dental hygiene visit meaning

• Type 2 Diabetes

Heart Disease

• Digestive Health
• Multiple Sclerosis
• COVID-19 Vaccines
• Occupational Therapy
• Healthy Aging
• Health Insurance
• Public Health
• Patient Rights
• Caregivers & Loved Ones
• End of Life Concerns
• Health News
• Thyroid Test Analyzer
• Doctor Discussion Guides
• Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer
• Lipid Test Analyzer
• Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer
• What to Buy
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Medical Expert Board

Your Mouth Has a Lot to Say About Your Overall Health

The benefits of good dental hygiene go beyond bright smiles. Making sure you’re brushing properly, flossing daily, and keeping up with dental appointments preserves your overall health.

Dental problems such as gum disease and tooth decay can contribute to a number of health conditions, including heart disease and pneumonia .

This article provides a quick overview of the conditions associated with poor oral health, those that can make your dental health worse, as well as what you can do to maintain your smile.

What Conditions Are Linked to Poor Oral Hygiene?

Increasingly, researchers are finding significant connections between your overall health and dental health. Poor oral hygiene has been directly linked to pneumonia, a range of serious heart problems, as well as complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Over the last several years, a growing body of evidence has linked dental issues, especially missing teeth and periodontitis (advanced gum disease), with heart disease and other cardiac issues. These cardiac and blood circulation problems include:

• Coronary heart disease : Also known as atherosclerosis , coronary heart disease arises when arteries in the heart harden, interrupting or entirely blocking blood flow.
• Heart failure : This is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently, causing blood to pool in other parts of the body, especially the legs and lungs.  
• Cardiac arrhythmia : Characterized by irregular, too fast, or too slow heartbeat, cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib), may also arise.  
• Stroke : Caused by blood clots or burst vessels in the brain, strokes cause seizures and are a medical emergency.

People with poor oral health have increased rates of heart attack and stroke, among other cardiac issues. While oral problems may not directly cause cardiac conditions, they may contribute to problems with the heart and are related. More research is needed, though, to understand why there is this connection.

Endocarditis

Poor oral hygiene is also a risk factor for endocarditis , an infection of the tissues of the heart. Bacteria in the mouth due to the gum diseases gingivitis and periodontitis can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the endocardium (the tissues in the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves).

Pregnancy and Birth Complications

Complications during pregnancy and birth can also arise due to poor oral hygiene and health. Additionally, being pregnant makes you more likely to develop gingivitis, periodontitis, loose teeth, or tooth decay due to hormone fluctuations. Problems in the mouth have been linked to a range of such issues, including:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Preeclampsia
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (also known as trench mouth )
• Tumors on the gum tissue of the mother (epulis gravidarum)

Pneumonia is a lung infection that ranges in severity and can become life-threatening.

A 2020 study of pneumonia patients in South Korea found missing teeth, having cavities, and poor oral hygiene to be closely linked to this condition. This is because bacteria in the mouth can enter the bloodstream and infect the lungs, leading to symptoms of pneumonia.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Though the exact nature of the relationship is unknown, associations have also been found between gum disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This autoimmune disease damages the joints, causing pain and inflammation. Certain bacteria in the mouth, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis , have been found in arthritic joints, indicating an association.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Studies have linked gingivitis and Alzheimer’s disease , a progressive form of dementia that causes a degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. Researchers have found that the Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria can travel from the gums to the brain, where they emit enzymes that damage neurons.

Alzheimer’s and Dental Care

People with Alzheimer's disease may need assistance taking care of their teeth. Caregivers or family members may need to help people with Alzheimer's brush and floss regularly.  

What Conditions Can Worsen Oral Health?

Not only can oral health conditions like gingivitis and tooth decay lead to or worsen other health issues, oral health is also affected by other diseases. This is especially the case with chronic and long-term conditions. Here’s a quick breakdown of health problems that can affect your mouth.

Diabetes arises when there are problems converting sugars ( glucose ) into energy, leading to very high blood sugar levels. There are several different types of diabetes, of which type 2 diabetes is the most common.

Diabetes causes excessive urination, sudden weight loss, fatigue, and other symptoms and is associated with periodontal disease. Gum disease can cause tooth loss and other problems.

Living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can lead to AIDS, can significantly impact oral health. With HIV, a range of oral and dental issues can arise, including:

• Periodontitis
• Canker sores
• Oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth)

Immune Health and Dental Health

People with HIV are more vulnerable to dental and oral problems because the virus attacks and weakens the immune system. As a result, it’s tougher for the body to fight off bacteria in the mouth.   

Osteoporosis

A disease that affects bone health and density, osteoporosis is another condition that can cause significant damage to your teeth and gums. The bone loss associated with this disease can affect the jawbone, causing teeth to loosen or fall out. Weakened bones in the jaw can also cause problems with dental appliances like bridges and dentures .

Osteoporosis is also associated with periodontitis. Though the exact connection isn’t clear, the weakening of the underlying bone may make the gums and teeth more susceptible to bacterial infection.

How to Maintain Oral Health

Good oral hygiene includes the following:

• Brush properly : An electric toothbrush is preferred. If using a manual toothbrush, use small, circular motions. No matter which toothbrush you use, brush for two to three minutes at a time, twice a day.
• Floss : Brushing alone is unable to get into the spaces in between the teeth, floss at least once a day.
• Incorporate fluoride : Fluoride in drinking water (the water you drink from the tap) or toothpaste helps strengthen tooth enamel .
• Get regular care : Make sure to visit a dentist for routine checkups and cleanings two times per year.
• Reduce alcohol and tobacco use : Smoking and using alcohol and chewing tobacco can damage your teeth and gums.
• Be aware of medications : Dry mouth is a common side effect of medications, and it can lead to dental problems.

Dental issues, especially tooth loss and gum disease, have been linked to heart disease, endocarditis, and complications during pregnancy and birth, among other conditions. Furthermore, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and osteoporosis can worsen oral health. Practicing good oral hygiene and getting regular dental checkups are important for maintaining your overall health.   

A Word From Verywell

There’s a close relationship between the health of your teeth and that of the rest of your body. Developing good dental hygiene habits and keeping up with dental appointments are part of broader self-care practices. If you’re concerned about your teeth or are due for a checkup, be sure to call your dentist. 

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Oral health: healthy people 2020 .

Batty G, Jung K, Mok Y et al. Oral health and later coronary heart disease: cohort study of one million people . Eur J Prev Cardiol . 2018;25(6):598-605. doi:10.1177/2047487318759112

Harvard Health. Gum disease and the connection to heart disease .

Bumm C, Folwaczny M. Infective endocarditis and oral health: A narrative review . Cardiovasc Diagn Ther . 2021;11(6):1403-1415. doi:10.21037/cdt-20-908

Yenen Z, Ataçağ T. Oral care in pregnancy . J Tur Ger Gynecol Assoc . 2019;20(4):264-268. doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2018.2018.0139

Son M, Jo S, Lee J, Lee D. Association between oral health and incidence of pneumonia: a population-based cohort study from Korea . Sci Rep . 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66312-2

Kriauciunas A, Gleiznys A, Gleiznys D, Janužis G. The influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterium causing periodontal disease on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review of literature . Cureus . 2019;11(5):e4775. doi:10.7759/cureus.4775

Beydoun M, Beydoun H, Hossain S, El-Hajj Z, Weiss J, Zonderman A. Clinical and bacterial markers of periodontitis and their association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia in a large national survey . J Alzheimer's Dis . 2020;75(1):157-172. doi:10.3233/jad-200064

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Diabetes and oral health .

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. HIV/AIDS & oral health .

National Institutes of Health. Oral health and bone disease . NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center.

Centers for Disease Control. Oral health tips . 

Centers for Disease Control. Oral health tips .

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Diabetes & oral health .

By Mark Gurarie Gurarie is a freelance writer and editor. He is a writing composition adjunct lecturer at George Washington University.  

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Health Info

Oral Hygiene

On this page, helpful tips, additional resources, related publications.

Good oral health helps you enjoy life. It lets you: speak clearly; taste, chew, and swallow delicious and nutritious foods; and show your feelings through facial expressions such as smiling.

If you protect your oral health with good oral hygiene practices (brushing and flossing), the odds are in your favor you can keep your teeth for a lifetime.

Brush Your Teeth

To keep your teeth healthy, it is important to remove dental plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria. Plaque buildup can cause tooth decay and gum disease.

Even teeth that already have fillings are at risk for tooth decay. Plaque can build up underneath a chipped filling and cause new decay. And if there are areas in your mouth where your gums have pulled away from the teeth (called gum recession), the exposed tooth roots can decay as well.

Dental plaque is hard to see. You can see it more easily if you stain it. After you brush your teeth, chew “disclosing tablets” (which you can buy at a drug store), or brush with a special disclosing toothpaste. The color will show you where there is still plaque, and you can then brush those areas again to remove it. (Parents – Disclosing tablets can also be very helpful for teaching children how to do a good job brushing their teeth!)

Brushing tips:

• Use fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride is what protects teeth from tooth decay (cavities). It prevents decay by strengthening the tooth’s hard outer surface, called enamel.
• Angle the bristles toward the gumline, so they clean between the gums and teeth.
• Brush gently using small, circular motions. Do not scrub hard back and forth.
• Brush all sides of each tooth.
• Brush your tongue.

And, remember to replace your toothbrush when the bristles become worn.

Fact sheet for caregivers on tooth brushing in older patients.

Language English PDF: Number of pages 4 pages Descargar PDF en inglés : Number of pages 4 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

Language Spanish PDF: Number of pages 4 pages Descargar PDF en español : Number of pages 4 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

Clean Between Your Teeth

Cleaning between teeth to remove plaque is also part of a good oral hygiene routine. If plaque is not removed, some of it can harden below the gum line and irritate the gums. The gums become red, swollen, and may bleed easily. These are signs of gingivitis. Gingivitis caused by plaque buildup is a mild form of gum disease, and you can usually reverse it with daily brushing and flossing.

If plaque stays on your teeth for too long, it can harden. This hardened plaque is called calculus, or tartar. The only way to remove tartar is to have your teeth cleaned by a dentist or dental hygienist. If the tartar is not removed, the gingivitis can get worse and lead to more severe gum (periodontal) disease . In advanced stages, gum disease causes sore, bleeding gums; painful chewing problems; loose teeth; and even tooth loss.

Floss to remove plaque, and food particles, from between your teeth.

Flossing tips:

Some people find flossing difficult because of arthritis or other issues. If it’s too hard to hold floss, try a plastic or wooden dental pick or one of these:

Fact sheet for caregivers on flossing in older patients.

Follow these tips to keep your teeth and gums healthy:

• Brush your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between teeth regularly, aiming for once a day. Use dental floss or a special brush or wooden or plastic pick recommended by a dental professional. Or try a floss holder, floss threader, or water flosser.
• If you are at a high risk for tooth decay (for example, if you have a dry mouth because of medicines you take), your dentist or dental hygienist may give you a fluoride treatment, such as a varnish or foam during the office visit. Or, the dentist may recommend a fluoride gel or mouth rinse for home use.
• If you are at higher risk for gum disease because of a medical condition (for example, diabetes), your dentist may want to see you more frequently.
• Drink fluoridated water. Drinking water with the right amount of fluoride protects your teeth throughout the day. Learn the fluoride content of your community’s water here or check with your water utility company.
• Don’t smoke. Smoking increases your chance of gum disease. If you smoke and want to quit, there are many resources to help you: FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products , CDC’s Quit Smoking website , and the BeTobaccoFree.gov website .
• If you are planning to become pregnant, have a dental checkup. Because of hormonal changes, pregnant women may develop gingivitis and experience gums that are swollen and bleed easily. During pregnancy, it is especially important to practice good oral hygiene to maintain the health of your gums.
• Eat a well-balanced diet. Limit sweets and sugary drinks, such as soda.
• Oral Health & Older Adults Information from NIDCR of interest to older adults on tooth decay, gum disease, dry mouth, and oral cancer.
• Children’s Oral Health Information from NIDCR of interest to parents of young children.
• Basics of Oral Health Information from the CDC on how to care for your teeth at any age.
• Adult Oral Health Information and oral health tips from the CDC.
• Oral Health Information from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health that answers questions about women’s oral health, including oral health and pregnancy.
• MedlinePlus: Tooth Decay The NIH National Library of Medicine's collection of links to government, professional, and non-profit/voluntary organizations with information on tooth decay.
• MedlinePlus: Gum Disease The NIH NLM collection of links to government, professional, and non-profit/voluntary organizations with information on gum disease.

Fact sheet on maintaining oral health for a lifetime.

Language English PDF: Number of pages 6 pages Descargar PDF en inglés : Number of pages 6 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

Language Spanish PDF: Number of pages 6 pages Descargar PDF en español : Number of pages 6 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

Oral Hygiene Research from NIDCR

• Researchers Call in a Swarm of Tiny, Tooth-Scrubbing Robots
• Turning Back the Clock on Gum Disease
• A Microbial World on the Top of Your Tongue
• Older Americans Are Keeping More of Their Teeth
• Researchers Identify Immune Culprits Linked to Inflammation and Bone Loss in Gum Disease

FREE INVISALIGN CONSULTATIONS

Enjoy a 3D smile simulation of your future smile during your consultation. Plus, receive complimentary Whitening and Retainers upon completion of your treatment!

4.9 BASED ON 185 REVIEWS

What you can expect during a dental hygiene visit

Visiting your dental hygienist on a regular basis is vital to maintain and improving your oral and overall health. In the UK, gum disease is the number one cause of tooth loss in adults and studies have shown that frequent visits to the dentist and the dental hygienist can help prevent gum disease and other oral health issues, which may prove dangerous in the long run. Dental hygienists work closely with dentists and other health professionals to provide optimal oral health and preventive treatments.

The procedure

During your appointment, the dental hygienist will begin by reviewing your medical history, including documenting any medications you are taking. This is an important step to ensure they are aware of any medical conditions you may have that could influence your oral routine. The dental hygienist will also ask about your dental history such as previous dental work you have had done, your oral hygiene routine and any concerns you have about your teeth.

A scale and polish treatment will likely include scaling and root planning to remove plaque from your teeth and gums. This can be achieved either through electronic or hand instruments. Once plaque has been removed from your teeth, your dental hygienist will polish them using a special paste. After this process, your dental hygienist will also share information with you related to brushing and flossing, the risk of dental decay, smoking cessation as well as nutrition information, based on your individual needs and lifestyle.

Based on the condition of your teeth and gums, your dental hygienist will determine an ongoing cleaning schedule and identify any further matters that need to be addressed. Having regular dental check-ups is important for maintaining dental health and early intervention. To schedule your appointment, contact us today.

Fields with (*) are required. Please contact us via this website or email without disclosing confidential information.

Appointments at Mayo Clinic

• Adult health

Oral health: A window to your overall health

Your oral health is more important than you might realize. Learn how the health of your mouth, teeth and gums can affect your general health.

Did you know that your oral health offers clues about your overall health? Did you know that problems in the mouth can affect the rest of the body? Protect yourself by learning more about the link between your oral health and overall health.

What's the link between oral health and overall health?

Like other areas of the body, the mouth is full of germs. Those germs are mostly harmless. But the mouth is the entry to the digestive tract. That's the long tube of organs from the mouth to the anus that food travels through. The mouth also is the entry to the organs that allow breathing, called the respiratory tracts. So sometimes germs in the mouth can lead to disease throughout the body.

Most often the body's defenses and good oral care keep germs under control. Good oral care includes daily brushing and flossing. Without good oral hygiene, germs can reach levels that might lead to infections, such as tooth decay and gum disease.

Also, certain medicines can lower the flow of spit, called saliva. Those medicines include decongestants, antihistamines, painkillers, water pills and antidepressants. Saliva washes away food and keeps the acids germs make in the mouth in balance. This helps keep germs from spreading and causing disease.

Oral germs and oral swelling and irritation, called inflammation, are linked to a severe form of gum disease, called periodontitis. Studies suggest that these germs and inflammation might play a role in some diseases. And certain diseases, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, can lower the body's ability to fight infection. That can make oral health problems worse.

What conditions can be linked to oral health?

Your oral health might play a part in conditions such as:

• Endocarditis. This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers or valves, called endocardium. It most often happens when germs from another part of the body, such as the mouth, spread through the blood and attach to certain areas in the heart. Infection of the endocardium is rare. But it can be fatal.
• Cardiovascular disease. Some research suggests that heart disease, clogged arteries and stroke might be linked to the inflammation and infections that oral germs can cause.
• Pregnancy and birth complications. Gum disease called periodontitis has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight.
• Pneumonia. Certain germs in the mouth can go into the lungs. This may cause pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.

Certain health conditions also might affect oral health, including:

Diabetes. Diabetes makes the body less able to fight infection. So diabetes can put the gums at risk. Gum disease seems to happen more often and be more serious in people who have diabetes.

Research shows that people who have gum disease have a harder time controlling their blood sugar levels. Regular dental care can improve diabetes control.

• HIV/AIDS. Oral problems, such as painful mouth sores called mucosal lesions, are common in people who have HIV/AIDS.
• Cancer. A number of cancers have been linked to gum disease. These include cancers of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, prostate gland and uterus.
• Alzheimer's disease. As Alzheimer's disease gets worse, oral health also tends to get worse.

Other conditions that might be linked to oral health include eating disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and an immune system condition that causes dry mouth called Sjogren's syndrome.

Tell your dentist about the medicines you take. And make sure your dentist knows about any changes in your overall health. This includes recent illnesses or ongoing conditions you may have, such as diabetes.

How can I protect my oral health?

To protect your oral health, take care of your mouth every day.

• Brush your teeth at least twice a day for two minutes each time. Use a brush with soft bristles and fluoride toothpaste. Brush your tongue too.
• Clean between your teeth daily with floss, a water flosser or other products made for that purpose.
• Eat a healthy diet and limit sugary food and drinks.
• Replace your toothbrush every 3 to 4 months. Do it sooner if bristles are worn or flare out.
• See a dentist at least once a year for checkups and cleanings. Your dentist may suggest visits or cleanings more often, depending on your situation. You might be sent to a gum specialist, called a periodontist, if your gums need more care.
• Don't use tobacco.

Contact your dentist right away if you notice any oral health problems. Taking care of your oral health protects your overall health.

There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

Error Email field is required

Error Include a valid email address

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

• Gross EL. Oral and systemic health. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Gill SA, et al. Integrating oral health into health professions school curricula. Medical Education Online. 2022; doi:10.1080/10872981.2022.2090308.
• Mark AM. For the patient: Caring for your gums. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2023.09.012.
• Tonelli A, et al. The oral microbiome and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2023; doi:10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3.
• Gum disease and other diseases. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-and-other-diseases/. Accessed Feb 1, 2024.
• Gum disease prevention. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-prevention/. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health topics: Toothbrushes. American Dental Association. https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Issrani R, et al. Exploring the mechanisms and association between oral microflora and systemic diseases. Diagnostics. 2022; doi:10.3390/diagnostics12112800.
• HIV/AIDS & oral health. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/hiv-aids. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Dental floss vs. water flosser
• Dry mouth relief
• Sensitive teeth
• When to brush your teeth

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.

• Opportunities

Mayo Clinic Press

Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press .

• Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Incontinence
• The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press The Essential Diabetes Book
• Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance
• FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment
• Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book
• Healthy Lifestyle
• Oral health A window to your overall health

Make twice the impact

Your gift can go twice as far to advance cancer research and care!

Oral Hygiene Instruction

Oral hygiene instruction is helpful and educational information meant to teach and guide our patients to prevent new cavities, and to maintain healthy teeth and gums. At your initial oral hygiene visit, your hygienist will instruct you on the proper methods of brushing and flossing. Follow up visits will be to further assess your progress in maintaining good oral health, and to help review and reinforce techniques of cleaning at home.

The following are helpful recommendations:

• Flossing is the foundation for healthy gums, so floss your teeth once a day. Dental floss will get into areas between your teeth and under your gums that your toothbrush cannot. Slide the floss between your teeth and wrap it into a “C” shape around the base of the tooth and gently under the gumline. Wipe the tooth from base to tip two or three times. Be sure to floss both sides of every tooth.
• Brush your teeth twice a day, and make sure to brush your teeth after you floss, as this is a more effective method of cleaning your teeth. Use a soft bristled tooth brush (safer on your gums) and a circular motion that moves the brush bristles ‘away’* from the gums ( *on the top arch, this would mean you are brushing in a circular direction which is top-down; on the bottom arch, you would be brushing in a bottom-to-top circular motion. Use care to not speed through brushing, taking at least 2-3 minutes to do a thorough job.
• Eat a well balanced diet, avoiding excessive snacking between meals, especially sticky, sugary foods.
• Use either a fluoride or antiseptic rinse as directed by the dentist or hygienist.
• Avoid smoking

Twice-daily brushings and regular flossing are excellent for maintenance between office visits, but a healthy mouth and beautiful smile require routine general and preventive care to stay that way. Our practice offers hygiene care that includes regular oral examinations and cleanings. Our preventive hygiene services include fluoride, professional breath control, and periodontal (gum disease) treatments designed to help you maintain your smile’s health and beauty. Keep your teeth and gums strong and disease-free. Contact our office today to schedule a cleaning or consultation.

High Street Dental

Additional information:, contact us:.

Our Location

Foundations: Building the Safest Dental Visit

Find the most up-to-date information about infection prevention and control practices on  CDC’s COVID-19 page , including CDC’s  Infection Control Guidance for Healthcare Professionals about Coronavirus (COVID-19) , which is applicable to all U.S. settings where healthcare is delivered, including  dental settings . For more information, see  CDC Updates COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control Guidance .

A web-based, interactive, self-paced training designed to help increase adherence with established infection prevention and control guidelines among dental healthcare personnel.

This training provides an overview of the basic expectations for safe care—the principles of infection prevention and control that form the basis for CDC recommendations for dental healthcare settings. Learners who complete the training are eligible for 3 Continuing Education (CE) credits, provided by the Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention (OSAP).

Key Features

• Use anywhere, anytime, on most computer, tablet, or other mobile devices
• Self-paced, so learners can complete at their own convenience
• Interactive audio and video material
• Reference page with additional resources

Intended Audience

• Dental healthcare personnel
• Infection prevention coordinators
• Dental educators
• Dental consultants
• Dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students
• Members of the public that want to understand how dental offices keep patients safe

Overview of Foundations

• Module 1: Foundations of Infection Prevention and Control introduces infection prevention and control for dental settings, reviews existing guidelines, recommendations, and resources, and describes the fundamentals of evaluating dental infection prevention programs.
• Module 2: Protecting Patients, Protecting Yourself reviews hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, sharps safety, and safe injection practices.
• Module 3: Sterilization, Disinfection, and the Dental Environment reviews the sterilization process, environmental infection prevention and control guidelines, and dental unit water line safety.

Foundations Media training videos can be used to educate and train dental health care personnel, infection prevention coordinators, educators, consultants, and the general public about safe dental visits.

Frequently Asked Questions

Foundations is hosted on the CDC TRAIN learning platform. To access the course, you will need to register on CDC TRAIN. Alternately, you also can search for course ID 1092544 on CDC TRAIN .

If you are a returning CDC TRAIN user, select the link in the red banner that takes you to the sign-in page. Once you sign in, CDC TRAIN will redirect you to the training course.

If you are a new TRAIN user:

Select the “create an account” link in the red banner Complete the sign-up process on the next page Choose a group when CDC TRAIN prompts you to do so Select the category that best describes your work role Press the green button to confirm your selection Select “Finish Creating Account”

Remember to complete your profile, accessible by selecting your user name from the top right corner of the TRAIN platform, which will allow you to access other courses on CDC TRAIN.

If you have a TRAIN account from another affiliate, like a state health department, you may need to add the CDC group to your profile for the training to appear. To do so, select your name at the top right, then “Your Profile,” and then the Manage Groups tab. Select the “Join Another Group” button, and search for CDC.

You can begin the Foundations training by selecting “Launch.” If you leave the site and sign in again, you can access the training from the “Your Learning” menu.

Learn more about using TRAIN.

Foundations is a free resource. The course is available through CDC TRAIN, an affiliate of the Public Health Foundation’s TRAIN Learning Network. This learning network provides access to more than 1,000 courses developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) programs, grantees, and other funded partners.

All courses in CDC TRAIN are available at no cost to learners across the public health community including public health practitioners, healthcare professionals, first responders, educators, students, and others.

This continuing education activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the standards of the American Dental Association (ADA) Continuing Education Recognition Program (CERP) through joint efforts between OSAP and CDC’s Division of Oral Health.

Learners who complete the Foundations training will receive a certificate of completion through CDC TRAIN. Specific instructions for obtaining CE credit are located on the Foundations course completion certificate. Learners do not need to be a member of OSAP to receive CE credit but may need to register on that organization’s website.

OSAP is a recognized CE provider through ADA CERP. ADA CERP is a service of the ADA to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. ADA CERP does not approve or endorse individual courses or instructors, nor does it imply acceptance of credit hours by boards of dentistry. OSAP has designated this activity for 3 CE credits.

OSAP, a dental membership association, is a community of clinicians, educators, researchers, and industry representatives who advocate for safe and infection-free delivery of oral healthcare. Founded in 1984, OSAP is dedicated to education, research, service, and policy development to promote safety and the control of infectious diseases in dental healthcare settings worldwide. OSAP focuses on strategies to improve compliance with safe practices and on building a strong network of recognized infection control experts.

OSAP offers an extensive online collection of resources, publications, FAQs, checklists, and toolkits that help dental professionals deliver the safest dental visit possible for their patients and provides online and live courses to help advance the level of knowledge and skill of dental healthcare personnel.

Foundations is a self-paced training containing three modules of three to five lessons. It is designed to save learners’ progress, meaning that the course can be completed over several learning sessions. The entire course can typically be completed in three hours or less, if taken in one session.

Foundations is designed to be accessible on multiple devices, including most desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile devices.

Following the recommended infection prevention procedures while providing dental treatment can prevent transmission of infectious organisms among patients and dental healthcare personnel.

CDC designed Foundations to provide dental healthcare personnel the information they need to make infection prevention and control a priority in any setting where dental healthcare is delivered. This includes traditional settings such as private dental practices, dental clinics, and dental schools, including educational programs for dental assisting, dental hygiene, and laboratories. It also includes nontraditional settings that may use portable dental equipment such as temporary school clinics and humanitarian dental missions.

Both Foundations: Building the Safest Visit and the Basic Expectations for Safe Care Training Modules are based on the Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Healthcare Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care , a user-friendly summary of key recommendations relevant to dental settings that reinforces the importance of Standard Precautions as the key to preventing transmission of infectious agents in clinical dental settings.

Foundations is designed for an individual learner who wishes to take a self-paced training and be able to show proof of completion to receive continuing education credit.

The Basic Expectations for Safe Care Training Modules were developed to provide instructional resources, including slide sets and speaker notes for use by infection prevention coordinators, educators, consultants, and other dental healthcare personnel in a classroom format. The materials are free for anyone to access and use. No registration is required. These training modules do not provide any continuing education credit.

If you have issues with functionality of the Foundations training, including issues with video and audio, images, or incorrect or non-working hyperlinks, contact the CDC Division of Oral Health at [email protected] and write “Foundations Training” in the subject line.

If you have issues with CE credits, please contact OSAP at [email protected] and write “Foundations Training” in the subject line.

If you have questions about infection prevention and control in dental settings, you can contact CDC-INFO , CDC’s national contact center and publication fulfillment system.

CDC-INFO offers live agents by phone and email to help you find the latest, reliable, and science-based health information on more than 750 health topics. CDC-INFO service is also accessible from the bottom of any CDC webpage under the “Have Questions?” section.

Website addresses of nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to readers. Provision of an address does not constitute an endorsement of this organization by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of other organizations’ web pages.

To receive email updates about Infection Prevention & Control in Dental Settings, enter your email address:

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
• Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
• You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
• CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

Dental Hygiene: What Is It And Why Is It Important?

16/11/2018 13:30h | Updated at 2018-11-20 17:24h

Dental hygiene should be a fundamental imperative in anyone's life. If you brush your teeth and use dental floss correctly on a daily basis, you will have correct dental hygiene and try to avoid oral health problems in the future, such as cavities or periodontal diseases. 

Due to its great importance for our overall quality of life, in this article, we will explain what dental hygiene is and why it is so important to take care of it . We will also review how we should brush and floss.

• 5 Teeth Whitening Tips For A Bright White Smile

What is dental hygiene?

Dental care consists of the daily practice of maintaining our mouth clean and healthy , using a brush and dental floss; as to prevent dental and gum diseases, such as periodontitis, gingivitis or cavities.

The primary objective of dental hygiene is to prevent the accumulation of dental plaque, as well as other associated oral conditions. Plaque is an adhesive layer of bacteria and food that builds up on our teeth. This layer generates little by little acids which, when not removed regularly, deteriorate the protective surface of the teeth and cause dental and gingival diseases.

Brushing and using dental floss are practices that are included in dental hygiene and help to put an end to dental plaque. The use of antiseptic mouthwash can also help to eliminate more bacteria that are responsible for the plaque. 

What else can we do?

Apart from all the daily oral attention that we have mentioned previously, it is essential to know that to be able to keep good dental care you should go to the dentist regularly. 

In addition to cleaning the plaque on our teeth that cannot be removed by regular brushing and regular treatments (fillings, bridges, etc.), the dentist can also perform diagnostic services   such as x-rays and oral cancer detection.

Why is dental care important?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inform that dental cavities are the most prevalent infectious diseases in children. More than 40% of all children have cavities when they get to pre-school, and it's necessary for parents to know the importance of oral health in early ages and that they teach their children appropriate dental hygiene. 

Good dental care should start from the beginning of a child's life and even before they start teething. Pregnant and nursing women should be careful with the intake of medication, because some of them, such as tetracycline (a kind of antibiotic), can cause decoloration on the babies teeth. 

Maintaining oral hygiene should be a lifelong habit. A baby's gums and later teeth should be kept clean using a damp cloth or a soft toothbrush. However, only a very small amount of toothpaste should be used, as too much fluoride can be toxic to babies.

How to take care of your teeth

We should brush our teeth and use dental floss on a daily bases at least 2 times a day , although 3 would be ideal. We should do both things thoroughly, but not pressing hard, as abrupt mechanical actions can irritate or damage sensitive oral tissues.

To ensure good brushing, you should change your toothbrush about every 3 months. The ideal brushes are usually those that have soft, nylon bristles and rounded in size and shape that is adequate to reach all surfaces of the teeth with ease.

Due to the great importance of knowing how to use these two tools for our dental hygiene, in the following lines, we will explain the necessary steps you have to follow to brush our teeth correctly and look after our oral health. 

1. Brushing

As we know and we have described before, dental hygiene is one of the main preventive measures for oral diseases .

We should brush our teeth at least twice a day and preferably after every meal. In order to do effective brushing, we have to clean every external, internal and flat surface of the teeth.

To clean internal and external surfaces, the toothbrush should be held at a 45-degree angle against the gums and has to be moved back and forth in short movements. The chewing surfaces of the back teeth, on the other hand, should be brushed with the brush flat and moving it back and forth.

It is also important to clean your tongue as well to eliminate all bacteria and food particles that can accumulate in that area. It should be cleaned with a backwards sweeping movement.

2. Dental floss

Dental floss should be used at least once a day. Its regular use can prevent gingival illnesses by eliminating food and dental plaque that is left under the gum lines and between the teeth.

To start using this tool, most of the thread (45 cm) must be wrapped around the third finger of the hand. The remaining section (2.5 cm) is then held firmly between the thumb and index finger of each hand.

The floss should then be inserted between each pair of teeth and moved gently up and down several times in a rubbing motion. In addition, in the gum lines, the floss is first curved around one tooth and then the other by gently sliding into the space between the tooth and the gum.

Finally, it is also important to decide what type of floss you want to use. It is available in different forms (waxed, without wax, flavored, etc.) and can be chosen according to each person's personal preferences.

There are also other types of interdental cleaning devices such as brushes and spikes for people who have difficulty flossing.

• How To Get Rid Of Acne: Causes And Treatment

References:

Swartout-Corbeil, D. M., & Thivierge, B. (2006). Oral Hygiene. In K. Krapp & J. Wilson (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence (Vol. 3, pp. 1354-1357). Detroit: Gale.

Thivierge, B. (2002). Oral Hygiene. In D. S. Blanchfield & J. L. Longe (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (2nd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 2405-2407). Detroit: Gale.

More in Home HEALTH Healthy habits Hygiene Teeth

More posts:

• Asbestos: Definition And Symptoms
• Do You Gain Weight As You Age? Don't Blame Your Metabolism

How Long Are Hygienist Appointments and Other Common Dental Procedures?

Aug 16, 2021

Getting children to sit still for more than 30-minute dental hygiene appointments can be a challenging task. But for adults, a dental appointment for cleaning usually takes about one hour. However, if a more extensive deep cleaning is needed, those hygiene appointments can take two to three hours (usually broken up into two appointments). 

With all the different types of dental cleanings, it can be unclear how long a hygiene visit to the dentist or other procedures will take.

If you’re wondering, “ How long is a dentist visit ?” you’re in the right place.

In this article, we’re providing expert information on the most common hygiene and restorative dental procedures and how long they take on average. You’ll receive answers to questions like:

• How long are routine hygienist appointments?
• What happens at a dentist appointment for fillings, crowns, or gum disease?
• How do I make an appointment with a dentist for an emergency?

Keep reading to learn more about dental hygiene appointment breakdown time s.

How Long Do Dentist Appointments Take ?

To help you understand what happens at a dentist appointment , here are the top five dental procedures and the average time you can expect them to take.

1. Routine Cleaning

What’s involved:.

A routine hygiene visit to the dentist is the most common dental procedure. The procedure will include some combination of the following:

• Scaling (scraping plaque and tartar off the surface of teeth)
• Gum health check
• Cavity check
• Fluoride treatment
• Oral cancer check

A dental hygienist will perform most of these actions, and a trained dentist will perform the cavity and oral cancer check.

Dentists recommend scheduling a routine checkup and cleaning every 6 months (or more frequently if you’re at higher risk for gum disease).

Procedure timeframe:

Routine cleaning time is office-specific, but most dentists perform the cleaning over 45-60 minutes.

For children, some offices will offer shorter, 30-minute dental hygiene appointments .

2. Cavity Fillings

If a routine cleaning is the most common reason people go to the dentist, cavity fillings are a close second.

Cavities form when bacteria on our teeth produce acids that break down the tooth enamel (the hard, outer layer of the tooth). If you don’t regularly remove these bacteria through good oral hygiene and routine dental visits, the acids will create holes (cavities) in a tooth.

Are you wondering what to expect at your first dentist appointment for cavities?

To treat cavities, dentists follow this general procedure:

• Identify the tooth/teeth that have cavities
• Numb the affected tooth, gums, and surrounding area
• Drill out the infected area (to keep the bacteria from spreading)
• Fill in the cavities

Recognizing cavities early and filling them is essential to long-term oral health. So if you think you have cavities or your dentist identifies some, it’s best to get them filled quickly.

The answer to “ how long do dentist appointments take for cavity fillings?” depends on the severity and number of cavities you need your dentist to fill.

One or two small cavities will take roughly 30 minutes. However, when you have multiple large cavities, it could take one and a half to two hours.

Additionally, dentists will usually only numb one side of your mouth per visit. If you have cavities on both sides of your mouth, it may require multiple visits to get all your cavities filled.

3. Scaling and Root Planing or Deep Cleaning

Scaling and root planing (SRP) is another fairly standard dental procedure.

You may not have realized it, but every time you go to the dentist for a routine check-up, the dentist or hygienist will scale your teeth—using a metal tool to scrape plaque and tartar off the surface of your teeth.

SRP is a more serious procedure that treats advanced gum disease (periodontitis) . It takes scaling one step further to help remove bacteria inside the gum tissue to restore gum health.

So, what happens at a dentist appointment for scaling and root planing?

Instead of simply scraping (scaling) the outer surface of your teeth, the hygenist will scrape down into the gum tissue of the affected tooth. The goal is to remove the bacteria from the base of the tooth and create a clean space for the gum tissue to reattach to the tooth.

An SRP isn’t particularly painful, because the hygienist will numb your mouth prior to the procedure. However, most patients will experience mild discomfort in their gums for a few days following.

Full-mouth scaling is easily done within a routine 60-minute visit, but how long is a dentist visit for SRP?

Like cavity fillings, the time it takes for an SRP procedure depends on:

• The severity of your gum disease
• The amount of affected gum tissue

Less severe periodontitis with a smaller affected area will take less time to clean than a more severe condition with a greater area of affected gum tissue, typically two hour-long appointments. A full mouth treatment usually requires two appointments that will each take 60-90 minutes. 

After receiving an SRP treatment, routine dentist appointments for cleaning will include more time spent cleaning your gums and, therefore, also be slightly more expensive. If you’re prone to gum disease, these increases will most likely last the rest of your life. 

Dentists can fix or replace the tooth with a crown when you break a tooth or have a tooth fall out (whether from trauma, gum disease, or other reason).

Crowns are tooth-like caps that fit over the affected tooth or fill a hole where a tooth previously sat. They look and feel like natural teeth to restore mouth function. 

For permanent teeth, dentists usually make crowns of tooth-colored material. But for children’s baby teeth, dentists often use silver crowns that are less expensive and will fall out when the baby teeth come out.

Receiving a crown is a two-step process requiring two visits:

• Step #1: At your first visit, your dentist will take an hour and a half to two hours to prep the tooth for the crown. They’ll also take an impression of your tooth and send it to the lab where they make the crown.
• Step #2: After about two weeks, the lab will have completed your crown, and you’ll go back to your dentist to have the final crown put in place. 

5. Emergency Dentistry

Dental emergencies often arise from trauma (e.g., collision during a sport) or prolonged tooth decay that someone didn’t treat immediately. 

The most common emergency procedures include:

• Fillings for chipped teeth
• Crowns for chipped teeth
• Root canals

Many individual practices have dentists on-call that can handle emergencies , and there are also specific emergency clinics for those who don’t have a regular dentist.

Procedure time frame:

It’s usually not until someone encounters an emergency that they ask, “ How soon can I get a dentist appointment ?”

If you’re currently an established patient at your dentist’s office, you should be able to make an appointment either the same day or the following based on the emergency type. 

If you’re not currently a patient, most offices will usually try to see you as quickly as they can. However, their priority will go to current patients, which might mean waiting until the next day to schedule a 30-minute consultation. This consultation will often include an x-ray and time spent looking at the specific tooth (not the whole mouth) to diagnose the problem.

Now that you know more about the most common types of dental procedures and how long they take, you may want to know, “ How do I make an appointment with a dentist in Richmond, VA?”

Schedule Your Dentist Appointment for Cleaning Today

There are many dental procedures varying in time, from 30-minute dental hygiene appointments for kids to two-hour scaling and root planing procedures for periodontitis.

To help you prepare for your next (or first!) dental appointment, we walked through five of the most common reasons people visit the dentist:

• Scheduling a routine dental appointment for cleaning
• Having cavities filled
• Receiving a deep cleaning for periodontitis
• Getting crowns made and placed
• Needing emergency dental care

We also helped answer the question, “ How long do dentist appointments take ?” for each of these five procedures.

At Northside Dental Co in Richmond, VA, we offer comprehensive dental care to patients of all ages. Our trained dentists are ready to provide:

• 30-minute dental hygiene appointments for kids under four
• Restorative procedures like crowns or fillings
• Veneers and other cosmetic dentistry
• Same-day emergency services to current patients

Whatever your dental needs, our staff will meet and exceed all your expectations.

Schedule your appointment online or give us a call at 804-767-3410 today. New patients are always welcome! 

Recent Posts

• What Types of Stains Can a Teeth Whitening Dentist Remove?
• Getting Dental Implants: Understanding Types, Costs, and Implant Dentists
• Emergency Dental Treatment: Urgent Care for Your Smile
• How Long Do Teeth Implants Last?
• What’s the Best Way to Whiten Teeth?

Sign Up For Our Newsletter

Share this article.

• OFFICE TOUR
• NO INSURACE
• RESTORATIVE
• BOOK ONLINE
• CALL: 804-767-3410
• 3404 HERMITAGE RD. RICHMOND, VA 23227

• Member Login

Glossary of Dental Clinical Terms

Addressing clinical terms often encountered when selecting the appropriate CDT Code for patient record keeping and claim preparation.

Introduction

Glossary – clinical terms.

(Words and terms in bold are defined within this glossary. Click a letter to jump to that section.)

Go to: Administrative Terms

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Glossary Part 1 defines clinical terms often encountered when selecting the appropriate CDT Code for patient record-keeping and claim preparation. These terms are often found in (1) nomenclatures and descriptors and (2) treatment plans and patient records. The ADA acknowledges that glossaries developed by other dental organizations may differ (e.g., technical content), and are considered complimentary to this glossary’s focus.

abscess : Acute or chronic localized inflammation, probably with a collection of pus, associated with tissue destruction and, frequently, swelling; usually secondary to infection.

acute periradicular or acute apical abscess –An inflammatory reaction to pulpal infection and necrosis characterized by rapid onset, spontaneous pain, tenderness of the tooth to pressure, pus formation and eventual swelling of associated tissues. May also be known as acute periapical abscess, acute alveolar abscess, dentoalveolar abscess, phoenix abscess, recrudescent abscess, secondary apical abscess.

chronic periradicular or chronic periapical abscess –An inflammatory reaction to pulpal infection and necrosis characterized by gradual onset, little or no discomfort and the intermittent discharge of pus through an associated sinus tract. May also be known as chronic alveolar abscess, chronic apical abscess, chronic dentoalveolar abscess, suppurative apical periodontitis, suppurative periradiucular periodontitis.

abutment : A term with different meanings depending on the clinical scenario.

implant case – the fixture that is placed between the implant body (aka implant post) and the restorative prosthesis (e.g., single crown; denture).

natural tooth case – the tooth used as the support for one end of a denture.

abutment crown : Artificial crown also serving for the retention or support of a dental prosthesis.

accession : Addition of a test specimen, previously collected by a health care provider, to a laboratory specimen collection; recording of essential specimen identification data in a laboratory-maintained file in chronological order of laboratory specimen acquisition; assignment to the specimen of an identification code.

acid etching : Use of an acidic chemical substance to prepare the tooth enamel and or dentin surface to provide retention for bonding.

adhesion : State in which two surfaces are held together by chemical or physical forces or both with or without the aid of an adhesive. Adhesion is one aspect of bonding.

adhesive : Any substance that joins or creates close adherence of two or more surfaces. Intermediate material that causes two materials to adhere to each other.

adjunctive : A secondary treatment in addition to the primary therapy.

adult dentition : See definition of permanent dentition .

allogenic : Belonging to the same species, but genetically different. See graft .

alloplastic : Refers to synthetic material often used for tissue augmentation or replacement.

alloy : Compound combining two or more elements having properties not existing in any of the single constituent elements. Sometimes used to refer to amalgam .

alveolar : Referring to the bone to which a tooth is attached.

alveoloplasty : Surgical procedure for recontouring supporting bone, sometimes in preparation for a prosthesis.

amalgam : An alloy used in direct dental restorations. Typically composed of mercury, silver, tin and copper along with other metallic elements added to improve physical and mechanical properties.

analgesia : See definition under anesthesia .

anatomical crown : That portion of tooth normally covered by, and including, enamel.

ancillary : Subordinate or auxiliary to something or someone else; supplementary.

anesthesia : A procedure that controls the patient's level of anxiety or pain. Delivery of an anesthesia inducing agent by a dentist or other health care practitioner is regulated by state dental boards. ADA anesthesia policy and guidelines are available online ( www.ADA.org ). Please refer to these sources for complete and current information.

The following terms concerning methods of anxiety and pain control are found in CDT code nomenclatures and descriptors:

analgesia –the diminution or elimination of pain.

anxiolysis –the diminution or elimination of anxiety.

general anesthesia –a drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function is often impaired. Patients often require assistance in maintaining a patent airway, and positive pressure ventilation may be required because of depressed spontaneous ventilation or drug-induced depression of neuromuscular function. Cardiovascular function may be impaired.

inhalation –a technique of administration in which a gaseous or volatile agent is introduced into the lungs and whose primary effect is due to absorption through the gas/blood interface.

intravenous –a technique of administration in which the anesthetic agent is introduced directly into the patient’s venous system.

local anesthesia –the elimination of sensation, especially pain, in one part of the body by the topical application or regional injection of a drug.

minimal sedation –a minimally depressed level of consciousness, produced by a pharmacological method, that retains the patient's ability to independently and continuously maintain an airway and respond normally to tactile stimulation and verbal command. Although cognitive function and coordination may be modestly impaired, ventilatory and cardiovascular functions are unaffected.

moderate sedation –a drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway, and spontaneous ventilation is adequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.

non-intravenous –a technique of administration in which the anesthetic agent is not introduced directly into the patient’s venous system.

regional block anesthesia –a form of local anesthesia that induces numbness in areas of the mouth and face.

trigeminal division block anesthesia –a form of local anesthesia that is an injection of medication that helps relieve facial pain.

Routes of Administration

enteral –any technique of administration in which the agent is absorbed through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or oral mucosa (i.e., oral, rectal, sublingual).

parenteral –a technique of administration in which the drug bypasses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (i.e., intramuscular [IM], intravenous [IV], intranasal [IN], submucosal [SM], subcutaneous [SC], intraosseous [IO].)

transdermal –a technique of administration in which the drug is administered by patch or iontophoresis through skin.

transmucosal –a technique of administration in which the drug is administered across mucosa such as intranasal, sublingual or rectal.

anomaly : deviation from the normal anatomic structure, growth, development or function; an abnormality.

ANSI/ADA/ISO Tooth Numbering System : See Specification No. 3950 .

anterior : Mandibular and maxillary centrals, laterals and cuspids. The codes for anterior teeth in the Universal/National Tooth Numbering System are 6 through 11 (maxillary), and 22 through 27 (mandibular) for permanent dentition; C through H (maxillary), and M through R (mandibular) for primary dentition. This is also a term that, in general, refers to the teeth and tissues located towards the front of the mouth.

anxiolysis : See definition under anesthesia .

apex : The tip or end of the root end of the tooth.

apexification : The process of induced root development to encourage the formation of a calcified barrier in a tooth with immature root formation or an open apex. May involve the placement of an artificial apical barrier prior to nonsurgical endodontic obturation.

apexogenesis : Vital pulp therapy performed to encourage continued physiological formation and development of the tooth root.

apicoectomy : Amputation of the apex of a tooth.

arch, dental : The curved composite structure of the natural dentition and the residual ridge, or the remains thereof, after the loss of some or all of the natural teeth.

areas of oral cavity : A two digit numeric system used to report regions of the oral cavity on patient records and on claims submitted to third-party payers.

00 entire oral cavity 01 maxillary arch 02 mandibular arch 10 upper right quadrant 20 upper left quadrant 30 lower left quadrant 40 lower right quadrant

arthrogram : A diagnostic X-ray technique used to view bone structures following injection of a contrast medium into a joint.

artificial crown : Restoration covering or replacing the major part, or the whole of the clinical crown of a tooth, or implant.

attachment: A mechanical device for the fixation, retention, and stabilization of a prosthesis (Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th Edition; ©2019 Academy of Prosthodontics). See precision attachment .

autogenous : See graft .

avulsion : Separation of tooth from its socket due to trauma. See evulsion .

barrier membrane : Usually a thin, sheet-like usually non-autogenous material used in various surgical regenerative procedures.

behavior management : Techniques or therapies used to alter or control the actions of a patient who is receiving dental treatment. Examples include use of a papoose board , education or anxiety relief techniques.

benign : The mild or non-threatening character of an illness or the non-malignant character of a neoplasm.

bicuspid : A premolar tooth; a tooth with two cusps.

bilateral : Occurring on, or pertaining to, both right and left sides.

biologic materials : Agents that alter wound healing or host-tumor interaction. Such materials can include cytokines, growth factor, or vaccines, but do not include any actual hard or soft tissue graft material. These agents are added to graft material or used alone to effect acceleration of healing or regeneration in hard and soft tissue surgical procedures. Also known as biologic response modifiers.

biopsy : Process of removing tissue for histologic evaluation.

bitewing radiograph : Interproximal radiographic view of the coronal portion of the tooth/teeth. A form of dental radiograph that may be taken with the long axis of the image oriented either horizontally or vertically, that reveals approximately the coronal halves of the maxillary and mandibular teeth and portions of the interdental alveolar septa on the same image.

bleaching : Process of lightening of the teeth, usually using a chemical oxidizing agent and sometimes in the presence of heat. Removal of deep seated intrinsic or acquired discolorations from crowns of vital and non-vital teeth through the use of chemicals, sometimes in combination with the application of heat and light. Bleaching has been achieved through short and long term applications of pastes or solutions containing various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. Normally applied externally to teeth; may be used internally for endodontically treated teeth.

bonding : Process by which two or more components are made integral by mechanical and/or chemical adhesion at their interface.

bounded tooth space : See tooth bounded space .

bridge : See fixed partial denture .

bruxism : The parafunctional grinding of the teeth.

buccal : Pertaining to or toward the cheek (as in the buccal surface of a posterior tooth).

by report: A written description of the service provided that is prepared when the term "by report" is included in a procedure code nomenclature; must be part of the patient’s record and included on the claim submission.

calculus : Hard deposit of mineralized substance adhering to crowns and/or roots of teeth or prosthetic devices.

canal : A relatively narrow tubular passage or channel.

root canal - Space inside the root portion of a tooth containing pulp tissue.

mandibular canal - The passage which transmits vessels and nerves through the jaw to branches that distributes them to the teeth.

cantilever extension : Part of a fixed prosthesis that extends beyond the abutment to which it is attached and has no additional support.

caries : Commonly used term for tooth decay.

carious lesion : A cavity caused by caries.

cast : See diagnostic cast or study model .

cavity : Missing tooth structure. A cavity may be due to decay, erosion or abrasion. If caused by caries; also referred to as carious lesion.

cement base : Material used under a filling to replace lost tooth structure.

cementum : Hard connective tissue covering the outer surface of a tooth root.

cephalometric image : A standardized, extraoral projection utilized in the scientific study of the measurements of the head.

ceramic : see porcelain/ceramic .

chairside: See definition under direct .

Classification of Metals : See metals, classification of

cleft palate : Congenital deformity resulting in lack of fusion of the soft and/or hard palate, either partial or complete.

clenching : The clamping and pressing of the jaws and teeth together in centric occlusion, frequently associated with psychological stress or physical effort.

clinical crown : That portion of a tooth not covered by tissues.

closed reduction : See reduction .

Code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature ( CDT Code ) : A listing of dental procedure codes and their descriptive terms published by the American Dental Association (ADA); used for recording dental services on the patient record as well as for reporting dental services and procedures to dental benefit plans. The CDT Code is printed in a manual titled Current Dental Terminology (CDT) .

complete denture : A prosthetic for the edentulous maxillary or mandibular arch, replacing the full dentition. Usually includes six anterior teeth and eight posterior teeth.

complete series : A set of intraoral radiographs usually consisting of 14 to 22 periapical and posterior bitewing images intended to display the crowns and roots of all teeth, periapical areas and alveolar bone crest (source: FDA/ADA radiographic guidelines).

composite : A dental restorative material made up of disparate or separate parts (e.g. resin and quartz particles). See resin .

compound fracture : Break in bone which is exposed to external contamination.

comprehensive oral evaluation: See evaluation .

conscious sedation: See definition of minimal sedation under anesthesia .

consultation : In a dental setting, a diagnostic service provided by a dentist where the dentist, patient, or other parties (e.g., another dentist, physician, or legal guardian) discuss the patient's dental needs and proposed treatment modalities.

contiguous : Adjacent; touching.

coping : A thin covering of the coronal portion of the tooth usually without anatomic conformity. Custom made or pre-fabricated thimble-shaped core or base layer designed to fit over a natural tooth preparation, a post core, or implant abutment so as to act as a substructure onto which other components can be added to give final form to a restoration or prosthesis. It can be used as a definitive restoration or as part of a transfer procedure.

core buildup : the replacement of a part or all of the crown of a tooth whose purpose is to provide a base for the retention of an indirectly fabricated crown.

coronal : Refers to the crown of a tooth.

cracked tooth syndrome : A collection of symptoms characterized by transient acute pain experienced when chewing.

crown: An artificial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by surrounding the remaining coronal tooth structure, or is placed on a dental implant. It is made of metal, ceramic or polymer materials or a combination of such materials. It is retained by luting cement or mechanical means. (American College of Prosthodontics; The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms). See also abutment crown , anatomical crown , and clinical crown .

crown lengthening : A surgical procedure exposing more tooth for restorative purposes by apically positioning the gingival margin and removing supporting bone.

culture and sensitivity test : Clinical laboratory test which identifies a microorganism and the ability of various antibiotics to control the microorganism.

curettage : Scraping and cleaning the walls of a real or potential space, such as a gingival pocket or bone, to remove pathologic material.

Current Dental Terminology (CDT) : The ADA reference manual that contains the Code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature and other information pertinent to patient record keeping and claim preparation by a dental office; published biennially (e.g., CDT 2020 ).

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) : A listing of descriptive terms and identifying codes developed by the American Medical Association (AMA) for reporting practitioner services and procedures to medical plans and Medicare.

cusp : Pointed or rounded eminence on or near the masticating surface of a tooth.

cuspid : Single cusped tooth located between the incisors and bicuspids.

cyst : Pathological cavity, usually lined with epithelium, containing fluid or soft matter.

odontogenic cyst –Cyst derived from the epithelium of odontogenic tissue (developmental, primordial).

periapical cyst– An apical inflammatory cyst containing a sac-like epithelium-lined cavity that is open to and continuous with the root canal.

cytology : The study of cells, including their anatomy, chemistry, physiology and pathology.

debridement : Removal of subgingival and/or supragingival plaque and calculus.

decay : The lay term for carious lesions in a tooth; decomposition of tooth structure.

deciduous : Having the property of falling off or shedding; a term used to describe the primary teeth. See transitional dentition .

deep sedation : See definition under anesthesia .

definitive : (a) A restoration or prosthesis that is intended to retain form and function for an indefinite time, which could be the natural life of the patient. There is no scheduled replacement, although some maintenance may be necessary (e.g., cleansing; replacement of the replaceable component of an attachment), procedures that are documented with their applicable codes. (b) A procedure whose outcome is, by intent, not subject to change arising from subsequent delivery of another procedure; a change may occur if the dentist determines that a change in the patient’s clinical condition warrant’s delivery of another or alternative procedure.

Note: The terms definitive and permanent are often used interchangeably.

dental assessment : A limited clinical inspection that is performed to identify possible signs of oral or systemic disease, malformation, or injury, and the potential need for referral for diagnosis and treatment.

dental prophylaxis : See prophylaxis .

dentin : Hard tissue which forms the bulk of the tooth and develops from the dental papilla and dental pulp, and in the mature state is mineralized.

dentition : The teeth in the dental arch.

adolescent dentition – Refers to the stage of permanent dentition prior to cessation of skeletal growth.

primary deciduous ( dentition) – Refers to the deciduous or primary teeth in the dental arch.

permanent dentition (adult dentition) – Refers to the permanent teeth in the dental arch.

transitional dentition – Refers to a mixed dentition; begins with the appearance of the permanent first molars and ends with the exfoliation of the deciduous teeth.

denture : An artificial substitute for some or all of the natural teeth and adjacent tissues.

denture base : That part of a denture that makes contact with soft tissue and retains the artificial teeth.

diagnostic cast : A replica of teeth and adjoining tissues created digitally or by a casting process (e.g., plaster into an impression). “Study model” is another term used for such a replica. Diagnostic casts have various uses, most often the examination of relationships between oral tissues to determine how those relationships will effect form and function of a dental restoration or appliance being planned or to determine whether tissue treatment or modification might be necessary before a pre-definitive impression is taken to ensure optimal performance of the planned restoration or appliance.

diagnostic imaging : A visual display of structural or functional patterns for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation. May be photographic or radiographic.

diastema : A space, such as one between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch.

direct: A procedure where the service is delivered completely in the patient’s oral cavity and without the use of a dental laboratory.

direct pulp cap : Procedure in which the exposed vital pulp is treated with a therapeutic material, followed with a base and restoration, to promote healing and maintain pulp vitality.

direct restoration : A restoration of any type (e.g., “filling”; crown) fabricated inside the mouth.

discectomy : Excision of the intra-articular disc of a joint.

displaced tooth : A partial evulsion of a tooth.

distal : Surface or position of a tooth most distant from the median line of the arch.

dressing : Medication, bandages or other therapeutic material applied to a wound.

dry socket : Localized inflammation of the tooth socket following extraction due to infection or loss of blood clot; osteitis.

edentulous : Without teeth.

enamel : Hard calcified tissue covering dentin of the crown of tooth.

enteral : See definition under anesthesia .

equilibration : Reshaping of the occlusal surfaces of teeth to create harmonious contact relationships between the upper and lower teeth; also known as occlusal adjustment.

evaluation : The patient assessment that may include gathering of information through interview, observation, examination, and use of specific tests that allows a dentist to diagnose existing conditions. Please refer to specific oral evaluation code (D01xx) descriptors for more complete definitions.

evulsion : Separation of the tooth from its socket due to trauma. See avulsion .

excision : Surgical removal of bone or tissue.

exclusions : Dental services not covered under a dental benefit program.

exfoliative : Refers to a thin layer of epidermis shed from the surface.

exostosis : Overgrowth of bone. See torus .

extraoral : Outside the oral cavity.

extracoronal : Outside the crown of a tooth.

extraction : The process or act of removing a tooth or tooth parts.

exudate : A material usually resulting from inflammation or necrosis that contains fluid, cells, and/or other debris.

facial: The surface of a tooth directed toward . the cheeks or lips (i.e., the buccal and labial surfaces) and opposite the lingual surface.

fascial : Related to a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating or binding together muscles, organs and other soft tissue structures of the body.

female component : The concave component of an attachment that fits into the projecting component of an attachment. See semi and precision attachment .

filling : A lay term used for the restoring of lost tooth structure by using materials such as metal, alloy, plastic or porcelain.

fixed partial denture: A prosthetic replacement of one or more missing teeth cemented or otherwise attached to the abutment natural teeth or their implant replacements.

follow-up care – Any care provided after a procedure; a service whose nature, scope and timing is determined by the clinical and professional judgment of the dentist.

Note: The term follow-up care is interchangeable with a variety of similar terms (e.g., normal post-operative follow-up; routine follow-up [or post-delivery or post-operative] care).

foramen : Natural opening into or through bone.

fracture: The breaking of a part, especially of a bony structure; breaking of a tooth. See simple fracture and compound fracture.

frenum : Muscle fibers covered by a mucous membrane that attaches the cheek, lips and or tongue to associated dental mucosa.

furcation : The anatomic area of a multirooted tooth where the roots diverge.

general anesthesia: See definition under anesthesia .

genetic test : Laboratory technique used to determine if a person has a genetic condition or disease or is likely to get the disease.

gingiva : Soft tissues overlying the crowns of unerupted teeth and encircling the necks of those that have erupted.

gingivectomy : The excision or removal of gingiva.

gingivitis : Inflammation of gingival tissue without loss of connective tissue.

gingivoplasty : Surgical procedure to reshape gingiva.

glass ionomer: A restorative material listed as a “resin” in the CDT manual’s “Classification of Materials” that may be used to restore teeth, fill pits and fissures, lute and line cavities.

gold foil : Thin pure gold leaf that is self adhering when condensed into a cavity. One of the oldest restorative techniques, it is compacted or condensed into a retentive cavity form.

graft : A piece of tissue or alloplastic material placed in contact with tissue to repair a defect or supplement a deficiency.

allograft– Graft of tissue between genetically dissimilar members of the same species. Donors may be cadavers, living related or living unrelated individuals. Also called allogenic graft or homograft.

autogenous graft– Taken from one part of a patient's body and transferred to another.

GTR: See guided tissue regeneration .

guided tissue regeneration (GTR) : A surgical procedure that uses a barrier membrane placed under the gingival tissue and over the remaining bone support to enhance regeneration of new bone.

hemisection : Surgical separation of a multi-rooted tooth.

histopathology : The study of disease processes at the cellular level.

homologous : Similar in structure. See graf t .

hyperplastic : Pertaining to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement.

imaging, diagnostic : This would include, but is not limited to, CAT scans, MRIs, photographs, radiographs, etc.

immediate denture : Prosthesis constructed for placement immediately after removal of remaining natural teeth.

impacted tooth : An unerupted or partially erupted tooth that is positioned against another tooth, bone, or soft tissue so that complete eruption is unlikely.

implant : Material inserted or grafted into tissue.

dental implant: A device specially designed to be placed surgically within or on the mandibular or maxillary bone as a means of providing location and support for dental replacement prosthesis.

endosteal ( endosseous ) : Device placed into the alveolar and basal bone of the mandible or maxilla and transecting only one cortical plate.

eposteal ( subperiosteal ) : Subperiosteal implant that conforms to the superior surface of an edentulous area of alveolar bone.

transosteal ( transosseous ) : Device with threaded posts penetrating both the superior and inferior cortical bone plates of the mandibular symphysis and exiting through the permucosa. It may be intraoral or extraoral.

implant index : See radiographic/surgical implant index .

implantation, tooth : Placement of an artificial or natural tooth into an alveolus.

incisal : Pertaining to the biting edges of the incisor and cuspid teeth.

incisal angle : One of the angles formed by the junction of the incisal and the mesial or distal surfaces of an anterior tooth; called the mesioincisal and distoincisal angle respectfully.

incision and drainage : The procedure of incising a fluctuant mucosal lesion to allow for the release of fluid from the lesion.

incisor : A tooth for cutting or gnawing; located in the front of the mouth in both jaws.

indigent : Those individuals whose income falls below the poverty line as defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

indirect : A procedure that involves activity that occurs away from the patient, such as creating a restorative prosthesis. An indirect procedure is also known as a laboratory procedure, and the laboratory’s location can be within or separate from the dentist’s practice.

indirect pulp cap : Procedure in which the nearly exposed pulp is covered with a protective dressing to protect the pulp from additional injury and to promote healing and repair via formation of secondary dentin.

indirect restoration : A restoration fabricated outside the mouth.

inhalation : See definition under anesthesia .

inlay : A fixed intracoronal restoration; a fixed dental restoration made outside of a tooth to correspond to the form of the prepared cavity, which is then luted to the tooth. (Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th Edition; ©2019 Academy of Prosthodontics).

intentional reimplantation : The intentional removal, radicular repair and replacement of a tooth into its alveolus.

interim : (a) A restoration or prosthesis designed for use over a limited period of time; (b) A procedure that whose outcome is, by intent, subject to change arising from subsequent delivery of another procedure. The “interim” period of time for a restoration, a prosthesis or a procedure, is determined by the clinical and professional judgment of the dentist. – See provisional and temporary .

interproximal : Between the adjoining surfaces of adjacent teeth in the same arch.

intracoronal : Referring to "within" the crown of a tooth.

intraoral : Inside the mouth.

intravenous: See definition under anesthesia .

ISO Tooth Numbering System : See Specification No. 3950 .

jaw : A common name for either the maxilla or the mandible.

JO : Code that identifies a tooth numbering schema that may be used on a claim submission. Identifies the ANSI/ADA/ISO Tooth Numbering System , a HIPAA standard code set not commonly used in the United States, but used in many other countries. See Specification No. 3950 .

JP: Code that identifies the tooth numbering schema used on a claim submission. Designation of Identifies the Universal/National Tooth Numbering System on the dental claim form., a HIPAA standard that is most commonly used in the United States.

keeper or keeper assembly : Any one of various devices used for keeping something in position (Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th Edition; © Academy of Prosthodontics); see precision attachment .

keratin : A protein present in all cuticular structures of the body, such as hair, epidermis and horns.

keratinized gingiva : The oral surface of the gingiva extending from the mucogingival junction to the gingival margin. In gingival health, the coronal portion of the sulcular epithelium may also be keratinized.

labial : Pertaining to or around the lip. See facial .

laboratory : See indirect

laminate veneer : A thin covering of the facial surface of a tooth usually constructed of tooth colored material used to restore discolored, damaged, misshapen or misaligned teeth.

lesion : An injury or wound; area of diseased tissue.

limited oral evaluation : See evaluation

line angle : An angle formed by the junction of two planes; used to designate the junction of two surfaces of a tooth, or of two walls of a tooth cavity preparation.

lingual : Pertaining to or around the tongue; surface of the tooth directed toward the tongue; opposite of facial.

local anesthesia : See definition under anesthesia .

locus : A site or location.

maintenance, periodontal : Therapy for preserving the state of health of the periodontium.

malar : Pertaining to the cheek or cheek bone; see zygomatic bone .

male component : The projecting part of an attachment that fits into the concave component of an attachment. See semi and precision attachment .

malignant : Having the properties of dysplasia, invasion, and metastasis.

malocclusion : Improper alignment of biting or chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth.

mandible : The lower jaw.

Maryland bridge : Fixed partial denture featuring retainers which are resin bonded to natural teeth that serve as an abutment.

maxilla : The upper jaw.

medicament : Substance or combination of substances intended to be pharmacologically active, specially prepared to be prescribed, dispensed or administered by authorized personnel to prevent or treat diseases in humans or animals.

medicament, topical : Pharmacological substance especially prepared to be applied on tissues of the oral cavity.

membrane : See barrier membrane .

mesial : Nearer the middle line of the body or the surface of a tooth nearer the center of the dental arch.

metals, classification of :

The noble metal classification system has been adopted as a more precise method of reporting various alloys used in dentistry. The alloys are defined on the basis of the percentage of metal content and listed in order of biocompatibility.

High Noble Alloys —Noble Metal Content > 60% (gold + platinum group*) and gold > 40% Au)

Titanium and Titanium Alloys —Titanium (Ti) > 85%.

Noble Alloys —Noble Metal Content > 25% (gold + platinum group*).

Predominantly Base Alloys— Noble Metal Content) < 25% (gold + platinum group*).

*metals of the platinum group are platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium and ruthenium

microabrasion : Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects.

microorganisms : A minute living organism, such as a bacterium, fungus, yeast, virus or rickettsia.

minimal sedation: See definition under anesthesia .

mixed dentition : – see transitional dentition . moderate sedation: See definition under anesthesia .

molar : Teeth posterior to the premolars (bicuspids) on either side of the jaw; grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces.

moulage : A positive reproduction of a body part formed on a cast from a negative impression.

mouthguard : Individually molded device designed primarily to be worn for the purpose of helping prevent injury to the teeth and their surrounding tissues. Sometimes called a mouth protector.

mucous membrane : Lining of the oral cavity as well as other canals and cavities of the body; also called "mucosa."

non-autogenous : A graft from donor other than patient.

non-intravenous: See definition under anesthesia .

normal post-operative follow-up: see follow-up care .

obturate : With reference to endodontics, refers to the sealing of the canal(s) of tooth roots during root canal therapy procedure with an appropriately prescribed material such as gutta percha in combination with a suitable luting agent.

obturator : A disc or plate which closes an opening; a prosthesis that closes an opening in the palate.

occlusal : Pertaining to the biting surfaces of the premolar and molar teeth or contacting surfaces of opposing teeth or opposing occlusion rims.

occlusal radiograph : An intraoral radiograph made with the film, phosphorous plate, emulsion or digital sensor being held between the occluded teeth.

occlusal surface: A surface of a posterior tooth or occlusion rim that is intended to make contact with an opposing occlusal surface. (Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms; ©2019 Academy of Prosthodontics).

occlusion : Any contact between biting or chewing surfaces of maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth.

odontogenic : Refers to tooth-forming tissues.

odontogenic cyst : See cyst .

odontoplasty : Adjustment of tooth length, size, and/or shape; includes removal of enamel projections.

onlay : A dental restoration made outside the oral cavity that covers one or more cusp tips and adjoining occlusal surfaces, but not the entire external surface. It is retained by luting cement. (American College of Prosthodontics; The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms)

open reduction : Re-approximation of fractured bony segments accomplished through cutting the adjacent soft tissues and bone to allow direct access.

operculectomy : Removal of the operculum.

operculum : The flap of tissue over an unerupted or partially erupted tooth.

oral : Pertaining to the mouth.

oral diagnosis : The determination by a dentist of the oral health condition of an individual patient achieved through the evaluation of data gathered by means of history taking, direct examination, patient conference, and such clinical aids and tests as may be necessary in the judgment of the dentist.

orthognathic : Functional relationship of maxilla and mandible.

orthotic device : Apparatus used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities, or to improve the function of movable parts of the body.

osteitis : See dry socket .

osteoplasty : Surgical procedure that modifies the configuration of bone.

osteotomy : Surgical cutting of bone.

overdenture : A removable prosthetic device that overlies and may be supported by retained tooth roots or implants.

palate : The hard and soft tissues forming the roof of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities.

palliative : Action that relieves pain but is not curative.

panoramic radiograph : An extraoral projection whereby the entire mandible, maxilla, teeth and other nearby structures are portrayed on a single image, as if the jaws were flattened out.

papoose board : A behavior management technique utilizing immobilization to control the actions of a patient who is receiving dental treatment.

parafunctional : Other than normal function or use.

partial denture : Usually refers to a prosthetic device that replaces missing teeth. See fixed partial denture or removable partial denture.

periapical : The area surrounding the end of the tooth root.

periapical abscess : See abscess .

periapical cyst : See cyst .

periapical radiograph : A radiograph made by the intraoral placement of film, phosphorous plate, emulsion or digital sensor, for disclosing the apices of the teeth.

pericoronal : Around the crown of a tooth.

periodic oral evaluation : See evaluation .

periodontal : Pertaining to the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth.

periodontal abscess : See abscess .

periodontal disease : Inflammatory process of the gingival tissues and/or periodontal membrane of the teeth, resulting in an abnormally deep gingival sulcus, possibly producing periodontal pockets and loss of supporting alveolar bone.

periodontal pocket : Pathologically deepened gingival sulcus; a feature of periodontal disease.

periodontics : Periodontics is that specialty of dentistry which encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth or their substitutes and the maintenance of the health, function and esthetics of these structures and tissues.

periodontist : A dental specialist whose practice is limited to the treatment of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth.

periodontitis : Inflammation and loss of the connective tissue of the supporting or surrounding structure of teeth with loss of attachment.

periodontium : tissue complex comprising gingival, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone which attaches, nourishes and supports the tooth.

periradicular : Surrounding a portion of the root of the tooth.

permanent : see definitive

permanent dentition : Refers to the permanent (“adult”) teeth in the dental arch that either replace the primary dentition or erupt distally to the primary molars. See Dentition .

pin : A small rod, cemented or driven into dentin to aid in retention of a restoration.

plaque : A soft sticky substance that accumulates on teeth composed largely of bacteria and bacterial derivatives.

pontic : The term used for an artificial tooth on a fixed partial denture (bridge).

porcelain/ceramic :  Refers to materials containing predominantly inorganic refractory compounds including porcelains, glasses, ceramics, and glass-ceramics.

post : Rod-like component designed to be inserted into a prepared root canal space so as to provide structural support. This device can either be in the form of an alloy, carbon fiber or fiberglass, and posts are usually secured with appropriate luting agents.

posterior : Refers to teeth and tissues towards the back of the mouth (distal to the canines); maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. The designation of permanent posterior teeth in the Universal/National tooth numbering system include teeth 1 through 5 and 12 through 16 (maxillary), and 17 through 21 and 28 through 32 (mandibular); primary teeth in the Universal tooth numbering system are designated A, B, I and J (maxillary), and K, L, S and T (mandibular).

precision attachment : An interlocking device, one component of which is fixed into an abutment or abutments, and the other is integrated into a removable partial denture to stabilize and/or retain it ( Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms , 9 th Edition; © Academy of Prosthodontics) .

premedication : The use of medications prior to dental procedures.

premolar : See bicuspid .

preventive dentistry : Aspects of dentistry concerned with promoting good oral health and function by preventing or reducing the onset and/or development of oral diseases or deformities and the occurrence of oro-facial injuries.

primary dentition: The first set of teeth; see deciduous and dentition .

prophylaxis : Removal of plaque, calculus and stains from the tooth structures. It is intended to control local irritational factors.

prosthesis : Artificial replacement of any part of the body.

definitive prosthesis –Prosthesis to be used over an extended period of time.

dental prosthesis –Any device or appliance replacing one or more missing teeth and/or, if required, associated structures. (This is a broad term which includes abutment crowns and abutment inlays/onlays, bridges, dentures, obturators, gingival prostheses.)

fixed prosthesis –Non-removable dental prosthesis which is solidly attached to abutment teeth, roots or implants.

fixed-removable prosthesis– Combined prosthesis, one or more parts of which are fixed, and the other(s) attached by devices which allow their detachment, removal and reinsertion by the dentist only.

interim prosthesis –A provisional prosthesis designed for use over a limited period of time, after which it is to be replaced by a more definitive restoration.

removable prosthesis –Complete or partial prosthesis, which after an initial fitting by a dentist, can be removed and reinserted by the patient.

provisional : a restoration or prosthesis placed for a longer time period to enable healing, stabilization or diagnostic purposes – see interim and temporary .

pulp : Connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerve tissue which occupies the pulp cavity of a tooth.

pulp cap : See direct pulp cap ; indirect pulp cap .

pulp cavity : The space within a tooth which contains the pulp.

pulpectomy : Complete removal of vital and non-vital pulp tissue from the root canal space.

pulpitis : Inflammation of the dental pulp.

pulpotomy : Removal of a portion of the pulp, including the diseased aspect, with the intent of maintaining the vitality of the remaining pulpal tissue by means of a therapeutic dressing.

quadrant : One of the four equal sections into which the dental arches can be divided; begins at the midline of the arch and extends distally to the last tooth.

radicular : Pertaining to the root.

radiographic/surgical implant index : An appliance, designed to relate osteotomy or fixture position to existing anatomic structures.

radiograph : An image or picture produced on a radiation sensitive film, phosphorous plate, emulsion or digital sensor by exposure to ionizing radiation.

rebase : Process of refitting a denture by replacing the base material.

recalcification : Procedure used to encourage biologic root repair of external and internal resorption defects. See apexification .

closed reduction : The re-approximation of segments of a fractured bone without direct visualization of the boney segments. open reduction : Re-approximation of fractured bony segments accomplished through cutting the adjacent soft tissues and bone to allow direct access.

regional block anesthesia: See definition under anesthesia .

reimplantation, tooth : The return of a tooth to its alveolus.

reline : Process of resurfacing the tissue side of a removable prosthesis with new base material.

removable partial denture : A removable partial denture is a prosthetic replacement of one or more missing teeth that can be removed by the patient.

resin : Resinous material of the various esters of acrylic acid, used as a denture base material, for trays or for other restorations.

resin-based composite : See composite .

resin infiltration : Application of a resin material engineered to penetrate and fill the sub-surface pore system of an incipient caries lesion to strengthen, stabilize, and limit the lesion's progression, as well as mask visible white spots.

orthodontic retainer –Appliance to stabilize teeth following orthodontic treatment.

prosthodontic retainer –A part of a prosthesis that attaches a denture to an abutment tooth, implant abutment, or implant body.

retrograde filling : A method of sealing the root canal by preparing and filling it from the root apex.

revision : The act of revising; second or more surgical procedure for correction of a condition.

root : The anatomic portion of the tooth that is covered by cementum and is located in the alveolus (socket) where it is attached by the periodontal apparatus; radicular portion of tooth.

residual root –Remaining root structure following the loss of the major portion (over 75%) of the crown.

root canal : The portion of the pulp cavity inside the root of a tooth; the chamber within the root of the tooth that contains the pulp.

root canal therapy : The treatment of disease and injuries of the pulp and associated periradicular conditions.

root planing : A treatment procedure designed to remove cementum or surface dentin that is rough, impregnated by calculus, or contaminated with toxins or microorganisms.

routine follow-up care : see follow-up care

routine post-delivery care : see follow-up care

routine post-operative care : see follow-up care

rubber dam : A barrier technique used to prevent the passage of saliva or moisture, or to provide an isolated operative field.

salivary gland : Exocrine glands that produce saliva and empty it into the mouth; these include the parotid glands, the submandibular glands and the sublingual glands.

scaling : Removal of plaque, calculus, and stain from teeth.

sealant : A resinous material designed to be applied to the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth to prevent occlusal caries.

sedation: See definitions under anesthesia .

sedative filling : A temporary restoration intended to relieve pain.

s emi-precision attachment : A laboratory fabricated rigid metallic extension of a fixed or removable partial denture that fits into cast restoration, allowing some movement between the components; attachments with plastic components are often called semi-precision attachments. (see Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9 th Edition; ©Academy of Prosthodontics).

sextant : One of the six relatively equal sections into which a dental arch can be divided, for example: tooth numbers 1-5; 6-11; 12-16; 17-21; 22-27; 28-32. Sometimes used for recording periodontal charting.

sialodochoplasty: Surgical procedure for the repair of a defect and/or restoration of portion of a salivary gland duct.

sialography : Inspection of the salivary ducts and glands by radiograph after the injection of a radiopaque medium.

sialolithotomy : Surgical procedure by which a stone within a salivary gland or its duct is removed, either intraorally or extraorally.

simple fracture : Break in bone which is not exposed to external contamination.

site : A term used to describe a single area, position, or locus. For periodontal procedures, an area of soft tissue recession on a single tooth or an osseous defect adjacent to a single tooth; also used to indicate soft tissue defects and/or osseous defects in edentulous tooth positions.

space maintainer : A passive appliance, usually cemented in place, that holds teeth in position.

Specification No. 3950 : This schema (ANSI/ADA/ISO Specification No. 3950–1984 Dentistry Designation System for Tooth and Areas of the Oral Cavity) is designed to identify areas of the oral cavity as well as uniquely number permanent and primary dentition. Supernumerary teeth are not yet identified using this standard.

splint : A device used to support, protect, or immobilize oral structures that have been loosened, replanted, fractured or traumatized. Also refers to devices used in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders.

stomatitis : Inflammation of the membranes of the mouth.

stress breaker : That part of a tooth-borne and/or tissue-borne prosthesis designed to relieve the abutment teeth and their supporting tissues from harmful stresses.

study model : Plaster or stone model of teeth and adjoining tissues; also referred to as diagnostic cast. See diagnostic cast .

succedaneous tooth : A permanent tooth that replaces a primary (deciduous) tooth.

supernumerary teeth : Extra erupted or unerupted teeth that resemble teeth of normal shape.

suture : Stitch used to repair incision or wound.

temporary : a restoration or prosthesis placed for a shorter time interval for use while a definitive restoration or prosthesis is being fabricated – see interim and provisional .

temporary removable denture : An interim prosthesis designed for use over limited period of time.

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) : The connecting hinge mechanism between the base of the skull (temporal bone) and the lower jaw (mandible).

temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD or TMJD): Abnormal functioning of temporomandibular joint; also refers to symptoms arising in other areas secondary to the dysfunction.

TMJD : See temporomandibular joint dysfunction .

therapeutic : Of or pertaining to therapy or treatment; beneficial. Therapy has as its goal the elimination or control of a disease or other abnormal state.

tissue conditioning : Material intended to be placed in contact with tissues, for a limited period, with the aim of assisting the return to a healthy condition.

TMD : See temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD) .

TMJ : See temporomandibular joint .

tomography : An X-ray technique that produces an image representing a detailed cross section of tissue structures at a predetermined depth.

tooth bounded space : A space created by one or more missing teeth that has a tooth on each side.

torus : A bony elevation or protuberance of bone. See exostosis .

tracheotomy : A surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea (windpipe) to aid in breathing.

transitional : Relating to a passage or change from one position, state, phase or concept to another.

transitional : The passage or change from one position, state, phase or concept to another (e.g., transitional dentition ) .

transitional dentition : Refers to a mixed dentition; begins with the appearance of the permanent first molars and ends with the exfoliation of the deciduous teeth.

transplantation : Surgical placement of biological material from one site to another.

transplantation of tooth : Transfer of a tooth from one socket to another, either in the same or a different person.

transseptal : Through or across a septum.

treatment plan : The sequential guide for the patient's care as determined by the dentist's diagnosis and is used by the dentist for the restoration to and/or maintenance of optimal oral health.

trigeminal division block anesthesia : See definition under anesthesia .

trismus : Restricted ability to open the mouth, usually due to inflammation or fibrosis of the muscles of mastication.

tuberosity : A protuberance on a bone.

unerupted : Tooth/teeth that have not penetrated into the oral cavity.

unilateral : One-sided; pertaining to or affecting but one side.

Universal/National Tooth Numbering System : The ADA and HIPAA standard code set, most commonly used in the United States, that assigns a unique number (from 1-32) to Permanent Dentition , and a unique letter (A-T) to Primary Dentition . This system includes codes for Supernumerary Teeth . The complete schema is illustrated in the Comprehensive ADA Dental Claim Form Completion Instructions posted online at https://www.ada.org/en/publications/cdt/ada-dental-claim-form .

veneer : See laminate veneer .

vertical bitewing: A dental image with a central projection on which the teeth can close, holding it in a vertical position for the radiographic examination of several upper and lower teeth simultaneously.

vertical dimension : The vertical height of the face with the teeth in occlusion or acting as stops.

vestibuloplasty : Any of a series of surgical procedures designed to increase relative alveolar ridge height.

viral culture : A collection of specimen for the purpose of incubating a virus for identification.

wax pattern : A wax form that is the positive likeness of an object to be fabricated.

xerostomia : Decreased salivary secretion that produces a dry and sometimes burning sensation of the oral mucosa and/or cervical caries.

x-ray : See radiograph .

yeast : A general term for a fungus occurring as a . unicellular, nucleated organism that usually reproduces by budding. Some yeasts may reproduce by fission, many producing mycelia or pseudomycelia.

zygomatic bone : Quadrangular bone on either side of face that forms the cheek prominence. See malar .

Email us anytime at [email protected] . You can also reach out to us from 8:00 a.m. to 5 p.m. Central time, Monday through Friday by phone 800.621.8099.

School of Dentistry

The VCU School of Dentistry Dental Hygiene program requires two years of liberal arts study followed by two years of study focusing on basic and dental sciences, dental hygiene science and theory, community health, and preclinical and clinical experiences. Upon successful completion of the program, graduates are eligible for national, regional and state board licensing examinations.

The Dental Hygiene program at Virginia Commonwealth University, which began in 1969, is accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. The commission is a specialized body recognized by the United States Department of Education. The Commission on Dental Accreditation can be contacted at (312) 440-4653 or at 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2678. Visit the commission’s website: http://www.ada.org/en/coda . 

The VCU Dental Hygiene Program holds virtual information sessions for all of those interested. We will go over the basics of the program, as well as admissions requirements and the application process. We will navigate through the website from beginning to end, highlighting the information that pertains to preparing for entry into our dental hygiene program. This is also a great opportunity to ask specific questions you may have. Below you can register for one of our upcoming virtual open house dates. 

April 15, 2024 12 - 1 p.m.

Register    

Employment of dental hygienists, according to the U.S. Department of Labor, is projected to grow 19 percent from 2014 to 2024, much faster than the average for all occupations. Ongoing research linking oral health to general health will continue to spur demand for preventive dental services, which are provided by dental hygienists.

Follow these links to learn more about professional opportunities for dental hygienists.

• Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook
• American Dental Hygiene Association Career Center
• MyDentalJobs
• American Dental Association Career Center