ibc maximum travel distance

• Codes and Standards

The IBC’s modification to exit access travel distance

Understanding the international building code’s increase for group f-1 and s-1 occupancy..

The 2015 International Building Code includes a key modification, increasing the length of exit access travel distance from 250 ft to 400 ft (if it meets specific criteria) for buildings containing Group F-1 and/or S-1 occupancy.

This change is significant to the design industry, building owners and occupants of large distribution and manufacturing facilities. Understanding the code’s implications for your existing and future facilities will ensure you’re properly prepared. A brief timeline of exit access travel distance

• 1994: In the 1994 Uniform Building Code, the exit access travel distance in a building protected with a fire sprinkler system was typically 200 ft. The exit access travel distance could be increased to 400 ft when facilities storing or manufacturing noncombustible products were provided with smoke/heat vents in addition to the fire sprinkler system.
• 1997: In the 1997 Uniform Building Code, this section was revised to allow this increase to apply to all warehouses and factories if they were protected with a fire sprinkler system and smoke/heat vents. This exit access travel distance increase resulted in larger buildings with open, undivided areas. A typical warehouse ranged from 600 to 700 ft wide. As buildings continued to grow, 600 ft became the narrow dimension for a warehouse, with many buildings exceeding 1000 ft in length.
• 2009/2012: The 2009/2012 editions of the International Building Code were revised to eliminate the 400 ft exit travel distance for large Group S-1 warehouses and large Group F-1 manufacturing facilities equipped with smoke and heat vents. This change was made because thermally activated vents were judged not to warrant such an increase.

The effects of eliminating the 400 ft exit travel distance

Due to the 400 ft loss, designers had to modify new warehouse and manufacturing facilities’ proportions or incur the cost of providing additional exits. And while it was clear to many in the industry that the original rationale for 400 ft was faulty, eliminating the requirement in its entirety was not an option.

The industry focused on ways to increase the travel distance for large buildings containing Group F-1 and/or S-1 occupancy.

Task group 400

An industry group in California came together as "Task Group 400" and conducted a fire modeling study, which demonstrated that the vast volume of large buildings could be used to contain smoke.

The group’s report was reviewed by the California State Fire Marshal’s Office and presented to the California Building Standard Commission, requesting a reinstatement of the 400 ft travel distance without any special protection, provided all of the following are met:

1. The portion of the building classified as Group F-1 or S-1 is limited to one story in height.

2. The minimum height from the finished floor to the bottom of the ceiling or roof slab or deck is 24 ft.

3. The building is equipped throughout with an automatic fire sprinkler system in accordance with section 903.3.1.1.

The exit access travel distance reversal was successfully passed, and California adopted an amended version of the 2009 International Building Code as the 2010 California Building Code.

California’s code change was later adopted into the 2015 edition of the International Building Code – the model code for most states.It should be noted that, although code no longer requires smoke and heat vents for this travel distance increase, vents or mechanical smoke removal system, are still required by Section 910.3 and 910.4  for Group S-1 and F-1 buildings of more than 50,000 sq ft. There are exceptions, however, for frozen food warehouses and areas with specific types of sprinkler systems.

Sonja Antunovic-Curcic has over 15 years of experience in architectural design. She has a strong technical background and ability to effectively transform challenges into opportunities. Her experience involves design of new buildings, expansions or alterations to existing buildings. This article originally appeared on Stellar Food for Thoughts . Stellar is a CFE Media content partner. Edited by Joy Chang, digital project manager, CFE Media, [email protected]

Do you have experience and expertise with the topics mentioned in this content? You should consider contributing to our CFE Media editorial team and getting the recognition you and your company deserve. Click here to start this process.

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Exit Discharge Requirements (Definition, Level & Exceptions)

• March 30, 2021

An exit discharge is a critical component of an exit route or means of egress from a building. In the case of emergency, it ensures  occupants a safe and direct passage from inside the building to a protected area outside the building. The exit discharge requirements are established by OSHA ,  the International Building Code (IBC) , and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Life Safety Code. These codes work together to define a consistent framework and terminology for the exit discharge definitions, purpose, and design requirements.

What is an exit discharge? (Exit discharge definition)

An exit discharge is the part of an exit route that leads directly from the termination of an exit to a public way or an open space with access to the outside. The exit discharge is usually an exterior path of egress travel between the building and the public way.

An exit discharge is part of an OSHA Exit route under section 1910.34 and part of an IBC Means of Egress under the 2018 IBC Chapter 10 Means of Egress Section 1028.

The OSHA definition of an exit discharge differs slightly from the IBC definition. OSHA states that an exit discharge is the part of the exit route that leads directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside. An example of an OSHA exit discharge is a door at the bottom of a two-hour fire resistance-rated enclosed stairway that discharges to a place of safety outside the building. Under IBC, the exterior exit door is a component of the exit not the exit discharge.

According to the IBC, a means of egress is an unobstructed path from an occupied portion of a building to a public way outside of the building. The means of egress consists of three egress components: the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge. The exit access leads from any occupied portion of a building to the exit. The exit is the portion of a means of egress between the exit access and exit discharge including the exit doors, exit stairways, exterior exit ramps, exit passageways, and horizontal exits. The exit discharge begins at the termination of the exit and the leads to the public way.

Exit discharge components

An exit discharge is a component of a means of egress that serves as the portion of the means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way. Exit discharge components shall be sufficiently open to the exterior so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke and toxic gases.

What is level of exit discharge?

The level of exit discharge is between the termination of an exit and a public way and shall lead directly to the exterior of the building. The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall provide a direct path of egress travel to grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter a building.

Exit discharge requirements IBC

The IBC Exit discharge requirements are found under 2018 IBC section 1028 – Exit Discharge. This section defines the general requirements for an exit discharge, the minimum widths, capacity, the components, construction and openings, and access to a public way.

Exit discharge general requirements

The general requirements for an exit discharge are found under IBC Section 1028.1. With few exceptions, the exits shall discharge directly to the exterior of the building. The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall provide a direct path of egress travel to grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter a building. The exceptions to these requirements are explained in the below Exceptions section.

Exit discharge width and capacity requirements

IBC Section 1028.2 requires that the minimum width or required capacity of the exit discharge shall be not less than the minimum width or required capacity of the exits being served. This means that the exit discharge should be as wide as the stairway or passageway that precedes it. The IBC stair code typically requires a 44 inches minimum.

For an accessible means of egress, the width must be as wide as the accessible stairway, typically 48 inches minimum between handrails unless the building is equipped with an automatic sprinkler system.

Egress courts requirements

An egress court is a court or yard which, as a component of an exit discharge, provides access to a public way. The minimum width of an egress courts is 44 inches, except for occupancy groups R-3 and U, which have a minimum width of 36 inches. The width shall not be less than the required capacity. The required width and capacity of an egress court shall be unobstructed to a height of 7 feet.

For egress courts less than 10 feet in width, the egress court walls should have a minimum 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a distance 10 feet above the floor of the egress court. Opening within the walls should be protected by opening protectives with a minimum fire protection rating of not less than 3/4 hour. Exceptions to this rule include egress courts of less than 10 occupants and occupancy group R-3.

Exit discharge access to a public way requirements

The exit discharge shall provide direct and unobstructed access to a public way. A public way is a street, alley or other parcel of land open to the outside air leading to a street that has been appropriated for public use and has a clear width and height of at least 10 feet.

IBC Exit discharge exceptions

A few exceptions to the IBC requirements for an exit discharge allow the discharge to be within the interior of the building rather than the exterior. Other exceptions address encroachments into the egress width and situations where access to a public way is not feasible.

Exceptions to general requirements

Under the IBC definition, the exit discharge is typically located at the exterior of the building as a path to the public way. IBC section 1028.1 allows two exceptions to this rule. In this case an exit discharge can be on the interior from interior stairways or ramps to an exterior exit door or through a vestibule. Under both the exceptions, not more than 50% of the number and minimum width or required capacity of the interior exit stairway or ramp is permitted through these areas on the level of discharge.

Exceptions to egress court requirements

The exception to the egress court requirements under section 1028.4.1 allows for encroachments into the egress width and capacity complying with Section 1005.7. These encroachments include door swings by up to 7 inches into the egress path, handrail projections by up to 4 1/2 inches on each side, and other protruding objects under section 1003.3.

Egress courts serving an occupant load of less than 10 occupants or occupancy group R-3 are not subject to the requirement of having a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated wall construction for a distance of 10 feet above the floor of the egress court.

Exceptions to access to a public way

Typically an exit discharge should provide a direct and unobstructed access to a public way. Where access to a public way cannot be provided, a safe dispersal area should be provided with the following requirements:

• The area shall be of a size to accommodate not less than 5 square feet for each person.
• The area shall be located on the same lot not less than 50 feet away from the building requiring egress.
• The area shall be permanently maintained and identified as a safe dispersal area.
• The area shall be provided with a safe and unobstructed path of travel from the building.

OSHA exit discharge requirements

The OSHA exit discharge requirements are found in section 1910.34 – Exit Routes and Emergency Planning and in 1910.36 – Design and construction requirements for exit routes. An OSHA Exit discharge means the part of the exit route that leads directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside.

An OSHA exit route is similar to the IBC means of egress. It is a continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (including refuge areas). It consists of three parts: The exit access; the exit; and, the exit discharge.

The exit access means that portion of an exit route that leads to an exit.

The exit means that portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. Under the OSHA stair cbode , an example of an exit is a two-hour fire resistance-rated enclosed stairway that leads from the fifth floor of an office building to the outside of the building.

The exit discharge is the final component of the exit route beyond the exit.

Exit discharge access to the outside requirement

OSHA Section 1910.36(c)(1) states that e ach exit discharge must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside.

Exit discharge accommodation of building occupants requirements

OSHA section 1910.36(c)(2)  requires that t he street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space to which an exit discharge leads must be large enough to accommodate the building occupants likely to use the exit route.

Exit stairs continuing beyond the level of exit discharge requirement

OSHA section 1910.36(c)(3) requires that e xit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge is located must be interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or other effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel leading to the exit discharge.

Final points

OSHA exit routes and IBC means of egress are critical building components that ensure occupants and employees have a safe way to exit the building in case of emergency. These systems must provide a free, unobstructed, and direct means of travel from anywhere within the building to a safe location outside of the building.

How do you calculate exit discharge capacity?

The exit discharge capacity must be at least the minimum width or required capacity of the exits being served. In general the exit discharge capacity for an exit stairway is 0.3 inches per occupant and for other exit types, 0.2 inches per occupant.

How many exit routes does OSHA require?

The number of exit routes must be adequate. Generally, at least two exit routes must be available to permit prompt evacuation. More than two exit routes must be available for larger buildings with higher occupancy, and a single exit route is permitted if all employees are able to evacuate safely.

How many exit routes does IBC require?

The number of exits required by the 2018 IBC is based on the occupancy of the space and the maximum common path of egress travel distance per Table 1006.2.1 and 1006.3.2. Generally, a minimum of two exits shall be provided.

What is the difference between exit and egress?

An exit is a component of a means of egress. The means of egress provides the path of travel from the building to an area outside the building. The exit is the portion of the means of egress between the exit access and exit discharge, such as a stairway or ramp.

What is a horizontal exit?

A horizontal exit is an exit component, such as a passageway or hallway, with fire-resistance rated construction and opening protectives intended to compartmentalize portions of a building thereby creating refuge areas that afford safety from the fire and smoke from the area of fire origin.

What is a vertical exit?

A vertical exit is an exit component, such as a stairway or ramp, that serves to meet one or more of the means of egress design requirements and provides for a protected path of egress travel to the exit discharge or public way.

What is exit access travel distance?

The exit access travel distance is the distance within the exit access portion of the means of egress to an exit. Generally an exit access travel distance should not be greater than 200 feet for buildings without a sprinkler system and 250 feet for buildings with a sprinkler system.

What is the maximum travel distance to a fire exit?

The maximum travel distance to a fire exit is determined by the 2018 IBC Table 1017.2 Exit Access Travel Distance. Generally, the maximum travel distance should not be greater than 200 feet for buildings without a sprinkler system and 250 feet for buildings with a sprinkler system.

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Measuring Exit Access Travel Distances

October 10, 2022 by Nick Ostrowski

The exit access configuration within a building is impacted by multiple code requirements to ensure that occupants can safely reach an exit and continue to the exit discharge. One of the major limitations that is required to be evaluated when configuring the exit access arrangement is Exit Access Travel Distance. Exit Access Travel Distances are limitations that identify the maximum distance from any point of a story to an exit. These are measured along the exit path from the most remote point of a story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit (2015 IBC 1017.3). An exit can include exterior exit doors at the level of exit discharge, interior exit stairways and ramps, exit passageways, exterior exit stairs and ramps and horizontal exits.

Although IBC Section 1017.3 and NFPA 101 Section 7.6 outline how this measurement is taken, there are some common questions raised specific to this process given the different components exit access configurations consist of. The following include a few clarifications to address some these misconceptions while measuring Exit Access Travel Distances:

• Travel Distances are measured to the nearest exit , not all exits. The most remote point on the floor is required to be within the exit access travel distance limitations to any one exit on the floor.
• Often, travel distances change throughout the design of a project. Introducing new furniture or wall partitions for a tenant fitout or alternate furniture layout on a floor may obstruct an existing exit access path. As a result, the new exit access path could exceed the maximum travel distance beyond what is permitted. As design changes take place, it should be confirmed that compliant exit access travel distances are maintained.
• If an exit access stairway or ramp is provided along the path of travel, the Exit Access Travel Distance includes the travel down the exit access stairway/ ramp. The measurement along exit access stairways is required to be made on a plane parallel and tangent to the stair tread nosing’s in the center of the stair and landings. The measurement along ramps is required to be made on the walking surface in the center of the ramp and landings.

It is important to understand how to measure exit access travel distances. If you have any questions on or concerns about this information, please contact our office at [email protected] .

Application of any information provided, for any use, is at the reader’s risk and without liability to Code Red Consultants. Code Red Consultants does not warrant the accuracy of any information contained in this blog as applicable codes and standards change over time. The application, enforcement and interpretation of codes and standards may vary between Authorities Having Jurisdiction and for this reason, registered design professionals should be consulted to determine the appropriate application of codes and standards to a specific scope of work.

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Travel Distance Advantages of Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems

We have all been there when checking into our hotel room for the night. The elevator drops you off on your floor and then you walk a country mile and finally arrive at your room. As I made that journey to my room, with all my belongings being dragged behind me, I have often thought, “I would hate to make this trip during an emergency situation.” As a former Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), I have reviewed many building plans that struggle to achieve safe travel distances within in the design. The spaces being designed would be attractive for sure but being able to safely exit within the prescribed travel distances allowances would be a challenge.

This is another huge advantage of an automatic fire sprinkler system. When they are installed, you are permitted longer travel distances within the design. Coupled with a few passive fire protection systems, this is what allows that country mile walk in a hotel or an apartment building. Before jumping into the specified code sections regarding travel distances, let’s talk briefly about the concept of travel distance.

The International Building Code (IBC) is concerned with the means of egress being located so that the distance of travel from any occupied point in the building to an exit is not excessive. The IBC establishes maximum allowable distances to exits from any occupiable point of the building. This distance is referred to as the travel distance. Travel distance is the length that a building occupant must travel from the most remote occupiable portion of the building to the door of an interior exit stairway or ramp, an exit passageway, or a horizontal exit; to an exterior egress stairway or exterior egress ramp; or to an exterior exit door located at the level of exit discharge. The travel distance limit is only imposed to the nearest exit component.

It’s important to note when talking about hazards in this discussion specifically refers to the relative degree of hazard between different occupancy classifications. The IBC states in Section 1017.2 that the travel distance to an exit may not exceed the distances found in Table 1017.2.

As you can see for most moderate hazard occupancies, the travel limitation is 200 ft. Notice what happens when an automatic fire sprinkler system is installed, you are permitted an additional 50 ft of travel distance. The travel limitations vary from these distances in occupancies considered as low hazard and high hazard. Fully sprinklered business occupancies are permitted to have travel distances of up to 300 ft. In low hazard factories and warehouses, as well as utility buildings, the travel distances increase from 300 ft to 400 ft. Travel distances in hazard occupancies vary from a low 75 ft (H-1) to a high 200 ft (H-5) in buildings when protected by automatic fire sprinkler systems. Similarly, in I-2, I-3, and I-4 occupancies a travel distance up to 200 ft in protected buildings, as to where in I-1 occupancies a travel distance of up to 25 ft is permitted.

What about F-1 and S-1 occupancies? These are common occupancies that are seen in the design world. Section 1017.2.2 addresses those two occupancies. The general travel distance limitation of 250 ft in fully sprinkler protected moderate hazard factory and storage buildings can be increased where three conditions are met. Those conditions are: 1. The portion of the building classified as Group F-1 or S-1 is limited to one story in height. 2. The minimum height from the finished floor to the bottom of ceiling or roof slab or deck is 24 feet. 3. The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.  A travel distance of up to 400 ft is allowed when all three conditions are met. Incorporating these travel distances advantages in your next designs could help meet the needs of customer and meet the requirements of the building code.

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Common Path of Travel limit?

• Thread starter pmarx
• Start date Oct 14, 2020

Bronze Member

• Oct 14, 2020

In IBC 2015, is there a section similar to 1014.3 in IBC 2009 that gave a maximum common path of travel distance? I understand that Table 1006.2.1 (2015) combines occupant load/common path of travel to determine if a space could have only one exit where previously we had to look in two separate sections but is there still a section similar to the previous 1014.3 that defines the maximum common path of travel? Or is this scenario possible: B use occupancy space in a fully sprinklered building. Occupant load of 52 so per Table 1006.2.1, two exits or exit access doorways are required. So two doors out are provided and they comply with 1007 for configuration. From the most remote point in the space, I have to travel 100' before I reach the end of the common path to the two doors. Does this comply with 1006.2.1? If it does, it just seems counter-intuitive to safety. At least to me unless I'm missing something else. Thanks.  

If you have two doors out of a space or room and they meet 1007 for configuration then common path of travel does not apply because you have two compliant exits from that space or room. However exit access travel distances do apply see TABLE 1017.2 EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE (2018 IBC)  

mtlogcabin said: If you have two doors out of a space or room and they meet 1007 for configuration then common path of travel does not apply because you have two compliant exits from that space or room. However exit access travel distances do apply see TABLE 1017.2 EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE (2018 IBC) Click to expand...

pmarx said: is there still a section similar to the previous 1014.3 that defines the maximum common path of travel? Click to expand...

Still amazed sometimes how relevant and informative this forum can be. I have been struggling with the new code section on CPET. Like RLGA I have been applying the older method/definition and trying to reconcile it with current language. I have read and re-read RLGA's articles on this (and I'm stickin' with them). Thanks for the question, and for the explanation. I think the code fixed itself right into being broken.  

Young Architect

Registered user.

• May 11, 2021

@RLGA - Ron Green - So based on the new interpretation this example would be acceptable? What section are you referencing when you say "under the new definition"? Example  

Young Architect said: @RLGA - Ron Green - So based on the new interpretation this example would be acceptable? What section are you referencing when you say "under the new definition"? Example Click to expand...

Builder Bob

• May 12, 2021

IMHO - No the CPT is the point of access where you are reaching a point where two choices may be made for egress (75 feet or 100 feet max dependent upon OL and/or fire sprinklers provided). 136 feet CPT depicted if doors are removed.  

• May 13, 2021

Great points @RLGA and @Builder Bob - Appreciate your explanations. One follow-up... if the left side of the building (the image I included) is considered a suite and under 50ppl; do we need to take into account the 100' COPT?  

Young Architect said: Great points @RLGA and @Builder Bob - Appreciate your explanations. One follow-up... if the left side of the building (the image I included) is considered a suite and under 50ppl; do we need to take into account the 100' COPT? Click to expand...

BayPointArchitect

• May 14, 2021

Not only do I have to explain common path of travel on a weekly basis, I find myself explaining it to the same people over and over again. All that to say, it is a difficult concept for people to wrap their head around.  

Attachments

• IBC-NFPA-Comparison.pdf 86.5 KB · Views: 62
• Jun 23, 2022

If a space has two separate and distinct paths to two separate exits with no convergence, then there is no common path of egress travel for that space.  

• Jun 27, 2022

How does that roof patio get a break from accessibility?  

• Jun 28, 2022

steveray said: How does that roof patio get a break from accessibility? Click to expand...

And then maybe this? Hate the fact that you can have a 3000ft non accessible restaurant on a roof, but hey......Sorry for the Hi-jack....And I will end it here... 1108.2.9 Dining and drinking areas. In dining and drinking areas, all interior and exterior floor areas shall be accessible and be on an accessible route. Exceptions: 1. An accessible route between accessible levels and stories above or below is not required where permitted by Section 1104.4, Exception 1.  

Tim Mailloux

• Jul 5, 2022

Sifu said: IBC 1104.4: An accessible route is not required to stories, mezzanines and occupied roofs that have an aggregate area of not more than 3,000 square feet (278.7 m2) and are located above and below accessible levels. This exception shall not apply to... But there are two levels of roof, the lower is on an accessible route anyway. Click to expand...

• Dec 13, 2022

Does the Exit Access travel distance apply to both exits available at the end of the common path of travel? If I have a large warehouse where it takes 100 feet to get the point of two exits; one exit within 400 ft (S-2) and the second exit is over the travel distance, does that still qualify as a common path? or does the exceeded travel distance of the one exit exclude it?  

No...just one...  

steveray said: No...just one... Click to expand...