservation. The memories created amidst the stunning landscapes and captivating wildlife encounters are bound to leave an indelible mark, fostering a deep connection to the wonders of the natural world.

What is the best time of year to go on an African safari? The best time for an African safari largely depends on the specific region and the wildlife experiences you seek. Generally, the dry season, typically from June to October, is ideal for game viewing as animals gather around water sources, offering excellent visibility.

What should I pack for an African safari? When preparing for an African safari, it's essential to pack lightweight, neutral-colored clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, sunscreen, insect repellent, sturdy walking shoes, and a good pair of binoculars. Additionally, don't forget to bring a camera to capture the unforgettable moments of your safari adventure.

African safaris offer endless wonders, from majestic wildlife to breathtaking landscapes. If you're eager to learn more about these incredible adventures, explore the unbelievable facts about Kyushu Nature Animal Park African Safari and the extraordinary details of Bioparc Valencia . These captivating articles will transport you to the heart of Africa, revealing the secrets and surprises that await intrepid travelers. Whether you're planning your first safari or simply dreaming of future journeys, these fascinating reads will ignite your passion for the wild and inspire you to embark on an unforgettable African odyssey.

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Travel to Africa on safari with African Wildlife Safaris

An African safari is one of the most exciting and rewarding holidays you could ever experience. Discover the real spirit of Africa on our personalised, tailor made African safaris and tours ,  from up-close encounters with Africa’s iconic wildlife to authentic cultural experiences.

The sheer abundance of animals will take your breath away, as well as the variety of species and the ease of viewing them. In addition to the famous gameviewing locations such as the  Masai Mara  in  Kenya , the  Serengeti  in Tanzania,  Kruger National Park  in South Africa, and the  Okavango  in Botswana, we also have intimate knowledge of some of the lesser known locations where incredible wildlife viewing can be experienced.

At the same time the continent has even more to offer: dramatic landscapes, colourful tribes, interesting cultures, and a wide range of outdoor adventures. From  Morocco  to  Madagascar ,  Cairo  to Cape Town, we offer a range of fabulous  African safaris, tours  and beach holidays.

There are also a wide variety of accommodation options to choose from. Whether you are looking for an experience staying in modest bush camps and lodges, or are wishing to travel in total luxury staying at exclusive premier tented camps located in the heart of prime game viewing locations, we have the expert advice to create the safari experience you are looking for.

We understand that every traveller is different, so we tailor our Africa safaris and tours to suit your requirements. You choose where and when you want to go, where you want to stay, and our experienced Africa staff will custom design an itinerary to suit your specific style, interests and budget. We also offer one or two escorted set-departures every year for those travellers who prefer to travel in a group.

Experience the diversity of a Botswana safari, from the Kalahari to the beautiful Okavango Delta wetlands...

Sail the iconic Nile River and spend an evening watching the sun set by the grand Pyramids of Giza...

Broaden your travel to Africa by visiting historical and cultural Ethiopia with a civilisation dating back thousands...

Safari in wildlife-rich parks such as the Masai Mara and visit the tribal lands of the Samburu people...

Visit the world’s fourth largest island, a strange and exotic land ringed by golden beaches and palm trees...

The land-locked country of Malawi is dominated by the Rift Valley and the astonishing expanse of Lake Malawi...

Experience a tropical island paradise of unspoiled white sandy beaches that give way to a warm turquoise sea...

Explore Morocco, land of mystery and romance, offers a profusion of historical, cultural and scenic splendours...

Relax on tropical islands, rimmed by sandy beaches and coral reefs, set in the azure waters of the Indian Ocean…

Discover Namibia's sand dunes and deserts, unique animals, nomadic tribes people and spectacular coast...

Experience the most unforgettable wildlife encounter of your lifetime – a trek to see the magnificent mountain gorillas.

The sovereign African nation of Seychelles is heaven for snorkellers, scuba divers and bird-watchers as well as a hideaway for honeymooners.

Search for big game in Kruger National Park, take a luxury rail journey or enjoy a gourmet experience in the Cape...

South Africa

Take a safari to the savannas of the Serengeti with its herds of wildlife, or trek to the top of Kilimanjaro...

Uganda is a country of snow-capped mountains, dense rainforests where gorillas and other primates roam free...

Walk with wildlife in Zambia's Luangwa Valley National Park, marvel at Victoria Falls, explore the Lower Zambezi...

Canoe in Zimbabwe‘s Mana Pools whilst elephants feed just metres away and visit the awesome Victoria Falls...

Best things to do in Africa

What are the best places to visit in Africa? What are the best things to do in Africa? When is the best month to travel to Africa? We are here to help, be inspired with our range of recommended Africa Safaris & Tours across our range of destinations including Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Ethiopia, South Africa and Tanzania. This information provides a good starting point in planning your African adventure and has been chosen by our expert staff.

Wilderness Safaris Luxury Camps

Dedicated to sharing Africa’s wildest places with guests in a responsible manner, Wilderness Safaris operates on 2.6 million hectares of southern Africa’s best wildlife parks and reserves, using only camps that are designed to be as eco-friendly as possible, in some of the world’s best wilderness and wildlife locations. For more information, please view the following destination pages: Botswana , Namibia , Zambia & Zimbabwe .

Luxury Rail Journeys with Rovos Rail

Travel Agatha Christie style on opulent Rovos Rail which easily rivals the Orient Express. Re-live history and step back in time to the romantic days of pre-war rail travel with luxurious suites, lavish period decor and an elegant Victorian dining car. Journey from the historic railway station in Pretoria to beautiful Cape Town, or travel north to the renowned Victoria Falls. For details please view the following destination page: South Africa .

South Africa – Legendary Kruger Safari

For the ultimate wildlife experience there is little to rival South Africa’s Kruger National Park and its surrounding exclusive private game reserves. Offering an unrivalled opportunity to view Africa’s famous “Big 5” as well as wild dog, cheetah, and herds of plains game, famous lodges include Mala Mala, Sabi Sabi, Singita, and Londolozi. For more information, please view the following destination page: South Africa .

Kenya Safari – Masai Mara

The famous Masai Mara encompasses both a national reserve and a Maasai tribal area on Kenya’s south west border with Tanzania. It is considered to offer the best game viewing in Kenya due to its abundant species of birds and animals including grazers such as zebra, giraffe and elephant, as well as predators such as lion, leopard and cheetah. For more information, please view the following destination page: Kenya .

South Africa – Grootbos Private Reserve

The award winning Grootbos Private Nature Reserve offers 5 star luxury accommodation overlooking the Cape’s famous Walker Bay where up to 160 Southern Right whales make their home between June and December. It is possible to see the “Marine Big 5” – whales, great white sharks, dolphins, seals and penguins – all in one day. For more information, please view the following destination page: South Africa .

Rwanda & Uganda Gorilla Trekking

An encounter with a family of mountain gorillas in the mountainous forests of Rwanda or Uganda is without doubt one of the world’s most inspiring wildlife experiences. These endangered primates live in the cool, mist-swathed forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, or in Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. For more information, please view the following destination pages: Rwanda and Uganda .

Zambia Wild – A True Safari

Victoria Falls

The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River, and border the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe. Also called Mosi-oa-Tunya (The Smoke that Thunders) the falls plummet 108 metres over a width of nearly 2 kilometres into the deep gorge below and are considered to be one of the seven natural wonders of the world. For details, please view the following destination pages: Zimbabwe and Zambia .

Canoeing the Zambezi River

Experience the adventure of canoeing down the mighty Zambezi River through some of Africa’s most beautiful wilderness. Imagine the thrill as your canoe passes close to a herd of elephants drinking and bathing in the river, or a pod of hippo wallowing in the shallows. No method of travel could bring you closer to the beauty of the African bush. For details, please view the following destination page: Zimbabwe.

A jewel in the heart of the Indian Ocean, the tropical island paradise of Mauritius is both an exotic holiday destination and an ideal stopover en route to Africa. Dramatic volcanic mountains form the centre of the island, whilst most of the spectacular coastline is protected by a coral reef, and white sandy beaches give way to a warm torqiuse sea. For details, please view the following destination page: Mauritius .

Tanzania – Serengeti Migration

The unique Serengeti ecosystem is world famous for its spectacular scenery and wildlife. It covers 30,000 square kms and is the arena for the largest terrestrial mammal migration in the world. Every year over 1.5 million wildebeest, 250,000 zebra and 400,000 Thomson’s gazelles migrate across these “endless plains” as they have done for millennia. For details, please view the following destination page: Tanzania .

Step back in time and explore the cultural treasures, rich history and spectacular desert landscapes of Egypt.A curious mix of old and new, Egypt offers fascinating historic sites, exotic culture, colourful souks, tantalising cuisine, a sunny climate and gorgeous beaches. For more information, please view the following destination page: Egypt

Recommended Africa Safaris

The following tours are private, independent and can be easily customised to suit your personal travelling requirements. Please contact us to begin designing your personalised Africa experience.

African Safari Extravaganza

This epic itinerary encompasses an epic five-country train journey aboard the Rovos Rail, a safari in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti as well as a beach getaway on the Indian Ocean coast.

Antiquities & Wildlife

Explore the antiquities of Africa on this 16 day tour to Tanzania and Egypt. Explore the Pyramids of Giza and Marvel at the mighty Shypnx

Beautiful Botswana

Discover Botswana's most beautiful wilderness areas and an abundance of incredible wildlife on this luxury 10 night safari.

Best of Kenya and Tanzania

This safari combines the best wildlife experiences of Kenya and Tanzania, including the Samburu, Lake Nakuru, the Masai Mara and Serengeti.

Best of South Africa

Experience the very best of South Africa from vibrant Johannesburg and spectacular Cape Town to seeking out the 'Big 5' on safari and discovering the beautiful Cape Peninsula.

Cape Town and Garden Route Discovery

Experience the sites of Cape Town, Cape Winelands, the Karoo semi-desert and the lush forests and lagoons of the famous Garden Route.

Cape, Kruger and a Castaway Island

This 13 day African getaway has it all: Cape Town, the winelands, Kruger National Park and even a castaway island off the coast of Mozambique.

Exclusive Botswana

Take in the best of Botswana on this 12 day exclusive safari, travelling from the Makgadikgadi Pans through the Linyanti into the Okavango Delta.

Highlights of Botswana and Zambia

This trip combines Zambia's wild South Luangwa National Park and iconic Victoria Falls with Botswana's magnificent Okavango Delta and elephant-rich Chobe National Park.

Kruger and The Cape

Discover some of South Africa's best known attractions on this journey that begins with a big game safari in the world-renowned Sabi Sand and concludes in beautiful Cape Town.

Malaria Free Safari

This malaria-free South Africa safari means that you don't need to worry about taking medication on your holiday. This is an ideal option for families with young children or travellers with health concerns.

Mana Pools Canoe and Walking Trail

This thrilling safari provides incredibly close encounters with wildlife either from your canoe or on foot in Zimbabwe's stunning Mana Pools National Park.

Find out more about our tailor made African safaris. Get in touch with one of our Destination Specialists.

Subscribe below to keep up to date, find out more about our tailor made african safaris, africa faqs, what are the best places to visit in africa.

Exploring the waterways of the Okavango Delta, Bushmen of the Kalahari, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro or Mount Kenya, exploring the Serengeti, the great wildebeest and zebra migration in Tanzania, the world’s most magnificent ancient monuments in Egypt, the unique landscape and animals in the deserts of Namibia and the Gorillas in Rwanda and Uganda.

What are the best things to do in Africa?

Stunning safari drives, walking safaris, Mokoro excursions and cultural experiences.

When is the best month to travel to Africa?

Generally the best time to Travel to Africa is during the dry season (May-Oct), but game can be seen year-round in many parts.

Is it dangerous to travel to Africa?

Africa is a huge continent with many countries and some are considered dangerous. Generally the Southern and East African countries are safe and peaceful such as Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. These are also the best countries to visit for seeing incredible wildlife and scenery. For more information, please contact one of our specialists .

Are African Safaris Dangerous?

African safaris can be exhilarating. Getting up close to animals in the wild is and experience like no other. Most African safaris are conducted in 4WD Land Rovers or Land Cruisers and therefore generally very safe. Some safaris can be done on foot or by Mokoro (traditional canoe) and this can create a higher level of risk however these tours are still considered safe as most animals keep there distant from humans. Guides can also carry rifles to be used as a last resort.

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All of our safaris and tours are tailor made.

Contact us to start customising your African safari.

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List of Species seen in Safari Adventures: Africa

These are animals that are seen in  Safari Adventures: Africa .

• 3 Amphibians
• 5 Gallery (Mammals)
• 6 Gallery (Birds)
• 7 Gallery (Amphibians)
• 8 Gallery (Reptiles)

Mammals [ ]

• East African Bush Elephant
• African Wild Dog
• Eastern Black Rhinoceros
• Checkered Elephant Shrew
• Tanzanian Cheetah
• Eastern Chimpanzee
• Nile Hippopotamus
• Mountain Gorilla
• Ethiopian Wolf
• Reticulated Giraffe
• Mantled Guereza
• Nubian Ibex
• Grant's Zebra
• Sable Antelope
• Congo Peafowl
• Great White Pelican
• Kori Bastard
• White-Crested Turaco

Amphibians [ ]

• Tomato Frog

Reptiles [ ]

• Madagascar Day Gecko
• Eastern Nile Crocodile

Gallery (Mammals) [ ]

Gallery (Birds) [ ]

Gallery (Amphibians) [ ]

Gallery (Reptiles) [ ]