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What does a zoologist do?

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What is a Zoologist?

A zoologist specializes in the study of animals and their behaviors, both in their natural habitats and controlled environments. Their work often involves observing and documenting animal behaviors, studying the anatomy and physiology of different species, and investigating the ecological roles animals play in their ecosystems.

Zoologists may focus on specific groups of animals, such as mammals, birds, reptiles, or insects, and their research can have applications in areas such as conservation, wildlife management, and understanding the impact of environmental changes on animal populations. In addition to conducting research, zoologists may work in educational institutions, zoos, wildlife reserves, or government agencies, where they share their knowledge through teaching, public outreach, and policy recommendations.

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What does a Zoologist do?

Duties and Responsibilities The duties and responsibilities of a zoologist encompass a wide range of tasks related to the study, conservation, and management of animal species and their habitats. Some common responsibilities include:

• Research: Zoologists conduct research to study the behavior, physiology, ecology, and distribution of animal species. They may collect data through fieldwork, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses to better understand animal behavior, population dynamics, and ecosystem interactions.
• Conservation: Zoologists play a key role in conservation efforts to protect endangered species, preserve biodiversity, and restore degraded habitats. They may work with government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or research institutions to develop and implement conservation strategies, monitor wildlife populations, and assess the impact of human activities on natural ecosystems.
• Wildlife Management: Zoologists may be involved in wildlife management programs aimed at controlling invasive species, mitigating human-wildlife conflicts, and managing wildlife populations for sustainable use. They may collaborate with wildlife agencies, land managers, and community stakeholders to develop management plans that balance the needs of wildlife with human interests.
• Education and Outreach: Zoologists educate the public about wildlife conservation, ecology, and biodiversity through outreach programs, public presentations, and educational materials. They may also provide guidance and support to students, volunteers, and citizen scientists interested in wildlife research and conservation.
• Policy Development: Zoologists may contribute to the development of wildlife policies and regulations at the local, national, or international level. They may provide scientific expertise and recommendations to policymakers, advocate for conservation initiatives, and participate in decision-making processes related to wildlife management and environmental protection.
• Habitat Restoration: Zoologists may be involved in habitat restoration projects aimed at restoring degraded ecosystems, conserving critical habitats, and improving habitat connectivity for wildlife species. They may collaborate with land managers, restoration ecologists, and conservation organizations to implement restoration plans and monitor the effectiveness of restoration efforts.
• Animal Welfare: Some zoologists focus on animal welfare and welfare science, working to improve the well-being of captive and wild animals through research, advocacy, and policy development. They may assess the welfare of animals in captivity, develop guidelines for animal care and management, and promote ethical treatment of animals in research, conservation, and entertainment industries.

Types of Zoologists Zoology is a broad field that encompasses many different sub-disciplines, each with its own focus and area of study. Many zoologists specialize even further within these fields, focusing on a particular group of animals or a specific research topic.

• Animal Behaviorists : Animal behaviorists are concerned with understanding the behavior of animals, including the factors that influence their behavior, the social interactions between animals, and the mechanisms behind various behaviors.
• Comparative Anatomists : Comparative anatomists examine the anatomical structures of different animal species. They conduct comparative studies on the anatomy of various organisms to understand evolutionary relationships and adaptations.
• Conservation Biologists : The work of conservation biologists delves deeply into understanding the ecology, behavior, and genetics of species, with the ultimate aim of devising strategies for the protection and restoration of biodiversity.
• Conservation Scientists : Conservation scientists employ a multidisciplinary approach to address environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices. Their work extends beyond the realm of biology to include considerations of land use, policy, economics, and social factors.
• Ecologists : Ecologists investigate the relationships between organisms and their environments, studying the interactions within ecosystems and the factors influencing biodiversity. They contribute to conservation efforts and sustainable environmental management.
• Entomologists : Entomologists specialize in the study of insects, examining their biology, behavior, taxonomy, and ecological roles. They play a crucial role in pest management, biodiversity conservation, and advancing our understanding of the vast and diverse world of insects.
• Ethologists : Ethologists study animal behavior in their natural environments. They observe and analyze behaviors such as mating rituals, communication, and social structures to understand the natural instincts and adaptations of animals.
• Evolutionary Biologists : Evolutionary biologists investigate the processes and mechanisms that drive the genetic and phenotypic changes in living organisms over time. By studying the patterns of descent and adaptation, they contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary history and relationships between species.
• Herpetologists : Herpetologists focus on the study of amphibians and reptiles, exploring their biology, behavior, ecology, and conservation. By investigating these diverse groups of vertebrates, herpetologists contribute valuable insights into the intricate relationships between amphibians and reptiles and their respective environments.
• Ichthyologists : Ichthyologists specialize in the study of fish, exploring their anatomy, behavior, physiology, and ecology. Through their research, they contribute to our understanding of aquatic ecosystems and the diverse range of fish species inhabiting freshwater and marine environments.
• Mammalogists : Mammalogists specialize in the study of mammals, delving into aspects such as their anatomy, behavior, ecology, and evolutionary history. They may conduct field research, analyze specimens, and contribute to our understanding of the diverse world of mammals, from tiny shrews to massive whales.
• Marine Biologists : Marine biologists focus on the study of marine life, exploring the diverse ecosystems of oceans, seas, and other saltwater environments. They investigate marine organisms, their behavior, physiology, and interactions, contributing to our understanding of ocean biodiversity and the conservation of marine ecosystems.
• Ornithologists : Ornithologists are experts in the study of birds, investigating various aspects such as their behavior, physiology, ecology, and conservation. They contribute to our understanding of avian diversity, migration patterns, and the role of birds in maintaining ecological balance.
• Wildlife Biologists : Wildlife biologists examine the interactions between animals and their ecosystems. They conduct field research to monitor wildlife populations, assess habitat health, and contribute to conservation efforts by identifying threats and proposing management strategies.
• Wildlife Ecologists : Wildlife ecologists study the interactions between wildlife species and their environments, investigating population dynamics, habitat use, and the impact of human activities on ecosystems. Through their research, they contribute valuable insights into wildlife conservation, management, and the overall health of natural habitats.
• Wildlife Rehabilitators : Wildlife rehabilitators care for injured, orphaned, or sick wild animals with the goal of rehabilitating them for eventual release back into their natural habitats. Their work involves providing medical care, fostering natural behaviors, and facilitating the recovery process to ensure the animals can thrive in the wild.
• Zoo Curators : Zoo curators are responsible for overseeing the management and development of animal collections within zoological institutions. They plan exhibits, coordinate breeding programs, and ensure the well-being and conservation of the diverse species under their care.
• Zoo Educators : Zoo educators play a vital role in connecting the public with the animal kingdom by designing and conducting educational programs within zoo settings. They aim to foster understanding, appreciation, and conservation awareness, engaging visitors in the importance of wildlife and environmental stewardship.
• Zoo Endocrinologists : Zoo endocrinologists specialize in studying the hormonal systems of captive animals in zoos and aquariums. By monitoring and analyzing hormone levels, they contribute to reproductive management, health assessments, and overall well-being of animals in these controlled environments.

Are you suited to be a zoologist?

Zoologists have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also realistic, meaning they’re independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical, and thrifty.

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What is the workplace of a Zoologist like?

The workplace of a zoologist can vary depending on their area of specialization and the nature of their work. Many zoologists work in academic institutions such as universities, colleges, or research institutes, where they conduct research, teach courses, and mentor students. In academic settings, zoologists may have access to laboratories, field research sites, and specialized equipment to study animal behavior, physiology, ecology, and evolution. They may collaborate with other scientists, publish research findings in academic journals, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.

Additionally, zoologists may work for government agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, or state wildlife agencies, where they are involved in wildlife management, conservation, and policy development. In government roles, zoologists may conduct population surveys, monitor wildlife populations, and implement conservation programs to protect endangered species and preserve biodiversity. They may also participate in regulatory processes, provide scientific expertise to policymakers, and enforce wildlife laws and regulations to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.

Some zoologists work for nonprofit organizations, conservation groups, or environmental consulting firms, where they focus on wildlife research, conservation planning, and habitat restoration projects. In these roles, zoologists may conduct fieldwork, develop conservation strategies, and collaborate with stakeholders to address conservation challenges and promote sustainable land management practices. They may also engage in public outreach and education efforts to raise awareness about wildlife conservation issues and advocate for policy changes to protect threatened species and ecosystems.

Frequently Asked Questions

Biology related careers and degrees.

• Animal Scientist
• Bioinformatics Scientist
• Biomedical Scientist
• Biophysicist
• Biostatistician
• Cellular Biologist
• Comparative Anatomist
• Conservation Biologist
• Developmental Biologist
• Ecology Biologist
• Ecotoxicologist
• Entomologist
• Evolutionary Biologist
• Herpetologist
• Ichthyologist
• Immunologist
• Mammalogist
• Marine Biogeochemist
• Marine Biologist
• Marine Conservationist
• Marine Ecologist
• Marine Fisheries Biologist
• Marine Mammalogist
• Marine Microbiologist
• Microbiologist
• Molecular Biologist
• Neurobiologist
• Ornithologist
• Paleontologist
• Physiologist
• Systems Biologist
• Wildlife Biologist
• Wildlife Ecologist
• Zoo Endocrinologist

Related Degrees

• Animal Sciences
• Biostatistics
• Bioinformatics
• Cellular Biology
• Computational Biology
• Conservation Biology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Marine Biology
• Microbiology
• Molecular Biology
• Neurobiology

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Science Related Careers and Degrees

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Animal Related Careers and Degrees

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Pros and Cons of Being a Zoologist

Becoming a zoologist can be a rewarding career choice, but like any profession, it comes with its own set of pros and cons.

• Passion for Wildlife: Zoologists have the opportunity to work with and study a diverse range of animal species, from exotic wildlife to familiar pets. For individuals with a deep passion for animals and the natural world, a career in zoology can be incredibly fulfilling.
• Contribution to Conservation: Zoologists play a crucial role in conservation efforts to protect endangered species, preserve biodiversity, and restore degraded habitats. By conducting research, implementing conservation strategies, and advocating for wildlife protection, zoologists can make a meaningful impact on the future of our planet.
• Varied Career Opportunities: Zoologists have a wide range of career paths to choose from, including research, education, conservation, wildlife management, and consulting. This diversity of career options allows zoologists to pursue their interests and passions within the field and explore different areas of specialization.
• Fieldwork and Travel Opportunities: Zoologists often have the opportunity to conduct fieldwork in remote or exotic locations, studying wildlife in their natural habitats. This can involve travel to diverse ecosystems, such as rainforests, deserts, mountains, and oceans, and provide exciting opportunities for adventure and discovery.
• Competitive Job Market: The job market for zoologists can be highly competitive, especially for positions in academia, research, and conservation. Obtaining a permanent position or securing funding for research projects may require advanced degrees, extensive experience, and a strong publication record.
• Limited Funding and Resources: Funding for wildlife research and conservation projects may be limited, particularly for non-profit organizations and government agencies. Zoologists may face challenges in securing funding for research, fieldwork, equipment, and personnel, which can impact the scope and success of their projects.
• Physical Demands and Hazards: Fieldwork in remote or rugged environments can be physically demanding and potentially hazardous, with risks such as extreme weather, rough terrain, wildlife encounters, and exposure to disease or injury. Zoologists must be prepared to work in challenging conditions and take appropriate safety precautions to mitigate risks.
• Emotional Toll: Working with endangered species, witnessing habitat destruction, and confronting conservation challenges can take an emotional toll on zoologists. Dealing with issues such as species decline, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflicts can be emotionally draining and may lead to feelings of frustration, helplessness, or burnout.

Traveling Careers in Zoology

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What Is the Worst Part of Being a Zoologist?

Advantages & disadvantages of a job in marine biology, what are the benefits of being a zoologist.

• Aquatic Science Careers
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Zoologists study and report on the behavior, features and habitats of animals. To fully learn about and appreciate animals, many zoologists observe and collect information while in the animals' territory. Thus, a zoology career will likely take you on trips – perhaps across countries, continents or oceans. Wherever you work as a zoologist or animal biologist, your efforts will likely raise awareness of animals and the challenges they face.

Imparting Knowledge to Students

Universities and colleges hire zoologists to teach courses and perform research. If you take the academic route, you may spend significant time traveling to and studying habitats. For example, your work outside the classroom may include collecting information on how sea animals decompose sediment and other matter. You can then deliver your knowledge through classroom lectures, academic journals or textbooks. College faculty positions are highly competitive. You typically must earn a doctorate in zoology or a related field, though some colleges may accept master's degree holders.

Touring For the Environment

Ecotourism workers highlight natural areas and promote their conservation. With a zoology or marine biology background, you can lead tours of national parks, wildlife reserves and habitats – especially of the marine, coastal and tropical variety. As a zoologist, you might travel internationally for organizations that help developing countries provide environmentally responsible tourism.

Front Lines of Conservation

Your fieldwork for nonprofits and government agencies may provide the seeds for conservation initiatives. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, state and federal government agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, employed approximately seven in 10 zoologists in 2010. These government positions afford you opportunities to contribute to wildlife management and conservation. Your interests in marine animals might lead you on expeditions to save beached whales or animals whose habitats have been disturbed. The work of marine biologists may lead to rules and standards to mitigate the effects of coastal development on animals.

Traveling With the Animals

If you concentrate in animal behavior, you can land a job as an animal trainer with a circus, carnival, fair or a group with touring animal exhibitions. Your work may include ensuring that animals are fed and receive medical care if necessary. Since these employers exhibit animals, you must comply with federal laws concerning animal welfare.

Reporting on the Animals

Wildlife organizations, conservation groups and media outlets may seek those with zoologist backgrounds to chronicle animals and their environments. Reporting, video or photography assignments may take you to exotic or remote parts of the planet to observe animals in their natural surroundings. In addition to your zoology background, you likely will need education or experience in journalism, creative writing or producing television, radio or Internet broadcasts.

Braving the Elements

Traveling zoologists face weather that varies according to habitats. Temperatures in the Arctic or tundra regions often dip below zero degrees Fahrenheit; if you study reptiles in the desert, be prepared to see the mercury rise above 100 degrees in the daytime. To fulfill your research assignments, you’ll spend several days, weeks or even months at a time away from home and office. Field work requires considerable physical activity. You'd need swimming skills to study fish in oceans or lakes and stamina and strength to climb mountains or traverse many miles of ground.

Knowing Animals and More

At a minimum, you need a bachelor’s of science in zoology, wildlife biology or ecology for zoology jobs. A master’s degree will help you advance into a management or other higher-level jobs.Your knowledge and skills as a zoologist should include math and computers to analyze data from your field work. You should take, along with zoology courses, ecology, cellular biology, anatomy, chemistry and botany to round out your scientific background.

• South Carolina Department of Natural Resources: Careers in Marine Science
• University of Wisconsin - Madison: Ecotourism Employee
• Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior: Careers in Animal Behavior
• University of Alaska - Anchorage: Job Announcement - Assistant Zoologist
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
• Weber State University: Careers in Zoology
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Work Environment
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Do

Christopher Raines enjoys sharing his knowledge of business, financial matters and the law. He earned his business administration and law degrees from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As a lawyer since August 1996, Raines has handled cases involving business, consumer and other areas of the law.

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Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically do the following:

• Develop and conduct experimental studies with animals in controlled or natural surroundings
• Collect biological data and specimens for analysis
• Study the characteristics of animals, such as their interactions with other species, reproduction, population dynamics, diseases, and movement patterns
• Analyze the influence that human activity has on wildlife and their natural habitats
• Research, initiate, and maintain ways of improving breeding programs that support healthy game animals, endangered species, or other wild populations of land or aquatic life
• Estimate, monitor, and manage wildlife populations and invasive plants and animals
• Develop and implement programs to reduce risk to human activities from wildlife and invasive species, such as keeping wildlife from impacting airport operations or livestock and crop production
• Write research papers, reports, and scholarly articles that explain their findings
• Give presentations on research findings to academics and the general public
• Develop conservation plans and make recommendations on wildlife conservation and management issues to policymakers and the general public

Zoologists and wildlife biologists perform a variety of scientific tests and experiments. For example, they take blood samples from animals to assess their nutrition levels, check animals for disease and parasites, and tag animals in order to track them. Although the roles and abilities of zoologists and wildlife biologists often overlap, zoologists typically conduct scientific investigations and basic research on particular types of animals, such as birds or amphibians, whereas wildlife biologists are more likely to study specific ecosystems or animal populations, such as a particular at-risk species. Wildlife biologists also do applied work, such as the conservation and management of wildlife populations.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists use geographic information systems (GIS), modeling software, and other computer programs to estimate wildlife populations and track the movements of animals. They also use these computer programs to forecast the spread of invasive species or diseases, project changes in the availability of habitat, and assess other potential threats to wildlife.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists conduct research for a variety of purposes. For example, many zoologists and wildlife biologists work to increase our knowledge and understanding of wildlife species. Traditionally, many wildlife biologists researched ways to encourage abundant game animal populations to support recreational hunting and tourism. Today, many also work with public officials in conservation efforts that protect species from threats and help animal populations return to and remain at sustainable levels.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work on research teams with other scientists and technicians. For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists may work with environmental scientists and hydrologists to monitor water pollution and its effects on fish populations.

Zoologists generally specialize first in either vertebrates or invertebrates and then in specific species. Following are some examples of specialization by species:

• Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins.
• Entomologists study insects, such as beetles and butterflies.
• Herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, such as snakes and frogs.
• Ichthyologists study wild fish, such as sharks and lungfish.
• Malacologists study mollusks, such as snails and clams.
• Mammalogists study mammals, such as monkeys and bears.
• Ornithologists study birds, such as hawks and penguins.
• Teuthologists study cephalopods, such as octopuses and cuttlefish.

Other zoologists and wildlife biologists are identified by the aspects of zoology and wildlife biology they study, such as evolution and animal behavior. Following are some examples:

• Anatomy is the study of structure of organisms and their parts.
• Embryology is the study of the development of embryos and fetuses.
• Ethology, sometimes called behavioral ecology, is the study of animal behaviors as natural or adaptive traits.
• Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of cells and tissues in plants and animals.
• Physiology is the study of the normal function of living systems.
• Soil zoology is the study of animals which live fully or partially in the soil.
• Teratology is the study of abnormal physiological development.
• Zoography is the study of descriptive zoology, and describes plants and animals.

Many people with a zoology and wildlife biology background become high school teachers or college or university professors. For more information, see the profiles on high school teachers and postsecondary teachers.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists held about 17,100 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of zoologists and wildlife biologists were as follows:

Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in offices, laboratories, and outdoors. Depending on their job and interests, they may spend considerable time in the field gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend very little time in the field.

Fieldwork can require zoologists and wildlife biologists to travel to remote locations anywhere in the world. For example, cetologists studying whale populations may spend months at sea on a research ship. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend significant amounts of time in deserts or remote mountainous and woodland regions. The ability to travel and study nature firsthand is often viewed as a benefit of working in these occupations, but few modern amenities may be available to those who travel in remote areas.

Fieldwork can be physically demanding, and zoologists and wildlife biologists work in both warm and cold climates and in all types of weather. For example, ornithologists who study penguins in Antarctica may need to spend significant amounts of time in cold weather and on ships, which may cause seasickness. In all environments, working as a zoologist or wildlife biologist can be emotionally demanding because interpersonal contact may be limited.

Injuries and Illnesses

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists handle wild animals or spend significant amounts of time outdoors in difficult terrain or in inclement weather. To avoid injury, they should use caution when handling wildlife or working in remote areas.

Work Schedules

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork. Zoologists and wildlife biologists who work with nocturnal animals may need to work at night at least some of the time.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor’s degree for entry-level positions and may need a master’s degree for higher level jobs. A Ph.D. is typically needed for leading independent research and for university research positions.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor’s degree to enter the occupation. Students may pursue a degree in zoology, wildlife biology, or a related field, such as natural resources. Some students major in biology and take coursework in zoology and wildlife biology.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a master’s degree for higher level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary for most independent research and university research positions.

Coursework in life and physical sciences often includes academic, laboratory, and field work. In addition, students may need to take mathematics and statistics to learn data analysis.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically have an interest in the Building and Thinking interest areas, according to the Holland Code framework. The Building interest area indicates a focus on working with tools and machines, and making or fixing practical things. The Thinking interest area indicates a focus on researching, investigating, and increasing the understanding of natural laws.

If you are not sure whether you have a Building or Thinking interest which might fit with a career as a zoologist and wildlife biologist, you can take a career test to measure your interests.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists should also possess the following specific qualities:

Communication skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists write scientific papers and give talks to the public, policy makers, and academics.

Critical-thinking skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists need sound reasoning and judgment to draw conclusions from experimental results and scientific observations.

Emotional stamina and stability. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to endure long periods of time with little human contact. As with other occupations that deal with animals, emotional stability is important when working with injured or sick animals.

Interpersonal skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically work on teams. They must be able to work effectively with others to achieve their goals or negotiate conflicting goals.

Observation skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to notice slight changes in an animal’s characteristics, such as their behavior or appearance.

Outdoor skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to chop firewood, swim in cold water, navigate rough terrain in poor weather, or perform other activities associated with life in remote areas.

Problem-solving skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists try to find the best possible solutions to threats that affect wildlife, such as disease and habitat loss.

The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists was $64,650 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $42,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,900.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork.

Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to show little or no change from 2021 to 2031.

Despite limited employment growth, about 1,500 openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Most of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. 

Demand for zoologists and wildlife biologists may be limited by budgetary constraints, as jobs and funding for these workers often come from state, federal, and local governments. However, some  zoologists and wildlife biologists are expected to be needed to help combat the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities, as well as to research climate-driven ecosystem changes. These workers also may be needed to develop and implement conservation plans to reduce threats to animals and protect natural resources.

For more information about zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

The Wildlife Society

Association of Zoos and Aquariums

American Society of Mammalogists

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

Ornithological Societies of North America

Zoological Association of America

For more information about issues in zoology and wildlife biology, visit

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geographical Survey

National Park Service

For more information about careers in botany, visit

Botanical Society of America

For more information about careers in ecology, visit

Ecological Society of America

For information on federal government education requirements for zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

U.S. Office of Personnel Management

To find job openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the federal government, visit

Where does this information come from?

The career information above is taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook . This excellent resource for occupational data is published by the U.S. Department of Labor every two years. Truity periodically updates our site with information from the BLS database.

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This information is taken directly from the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Truity does not editorialize the information, including changing information that our readers believe is inaccurate, because we consider the BLS to be the authority on occupational information. However, if you would like to correct a typo or other technical error, you can reach us at [email protected] .

I am not sure if this career is right for me. How can I decide?

There are many excellent tools available that will allow you to measure your interests, profile your personality, and match these traits with appropriate careers. On this site, you can take the Career Personality Profiler assessment, the Holland Code assessment, or the Photo Career Quiz .

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• Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists: Jobs, Career, Salary and Education Information

Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Career, salary and education information.

What They Do : Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems.

Work Environment : Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in offices, laboratories, or outdoors. Depending on their job, they may spend considerable time in the field gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats.

How to Become One : Zoologists and wildlife biologists need a bachelor’s degree for entry-level positions; a master’s degree is often needed for higher-level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary to lead independent research and for most university research positions.

    Salary : The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $64,650.

Job Outlook : Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.

Related Careers : Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of zoologists and wildlife biologists with similar occupations.

Following is everything you need to know about a career as a Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can come back to this page to continue reading about the career:

Top 3 Wildlife Biologist Jobs

About being our Wildlife Biologist - On Call This position would primarily support work generated by our Environmental Group based out of the Orange County and Pasadena offices, but may also support ...

Education: Bachelor of Science degree in fish or wildlife biology , ecology, natural resources management, environmental science, or related discipline (a Masters level degree is preferred

Minimum of an undergraduate degree in natural resource management, wildlife biology , biology , forestry, botany, hydrology, engineering or related field. * A minimum of five (5) years experience with ...

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What Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Do [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.

Duties of Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically do the following:

• Develop and conduct experimental studies with animals in controlled or natural surroundings
• Collect biological data and specimens for analysis
• Study the characteristics of animals, such as their interactions with other species, reproduction, population dynamics, diseases, and movement patterns
• Analyze the influence that human activity has on wildlife and their natural habitats
• Research, initiate, and maintain ways of improving breeding programs that support healthy game animals, endangered species, or other wild populations of land or aquatic life
• Estimate, monitor, and manage wildlife populations and invasive plants and animals
• Develop and implement programs to reduce risk to human activities from wildlife and invasive species, such as keeping wildlife from impacting airport operations or livestock and crop production
• Write research papers, reports, and scholarly articles that explain their findings
• Give presentations on research findings to academics and the general public
• Develop conservation plans and make recommendations on wildlife conservation and management issues to policymakers and the general public

Zoologists and wildlife biologists perform a variety of scientific tests and experiments. For example, they take blood samples from animals to assess their nutrition levels, check animals for disease and parasites, and tag animals in order to track them. Although the roles and abilities of zoologists and wildlife biologists often overlap, zoologists typically conduct scientific investigations and basic research on particular types of animals, such as birds or amphibians, whereas wildlife biologists are more likely to study specific ecosystems or animal populations, such as a particular at-risk species. Wildlife biologists also do applied work, such as the conservation and management of wildlife populations.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists use geographic information systems (GIS), modeling software, and other computer programs to estimate wildlife populations and track the movements of animals. They also use these computer programs to forecast the spread of invasive species or diseases, project changes in the availability of habitat, and assess other potential threats to wildlife.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists conduct research for a variety of purposes. For example, many zoologists and wildlife biologists work to increase our knowledge and understanding of wildlife species. Traditionally, many wildlife biologists researched ways to encourage abundant game animal populations to support recreational hunting and tourism. Today, many also work with public officials in conservation efforts that protect species from threats and help animal populations return to and remain at sustainable levels.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work on research teams with other scientists and technicians. For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists may work with environmental scientists and hydrologists to monitor water pollution and its effects on fish populations.

Zoologists generally specialize first in either vertebrates or invertebrates and then in specific species. Following are some examples of specialization by species:

• Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins.
• Entomologists study insects, such as beetles and butterflies.
• Herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, such as snakes and frogs.
• Ichthyologists study wild fish, such as sharks and lungfish.
• Malacologists study mollusks, such as snails and clams.
• Mammalogists study mammals, such as monkeys and bears.
• Ornithologists study birds, such as hawks and penguins.
• Teuthologists study cephalopods, such as octopuses and cuttlefish.

Other zoologists and wildlife biologists are identified by the aspects of zoology and wildlife biology they study, such as evolution and animal behavior. Following are some examples:

• Anatomy is the study of structure of organisms and their parts.
• Embryology is the study of the development of embryos and fetuses.
• Ethology, sometimes called behavioral ecology, is the study of animal behaviors as natural or adaptive traits.
• Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of cells and tissues in plants and animals.
• Physiology is the study of the normal function of living systems.
• Soil zoology is the study of animals which live fully or partially in the soil.
• Teratology is the study of abnormal physiological development.
• Zoography is the study of descriptive zoology, and describes plants and animals.

Many people with a zoology and wildlife biology background become high school teachers or college or university professors. For more information, see the profiles on high school teachers and postsecondary teachers .

Work Environment for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Zoologists and wildlife biologists hold about 17,100 jobs. The largest employers of zoologists and wildlife biologists are as follows:

Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in offices, laboratories, and outdoors. Depending on their job and interests, they may spend considerable time in the field gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend very little time in the field.

Fieldwork can require zoologists and wildlife biologists to travel to remote locations anywhere in the world. For example, cetologists studying whale populations may spend months at sea on a research ship. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend significant amounts of time in deserts or remote mountainous and woodland regions. The ability to travel and study nature firsthand is often viewed as a benefit of working in these occupations, but few modern amenities may be available to those who travel in remote areas.

Fieldwork can be physically demanding, and zoologists and wildlife biologists work in both warm and cold climates and in all types of weather. For example, ornithologists who study penguins in Antarctica may need to spend significant amounts of time in cold weather and on ships, which may cause seasickness. In all environments, working as a zoologist or wildlife biologist can be emotionally demanding because interpersonal contact may be limited.

Injuries and Illnesses for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists handle wild animals or spend significant amounts of time outdoors in difficult terrain or in inclement weather. Rates of illness and injury for these workers is not high, but precautions should be taken when handling wildlife or working in remote areas.

Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Work Schedules

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork. Zoologists and wildlife biologists who work with nocturnal animals may need to work at night at least some of the time.

How to Become a Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Get the education you need: Find schools for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists near you!

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions; a master's degree is often needed for higher level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary to lead independent research and for most university research positions.

Education for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a bachelor's degree. Many schools offer bachelor's degree programs in zoology and wildlife biology or in a closely related field, such as ecology. An undergraduate degree in biology with coursework in zoology and wildlife biology also is good preparation for a career as a zoologist or wildlife biologist.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a master's degree for higher level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary for the majority of independent research positions and for university research positions. Most Ph.D.-level researchers need to be familiar with computer programming and statistical software.

Students typically take zoology and wildlife biology courses in ecology, anatomy, wildlife management, and cellular biology. They also take courses that focus on a particular group of animals, such as herpetology (reptiles and amphibians) or ornithology (birds). Courses in botany, chemistry, and physics are important because zoologists and wildlife biologists must have a well-rounded scientific background. Wildlife biology programs may focus on applied techniques in habitat analysis and conservation. Students also should take courses in mathematics and statistics, given that zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to do complex data analysis.

Knowledge of computers is important because zoologists and wildlife biologists frequently use advanced computer software, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and modeling software, to do their work.

Important Qualities for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Communication skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists write scientific papers and give talks to the public, policymakers, and academics.

Critical-thinking skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists need sound reasoning and judgment to draw conclusions from experimental results and scientific observations.

Emotional stamina and stability. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to endure long periods with little human contact. As with other occupations that deal with animals, emotional stability is important in working with injured or sick animals.

Interpersonal skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically work on teams. They must be able to work effectively with others to achieve their goals or to negotiate conflicting goals.

Observation skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to notice slight changes in an animal's behavior or appearance.

Outdoor skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to chop firewood, swim in cold water, navigate rough terrain in poor weather, carry heavy packs or equipment long distances, or perform other activities associated with life in remote areas.

Problem-solving skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists try to find the best possible solutions to threats that affect wildlife, such as disease and habitat loss.

Other Experience for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to have well-rounded outdoor skills. They may need to be able to drive a tractor, boat, or ATV, use a generator, or provide for themselves in remote locations.

Many zoology and wildlife biology students gain practical experience through internships, volunteer work, or some other type of employment during college or soon after graduation.

Advancement for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically receive greater responsibility and independence in their work as they gain experience. More education also can lead to greater responsibility. Zoologists and wildlife biologists with a Ph.D. usually lead independent research and control the direction and content of projects. In addition, they may be responsible for finding much of their own funding.

Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Salaries [ About this section ] [ More salary/earnings info ] [ To Top ]

The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $64,650. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $42,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,900.

The median annual wages for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork.

Job Outlook for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.

Despite limited employment growth, about 1,500 openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Most of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment of Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Demand for zoologists and wildlife biologists may be limited by budgetary constraints, as jobs and funding for these workers often come from state, federal, and local governments. However, some zoologists and wildlife biologists are expected to be needed to help combat the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities, as well as to research climate-driven ecosystem changes. These workers also may be needed to develop and implement conservation plans to reduce threats to animals and protect natural resources.

Careers Related to Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Agricultural and food scientists.

Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products.

Animal Care and Service Workers

Animal care and service workers provide care for animals. They feed, groom, bathe, and exercise pets and other nonfarm animals.

Biochemists and Biophysicists

Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.

Biological Technicians

Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.

Conservation Scientists and Foresters

Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources.

Environmental Scientists and Specialists

Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human health. They may clean up polluted areas, advise policymakers, or work with industry to reduce waste.

Microbiologists

Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments.

Postsecondary Teachers

Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.

Veterinarians

Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health. They diagnose, treat, and research medical conditions and diseases of pets, livestock, and other animals.

More Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Information [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

For more information about zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

The Wildlife Society

Association of Zoos and Aquariums

American Society of Mammalogists

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

American Ornithological Society

Zoological Association of America

For more information about issues in zoology and wildlife biology, visit

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geographical Survey

National Park Service

For more information about careers in botany, visit

Botanical Society of America

For more information about careers in ecology, visit

Ecological Society of America

For information on federal government education requirements for zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

U.S. Office of Personnel Management

A portion of the information on this page is used by permission of the U.S. Department of Labor.

Explore more careers: View all Careers or the Top 30 Career Profiles

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What Is a Traveling Zoologist?

Researchers in zoology examine animals’ behavior, traits, and environments. Many zoologists spend time in the habitats of the species they study to gather data and gain a deeper understanding of the creatures they study.

You may travel across countries, continents, and oceans as part of your zoology job. All of your efforts to educate the public about animals and the issues they confront are likely to have a positive impact.

A traveling zoologist, like an ecotourism worker, advocates the preservation of natural areas by highlighting their beauty and highlighting their importance and uniqueness.

Leading tours through national parks, animal reserves, and habitats can be a rewarding career path for someone with expertise in zoology or marine biology.

It’s possible to work with groups that promote environmentally friendly tourism in impoverished nations as a zoologist.

Table of Contents

How do zoologists combine teaching and travel?

Higher education institutions employ zoologists to give classes and undertake research. While pursuing a career in academia, you may be required to spend considerable time studying abroad.

While not in class, you could, for example, collect data on the decomposition of silt and other substances by sea organisms.

It’s, therefore, possible to disseminate your information in the form of lectures, academic papers, or textbooks.

There is a lot of competition for college teacher posts. Although some universities may accept master’s degree holders, you normally need to have a doctoral degree in zoology or a similar subject.

Are zoologists highly involved in conservation efforts?

Conservation efforts may be born out of Zoologists’ collaboration with organizations and government entities.

In 2010, seven out of ten zoologists were employed by state or federal government entities, like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

It is possible to make a difference in wildlife preservation and management through these government jobs.

Their passion for marine life leads to rescue missions for beached whales or creatures whose natural habitat has been damaged.

The work of marine biologists could lead to regulations and standards that help species in coastal areas that are being negatively affected by coastal development.

What types of jobs take zoologists on the road?

You can find an animal trainer’s work in a variety of settings, such as a circus, carnival, fair, or in an organization that organizes traveling exhibitions of animals.

Animals may be fed and given medical attention if necessary, as part of their duties. They must adhere to federal animal welfare rules since these employers display animals.

Wildlife organizations, conservation groups, and the media may look for zoologists to document animals and their surroundings.

To watch animals in their native habitat, you may have to go to exotic or remote areas of the world.

As a journalist, creative writer, or producer for television, radio, or the internet, you’ll probably require experience in zoology.

How do zoologists ensure their safety in the field?

A zoologist’s work can be impacted by the weather they encounter while on the road. When studying amphibians in the desert, they are ready for temperatures to reach above 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the daytime. They are also prepared for sub-zero temps in the Arctic and tundra zones.

They’ll be away from home and work for days, weeks, or even months at a time to complete their research projects.

Fieldwork necessitates a great deal of physical exertion. To research fish in lakes or oceans, they’ll need to be able to swim and have the energy and stamina to rock climb or travel long distances.

What type of background do zoologists need?

Zoology occupations require a bachelor’s degree in zoology, ecology, or wildlife biology. Having a master’s degree will assist you to get a promotion to a higher position in the workplace.

To make sense of the data you collect in the field, a zoologist needs a solid foundation in math and computer science.

You should also take classes in ecology, cellular biology, anatomy, chemistry, and botany to complete your scientific education.

What are the typical duties of zoologists?

• Design and implement a series of experiments using animals in controlled or natural situations.
• Gather biological specimens and data for further study.
• Discover how animals interact with one other and with other species, how the population grows, and how diseases spread across the community. Animals as well as their natural environments are affected by human activities.
• Improve breeding programs for healthy game animals, threatened species, as well as other wildlife groups of land or marine life by conducting research, starting it, and keeping it going.
• Monitor and control the population of wildlife and invasive species.
• Protect human activities against animals and introduced species, like protecting flight safety or food and livestock cultivation, by implementing initiatives to reduce risk.
• Explain your findings in academic papers, presentations, and academic publications.
• Educate academics and the broader public about the findings of your research.
• Establish preservation strategies and provide suggestions to legislators and the public at large regarding wildlife management and conservation challenges.

What types of scientific tests and studies do Zoologists conduct?

Zoologists conduct a wide range of scientific studies and tests. For example, blood samples are taken from wildlife to evaluate their nutritional status, diseases and parasites are checked on animals and tags are applied to animals to track them, etc.

GIS, software packages, and other technology tools are used by zoologists to assess wildlife numbers and follow animal movements.

Aside from predicting the spread of invasive species as well as illnesses, these computer systems can also be used to project changes in the quantity of habitat as well as evaluate other possible risks to animals.

Why do zoologists do so much research?

There are several reasons why zoologists conduct research. Many zoologists, for instance, strive to better our understanding of various wildlife species through their research.

The majority of zoologists work in groups of researchers and technicians . Fisheries biologists, zoologists, and environmental scientists may collaborate to study the impacts of pollution on fish populations.

Vertebrates or invertebrates are the primary focus of a zoologist’s training, followed by a focus on individual species.

Animal behavior and evolution are two examples of zoological topics that can help you identify a fellow biologist.

What is the zoologist’s work environment like?

In 2020, there were roughly 18,500 people working as zoologists. In terms of zoologists and wildlife biologists, the most prominent employers were distributed as follows:

• 40% of the state’s budget, excluding education and healthcare.
• 23% of the federal government, excluding the postal service
• Scientific and technical consultancy services accounted for 9% of the total.
• 6% of Zoologists work in post-secondary institutions, including public and private colleges and universities.
• 4% of research and development is in the fields of physics, engineering, and biology.

This profession involves working both inside and outside the laboratory and in the field. They may spend a significant amount of time in the field collecting data while observing wildlife in their native habitat, depending on their employment and personal interests.

Other zoologists may spend little time out in the field.

Do zoologists work in isolated regions?

Zoologists may be required to travel to far-flung regions of the globe as part of their fieldwork.

Cetologists, for example, might invest months at sea on a research vessel monitoring whale populations.

Zoologists working in deserts or isolated highland and wooded settings may spend large amounts of time there.

It’s common for people in these professions to view the opportunity to travel as well as research nature intimately as a perk, yet distant regions may not have many modern conveniences available.

In the field, zoologists operate in both hot and cold areas as well as in all weather conditions.

As a zoologist, working in any workplace can be emotionally taxing because of the lack of interpersonal contact.

Do zoologists deal with diseases and injuries?

The work of a zoologist may require them to work with wild creatures or spend considerable time outdoors in harsh weather or challenging terrain.

When working with wild animals or in remote locations, they should use extreme caution to prevent damage and injury.

What sort of employment do zoologists have?

Most zoologists are employed full-time. When conducting fieldwork, they may have to put in long or unusual hours.

Zoologists who study creatures that are active at night may have to work through the night on occasion.

A bachelor’s degree is often required for an entry-level career in zoology, whereas a master’s degree may be required for more advanced roles.

If they want to direct their studies or work at a university, a Ph.D. is often required.

What are the education requirements for Zoologists?

Bachelor’s degrees are often required for zoologists. Zoology, wildlife biology, or a closely related topic such as natural resources are all viable options for students.

In certain cases, individuals major in biology as well as specialize in zoology.

Higher-level research and scientific work in zoology normally necessitate a master’s degree at the very least.

For the vast majority of research roles, both in academia and the private sector, a Ph.D. is required.

The academic, research lab and site visits are common components of courses in the biological and physical sciences.

Data analysis may necessitate additional coursework in mathematics and statistics.

What criteria do zoologists need for job consideration?

The ability to communicate . In addition to publishing scholarly publications, zoologists frequently speak to politicians, the general public, and other academics.

Analytical abilities . To draw inferences from experimental data and scientific observations, zoologists must use solid reasoning and judgment.

Stamina and steadiness in one’s emotional well-being . Zoologists can spend long periods without any human contact.

Dealing with injured or sick wildlife necessitates a certain level of emotional stamina, just like in any other job involving animals.

The ability to interact with others . Teamwork is common among zoologists. If they are to succeed, they will need to be able to effectively collaborate with others to resolve conflicts of interest.

Ability to pay attention. Even the smallest shifts in an animal’s behavior or appearance must be obvious to zoologists.

The ability to function in the natural world . Zoologists may have to cut firewood, swim in frigid water, cross rugged terrain in severe weather, lift heavy loads or gear long distances, or undertake other chores connected with living in isolated regions.

Ability to think beyond the box . Researchers in the field of zoology are constantly looking for the best ways to protect wildlife from challenges like disease and habitat degradation.

What is the job outlook for zoologists?

Zoologists’ employment is only expected to rise by 5% between 2020 and 2030, which is slower than the trend for all jobs.

Over the next decade, there’s an expected average of 1,700 zoologist job vacancies per year. For the most part, these vacancies are due to the necessity to replace employees who move into new fields of employment or leave the workforce altogether for various reasons.

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What is a Wildlife Biologist?

Wildlife Biologists are scientists that observe and study the behaviors of animals. They frequently observe the features of certain wildlife and determine the creatures' role in specific ecosystems and/or how they interact with human beings. In addition, they will often perform various experiments to either increase our knowledge about a certain species or see how humans influence the ecosystem in question.

Many Wildlife Biologists will eventually specialize into a particular area of study defined by ecosystem or species. Some of these fields include: Entomology, Ornithology, Marine Biology, or Limnology.

Wildlife Biologists are extremely important to preserving the current state of our environment and deepening our understanding of the other creatures that share our planet with us.

What Does a Wildlife Biologist Do?

Becoming a Wildlife Biologist is a fantastic position for someone who enjoys spending time outdoors and traveling. Many Wildlife Biologists spend the majority of their time working in the field, observing animals in their natural habitats. Some Wildlife Biologists work in labs or offices, but many only find themselves in these locations for small amounts of time. This is the perfect career for an adventurer who likes to work in a variety of environments.

Wildlife Biologists often cite physical exhaustion and loneliness as the top job hazards. They may be required to spend time in remote areas without modern conveniences and work long hours for observational purposes. Some kinds of work will require you to have limited contact with other people, possibly straining relationships and personal emotions.

However, it's important to note that Wildlife Biologists do not always work alone. In fact, many of them work on research teams, meaning that they may unite with colleagues at the end of an observation period to discuss findings.

What Is the Average Wildlife Biologist Salary?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary for wildlife biologists was $66,350 as of May 2020. The top 10% in this profession earned more than $106,320 during this time.*

Wildlife Biologist Jobs & Job Description

Wildlife biologist careers can be broad or quite specialized, depending on the scope of research or region of the world. While jobs do vary, there are many tasks that are common to most wildlife biologist careers, like:

• Plan and coordinate wildlife assessment activities and research
• Act as advocate and spokesperson for wildlife and ecosystem concerns within their scope of research
• Interact with other scientists, professionals, and advocacy groups to preserve and monitor habitats and populations in the wild and in protection
• Draft reports and presentations for internal and external stakeholders, policy-makers and the public
• Collect samples and conduct observational research in the lab, the field, and protected environments
• Monitor and document animal behavior in the lab, the field, and protected environments
• Make sure data/specimen collection and recordkeeping is accurate and adheres to relevant safety procedures
• Communicate with national, regional and international initiatives in order to share information and assessment data
• Continually review current research and scientific literature in the field
• Consult on and implement habitat mitigation and remediation measures
• Consult on environmental and site assessments as they affect wildlife biology
• Travel to temporary field assignments in remote locations
• Conduct and/or oversee wildlife population surveys
• Provide information and expert testimony for ecological and environmental impact assessments
• Provide technical expertise related to wildlife survey design
• Prepare wildlife management plants
• Monitor trends of wildlife populations
• Consult on how to best mitigate the impacts of development on wildlife

Second-tier wildlife biologist jobs often have an additional level of managerial tasks to facilitate the timing, budgeting, and communications needs of various projects. Some common tasks may include:

• Planning and scheduling research trips and associated logistics
• Presenting findings and research to stakeholders
• Designing budgets and timelines for workgroups in the lab and the field
• Serve as point of contact for peer-review data calls and planning
• Consult with agency working groups
• Review records, reports, and assessments
• Coordinate technical details for a range of cross-disciplinary projects
• Coordinate data collection, input, interpretation, and reporting
• Navigate environmental regulations and environmental approvals processes
• Research, consult, and supervise habitat restoration and the reintroduction of species
• Manage and advocate for endangered species populations
• Manage and consult regarding species conservation, protection, and rehabilitation
• Evaluate federal and state wildlife programs.
• Participate in meetings with government agencies, consultants, and engineers
• Promote good conservation ethics
• Evaluate and adjust hunting limits for hunted species

What Is the Job Demand for Wildlife Biologists?

Job demand for wildlife biologists is projected to increase by 5 percent between 2020 and 2030.*

All projections indicate that wildlife biologists will be needed for studying the impact of human population growth on wildlife and the ecosystem at large.

What Kind of Education Does a Wildlife Biologist Require?

Compared to other fields, Wildlife Biologists have high educational requirements. Because the field requires intimate knowledge of many biological processes, as well as anatomy and ecological systems, this career requires at least a Bachelor's Degree. You should obtain an undergraduate degree in wildlife biology, general biology, zoology, ecology, or another related field. However, this will only give you access to entry-level position.

Getting a wildlife biology Master's degree or Ph.D. will be required to advance beyond entry-level positions. To obtain the most funding for independent and university research positions, a Wildlife Biology Ph.D. is recommended.

Related Degree Options for Wildlife Biologists

• Environmental Microbiology Degree
• Environmental Biology Degree
• Meteorology Online Degree and Certificate
• Anthropology Bachelor's Degree Online Programs
• Biomimicry Degrees - Online and Campus

Wildlife Biologist Certification

The Wildlife Society administers optional Associate Wildlife Biologist and Certified Wildlife Biologist credentials. Certification demonstrates competency and adherence to high professional standards. Certification requires a combination of experience, providing instruction in wildlife management, publications, formal and informal continuing education, and professional service.

What Kind of Societies and Professional Organization Does Wildlife Biology Have?

Wildlife Biologists and those who wish to become Wildlife Biologists can look to the following government sites for guidance:

• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service This bureau within the Federal Government's Department of the Interior ensures that all wildlife laws and restoration projects are being properly enforced and executed. They are not only a great resource for current wildlife laws, but also a source of Federal employment.
• U.S. National Parks Service This bureau within the Federal Government's Department of the Interior protects the U.S.'s national parks and the wildlife within them. They are a fantastic source of information about domestic wildlife, great resource for volunteer and internship opportunities, and a possible source of employment.

Wildlife Biologists can also browse through these organizations and websites for valuable resources:

• The Wildlife Society This non-profit conservation society provides Wildlife Biologists with free information and meetings to ensure that professionals are always up-to-date on the latest findings. They also provide internships to those who wish to become Wildlife Biologists.
• Zoological Association of America This non-profit organization propagates current information about best practices in zoological fields and ethical conversations that are continually arising in the field.

*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for zoologists and wildlife biologists reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021.

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Becoming a Wildlife Biologist: FAQs Answered by a Wildlife Biologist

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I get a lot of emails from people asking me for advice on becoming a wildlife biologist, which is awesome! And a big reason why I am writing this blog post.

However, I don’t feel like many people have a good sense of what being a wildlife biologist means. Quite honestly, I didn’t before I was in the early midst of graduate school. My perceptions greatly changed even from when I was doing temporary tech work within this field.

When you Google about becoming a wildlife biologist, a lot of the information is outdated and it seems to be written by people outside of the field. Many people throw out the word wildlife biologist and apply it to anyone who works with exotic animals, but that is definitely not correct.

This post is all about clarifying some of those misconceptions as well as answering the main questions you collectively ask in Google about becoming a wildlife biologist. I’ve been in this field for the last 17 years and so let’s get into it!

What is a Wildlife Biologist?

A wildlife biologist studies wild animals and often in the context of ecology (their interactions with the environment).

• Biology = the study of life
• Wildlife = Non-domesticated animals living in the wild (i.e. not captive wild animals) and in their native range (species outside their native range or natural range expansion are considered invasive)

More recently the term wildlife has been extended to plants and other organisms, but for wildlife biology as a career, the original definition is applied to wild animals and almost always refers to vertebrates.

Wildlife biologist includes a range of topics: animal abundance, range, behavior, diet, habitat selection, reproduction, species interactions, community dynamics, and human-wildlife interactions (this is not an exhaustive list!).

Wildlife biologists study wildlife using the scientific method. When people hear “study wildlife” they usually visualize images of scientists watching animals in the wild or collecting some kind of sample. While this is part of it, they don’t think of all of the hours spent afterwards analyzing data , writing up results , or writing the next grant to get funding.

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If people do visualize us writing, I get the impression that people think that wildlife biologists write descriptive reports about a single species summarizing their behavior, diet, and ecology. But scientific research is not like that at all!

Scientific research is very vigorous, heavy on data analysis, and driven by questions that have never been answered before. The studies wildlife biologists conduct for peer-reviewed publications almost always have to be set in theory and written in a way that applies across taxa. They may still do taxa specific research, especially at the applied level (government, nonprofit, and consultancy work), but it still has to be scientifically vigorous.

When you are study wildlife, the animals ultimately end up being data points. For your graduate school work, people often go to the field and collect data on their species, but a lot of their time is spent analyzing these data with often complex statistical models.

When you graduate, you will then be in charge of sending people to the field and typically go there fewer and fewer times. Nowadays some students don’t even go to the field because there is so much data out there that has been previously collected.

I work extensively supporting ecology research. One of our researchers used camera traps to collect data on moose, and got a Masters on moose, without ever seeing one in person (and only left the office once a month). — Derek Ryder (@RyderDAR) December 10, 2019

This is really different from what people think wildlife biologists do. If you do a Google image search of “wildlife biologist,” the top search results are always photos of people holding cute, large mammals especially charismatic species. If you want to go into wildlife biology because you want to hold or be close to mammals like these, then this is the wrong career for you.

Holding mammals is a very small part, IF ANY part of the job. I study mammals and have never held a wild non-captive mammal myself. My advisor even studied forest elephants and never saw one in the park she worked in! Here’s a blog post by another wildlife biologist to reiterate this point.

Wildlife biology has a lot of different subfields and the one where you are typically touching larger animals (temporarily) is when you are studying their movements through GPS trackers.

To GPS-track a mammal, you need to capture them, anesthetize them, and put the tracker on. This is part where a lot of people take the photo of them with the mammal. While this makes for a great photo, it is a very small part of the actual work you will do as a wildlife biologist.

Trackers are expensive and last a long time now (years). This field work may only make up days of your job throughout the whole year. The rest of your time will be spent analyzing the data in the lab that comes from the trackers.

Does your need to be close to animals outweigh the hours you will spend analyzing data and writing scientific papers? If you don’t love science, trust me, you won’t be happy. Nowadays the technology is so advanced you don’t even have to go to the field to get location points.

If you want a job where you are handle wildlife consider specializing in small mammals, where you do have to trap them to study them, or herps (reptiles and amphibians), although handling them will still be a small part of your job.

If working close to charismatic megafauna is your thing, a career in zoos or sanctuaries might be a better fit. HOWEVER, it’s important to know that in ALL of these careers, the emphasis is for people to minimize contact between humans and wildlife.

If a zoo is more ethical , they enforce protected contact where zookeepers and animals do not directly interact, only through barriers. Ethical zoos want to encourage the natural behaviors of wild animals, which means minimizing interactions with humans.

The same is true for wildlife rehabilitation ESPECIALLY if the animal is being re-released into the wild. They absolutely do not want the animal to get used to people as that will increase its chances of getting killed.

Real sanctuaries also want to separate contact between the animals and caretakers. For example at the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee , there is no or almost no direct interactions between caretakers and elephants because they want the elephants to live out lives that closest resemble theirs in the wild.

The exception to interacting with wildlife is when using educational animals or ambassador animals that cannot be released to the wild. These now captive animals are used to send conservation/educational messages to the public and you are often allowed to hold them for display. Typically these animals are birds (especially raptors), reptiles, or smaller mammals (e.g. ferrets, rabbits).

How Many Years of College Do You Need to Become a Wildlife Biologist?

At least four, but here are several options:

• 4 years for a bachelor’s degree
• 2-3 additional years for a master’s (plus a bachelor’s degree)
• 5-7 for a Ph.D. (plus a bachelor’s degree, some programs require a master’s)

You can get a permanent job with a bachelor’s degree, but it’s rare, and you don’t get paid well. It also takes a lot of luck. Check out these Twitter responses (click on the tweet):

Can you get a permanent job in wildlife biology without a MS/PhD? I never looked because when I graduated I focused on internships. My sense is that it's near impossible; most are temporary, but want to see what others think. #sciencetwitter — Stephanie Manka (Schuttler), Ph.D. | Scientist (@FancyScientist) November 6, 2019

Frequently these are temporary positions. You will have to move around a lot, be comfortable with risk in the fact that jobs will likely not line up perfectly, and be willing to work almost anywhere and for little money.

I’ve been talking a lot about this on my Instagram stories and it is not uncommon for people to have another or even several jobs to support their wildlife biology tech position.

It’s more likely you will secure a permanent job with a masters or Ph.D. However, jobs are still competitive. One of my friends worked temporary field jobs for 3 years after she got her master’s degree. I know people at both levels of education who have left the field because they couldn’t get a job.

Don’t make the same mistakes I did though, make sure you know what is required for the job that you ideally want. Search the job boards now, no matter where you are in your career, and use my job tracker to help you figure this out:

For more on becoming a wildlife biologist with a Bachelor’s degree, check out Kristina Lynn’s page and videos.

How Do You Become a Wildlife Biologist?

Becoming a wildlife biologist is not straight forward and I have a lot of advice to give, which is why I am writing a book about it! But overall I recommend doing the following:

• Getting a degree in wildlife biology or something similar (biology, zoology)
• Getting experience as early as you can (volunteering in a lab)
• Getting experience in paid, temporary positions
• Getting an advanced degree (master’s or Ph.D.)

For more on volunteering in a lab and how to develop a scientist’s mindset, check out my How to Raise a Future Scientist post.

You can also start taking courses for FREE on your own.

Step(h) into Nature created a blog post summarizing 11 different websites that offer free educational courses in conservation and wildlife biology.

Who Do Wildlife Biologists Work For?

There are lots of different employers for wildlife biologists. They include:

• Federal government : US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Park Service (NPS), US Geological Survey (USGS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), US Forest Service (USFS), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), US Army Corps of Engineers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), and US Bureau of Indian Affairs. These are likely just some. There may be more in other departments/divisions. Check out this link for advice on getting a job in the government .
• State wildlife agencies (e.g. for North Carolina it is the NC Wildlife Resources Commission)
• Nonprofits and NGOs (e.g. World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society)
• Zoos and Aquariums (look for AZA accredited ones)
• Museums (although most jobs are as curators of collections )
• Universities
• Private Companies (Consulting agencies)

I’ve listed the best job boards for these different employers here .

What Do Wildlife Biologists Do on a Daily Basis?

This really depends on where you work, but most of being a wildlife biologist is about doing some part of the scientific method: coming up with research questions, collecting data to answer questions, analyzing data, writing up results, and communicating results (e.g. giving professional talks, writing up peer-reviewed manuscripts).

If you have an advanced degree (especially a Ph.D.), you will be spending more of your time analyzing data, reading and writing scientific papers, and managing people/projects. You will have some degree of bureaucratic work too (meetings, report writing).

These are EXTREMELY broad descriptions and what you do will depend on who you work for and at what education level.

I talk about this in more detail my book , Getting a Job in Wildlife Biology: What It’s Like and What You Need to Know .

How Many Hours Do Wildlife Biologists Work?

Again, it depends on who you work for and what level you are at (bachelor’s, master’s or Ph.D.), but I would say most wildlife biologists work more than 40 hours even if they have a 9-5 job.

It’s very hard not to take your work home with you! For example, if you have a grant due, you will likely spend weekends or nights working on it.

Even if you are a tech or most of your job is in data collection, you may still be working more than 40 hours. Many graduate students have very long days collecting data during their field seasons (10-16 hrs!) and a lot of tech positions are in helping them with their research.

Do Wildlife Biologists Travel?

Yes, but not all wildlife biologists travel and it may not be much more than any other career quite honestly.

Google likes to show you images of wildlife biologists with charismatic megafauna like jaguars and lions. The vast majority of people I went to graduate school with did all of their research in Missouri where our school was.

It really depends on who you work for and what you study. If you work in academia, you have more freedom over what you choose to study (and therefore destinations to travel to do field work). If you work for your state government, your travel may be restricted to your state or national conferences.

I’ve been lucky and have traveled a lot for my career in wildlife biology. I’ve been to Kenya , India , Mexico , Gabon , and Suriname to conduct and coordinate research.

Keep in mind that the more advanced your degree is, the less time you spend in the field too. Lots of times I travel just for conferences and take side vacations for fun that look like work, but in reality they are tourist trips that anyone can take (like my trip to Deramakot in Borneo).

What Do Wildlife Biologists Wear to the Field?

I have a whole other blog post dedicated to what you should bring and wear to the field. It also includes a downloadable checklist to help you shop and pack.

Do Wildlife Biologists Make Good Money?

Definitely not for most of us. Yes, there are some jobs that pay well, but they are few and tend to be more executive level positions. You have to have years of experience in addition to a PhD. These positions as well as some positions in academia can pay $100K or more a year.

Compared to other careers though, this is still often less. My husband’s salary as an electrical engineer is the same or higher than the scientists I know of who have the highest salaries and he is 15 years younger than them.

You are also losing money for the years you spend in school. Scientists are lucky and usually don’t have to pay for graduate school; they are paid a stipend and have a waived tuition fees, but the stipend is low (anywhere between $15,000 – low $20,000s). You will therefore have 2-7 years of your life where you are making around $20K or less while others in careers you will be making a normal salary.

If you have a master’s or Ph.D., I would expect your first job to pay in the $40-60K range. I have a Ph.D. and years of experience in postdocs and the jobs that I was most competitive for were all advertised at ~$50-$55K and almost all were in Raleigh, NC (so you can compare cost of living).

Getting a permanent job is hard, even if you have a higher degree. If you are thinking about becoming a wildlife biologist, you should read about the financial realities of being a wildlife biologist before you decide.

Questions to Ask Yourself Before You Become a Wildlife Biologist:

There are more and more people with advanced degrees (check out this post on Ph.D.s) and therefore wildlife biologist jobs have become very competitive at every level. Therefore, you really want to make sure this is the right career for you. Ask yourself, would you like…

• Reading and writing scientific papers? Give it a try at Google Scholar . There are a lot of free PDFs.
• Figuring out why things are the way they are? Are you always asking questions about the natural world?
• Working with data? Statistics?
• When someone gives you a job with little direction? When you have no one specifically telling you what to do, step by step?
• Learning things completely on your own? For example, if you were given a new computer program to learn about all on your own, would this be something you would enjoy doing?
• Solving statistical problems where there is no one “right” answer? Coding computer programs?
• Are you okay with things taking a LONG time? It takes years to publish studies!
• Difficult field situations? Mosquitos, ticks, monkeys dropping poo on you (I’ve literally seen this in tech positions), long days.

If you answered yes to those questions, than that is a good sign you really do want to become a wildlife biologist!

What about these?

• Do you need to see or handle animals?
• Be outside all of the time?

If you answered yes to these, you may want a job in captive animal management instead (for the first one).

If you need to be outside, you should strongly consider stopping at a master’s degree as a wildlife biologist or even considering a job where you are outside more often (e.g. law enforcement within a protected area).

I do not want to deter you from becoming a wildlife biologist, I just want your expectations to match reality, to understand how competitive the field is, and for you to success at your dream. You might also realize that you do not want to be a wildlife biologist, but still want a career within the realm of wildlife biology such as education or policy.

I get a lot of requests from young ppl about how to "get into" the big cat world, and I often don't answer… because the truth is that it requires a lot of luck and there are far more people interested than opportunities available. Any tips for how I can be more helpful? — Lisanne Petracca (@LisannePetracca) January 27, 2020

If you like what I’ve written here, you’ll love my book .

For more help in careers in wildlife biology, check out these podcast episodes :

Wildlife Biologist Job Questions Answered!

3 tips for aspiring wildlife biologists stuck at home, my big mistake in my wildlife biology career and how you can learn from it.

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Home  /  How to Become a Zoologist

How to Become a Zoologist

Scientists have estimated that there are approximately  8.7 million  species of plants, fungi, and animals on Earth. Between 1 and 2 million of these species are believed to be animals. Tasked with observing and studying these animals are  zoologists . Zoologists are dedicated animal lovers who often travel far and wide to study various species in their habitats. As wildlife continues to adjust to climate change and the impact of human activity, the role of a zoologist will remain important for endangered populations. 

But, what do you need to become a zoologist?  For an entry-level position, it almost always begins with a college degree.  Becoming a zoologist can start by achieving a bachelor’s degree, master’s degree or Ph.D. Popular degrees include  Animal Health and Behavior ,  Wildlife Conservation , and  Wildlife and Fisheries Biology .

In this article, we’ll identify how to become a zoologist by walking through the steps to becoming a zoologist. You’ll also learn about the different branches of zoology. This way, you’ll know exactly how to be a zoologist with the specialization that suits you best.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistic, Occupational Outlook Handbook:  Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists , May 2020

What Does a Zoologist Do?

So, what does a zoologist do, anyway? A zoologist studies animals both in the wild and captivity. By observing various species in their habitats, zoologists understand how animals behave in the wild. Their goal is to identify and monitor how different species interact within their ecosystem. This is particularly important as climate change continues to transform various habitats.

They may work indoors, conducting laboratory experiments and developing reports to present their findings. However, many zoologists work outdoors and travel often, collecting specimens, gathering data, monitoring, and managing wildlife populations.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animal behavior in various environments. They observe and measure the physical characteristics of various species, monitor their diet, track migration patterns and reproduction rates, and address any threats they may be facing. For animals in the wild, threats might be invasive pests, diseases, or toxins that appear in their environment. Addressing the impact of humans on these species, too, zoologists will develop conservation plans to protect endangered species and may manage hunting programs.

What does it take to be a zoologist? Dedication, patience, strong communication skills, computer experience, analytical thinking, leadership prowess, and excellent teamwork skills are vital. There are many advantages of being a zoologist, especially for those who love science, working with animals, and being outdoors.

Since it can be a physically challenging position, the zoologist job description requires that professionals are in a healthy physical condition. They may carry equipment and large food containers, trek uphill in inclement weather, or diving deep into the ocean.

Where Do Zoologists Work?

For a Zoologist, work environments can vary. Some may work exclusively in offices and laboratories. Others might teach at museums and universities. Many spend the majority of their time outdoors gathering field data and studying rare animals in their natural habitats. Depending on their specific position or branch of study, a zoologist’s job description can vary widely but is impactful everywhere.

Zoos, Wildlife Centers, Parks, & Aquaria

Do zoologists work in zoos? Of course, they do! Well, at least some of them do. In zoos, wildlife centers, national parks, and aquariums, wildlife specialists manage a variety of species.

But, what do zoologists do at zoos? As zookeepers , researchers , and trainers , they care for the animals, observe animal behavior, provide enrichment to stimulate healthy behaviors, train animals, and keep enclosures clean, safe, and comfortable. When it comes to breeding programs, zoologists have the training needed to maintain healthy captive populations, restore wild populations, and address threats.

Wildlife Conservation or Rehabilitation Groups & Non-Profits,

Wildlife conservation groups often hire zoologists to help them effectively rehabilitate and release animals . At these non-profit organizations, zoologists can use their expertise to plan conservation and ecotourism initiatives within local communities or to lobby governments.

Academia, Museums, & Offices

Some wildlife biologists and zoologists become museum curators . In this role, they may manage specimens, conduct research, and share their knowledge with the public. It’s also not uncommon for a zoologist to become a teacher, professor , or another faculty member at a university. They may present findings through presentations, reports, and research articles.

Laboratories & Pharmaceutical Companies

A research zoologist may be hired by a pharmaceutical company or private medical research company to test new vermin control drugs or veterinary medicines. Their intimate knowledge of animals living both in the wild and in captivity makes zoologists well-equipped to conduct scientific lab studies on varying species.

Zoology Jobs & Description

Typically work full-time workers, a zoologist’s work hours can be long and irregular. A zoologist work schedule will vary based on their role and the species being studied. Nocturnal animals, for example, will likely be observed during the night.

A zoologist may work exclusively indoors or they could travel for fieldwork to remote locations around the world. For a zoologist, working conditions might involve difficult terrain and harsh weather. They may travel to scorching deserts, arctic tundras, or into the deep sea for their research.

General Zoologist Job Responsibilities

A zoologist’s primary responsibilities can vary, but typically they will be expected to:

• Observe animals in the wild and captivity
• Track animal life cycles
• Assess wild species populations
• Map habitat ranges using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software
• Collect, process, and prepare specimens
• Analyze data and observations and evaluate results
• Write reports, prepare documents, and publish journals
• Advocacy and public speaking for wildlife and conservation efforts
• Network with scientists, professionals, and advocacy groups
• Review research and scientific literature in their field
• Consult on and implement habitat migration and reproduction rates
• Conduct or oversee wildlife population surveys
• Track migration patterns and observe interactions between species
• Plan and prepare a wildlife management plan and monitor trends

Advanced Zoologist Job Duties

As they advance in their careers, a zoologist may be offered a senior role. In this leadership position, a senior zoologist will have a few other responsibilities. This can include:

• Analyzing data for reporting and overseeing the paperwork
• Communicating with clients, government departments, colleagues, and field experts
• Drafting written reports and planning verbal presentations or speeches
• Planning and scheduling research trips
• Designing budgets and timelines for lab and field projects
• Handling peer-review data inquiries
• Consulting with agency working groups, government agencies, and engineers
• Reviewing records, reports, and assessments
• Navigating environmental regulations and environmental approvals processes
• Evaluating national and international wildlife initiatives
• Manage and consult on endangered species populations

What are the different types of zoology?

Zoologists usually specialize in studying either vertebrate or invertebrate animals. Once they have made that decision, they can become an expert in a particular species. There are roughly 10 main specializations for zoologists.

• Cetologists study marine mammals such as whales and dolphins.
• Mammalogists focus on land mammals, instead, like monkeys, foxes, and bears.
• Ornithologists study birds, from owls and hawks to turkeys and penguins.
• Herpetologists specialize in reptiles and amphibians including snakes and frogs.
• Entomologists prefer to study insects, from beetles to butterflies.
• Parasitologists are experts in parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
• Ichthyologists spend time in aquatic environments studying wild fish like sharks.
• Teuthologists are also marine-oriented. They focus specifically on cephalopods like squid and octopus.
• Malacologists study Mollusks like snails, slugs, and clams. They might also cover octopus and squids, as well, however, they aren’t restricted to marine environments.
• Paleozoologists specialize in ancient animal remains and fossilized species.

How Much Does a Zoologist Make?

As of November 2021, the average salary of a zoologist is reported to be around $70,510, and most work full-time. This works out to about $31 earned per hour. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual salary for zoologists was $66,350 in May 2020.

Those who worked within the federal government had the highest median salary. Federal wages reached $81,530 compared with state government employees who earned closer to $59,660. In general, the lowest 10% of zoologists earned below $41,720. The highest 10% earned more than $106,320,

Zoologist Salary By State

Source:  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections Program (May 2020)

What is the job outlook for a Zoologist?

For a zoologist, career outlook will continue to grow between 2020 and 2030. In the next 10-years, the zoologist job outlook is expected to grow by 5% . That’s as fast as the average for all occupations. Demand for zoologists will grow as human populations grow and climate change continues. Currently, there are about 18,500 zoologist and wildlife biology jobs available. This number is projected to grow as 1,000 more jobs are introduced across the country.

Still, wildlife specialists will face strong competition when seeking the zoologist job available to them. To stand out, eager young professionals should work to gain practical experience at internships, summer work placements, or volunteer jobs after graduation.

What Education is Needed to Become a Zoologist?

Zoologist high school requirements.

You can begin preparing for a career in zoology when you’re still in high school by focusing on your studies. Classes in English, Writing, History, Computer Science, and Humanities will be important. However, Math and Science courses such as Chemistry, Biology, Physics, and Comparative Anatomy will be vital.

Since zoologists study a broad range of topics in Natural Science, experience with both classroom and laboratory work can be a smart way to get ahead. Outside of school, volunteering at zoos, local animal shelters, kennels, or at an aquarium can look great on an application, too. It all helps to showcase a proactive passion for working with wildlife.

Zoologist College Education Requirements

Do you need a degree to be a zoologist.

The short answer is yes. But, what does a zoologist study? Aspiring zoologists will likely need to enroll in an undergraduate degree program such as Animal Health and Behavior, Wildlife Conservation , Wildlife and Fisheries Biology , Marine Biology and Sustainable Aquaculture , or Captive Wildlife Care . There are degree programs specific to zoology, too, which may be the most relevant training for a career in zoology. High-level scientific investigation usually requires a master’s degree, and a Ph.D. is almost always essential for university or independent research positions.

What subjects do you need to be a zoologist?

Coursework should cover natural sciences subjects including Biology, Chemistry, Advanced Mathematics, Ecology, Botany , Physiology, and Vertebrate Zoology. In college, classes that cover Anatomy, Wildlife Management, and Cellular Biology will be useful. Internships and volunteer work can be a big help, too.

How long does it take to become a zoologist?

The required number of years to become a zoologist may vary depending on the position you hope to achieve. It takes 4-years to earn a bachelor’s degree in Wildlife Conservation or Animal Health and Behavior, for example, which is the basic level of zoologist education needed to enter the field.

Earning a Master’s degree will usually take another 2-years and may call for an additional 30-hours of practical, field-specific work. Advanced positions may even require a Ph.D. – which could result in 5 to 7 more years of academic rigor.

Additional Certifications and Licenses

For a zoologist, education requirements do not typically include certifications or licensing. There is not currently a national certification for zoologists in general, however, particular fields of zoology may have their certifications. For example, a zoologist working within the field of Marine Biology may consider earning their SCUBA certification for deep-water research. Others may prioritize keeping their GIS certificate up-to-date so they can continue to efficiently gather data out in the field. 

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Recommended Degrees

A Zoology minor covers many aspects of animal biology including their cellular biology and genetics. Students can focus on specific areas of study within zoology, such as Ornithology.

B.S. Animal Health and Behavior

A degree in Animal Health and Behavior provides the necessary skills and knowledge to care for animals in captivity and the wild, with an emphasis on animal welfare and behavior. This degree is ideal for students interested in pursuing work as a zookeeper or animal rehabilitator.    

B.S. Marine Biology and Sustainable Aquaculture

For those interested in working with marine animals, this degree prepares students for a broad range of careers helping protect, preserve, maintain, and grow marine organisms and environments. B.S. Wildlife and Fisheries Biology

Getting a bachelor’s in Wildlife and Fisheries Biology is also a smart way to enter the field of zoology. It includes coursework specific to animal biology and sustainable habitat management.

B.S. Wildlife Conservation

This degree focuses on the conservation and management of natural populations and their changing habitats – an important consideration, especially in this time of change.

B.S. Captive Wildlife Care

Animal welfare, environmental enrichment, and population management and conservation are key concepts in this Bachelor’s program. This course presents students with the opportunity to work closely with many species at organizations like the

M.P.S Wildlife Conservation and Management

This Master’s in Wildlife Conservation and Management focuses on understanding the environment in the context of sustainability science. It’s a suitable concentration for aspiring zoologists.

M.P.S Animal Science and Behavior

The Master of Professional Science in Animal Science and Behavior provides students with a deep understanding of human-animal interaction, with an emphasis on animal companionship, therapy and service, behavior, rehabilitation and welfare. Students develop leadership and management skills, and coursework in this degree prepares them for careers as animal trainers, rehabilitators, and managers or directors of animal service businesses.

Minor in Wildlife Ecology

A minor in Ecology complements other environmental majors and can be beneficial to students looking to address environmental issues in their careers. This degree also includes coursework related to mammalogy, entomology, ichthyology, and other zoological branches.

Degree Programs

Degree programs

To match your passion, b.s. in animal health and behavior.

B.S. in Wildlife Conservation

B.s. in wildlife and fisheries biology.

B.S. in Captive Wildlife Care

B.S. in Animal Science

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Exploring the World of Traveling Zoologists: Benefits, Challenges, and Tips

By Happy Sharer

Introduction

Zoology is a field of science that studies animals, their behavior, and their environment. The study of zoology can take place in a lab, in the classroom, or even in the wild. For some zoologists, work requires traveling to different parts of the world to observe and study animals in their natural habitats. This article will explore the opportunities available to zoologists who wish to travel, the benefits and challenges they may face along the way, and tips for making the most out of the experience.

What Types of Jobs Require Zoologists to Travel?

Traveling zoologists may find themselves working in various fields, including conservation, research, education, and wildlife management. For example, a zoologist may be hired to lead an expedition to a remote region to identify a species of animal that has yet to be documented. They may also be asked to conduct research on a particular species in order to better understand its behavior and habitat needs. Additionally, zoologists may be employed by zoos, aquariums, and other wildlife facilities to educate visitors about animals and their conservation status.

In addition to these roles, zoologists may also be employed as wildlife photographers, writers, and filmmakers. These positions often require travel in order to capture footage of animals in their natural habitats or to document the effects of human activities on wildlife populations. Working as a traveling zoologist can be a rewarding experience, but it also comes with its own set of unique challenges.

Benefits and Challenges of Working in These Positions

The benefits of working as a traveling zoologist are numerous. For one, zoologists get to explore new places and make connections with people from different cultures. They also have the chance to learn more about the animals they study and gain a deeper understanding of their behaviors and habitats. Additionally, working in these positions provides zoologists with the opportunity to develop their skills and knowledge in a variety of areas, such as research methods, data analysis, fieldwork, and communication.

Of course, there are also challenges associated with working as a traveling zoologist. For instance, zoologists may find it difficult to maintain a healthy work-life balance when they are constantly on the move. Additionally, they may struggle to adjust to unfamiliar environments and climates. Finally, it can be difficult to stay connected to colleagues and other professionals while traveling.

A Day in the Life of a Traveling Zoologist

The day-to-day life of a traveling zoologist can vary greatly depending on the specific job. However, it typically involves a combination of fieldwork, research, and data analysis. Zoologists may spend their days observing and documenting animal behavior or conducting experiments in the wild. They may also be responsible for collecting samples and analyzing data in order to determine the health of a population or to identify potential threats to a species’ survival. Additionally, they may be required to communicate their findings to other scientists or to the public.

In order to make the most out of their time on the road, zoologists must learn to balance their work and personal life. This includes setting aside time for self-care, such as exercising, eating well, and getting enough sleep. Additionally, zoologists should strive to keep in touch with family and friends back home in order to remain connected and supported.

Exploring the Benefits of Traveling as a Zoologist

Traveling as a zoologist provides many benefits, both professionally and personally. Professionally, zoologists can gain valuable experience by interacting with experts in the field, participating in field research, and attending conferences. Additionally, they can develop their skills in data analysis, communication, and problem-solving. On a personal level, traveling zoologists can take advantage of the opportunity to explore different cultures, meet new people, and immerse themselves in diverse environments.

Dr. William Schmitt, a professor of zoology at the University of Michigan, believes that “traveling as a zoologist provides a unique learning opportunity. It allows you to see things in person that you would never be able to experience in the classroom or lab.” He goes on to say, “It also gives you the opportunity to connect with other professionals in the field and to build relationships that could prove beneficial down the line.”

Common Challenges Faced by Zoologists When Traveling

As with any job, there are certain challenges that come with being a traveling zoologist. One of the most common challenges is adjusting to new and unfamiliar places. Zoologists must learn to navigate foreign cities, understand local customs, and adapt to different climates. Additionally, they must learn to manage their time effectively in order to complete tasks in a timely manner.

Another challenge that zoologists face when traveling is maintaining professional relationships. It can be difficult to stay connected with colleagues and peers while on the move, which can hinder collaboration and the exchange of ideas. Finally, zoologists must also be prepared for unexpected changes in plans and delays due to weather or other factors.

Tips for Making the Most Out of Traveling as a Zoologist

For zoologists who are interested in traveling, there are several steps they can take to make the most out of the experience. The first step is to plan ahead. Zoologists should research their destination, establish contacts in the area, and pack accordingly. Additionally, they should consider connecting with other professionals in the field and attending conferences to learn more about their chosen field.

It is also important for zoologists to take care of their physical and mental health while on the road. This includes getting enough rest, eating healthy meals, and staying active. Finally, zoologists should strive to make the most out of every opportunity by taking advantage of all that their destination has to offer.

How to Prepare for Traveling as a Zoologist

Traveling as a zoologist can be a rewarding and enlightening experience, but it also requires careful preparation. Zoologists should begin by researching their destination and familiarizing themselves with the local customs and language. Additionally, they should prepare financially by budgeting for their trip and obtaining any necessary visas or permits. Finally, it is important to pack smart. Zoologists should bring only the essential items and leave room for souvenirs.

Traveling as a zoologist can be an incredibly rewarding experience. Not only does it provide zoologists with the opportunity to gain valuable experience and knowledge, but it also allows them to explore new places, meet new people, and make meaningful connections. That said, it is important for zoologists to be aware of the challenges that come with the job, such as adjusting to unfamiliar places and managing time efficiently. With proper planning and preparation, however, zoologists can make the most out of their travels and gain invaluable insights into the world of zoology.

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Hi, I'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way.

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A Guide to Study Zoology & Wildlife Sciences Abroad

Zoology and wildlife sciences is a deeply diverse field, with specialties in everything from veterinary medicine and conservation to rainforest ecology and marine sciences. Unique to this field is the intimate and meaningful connection to local environments and ecological systems. Wildlife study abroad programs are offered all over the world, from the tropical canopies of Central America to the windswept Siberian tundra. Studying abroad in this discipline allows students to expand their understanding on a global level, while gaining hands-on experience with a variety of plant and animal life exclusive to their region of choice.

Why Study Zoology Abroad

Studying wildlife and zoology abroad is ideal since every region in the world has its own local species of plant and animal life; by studying abroad, students gain invaluable hands-on experience with the world’s most unique habitats. Wildlife studies abroad allow students to draw connections between local and global ecological systems, and gain knowledge about subjects related to their degree. Students who choose to study abroad will be able to delve into the biology of tropical birds or see firsthand the effects of ocean pollution on coral reef networks, in addition to the actual adventure of traveling and living abroad.

Wildlife study abroad programs are typically offered through host colleges and universities throughout the world. Some program providers or academic institutions also focus on providing internship opportunities for students in the field, which provide the students with both work experience and academic credit abroad.

Tropical nations with a great deal of access to the ocean offer some of the best places to study zoology and wildlife sciences abroad, because they tend to be geographically diverse with a variety of ecosystems and unique forms of life. Some of the most popular locations for studying wildlife sciences abroad include Costa Rica , New Zealand , Australia , although there are also tons of islands in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean that also offer incredible wildlife study abroad programs.

Africa is also one of the most popular and unique places to study wildlife sciences abroad. It is truly the only region in the world that offers specialties like safari guide courses and game ranger training, not to mention that Africa has some of the most impressive plant and animal life on the planet. For out of this world study abroad programs in Africa, zoology students should look to South Africa , Botswana, and Namibia.

Whether it’s rainforest research in Brazil, working on farms and ranches in Argentina, field study in ecology in Ecuador , or sustainability in Belize, Central and South America are also rife with opportunities for studying wildlife abroad.

Courses & Programs

The diversity of course instruction for this field of zoology and wildlife sciences is remarkable at home, let alone abroad.

Natural Conservation & Sustainability. Wildlife study abroad programs often focus on the areas of public awareness and improving sustainable practices, as well as field-work and observation for all types of habitats, like rainforests, and smaller wildlife, such as insects. Students will get a more comprehensive understanding of individual ecological systems, how they interact with each other, and how humans have contributed to both the decline and preservation of these systems through courses in these subjects.

Wildlife Conservation & Biology. Zoology study abroad programs include lots of field studies and preservation of animal populations and reef environments. You can specialize in subjects, like aviary biology, coral reef biology, or wildlife management, where you can learn about trapping and GPS tracking. Students can also work in zoos to help rescue and rehabilitate wildlife.

Veterinary Medicine. This is a more specific specialty for those interested in being veterinarians. Students can work with large animal vet practices, learn about animal agriculture, husbandry, genetic breeding, waste management, and even observe surgeries. Often times students will work with local farms and ranches, or sometimes zoos and national parks.

Context: Location of these types of programs will determine the type of specialties offered. Through studying abroad, students can gain experience in ecosystems and with wildlife that is simply not available in their home country, such as coral reef biology or rainforest ecology.

Availability & Variety: With so much going on in the world of plants and animals, there are few other fields that can compare in degree of availability and variety. Students can literally choose almost anywhere in the world to study zoology and wildlife sciences. The almost overwhelming list of courses to choose from provides students with the freedom to choose where and what they study.

Career Benefits: By studying zoology and wildlife sciences abroad, students gain a more global comprehension of ecological systems with hands-on experience in a variety of habitats and wildlife. If you’re looking to step into the professional world of zoology and wildlife, this kind of initiative makes an impression. It also allows you to network while studying abroad, and perhaps land an interview after graduation.

Deciding on a Specialization: The more experience you have, the more you will come to know your true interests. Studying abroad is immersive, and allows you to get a taste of the different specialties available in the fields of wildlife and zoology. Maybe you find that you love rehabilitating a certain kind of species, or maybe you find that aviary biology is not for you. Either way, that is valuable knowledge that will help you refine your expertise in the future. 

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Here’s what to know if you are traveling abroad with your dog

FILE - A traveler pulls his dog in a wheeled carrier at the Benito Juarez International Airport in Mexico City, Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2022. If you are bringing a dog into the U.S. — whether if you are returning from a trip overseas with Rover, visiting the U.S., or adopting a dog from abroad — you have to follow a set of new rules released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Wednesday, May 8, 2024, designed to help prevent the spread of rabies. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte, File)

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If you are bringing a dog into the U.S. — whether if you are returning from a trip overseas with Rover, visiting the U.S., or adopting a dog from abroad — you have to follow a set of new rules designed to help prevent the spread of rabies.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last updated these rules in 1956, when far fewer dogs came to the U.S. from other countries, officials say. About 1 million dogs now enter the U.S. every year.

There are additional restrictions if the dog has been in many countries where rabies is common. You can find the list of those countries on the CDC website .

The new rules go into affect Aug. 1. There’s a checklist on the CDC website .

Here’s what to know about about the rules:

— Dogs have to be healthy and at least 6 months old when they arrive in the U.S.

— The dog must have a microchip implanted under their skin, which contains identifier information.

— A CDC import form must be filled out in advance, and include a photo of the dog.

— Proof of rabies vaccination is required only if the dog was in a high-risk country in the past six months.

— For dogs vaccinated in the U.S., a certificate endorsed by the Agriculture Department is required.

— For dogs vaccinated outside the U.S., a certificate of vaccination is required along with a blood test, and the animal has to be examined at a CDC-registered facility on arrival in the U.S.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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Chicken or egg? One zoologist’s attempt to solve the conundrum of which came first

The writer of a new book about life on Earth seen through the prism of the egg says the age-old paradox actually leads us back a billion years – to the bottom of the ocean

T he chicken or the egg? Sometimes, as a zoology author, I am asked this question by the kid at the front with the raised hand and large questioning eyes. Sometimes it’s the older guy at the back with a glint in his eye. Sometimes it’s a student who approaches the lectern at the end of a lecture while everyone else files out. The same mischievous eyes, the same wry smile. “So which came first?” they ask, beaming, unaware that this is not the first time I have been asked.

I hadn’t foreseen, years ago, when I began exploring the evolution of the animal egg and the role it has played in the long history of life on this planet, that it would become pretty much the only question I would be asked. I spent years reframing the evolution of life on Earth as a story told from the egg’s perspective, tracing this strange vessel’s adaptation to land, its movement across continents, the evolution of the umbilical cord, the evolution of the placenta, menstruation, menopause… but even now, having finally turned this journey into a book, I expect that a great deal of my dialogue with readers will be chicken-based.

Luckily, I consider chickens a fascinating gateway species for anyone who has never really stopped to think about how strange and beautiful animal eggs are when you consider them for a moment.

So, the question at hand – chicken or egg? Which really came first?

Like an egg, the question itself needs some space to breathe. The chicken and egg paradox – the classic causality dilemma – playfully expresses the difficulty that human minds have in sequencing actions where one thing depends on the other being done first and vice versa. Aristotle, writing in the fourth century BC, considered it to be an example of an infinite sequence, with no true beginning. It was a way of imagining what infinity represents. Later, Plutarch, the Greek historian and biographer, talked of the chicken and egg being a “great and weighty problem” that forced philosophers to engage in questions about whether the world had a beginning or whether it would ever end. The chicken and the egg were, in a way, precursors to modern-day questions about cosmology, deep time and physics. Later, through a series of exciting discoveries in the 19th century (particularly the ideas of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, co-discovers of natural selection), biologists and geologists were able to offer a more evidence-based perspective on the age-old question. And so, what follows in the next paragraph is the standard response you are likely to get should you throw a “chicken or egg” question at a modern-day zoologist.

If you think of an egg as something with a hard shell that you can crack with a spoon, then the egg did arrive long before chickens. Because birds, which all lay eggs, go back a long time in history, many millions of years, whereas chickens, according to DNA studies and archaeological evidence , have been around for less than 10,000 years. So the answer to the paradox is a simple one. Egg wins. By a country mile. In fact, shelled eggs evolved in some ( but not all ) dinosaur groups, one of which was the ancestor of modern-day birds, about 160m years ago. Other dinosaur groups, including the earliest long-necked dinosaurs known as sauropods, may have evolved shelled eggs 195 million years ago . And so, in a very real way, there you have it: the egg, almost 200m years and counting, is considerably older than the chicken, which is, at most, around 0.01m years old.

But that doesn’t feel satisfying. My problem with this go-to zoological response is that it shortchanges the egg. Because eggs are very varied indeed. These numerous organic vessels, whose primary function is to fire genetic lineages forward through time, deserve a little more space to… cook. So, when asked this question, I like to elaborate.

A more thought-provoking way of approaching the question is to ask: “What came first, the egg or the egg tube?” For it is not chickens, but egg tubes (known as oviducts; fallopian tubes in humans) that make many eggs look the way that they do. Egg tubes abound across the animal kingdom. From egg tubes that leak milk from their walls like the eyes of holy statues (see: some flies), to egg tubes that paste cement-like glue all over the eggs, so that they can be stuck on to human hair (see: head lice). There are egg tubes where embryos wrestle and fight to the death (see: some sharks ); egg tubes inhabited by blood-sucking placentae (see: some mammals); egg tubes flanked by paired vaginas (see: marsupials).

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The chicken’s egg tube really is astonishingly beautiful. Every chicken’s egg you have ever held was first dressed in a dizzying, constricted, complicated life-corridor. Every egg you’ve ever cracked into a mixing bowl or boiled and served with soldiers graduated from it. Deep within the chicken, the egg you held in your hand began as a gloopy, slimy blob. As it passed through the egg tube, it was tended to by glands in the walls of the egg tube which sprayed different chemicals on to the egg, almost as if it were a vehicle passing through a car wash. Some nozzles sprayed a foamy calcium-rich layer that hardened into shell. Some sprayed tiny pencil-like markings on the eggshell; others painted constellations of dots and spots. In some birds, the eggs can be made all manner of blues and greens by these tiny nozzles. The blackbird egg (laid in spring and early summer in a shrub near you) looks almost as if it has been carved in jade. There are even pores in the wall of the chicken’s egg tube that secrete a waxy layer to the external shell of the egg, to protect it from microbes. And then the egg is delivered, like a shiny executive wagon on a car forecourt, polished and ready to go.

Which came first, the egg or the tube that made it? Why would an egg tube evolve if there were no egg for it to serve? How could there be an egg if there were no egg tube? Deeper we go. The truth is that the egg came a long way before the evolution of the egg tube, and by an extensive margin – many millions of years, clearly visible in the fossil record. In jellyfish, among the very first animals thought to have evolved, eggs are grown in the body and then shed directly into the water, often in their thousands. Perhaps the earliest eggs were shed this way.

Eggs are truly ancient. They go back 600m years or more, as documented by discoveries of sphere-like specimens found in slabs of ancient sea floors. Barely a millimetre or so across, some appear surprisingly intact . Some even have what are argued to be primitive cells within them – two, four, eight, 16 – dividing to become new life: an embryo, a hatchling, a generation. The truth is that we don’t yet know much about the animals that hatched from these mysterious prehistoric eggs. Some are claimed to be jellyfish; others may have been primitive marine worms. Either way, these eggs are very old. Far older than chickens or egg tubes. These fossil eggs go back to the Ediacaran period, about 100m years before animals (as we know them) really got going. The very idea of the existence of a chicken – a walking, squawking, feathered thing with an internal mineral-enriched skeleton, eyes and a beak – would have been unimaginable to anything capable of imagination back then. Yet, incredibly, the egg probably goes back further in time even than this.

If you expand the parameters of the question to allow the inclusion of sex cells (gametes), eg ova and sperm, then eggs beat chickens by, give or take, 1bn years. The uniformity and commonality of sex among distantly related modern-day groups, such as algae, plants and animals (then mostly little more than single-celled specks, hoovering detritus from rocks), suggests that eggs and sperm likely evolved at some time around 1bn years ago. This leads us to conclude that there were eggs and sperm on this planet long before animals as we know them today evolved. This was long, long, before egg tubes.

And so, in this great paradox of recent millennia, it’s the egg. Always the egg. The egg is older than the chicken. That’s what I’ll say next time I am asked, before readying myself for a final flourish. Because the paradox, like the egg, still has many fascinating layers that continue to attract human minds.

There is the genetics to consider, for instance. There must have been a moment when the chicken’s ancestor, wild jungle fowl laid a fertilised egg, within which were the exact combination of mutations that gave rise to the lineage that was then given the spoken label “chicken” (or its early language equivalent). And what is a “chicken”, exactly? The chicken of old, striding around back yards pecking at grain? Or the modern-day broiler, the monstrous perversion bred into existence by the poultry industry? What we call a “chicken” is really, when viewed across millennia, a tumbling river of genes and genetic lineages flowing forwards in time, shuffling in and out of novel combinations as generations pass, chiselled and finessed by the whims of unthinking planetary surface forces or, more commonly for this species, the sculpting, selective hands of industry. Like countries upon continents, the concept of “chicken” only exists because there is an upright ape on this planet with a kink for categories and a fondness for labelling things as they stand at this precise geological moment in Earth’s history. And what are animals, really? Are animals organisms that produce eggs in order to make more animals? Or are animals the vessels that eggs use, in an evolutionary way, to make more eggs?

Chicken or egg? Eggs or egg tubes? Eggs or animals? An enduring paradox, dreamed up 2,000 years ago, remains, in my eyes at least, as delicious and thrilling as ever to consider. We are living in an age of science, of rigorous evidence and journals and discoveries galore, yet still this simple question has the potential to exercise the mind in a very satisfying way. And so, long live the egg, the leftmost bookend to every animal life. Modern graduate of the egg tube. A truly marvellous thing.

Infinite Life: A Revolutionary Story of Eggs, Evolution and Life on Earth by Jules Howard is published by Elliott & Thompson (£20). To support the Guardian and Observer order your copy at guardianbookshop.com . Delivery charges may apply

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