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Tourist Trophy

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Definition of trophy noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Can trophy hunting help conservation?

But she doesn’t. Instead, Dickman has become increasingly vocal about the probable impacts of blanket bans on trophy hunting that could lead to more animals being killed. If lions and other species generate revenue through trophy hunting, she argues, they and their habitat are more likely to be conserved.

• Wildlife-human conflict: If we are to save predators from extinction, we must protect the people that live alongside them

The maths is hard to ignore. Around three villages outside of Ruaha, Dickman and her colleagues documented the killing of 35 large carnivores in one 18-month period. “This included 25 lions killed in one year in an area of much less than 500km²,” she says. In contrast, in areas managed for trophy hunting, the recommended quota is 0.5 lions per 1,000km².

In short, the level of killing where lions have no economic value was at least 100 times higher than is – or should be – permitted under trophy hunting. 

On a personal level, I can’t imagine trophy hunting. I’m an animal lover, I’m a vegetarian, I don’t understand it. But understanding it personally is very different from understanding the evidence around it. Amy Dickman

On a broader scale, the area of land managed for trophy hunting in Africa is greater than all of its national parks combined – 1.4 million km², roughly equivalent to France, Germany and the UK combined. “On a personal level, I can’t imagine trophy hunting,” says Dickman. “I’m an animal lover, I’m a vegetarian, I don’t understand it. But understanding it personally is very different from understanding the evidence around it.”

According to Tim Davenport, Africa director for the conservation group Re:wild , in Tanzania alone between 1,000 and 2,000 lions – or 4-8 per cent of the entire global population – are dependent on land managed for trophy hunting. “By stopping trophy hunting [in Tanzania] without alternative financing in place, game reserves will be turned into maize fields and cattle ranches within a few months or years,” he says. “I’ve seen it happen dozens of times.”

Not all scientists agree with Dickman and Davenport, though. Hans Bauer, who also works at WildCRU, says that trophy hunting doesn’t deliver for either people or wildlife in the way that it’s claimed. Hunting ‘blocks’ in many African countries are being abandoned because they don’t make money. “Across Africa, in the vast majority of cases, trophy hunting has not delivered more lions – whether because of financial imbalances, increased terrorism, land mismanagement or increased livestock mobility (or a combination of these factors),” he wrote in an article for The Conservation . 

Does trophy hunting just take place in Africa?

Many countries, including UK, around the world permit trophy hunting. Visit the website Book Your Hunt, and you’ll see there are numerous hunting opportunities in North America, Eastern Europe, Southern Africa and Central Asia, far fewer in South America and South-East Asia. Neither India nor Kenya permit it.

According to Adam Hart, professor of science communication at the University of Gloucester, who has co-written a comprehensive book about trophy hunting (simply called Trophy Hunting ), eight out of the top ten countries ranked for their record in conserving large mammals permit trophy hunting. They include Botswana (1st), Tanzania (3rd) and Canada (8th).

Few people paid trophy hunting much attention until a lion nicknamed Cecil was killed by US dentist Walter Palmer just outside Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe in July 2015, but supporters and opponents have been debating its rights and wrongs, with increasing vehemency, ever since.

Some people have mocked up images of Amy Dickman killing animals and posted them online, and she has received threatening letters. Celebrities such as Ricky Gervais and Joanna Lumley have also joined in the conversation, voicing their objections to trophy hunting via social media.

This year, MPs tried to pass a law that would have banned British hunters from bringing back trophies from species protected under CITES. The bill passed easily through the House of Commons, but – controversially – fell foul of filibustering by peers in the Lords.

This wasn’t the only controversy stirred up by the bill. According to analysis by Hart, 75 per cent of statements made in support of the bill in the Commons were misleading or incorrect. They included the claim that lions could go extinct by 2050, something for which there is no evidence.

Tim Davenport says that many people who object to trophy hunting don’t understand the realities of conservation in Africa. “What you’ve got is people discussing what they think is conservation, but it isn’t – it’s animal welfare,” he says.

How much does trophy hunting cost?

How much do you want to pay? In southern England, you can hunt roe deer and muntjac for as little as £150, while expect to pay at least $40-45,000 (£32-36,000) to bag an ele- phant in Africa. In Zimbabwe, you won’t see any change out of £30,000 for the right to stalk and kill a leopard .

In Pakistan, the right to go after a single markhor can set you back more than $100,000 (£80,000), while a prices quoted for a single white rhino can be $140,000 (£110,000), and you can probably pay a lot more than that

The case against trophy hunting

But opposition to trophy hunting encompasses multiple strands. One complaint is that it perpetuates a colonial trope of rich white westerners exploiting the continent’s resources, which also keeps local people in poverty and prevents other ways of funding conservation taking root. Another is that permitted quotas can be too high, resulting in declining populations.

And it’s cruel – tourist hunters are unlikely to be as skilled as their professional guides and can choose to use bows and arrows instead of guns to kill their quarry. Cecil, it’s claimed, took 40 hours to die.

Mucha Mkono, a lecturer in sustainable tourism at the University of Queensland, has looked at attitudes among African social media users to trophy hunting. She examined responses to news stories about the Cecil killing and found frequent references to the neo-colonial nature of the activity.

Mkono – who is Zimbabwean – says many people in Africa are uneasy with the idea of rich, white people flying in to shoot their wildlife. “Black people are economically precluded from participation in trophy hunting,” she points out, “and if they try to hunt wildlife for themselves, they can be penalised for poaching.”

Many African leaders accuse those trying to bring an end to trophy hunting of being equally neo-colonial. It is not up to the UK or USA to tell Africans how to manage their environment, they argue – if they want to make money out of rich westerners hunting their wildlife, that’s up to them. 

An equally contentious issue is what replaces trophy hunting were it to disappear. Even opponents concede that something has to.

A lobbying document supported by groups that included the Born Free Foundation argues that the benefits to local communities are “often greatly exaggerated” and that – as a funding model – it’s on the decline. But it adds that the UK government should “provide additional resources for those countries” whose wildlife management model relies on revenue from trophy hunting should a ban be implemented. No funding pledge was given.

More tourism is not the answer. A lot of trophy hunting takes place in areas that are either too remote, not sufficiently scenic, or plagued by tsetse flies, making them unviable for westerners who like their home comforts. 

But there are other alternatives, if only we were able to implement them. Ecologist and conservationist Ian Redmond, who has worked in Africa throughout his career, is a co-founder of Rebalance Earth , a new initiative that aims to help developing nations monetise their biodiversity.

Animals such as elephants , Redmond says, have enormous value while alive in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. It’s calculated that a single forest elephant helps trees store an estimated 9,500 tonnes of CO2 per km² by weeding out smaller trees, allowing those that survive to grow larger.

“The carbon value of a single forest elephant is $1.75 million,” Ralph Chami, another co-founder of Rebalance Earth, told a conference organised by Born Free in December 2022. The forests of Gabon alone could be worth £950 million a year, he said.

But these are only notional figures. Who’s actually going to pay for these services? Chami suggested that global corporations such as Microsoft will want to showcase their eco-credentials to both their consumers and investors by buying into such a market.

But not everyone is convinced. Adam Hart says the problem is that this model is effectively wealthy countries giving money to poorer ones. “That means they can stop at any point,” he points out. “If they don’t like the government of Zambia or there’s a coup somewhere, suddenly it’s ‘What, we’re paying these people?’”

Can trophy hunting benefit local communities?

What about the argument that trophy hunting doesn’t really benefit local communities? This is perhaps the most disputed of all the claims and counter-claims. Namibia is often cited as the best example of community-run conservancies in which most of the income from the fees ends up in the hands of local people.

In fact, there is a better example – Pakistan. WildCRU researcher Bilal Mustafa has in-depth knowledge of trophy hunting in his home country – mainly species such as mountain goats called markhor (renowned for their huge, corkscrew horns), ibex and blue sheep. Hunters are willing to pay $100,000 and more for the right to shoot one of these animals, and annual incomes for a single province can be in the millions of dollars – and, crucially, 80 per cent of all income is returned to the local community.

This money is spent on schools, community centres and roads. Literacy rates in trophy hunting regions have increased from 10 to 70 per cent of the population, with girls especially benefitting. “The early marriage of girls has been reduced because of an increase in the literacy rate of girls up to 90 per cent, and most of them are also now going to university,” Mustafa says.

Wildlife populations have increased. Markhor numbers in the province Gilgit Baltistan rose more than five-fold to nearly 3,000 between 2000 and 2016, and money from trophy hunting is also used to compensate those farmers who lose livestock to predators such as snow leopards.

You might argue, as Adam Cruise – interim chief executive of the Campaign to Ban Trophy Hunting (CBTH) – does that one of the problems in Africa is the economic model in which often foreign- (and white-) owned businesses get the lion’s share of the profits. “Conservation and community uplift benefits are the two pillars to justify trophy hunting as a necessary evil,” he says. “It sounds really good, and if it were true, I’d back it.”

But by the time the hunting operators and governments have taken their share of the money, there’s only a few scraps left to divide up among local communities. In fact, it’s worse than that, Cruise argues – land in countries such as South Africa and Zimbabwe is set aside for wildlife at the expense of local people.

What will the future hold?

What the future holds is unclear. Labour has committed to bringing back the trophy hunting bill should it form the next government, though it’s hard to imagine it will be a priority. The USA – which accounts for 70 per cent of the global trophy hunting market – requires hunters to demonstrate that the money they paid for their kill contributes towards species conservation if they want to come back with a trophy, something which many conservation scientists say we could do here in the UK.

It’s perhaps not surprising so many people find this issue grotesque. Photographs of gun-toting, khaki-clad sport hunters gurning at the camera beside the body of a lion or giraffe is far from a universally popular look. But whatever you think about it – and whether anything you have read here has changed your mind or not – here are two thoughts to take away. 

First, there is no species that is at risk from going extinct because of trophy hunting. That’s just a fact.

And second, the amount of money raised by trophy hunting – whether it goes to local communities or not – is relatively small beer. For southern Africa, you see figures of anywhere between $200 to just over $400 million a year. In contrast, the USA alone provides around $6 billion – 15 times that figure – in aid to the continent a year. The global conservation group WWF brought in £888 million in 2022 through charitable giving, grants and other fundraising.

But then again, the cost of safeguarding lions in Africa’s protected areas alone is estimated to be between $1.2 to $2.4 billion a year, but they receive less than $400 million. Even with trophy hunting, there is a chasm between what’s needed and what comes in. 

If we in the west want to see an end to trophy hunting of lions and leopards by banning imports, then you could argue we need to stump up the lost cash. The question is whether a consensus could be reached on where this money comes from and who it goes to. With trophy hunting, it’s easy to ask difficult questions – but much harder to find the answers. 

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• 1.1 Etymology
• 1.2 Pronunciation
• 1.3.1 Derived terms
• 1.3.2 Descendants
• 1.3.3 Translations

From Middle French trophée , from Latin trophaeum ( “ a sign of victory, a monument ” ) , tropaeum , from Ancient Greek τρόπαιον ( trópaion , “ monument of an enemy's defeat ” ) , from neuter of τροπαῖος ( tropaîos , “ of defeat ” ) , from τροπή ( tropḗ , “ a rout, a turning of an enemy ” ) .

Pronunciation

• ( US ) IPA ( key ) : /ˈtɹoʊfi/
• Rhymes: -əʊfi

trophy ( plural trophies )

• An object , usually in the form of a statuette , cup , or shield , awarded for success in a competition or to mark a special achievement . He won the trophy in a running competition.
• 1697 , Virgil , “The Seventh Book of the Æneis ”, in John Dryden , transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis.   [ … ] , London: [ … ] Jacob Tonson ,   [ … ] , →OCLC : Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears, / And captive chariots, axes, shields, and bars, / And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars.
• 2011 July 26, L. Samuelson, Tankograd: The Formation of a Soviet Company Town: Cheliabinsk, 1900s-1950s , Springer, →ISBN , page 200 : Similarly, the Soviet defence industry tested their guns by firing against German trophy tanks or fired against new Soviet vehicles with German guns or German ammunition.
• 2018 June 8, Scott Reyburn, “Art Is Becoming a Financial Product, and Blockchain Is Making It Happen”, in The New York Times ‎ [1] , →ISSN : “The stakes are getting so high,” Mr. MacDonald-Korth said in a telephone interview, referring to the skyrocketing amounts being paid for trophy works of art.
• ( criminology , by extension ) An object taken by a serial killer or rapist as a memento of the crime .
• ( historical , Ancient Rome ) A tropæum .
• 1994 , Philip Jenkins, Using Murder: The Social Construction of Serial Homicide ‎ [2] , →ISBN , page 117 : The souvenirs which many killers retain of their victims are often described as trophies , and Norman Bates's taxidermic interests derived from the real-life Ed Gein.
• 2001 , R. Michael Gordon, Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects ‎ [3] , →ISBN , page 82 : A trophy from this murder would have been of great importance.
• 2004 , Ronald F. Becker, Criminal Investigation ‎ [4] , →ISBN , page 168 : The offender is also likely to mentally relive his killings, often with the help of souvenirs or trophies , such as a bracelet or a body part taken from the victim.
• An artifact or artwork that has been stolen by a criminal and traded on the black market .
• An animal killed by a trophy hunter that usually has its parts sold on the black market.

Derived terms

• fuck trophy
• government trophy
• trophy case
• trophy hunting
• trophy husband
• trophy money
• trophy room
• trophy veep
• trophy wife

Descendants

• → Korean: 트로피 ( teuropi )
• → Malayalam: ട്രോഫി ( ṭrōphi )

Translations

trophy ( third-person singular simple present trophies , present participle trophying , simple past and past participle trophied )

• 1798 July , Walter Savage Landor , “Book IV”, in Gebir; a Poem,   [ … ] , London: [ … ] Rivingtons ,   [ … ] , →OCLC , page 35 , lines 29–32 : How many a night serene, shall I behold / Those vvarm attractive orbits, close inshrined / In ether, over vvhich Love's column rose / Marmoreal, trophied round vvith golden hair.
• 2021 , “Harold C. 'Todd' Freeman, III”, in Star Tribune ‎ [5] : He trophied at the 1993, 1994, 2012 and 2015 National Championships and was most proud of winning his class at the 2017 Spring Nationals.

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Urge the European Union to halt the import of hunting trophies

Sign the petition

Trophy hunting is the unethical practice of killing wildlife for entertainment to obtain the animal’s body or its parts, such as head, teeth, horns or tails, for display as a trophy. Trophy hunters often pay large sums of money to kill rare or charismatic animals and enter their achievements into record books for awards kept by hunting organizations. Trophy hunting is not only unethical treatment and killing of animals, but it is also extractive and can harm conservation efforts by exacerbating direct and indirect threats facing many imperiled species. Trophy hunters travel all over the world for hunts, as over 75 countries import and/or export hunting trophies.

Trophies traded globally between 2016 and 2020 from CITES-listed mammals

>3,600 per year

Threatened or endangered animals killed for trophies

Trophies entering the U.S. on average, the #1 importer globally; the EU is #2

Trophy hunting is an industry built on cruelty for the purposes of entertainment and bragging rights. It celebrates and incentivizes the killing of animals by orchestrating competitions to kill the most, the rarest or the largest animals. The industry includes canned (captive) hunting, the “guaranteed” killing of captive-bred animals in fenced areas. Trophy hunting also significantly impacts conservation efforts, as the targeted offtake of animals can contribute to population declines and other indirect effects. Trade data shows that tens of thousands of CITES-listed mammals are killed by trophy hunters each year, including species assessed as vulnerable, threatened and endangered. HSI works to raise public awareness and end corporate support of trophy hunters’ interests, as well as improve legal protections and encourage alternatives.

Trophy hunting facts:

• The most-coveted animals for trophies include American black bears, Hartmann’s mountain zebras, Chacma baboons, African elephants, lions, leopards and gray wolves.
• Trophy hunting represents a source of unnatural mortality as trophy hunters often target healthy, reproductive-age animals, especially those that are large or have impressive physical attributes. This unnatural selection pressure can create havoc with far-reaching direct and indirect negative impacts on populations and humans.
• Trophy hunting includes the practice of “canned hunting” where commercial operators breed and raise animals (especially lions) in captivity to be shot for trophies in enclosed areas where they cannot escape. The animals have nowhere to escape hunters, violating fair chase ethics within the hunting community. These operations have serious welfare implications and make no contributions at all to conservation.
• Most international trophy hunters are American as the U.S. imports 75% of the CITES-listed mammal trophies traded globally. A U.S.-based hunting industry group, Safari Club International, drives demand for imperiled species and promotes the competitive killing of wildlife for entertainment.
• The European Union is the world’s second largest importer of CITES-listed mammal trophies. Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Austria import the most trophies among the EU countries, while Romania, France, Spain, and Denmark export the most. France, the Netherlands, Finland and Belgium have varying degrees of hunting trophy import prohibitions in place.

Our work in action

Exhibition urges poland to ban hunting trophy imports from endangered species.

“We firmly believe that Poland should follow the lead of other European countries and adopt a ban on the import of trophies from imperiled species.” -Iga Głażewska, HSI/Europe

Former president of Botswana Ian Khama urges German government to ban the import of hunting trophies

“Germany must take responsibility at the national level to promote alternative sustainable solutions to protect wildlife where Germany has a direct influence, such as through their own international trade in hunting trophies.” -Sylvie Kremerskothen Gleason, HSI/Europe

Belgium bans the import of hunting trophies

“The time is now for an EU-wide ban on the import of hunting trophies from endangered and protected species, reflecting the views of citizens across Member States in the European Union.” -Ruud Tombrock, executive director for HSI/Europe

ITA Airways joins the campaign of HSI/Europe and introduces a ban on transporting hunting trophies on its flights

“ITA Airways’ support to our campaign and their new policy represent a highly significant contribution to the goal of ending cruel trophy hunting.” -Martina Pluda, HSI in Italy

Trophy hunting: an unnecessary evil

“I support this ban on trophy hunting because it doesn’t support communities—it harms them and it harms wildlife.” -Boniface Mpario, Maasai Senior Elder

Podcast: What country is doing all the trophy hunting?

“The findings of the 2023 US Trophy Hunting Report demonstrate the sheer, unrivaled scope of American consumption of hunting trophies, especially of threatened and endangered species.” -Sarah Veatch, Director, Wildlife Policy for HSI

Report: For a revision of the trophy hunting regime in the European Union

“We call on EU decision-makers to demonstrate the ambition and leadership they promised in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 by adopting stricter rules within the EU related to trophy hunting and the import and export of trophies, and by advocating for a highly precautionary and science-driven approach to trophy hunting.” -HSI/Europe, et al.

Stop the import of hunting trophies to the EU!

“As humans, we should protect and preserve this species, not contribute to its extinction.” -Ruud Tombrock, executive director of HSI/Europe

Grizzly bears finally find peace in British Columbia

“Grizzly hunting has no place in the 21st century, and today’s announcement is a crucial step forward in protecting these majestic animals from senseless cruelty.” -Rebecca Aldworth, executive director of Humane Society International/Canada

Trophy hunting by the numbers: Africa report

“Killing animals for ‘fun’ is part of the archaic ‘if it pays it stays’ concept that demands immediate change. The ongoing and worsening biodiversity and climate change crises demand new science-based approaches to conservation that better serve our communities and our wildlife. Killing animals for pleasure has no place in conservation.” -HSI/Africa wildlife director Dr. Audrey Delsink

Trophy hunting by the numbers: U.S. report

“The U.S. cannot be a genuine global leader in halting the loss of biodiversity if it continues to endorse the killing of wild animals for bragging rights and trophy collection by allowing the import of hunting trophies of at-risk species.” -Teresa Telecky, HSI

Trophy hunting by the numbers: EU report

“Until the lion has its own storyteller, tales of the lion hunt will always glorify the hunter.” -ZIMBABWEAN PROVERB

Help slam the door on importing trophies into the EU

Add your name to stand against this gruesome industry

More you can do

1. sign the pledge to end trophy hunting., 2. voice your support for the eu to ban trophy imports from imperiled animals., 3. voice your support for south africa to protect big cats from exploitation., 4. when looking for your next flight, consider airlines that currently have a hunting trophy transport ban., become an animal defender, discover more.

Trophy Hunting Q&A

How is trophy hunting different from other types of hunting? The most common form of hunting is subsistence hunting (hunting...

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Reports on trophy hunting: statistics, economics and more to show why it's wrong.

Lion Exploitation

Social media is flooded with heart-warming images of visitors cuddling lion cubs and “rescued” lions walking peacefully alongside visitors and...

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touristship noun

• Hide all quotations

What does the noun touristship mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun touristship . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

Entry status

OED is undergoing a continuous programme of revision to modernize and improve definitions. This entry has not yet been fully revised.

Where does the noun touristship come from?

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun touristship is in the 1840s.

OED's only evidence for touristship is from 1849, in Fraser's Magazine .

touristship is formed within English, by derivation.

Etymons: tourist n. , ‑ship suffix

Nearby entries

• touristdom, n. 1888–
• touristed, adj. 1873–
• tourist flight, n. 1959–
• tourist guide, n. 1924–
• touristic, adj. 1848–
• touristical, adj. 1863–
• touristically, adv. 1928–
• touristing, n. 1883–
• tourist park, n. 1927–
• touristry, n. 1878–
• touristship, n. 1849–
• tourist track, n. 1912–
• tourist trap, n. 1939–
• Tourist Trophy, n. 1907–
• touristy, adj. 1906–
• tourize, v. 1837–
• tour jeté, n. 1935–
• tourmaline, n. 1760–
• tourmalinic, adj. 1880–
• tourmalinite, n. 1896–
• tourmalinization, n. 1899–

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Meaning & use

Entry history for touristship, n..

Originally published as part of the entry for tourist, n.

tourist, n. was first published in 1913; not yet revised.

Revision of the OED is a long-term project. Entries in oed.com which have not been revised may include:

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• new senses, phrases, and quotations which have been added in subsequent print and online updates.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1913)

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Citation details

Factsheet for touristship, n., browse entry.