pay frequent visits

With English, the World is Your Oyster!

• Listening Skills
• TED Talk Lessons
• What are Idioms?
• Visual Idiom Examples
• Idioms Lists
• About Nicole
• Privacy Policy

Idiom:  pay a visit

Meaning .

Idiom:  pay a visit to someone/something (pay someone/something a visit)

• to go see someone or something

Example sentences

• I haven’t heard from my father in two weeks so I’m going to pay him a visit and make sure he’s okay.
• There are very few doctors who will pay a visit to patients' homes these days.
• It's been a few months since we've seen my mother-in-law so we need to pay a visit this weekend.
• My best friend was in town and decided to pay a visit but we were at the shopping mall so I missed her.
• Let's pay a visit to the cemetery on Veterans Day and lay down some flowers at my grandfather's grave.
• You'll be paying the dentist a visit  soon if you don't stop drinking so many sodas and eating those sugary candies.
• If you have a chance to pay a visit to Mount Rushmore National Memorial while you're in the Dakotas you will not regret it.
• A couple of police officers paid our office a visit this afternoon and I'm dying to know what they questioned my boss about.
• Every Memorial Day we pay a visit to my uncle's grave to pay our respects.
• come around

Get our free idioms in pictures ebook

You might like these idioms

Sleep idioms

Thanksgiving idioms

More idioms will be added in the future so check back frequently or sign-up for my free newsletter to learn about new updates to my website.

• Idioms List
• Idiom: pay a visit

Listening | TED Talks |  Speaking |  Grammar |  Vocabulary | Idioms |  Blog

Copyright © 2013-2024  OysterEnglish.com   All rights reserved  |    Privacy policy

clock This article was published more than  1 year ago

Carolyn Hax: Is asking about kids intrusive, or making conversation?

Dear Carolyn: Could we please stop “making conversation” by asking whether people have children and how many? People struggle with infertility, decide to remain child-free, have lost a child somehow, don’t want to discuss reproductive decisions, etc. Please wait for people to just say, “My son just adopted a second dog!” or whatever. Does it have to be followed by, “Do you have any more?”

Why should the recipient of this intrusive question have to do the work?

— “Making Conversation”

“Making Conversation”: I’m both completely sympathetic and not backing you up.

Because what you’re asking is this close to, “Could we please stop making conversation?” Consider:

“Do you have children?” (Some people struggle with infertility or dashed hopes or the death of a child.)

“Tell me about your family.” (Some are estranged, were abusive, have tragically died.)

“What do you do?” (Some are struggling with unemployment or get judged for what they do or are home with children and unfairly dismissed as professionally out-of-touch or uninteresting — or the person asking gets eye-rolled for being status-conscious or over-focused on work. “So D.C.” “So American.”)

“Where are you from?” (To members of a racial or ethnic minority, this can be a coded, “You aren’t one of us.”)

“How about that election.” (Ha. I kid.)

“So, watching any good shows?” (Safe, useful, perfect — the first 100 times.)

“Some weather we're having.” ( “Ugh, I can't stand small talk.” Or is weather political now?)

Obviously these aren't the only possible ways to prod for common ground. If you want lists of conversation-starters, search engines are standing by.

But the important point you bring up — who “should” have to “do the work” — can apply to both parties. Not all nosiness is friendly, but not all friendliness is nosy, either. The people making what they think are polite attempts at conversation are doing some social lifting themselves. They’re trying. To connect, to make others feel welcome, to pass the time pleasantly in your company. Almost any well-meaning inquiry can hit an emotional mine.

So the sensitivity burden is a shared one, too. For those making friendly overtures, your concerns are valid: Don’t badger, don’t pry, be mindful of sensitive areas, be ready to pivot.

And for those receiving friendly overtures, like you: Assume the best of people, reciprocate the effort, and, if you have a sensitive spot, prepare deflections ahead of time so you both can save face and keep talking.

I think right now especially, we can use all the benefits of all the possible doubts.

Dear Carolyn: What’s a reasonable number of visits to make to immediate family who you don’t enjoy spending time with and who live a three-hour flight away, when my time and money is limited?

— Anonymous

Anonymous: No answer with this little information would be reasonable.

But every answer starts with what you owe people, and what you owe yourself.

For example, you might pay frequent visits to a parent who raised you ethically but who is now difficult because of cognitive decline. You might pay zero visits to a sibling who was and often still is cruel to you. Each calculation is reasonable.

So, again — what do you feel you owe each relative? What do you owe your conscience? Where do expense and effort come in? No reasonable numbers, just senses of duty and self.

More from Carolyn Hax

From the archive:

Dad struggles with wedding toast to ‘selfish’ son

A DNA test and a long-kept family secret

Honey, I’d like you to meet bill, a lifelong acquaintance

A step-parent acknowledges a past betrayal

Unemployed spouse puts chores, hobbies above job search

Sign up for Carolyn’s email newsletter to get her column delivered to your inbox each morning.

Carolyn has a Q&A with readers on Fridays. Read the most recent live chat here . The next chat is May 3 at 12 p.m .

Resources for getting help. Frequently asked questions about the column. Chat glossary

• Carolyn Hax: Your friends won’t stop talking. How do you tell them to get to the point? June 4, 2021 Carolyn Hax: Your friends won’t stop talking. How do you tell them to get to the point? June 4, 2021
• Carolyn Hax: What to say to a co-worker who has a fatal disease? November 23, 2021 Carolyn Hax: What to say to a co-worker who has a fatal disease? November 23, 2021
• Carolyn Hax: Does the don’t-comment-on-bodies rule apply to people’s tattoos? June 5, 2021 Carolyn Hax: Does the don’t-comment-on-bodies rule apply to people’s tattoos? June 5, 2021

Example sentences frequent visits

All the same, he makes frequent visits to his homeland.

Her frequent visits to hospital meant that it would have been very difficult to set a date and stick to it.

It was a cultural family, with frequent visits to museums and galleries.

This background gives him street cred on his frequent visits to schools.

On frequent visits they realised their money had yielded no improvements and 'the home was in disrepair'.

Definition of 'frequent' frequent

Definition of 'visit' visit

COBUILD Collocations frequent visits

Browse alphabetically frequent visits.

• frequent use
• frequent user
• frequent visitor
• frequent visits
• frequent wash shampoo
• frequent watering
• frequent-flier
• All ENGLISH words that begin with 'F'

Quick word challenge

Quiz Review

Score: 0 / 5

Wordle Helper

Scrabble Tools

Your version of Internet Explorer is out of date and no longer compatible with GettingOut. Please try using another browser or upgrade your current version of Internet Explorer by clicking here .

schedule a visit

Three Types of Video Visits

At Facility

These visits are when you go to your facility and sit at a video visit station in the lobby. Your loved one or friend will be on a video visit station in their pod.

From Computer

At select facilities families and friends can have video visits from their own personal computers in the comfort of their own homes. You will need the following equipment to do a video visit from home:

• A computer.
• A webcam and a microphone, or a computer with these components built in (most laptops have these built in).
• An internet browser. Internet browsers Safari 4 and higher, or Firefox 7 and higher, are strongly recommended. Using other browsers may not load the page appropriately in order to begin your visit. We are not responsible for technical problems or issues that may arise from using an unsupported browser.
• For the best visit experience you should use headphones, but they are not required.
• High speed internet (DSL or Cable) connection (dial up and satellite are not supported).

From Android Device

Video visits go mobile with our Visit Now Android app. At select facilities families and friends can have video visits from their own Android devices.

How to Schedule a Visit

Free video visit policy.

Free visits are a benefit for the inmate and are credited to the  inmate’s account. Therefore the inmate is the only one who  can book a free visit . This allows the inmate at your facility full control of whom they want to use their free visit with. There are also advanced scheduling rules that control the timeframe that a free visit can be booked. These rules vary by facility. If an inmate books a visit outside this timeframe, they will not be allowed to use a free visit.

• Book the visit with their Friends & Family.
• Suggest a visit with their Friends & Family. The Friends & Family must have no prepaid funds on their account at the time they confirm the suggested time. The inmate’s free visit will then be deducted.
• Confirm a suggested visit from their friends and family. The Friends & Family must have no prepaid funds on their account at the time the inmate confirms the visit. The inmate’s free visit will then be deducted from their free visit allowance.

The only way Friends & Family can use a free visit is by suggesting a visit with the inmate. If the inmate has a free visit available and there are no prepaid funds on the Friends & Family account at the time the inmate confirms, the free visit will be deducted from inmate’s account.

What Services Are Available At My Facility?

Select your facility below, available services:.

• Phone & Voicemail
• Video Visit at Facility
• Video Visit from Home

• Photo Sharing
• Tablets Your inmate has access to tablets. Make a deposit to their account so they have more ways to be productive, and you have more ways to stay connected.
• Verification Required

What is Telmate Verified?

If you are asked to be Telmate Verified it means your facility requires verification of your identity prior to acceptance of inmates' calls. The purpose of verification is to ensure inmates are not connecting with inappropriate people on the outside. The verification process is simple and can be completed before or after creating an account.

To be verified, you can make a deposit , schedule a visit or download and complete the Telmate Verified form .

Did you know…

According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, inmates who

maintain strong relationships

with friends and family, greatly reduce their risk of recidivism.

Terms of Use governing use of GettingOut services state that all services are intended to be used by persons over the age of 18.

To continue, please enter your date of birth to confirm you are over the age of 18.

Taking Care of Your Aging Parents on a Busy Schedule

May 19, 2023

With the growing economy and income of people around the world, quality time has become a valuable aspect. That is why we all are getting busier with each passing day.

In fact, as per WHO, about 488 million people work long hours globally. With such numbers, it's likely that you would miss out on family well-being somewhere or other.

This means you might also not get enough time to look after aging parents, who need extra care and attention to lead a healthy life. We often neglect the importance of senior primary care and treatment. But thankfully, there is a way to resolve such a situation.

Here's how you can take care of aging parents on a busy schedule:

Check their Daily Intakes

Whenever you pay visits to your parents, check on their medications and see if they are taking them regularly or not. You must also see if the medicines are intact. Sometimes, medicines may exceed the expiry date, and your parents might take them unknowingly. Look for such medicines/pills, and discard them immediately.

You must also check on their diet and see if their meals are healthy. If a doctor has recommended any special diet, encourage them to follow it. Stay in touch with their doctor to know about their general health. Just make sure you find a good physician near you .

Pay frequent visits.

Elderly people are very likely to feel lonely. With time, they become just like little kids who need extra attention. So, by paying frequent visits, you wouldn't just be checking on them but also making them happy.

If it's possible, you can pay quick visits every day. You can do so before leaving for work or maybe after working hours. However, if you can't do that, visit them 3-4 times a week or during weekends. Make sure to spend quality time with them.

Prioritize Safety at Home

Safety is an important part of your elderly parents' well-being. It is always recommended to install safety gadgets at home. You can inform your parents about scammers and install front door security cameras for better protection. Besides that, you can install CCTV cameras throughout the home for the extra observance.

For any medical emergency , you can install emergency apps or save relevant numbers on your phone. This would help them take immediate action when you are not available.

Teach, Track, and Monitor

While it's convenient to live in a tech-savvy home for you, it might not be the same for your elderly parents. So, no matter what new technology you install, take your time out and teach your elderly parents about it. Whether it's using any application or tracking the CCTV footage, they should know it all.

Moreover, call them every day and keep track of all their needs. If you have got them any modern devices with medical functionality and GPS tracking, monitor the data when you visit them.

Support them Financially

Besides mental and physical well-being, elderly parents might need someone to support them financially. Although they wouldn't say so, you must understand and take care of their expenses (partly, if not all). You can either give them extra cash in hand or pay for their necessities like groceries, medications, or major bills. The more you handle their responsibilities, the more peaceful and stress-free life they will live.

Hire a Caregiver

No matter what you do, you might still want someone to look after your parents 24/7. For such situations, you can hire a caregiver. They are trained professionals who can take care of your parents when you are not there with them. Caregivers are ideal for the elderly, the sick, or even young people. Make sure to inform them everything about your parents, like their diet, likes/dislikes, medical conditions, things they are allergic to, or any doctor's instructions. It’s also important to note that sometimes caregivers can undergo burnout so being patient and having a good relationship with them is important. You should also share your contact number and ask them to contact you immediately during any emergency.

With the above tips/steps, you can easily take good care of your parents while balancing your busy work life.

LATEST BLOG FROM ACCESS

Can oncology costs be reduced.

By Access Health Care Physicians. Apr 2024

Carotid Doppler Ultrasound: What is it, Uses, and Preparation

By Access Health Care Physicians. Feb 2024

Abdominal Ultrasound: Purpose, symptoms, risk, and procedure

Getting your blood drawn: everything you need to know, are you too young for a bone density test, latest blog on community health, jim butler from our community outreach center.

By Access Health Care Physicians. Jan 2017

Access CEO arranges rent-free office space for Disabled American Veterans Organization

By Access Health Care Physicians. Dec 2017

Access Staff Cooks for the Community

Access health care physicians, llc helps organize clean mind programme.

By Access Health Care Physicians. Oct 2017

Access Health Care sponsors under 14 Florida Baseball Team

By Access Health Care Physicians. Aug 2017

Request an Appointment

• To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In

pay a visit to

Definition of pay a visit to

Examples of pay a visit to in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'pay a visit to.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Dictionary Entries Near pay a visit to

pay attention to

Cite this Entry

“Pay a visit to.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pay%20a%20visit%20to. Accessed 28 Apr. 2024.

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!

Can you solve 4 words at once?

Word of the day.

See Definitions and Examples »

Get Word of the Day daily email!

Popular in Grammar & Usage

More commonly misspelled words, commonly misspelled words, how to use em dashes (—), en dashes (–) , and hyphens (-), absent letters that are heard anyway, hypercorrections: are you making these 6 common mistakes, popular in wordplay, the words of the week - apr. 26, 9 superb owl words, 'gaslighting,' 'woke,' 'democracy,' and other top lookups, 10 words for lesser-known games and sports, your favorite band is in the dictionary, games & quizzes.

Estimates of Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 2016-2021

The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), collects annual data on visits to emergency departments to describe patterns of utilization and provision of ambulatory care delivery in the United States. Data are collected from nonfederal, general, and short-stay hospitals from all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and are used to develop nationally representative estimates.

This visualization depicts both counts and rates of emergency department visits from 2016-2021 for the 10 leading primary diagnoses and reasons for visit, stratified by selected patient and hospital characteristics. Rankings for the 10 leading categories were identified using weighted data from 2021 and were then assessed in prior years; however, rankings were relatively consistent over the evaluated years. See tables in the Definitions section below the visualization for changes in leading primary diagnoses and reasons for visit from 2016-2021. Estimates in this visualization highlight and expand on information provided in the annual NHAMCS web tables , which can be used to assess how these categories and rankings changed over the evaluated years.

Use the tabs at the bottom of the visualization to select between “Primary Diagnosis” and “Reason for Visit”.  Use the drop-down menus at the top of the visualization to select the estimate type, the estimate category, and the group breakdown of interest.

Access Dataset on Data.CDC.gov (Export to CSV, JSON, XLS, XML) [?]

Definitions

Based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–10–CM).  See Table 11 of the NHAMCS: 2020 Emergency Department Summary Tables for code ranges of diagnosis categories, available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2020-nhamcs-ed-web-tables-508.pdf .

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016-2021

Based on the patient’s own words and coded according to: Schneider D, Appleton L, McLemore T. A reason for visit classification for ambulatory care. National Center for Health Statistics. See Appendix II of the 2020 NHAMCS public-use documentation for code ranges of reason categories, available from: https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHAMCS/doc20-ed-508.pdf .

Calculated by dividing the number of ED visits by estimates of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population (obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Division) for selected characteristics including age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Visit rates for MSA are based on estimates of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population from the National Health Interview Survey, compiled according to the Office of Management and Budget definitions of core-based statistical areas. More information about MSA definitions is available from: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html . Visit rates for patient’s expected source of payment are based on patient’s primary expected source of payment and proportional insurance data from the National Health Interview Survey.

During data collection, all sources of payment were collected. For patients with more than one source of payment, the hierarchy below was used (with Medicare counted first and self-pay and no charge counted last) to collapse payments into one mutually exclusive variable (expected source of payment). Visits that had a missing or unknown expected payment source were excluded (between 10-14% [weighted] from 2016-2021).

• Medicare: Partial or full payment by Medicare plan includes payments made directly to the hospital as well as payments reimbursed to the patient. Charges covered under a Medicare-sponsored prepaid plan are included.
• Medicaid: Partial or full payment by Medicaid plan includes payments made directly to the hospital or reimbursed to the patient. Charges covered under a Medicaid-sponsored prepaid plan (HMO) or “managed Medicaid” are included.
• Private: Partial or full payment by a private insurer (such as BlueCross BlueShield), either directly to the hospital or reimbursed to the patient. Charges covered under a private insurance-sponsored prepaid plan are included.
• Uninsured: Includes self-pay and no charge or charity. Self-pay are charges paid by the patient or patient’s family that will not be reimbursed by a third party. Self-pay includes visits for which the patient is expected to be responsible for most of the bill, even if the patient never actually pays it. This does not include copayments or deductibles. No charge or charity are visits for which no fee is charged (such as charity, special research, or teaching).
• Other: Includes Worker’s Compensation and other sources of payment not covered by the above categories, such as TRICARE, state and local governments, private charitable organizations, and other liability insurance (such as automobile collision policy coverage).

Race and Hispanic ethnicity were collected separately and converted into a single combined variable that includes non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic other people. Non-Hispanic other people includes Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native people, and people with two or more races. Missing values for race and ethnicity were imputed as described in the 2019 NHAMCS public-use documentation, available from: https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHAMCS/doc19-ed-508.pdf .

Please send comments or questions to [email protected] .

Data Source

National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016-2021

Suggested Citation

National Center for Health Statistics. Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 2016-2021. Generated interactively: from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/dhcs/ed-visits/index.htm

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
• Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
• You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
• CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of pay a visit in English

Pay a visit, pay someone a visit | american dictionary, pay someone a visit.

Word of the Day

doggie day care

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

a place where owners can leave their dogs when they are at work or away from home in the daytime, or the care the dogs receive when they are there

Dead ringers and peas in pods (Talking about similarities, Part 2)

Learn more with +Plus

• Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
• Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
• Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
• Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
• English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
• English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
• English–Dutch Dutch–English
• English–French French–English
• English–German German–English
• English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
• English–Italian Italian–English
• English–Japanese Japanese–English
• English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
• English–Polish Polish–English
• English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
• English–Spanish Spanish–English
• English–Swedish Swedish–English
• Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
• English    Phrase
• American    Idiom
• All translations

Add pay a visit to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection

How does tourist perception lead to tourist hesitation? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh

Mohammad rashed hasan polas.

1 Institute of Scientific Research and Graduate School, Universidad de Lima, Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco, 15023 Lima, Peru

Ratul Kumar Saha

2 Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mosab I. Tabash

3 College of Business, Al Ain University, Al Ain, UAE

Associated Data

Not Applicable.

The paper aims to identify the factors that cause prospective tourists’ hesitation to travel. The study also examines whether this relationship is mediated by the tourist perception in Bangladesh. The study is of quantitative design, and the relationships between tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation were explored using a sample of 322 Bangladeshi prospective tourists. The three relationships were also examined through tourist perception. By using cross-sectional data, the researchers hypothesized that tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality have a positive and significant effect on tourist hesitation. Besides, the researchers also hypothesized that tourist perception mediates the relationships between tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation. In this respect, the Smart PLS 3.0 was employed to analyze the data. The results of the study confirm findings of previous related studies by not only highlighting the importance of tourist perception in shaping tourist hesitation but also indicating the way each dimension of tourism either enhances or inhibits the tourist hesitation. The results of the study also reveal a positive and significant relationship between tourist knowledge and tourist health risk with tourist hesitation. The analysis of data showed no conventional relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation. Accordingly, this study identified the extent to which tourist perception mediates the relationship between tourist knowledge and destination personality with tourist hesitation. Meanwhile, the results of the study indicate the absence of any mediation role of tourist perception between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation. The study outcomes would encourage the government, policymakers, and tourism managements in creating a tailor-made responsiveness program by building a scenario that could offer more prominent sustainable tourism establishments. Besides, the results may assist stakeholders of tourist destinations in understanding tourist perception and the causes of tourist’s hesitation.

Introduction

Tourism industry has witnessed noticeable growth worldwide due to the economic growth and subsequent improvement of the quality of people's life (Cui et al., 2016 ; Dwyer et al., 2020 ). Several studies have identified tourism as a driver of the economic growth of any country (Badulescu et al., 2020 ; Mishra et al., 2011 ; Swangjang & Kornpiphat, 2021 ; Tang & Tan, 2015 ). Innumerable travelers visit different parts of the world to enjoy their leisure time or conduct business activities (Barbhuiya & Chatterjee, 2020 ; Bonham et al., 2006 ; Korstanje, 2011 ; Lepp & Gibson, 2003 ; Pforr, 2009 ). Despite the growth of the tourism industry worldwide, destination managers are increasingly getting concerned about the factors that create tourist hesitation toward traveling (Drimili et al., 2020 ; Pal et al., 2021 ; Pulido-Fernández et al., 2019 ; Wong & Yeh, 2009 ).

In South Asia, for instance, Bangladesh is one of the few countries that is not considered as a favorable destination, despite possessing natural landscapes and friendly people. Bangladesh has its beauty which is peculiar and delicate (Amin, 2017 ). It has many popular tourist attractions including ancient mosques, sites and temples, archeological sites, the longest sea beach in the world, the hills and woods of Sunderban and the wilderness of Chittagong hills, clans, thousands of rolling tea gardens of globally renowned brands, and islands. It offers a lot of tourist attractions and motivations to convince travelers to pay frequent visits to it. In the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh, Asia, the town of Cox's Bazar in Cox's Bazar is home to the largest unbroken, natural sandy beach in the world, including dumb homes; it is 150 km long (Majumder & Iqbal, 2018 ). Cox's Bazar is probably the leading and most visited tourist destination (Amin, 2017 ), and it is labeled as the tourist city of choice in Bangladesh. Tourism is the primary source of the economy of Cox's Bazar contributing greatly to the national GDP (Hossain, 2020 ; Sadar & Rekha, 2016 ).

As far as the importance of the travel and tourism industry in the global economy is concerned, the COVID-19 pandemic has done much damage to the vitality of this sector. While COVID-19 is a major contributor to the decline of international tourism sector, few research studies were conducted on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism and travel industry in Bangladesh (Hafsa, 2020 ; Hossain, 2020 ). With alarming COVID-19 related health risks, countries all over the world imposed lockdowns, restrictions on domestic and international flights to prevent the spread of this pandemic. Given such unprecedented circumstances, tourism is badly affected by the restrictions on movement of people and the ban on travel (Deb & Nafi, 2020 ). In the past few years, Bangladesh's tourism sector has gradually expanded with a strong domestic travel sector. Nonetheless, tourism and transport activities have remained closed since mid-March 2020 due to travel restrictions. COVID-19 has contributed to dramatic shifts in Bangladesh's lifestyle and economy (Begum et al., 2020 ) with all forms of economic enterprise being halted by the Government of Bangladesh.

Amid the pandemic, the Asian travel industry sector has been seriously discouraged. The well-performing traveler destinations in Asia including China, Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and Indonesia have witnessed a considerable reduction in their tourist arrivals (Berglund et al., 2019 ; Nhamo et al., 2020 ) (Fig.  1 ).

Decrease in tourist arrivals in Asia-Pacific countries/Source: LightCastle Analytics Wing (2020)

With restricted travel and cancellation of business flights, the lavish hotel industry has likewise been confronting the domino impact of economic fallout. The occupancy rates of luxury hotels declined substantially. While hotels would have witnessed occupancy rates of 80% in regular times, the current rates have plunged to 30% (Deb & Nafi, 2020 ; Hafsa, 2020 ; Jabbari et al., 2019 ).

In Cox's Bazar, the main study location, there had been a steady decline in both domestic and foreign tourist visits since it was listed as a red zone by the Government. A striking economic effect of COVID-19 (The Daily Star, 2020 ), the economy is being weighed. PATA Bangladesh has predicted that by June 2020 the tourism sector in Bangladesh will lose some Tk 9.705 core as a result of the pandemic. Other main tourism centers in the country, like Khulna, Chittagong, Cox Bazar, Rajshahi and others are facing the same scenario due to the COVID-19 pandemic; especially budget hotels. Motels and households which are the ultimate target for low-income people are facing a crisis. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic affects all tourism sectors in Bangladesh (The Daily Star, 2020 ) (Fig.  2 , Table ​ Table1 1 ).

Change in occupancy rates of luxury hotels in Bangladesh/Source: LightCastle Analytics Wing (2020)

Forecasted effect of COVID-19 on the tourism industry

Source PATA Bangladesh Chapter ( 2020 )

WTO has updated 2020 forecasts for worldwide tourist arrival to a negative growth of 1 percent to 3 percent and US $ 30 to US $ 50 billion loss in global tourist receipts. The worldwide closure has stopped up the international tourism activities. Hundreds of travel and Tour Companies went bankrupt, and a significant number of small hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants were forced to close down. A huge number of individuals went jobless soon after COVID-19 pandemic. Table ​ Table1 1 shows the determined information of the initial half-year of the tourism industry (Ahmed et al., 2020 ; Anable & Gatersleben, 2005 ; Banik et al., 2020 ; Hossain et al. 2020 ).

With the decline of COVID-19 cases in the first wave, tourists started to travel to the tourist places especially to the Cox’s Bazar Sea beach in Bangladesh. Around one million tourists rushed to the Cox’s Bazar (Tribune, 2021a ). All airline and bus tickets were sold out, and around 400 hotels and resorts were scrambling to locate spare rooms for travelers (Tribune, 2021a ). Hotel costs have risen dramatically, with the minimum fee for a one-night stay currently ranging from $35 to $85. This increase in tourist activity came after the decrease in the number of daily Covid-19 cases and fatalities in the country, causing people to be less concerned about the epidemic. After that, all the tourist sites throughout the country along with Cox's Bazar were instructed by the local district government to be prepared for a new (second) wave of Covid-19 (Tribune, 2021b ). This caused a disruption to the tourism sector and forced tourist-related activities to halt.

Results of previous studies have identified certain factors that have considerable impact on tourists’ hesitation toward the decision of destination choices (Kogo et al., 2020 ; Nadeau et al., 2008 ; Polas et al., 2018 ; Um & Crompton, 1990 ; Uslu & Akay, 2019 ). Health, travel expenses, a distance of the destination, and time constraint significantly contributed to the tourists’ hesitation toward destination choice (Carvache-Franco et al., 2019 ; Shaktawat & Vadhera, 2020 ; Tepavčević et al., 2019 ). Fischer et al. ( 1991 ) defined travel risk as the probability of a negative outcome from tourists’ behaviors during traveling. Boshoff ( 2002 ) showed evidence of the influence of travel risk associated with inadequate information available and can on the last moment change tourists’ decision (Monsarrat et al., 2019 ). Liu ( 2009 ) observed an increasing trend in which tourists get more aware of risk factors relevant to traveling (Liu et al., 2019 ; Rezaei & Maihami, 2019 ; Zhu et al., 2021 ).

Empirical research concerning the influence of tourist perceptions on tourist hesitation in the decision-making process is sparse, leaving some crucial questions unanswered in this vital area of study. In the theory of decision-making, it is a style of decision-making that is a more stable feature of the decision-maker, in addition to the usual course (Chen & Chen, 2019 ; Lu et al., 2016 ; Thunholm, 2004 ). Tourist personality, therefore, tested by model homogeneous behaviors, is not adequate to explain tourist hesitation. In addition, additional concepts, such as tourist motivation and the advantages demanded by models of destination behavior, are not adequate either to explain tourist hesitations, because they cause tourists to visit a destination. Rather, the use of tourists knowledge, health risks and destination personality are fundamental to the proactive hesitation of tourists regarding decisions and policy-making (Xiao & Smith, 2007 ), and it is important, to make a marketing decision, to establish efficient contact, campaigns and service delivery, to consider the knowledge of tourists, health risks and the personality of the destination (Gursoy & McCleary, 2004 ; Yasin et al., 2017 ).

Researchers note that the perceptions of risk, while common from consumption experiences are still under investigation. However, the direct influence of tourist perception, the risks to tourist health, and the destination personality are precedents of unwilling tourism (Fermani et al., 2020 ; Hanefeld et al., 2015 ; Spector, 2020 ). Several research studies have explored the relationship between risk perception and hesitation. Some suggest that a high perceived risk increases the hustle and bustle of visitors and impacts hesitation toward tourism decision-making (Beneke et al., 2013 ; Mason et al., 2016 ; Russell-Bennett et al., 2005 ). Furthermore, the fundamentals of tourist decision-making and travel behavior are thoroughly studied, but there has been a lack of studies incorporating the issue of tourist hesitation due to tourist insufficient perception and knowledge (Jonas & Mansfeld, 2017 ; Lalicic & Önder, 2018 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ; Polas et al., 2019 ). Wong and Yeh ( 2009 ) investigated the relationship of tourist hesitation with destination decision-making and found evidence of tourists’ perceived risk positively influencing the tourist hesitation. There is still great scope for investigating the dynamics of tourist hesitation from different perspectives (Afshar Jahanshahi et al., 2020a , 2020b ; Hasan et al., 2017 ; Islam et al., 2020 ; Khan et al., 2017a , 2017b ; Park et al., 2019 ). Therefore, it is crucial to find the behavioral issues that demotivate or drive people to hesitate to travel because if tourist hesitation is not properly addressed, it will lead to a lower number of travelers. In this study, we attempted to identify whether health risk perception, tourist knowledge, and destination personality can influence tourists’ hesitation to travel to any travel destination. We used tourist perception as a mediating variable for examining these relationships.

The positivist approach, as implemented here, enabled the researchers to seek empirical evidence using the method of hypothetic deductive observation (Polas & Raju, 2021 ). In addition, the descriptive research method was introduced as the study contained clear problem statements, specific assumptions and a comprehensive body of information (Malhotra, 2004 ).

Literature review

The definition of ‘Hesitation’ has not been explicitly developed in the previous studies, except for the review of Cho et al. ( 2006 ), which described it as postponing or postponing sales of products with an additional processing time before the final purchasing of the commodity. It may be invoked both to postpone action and to discourage actions to explain the reasons consumers do not consume it (Ahmed et al., 2020 ; Badulescu et al., 2020 ; Dwyer et al., 2020 ). Although all meanings have to do with reluctance, hesitation cannot be completely explained by the principle of resisting or postponing behavior. Hesitation is a form of choice that relies on different expectations than those defined in early decision-making studies (Beneke et al., 2013 ; Cahyanto et al., 2016 ; Fermani et al., 2020 ). Moreover, the degree of hesitation includes difficulty in executing the planned intervention, and the idea is that people are less likely to establish clear, divisive views of controversial issues, show more ambivalence, and thus are less likely than others to partake in decision-making related behavior (Chen et al., 2019 ; Cherkani & Brito, 2018 ). Thompson and Zanna ( 1995 ) prove that the personal anxiety of invalidity is conceptually related to hesitation as it involves the errors and adverse consequences of a judgment embodied in a timid decision (Hafsa, 2020 ; Wong & Yeh, 2009 ). This also suggests that personal fear of invalidity (i.e. risk perception) can be perceived in advance of other factors as a significant personal indicator of hesitation (Cho et al., 2006 ; Chien et al., 2017 ; Deb et al ., 2020 ; Gharleghi & Jahanshahi, 2020 ).

Tourist knowledge

Tourist knowledge is borrowed from consumer's product knowledge and is a central building block in understanding consumer habits such as information quest (Wijesinghe et al., 2019 ) and information processing (Kärle et al., 2018 ; Khan et al., 2017a , 2017b ; Kogo et al., 2020 ; Rezaei & Maihami, 2019 ). Delbridge and Bernard, ( 1998 ) defined Knowledge as the whole of facts and values gathered by mankind about a specific area. In cognitive psychology, knowledge has been divided into declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Declarative knowledge includes accumulated knowledge about facts, theories, and interrelations; those are possible to communicate verbally (Artuğer, 2015 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ; Zou & Meng, 2020 ). On the other hand, procedural knowledge is related to the skills required in the performance of any task (Cohen & Squire, 1980 ; Gabrieli, 1998 ; Lee et al ., 2011 ; Polas et al., 2020 ). In an attempt to define tourist knowledge, Tsaur et al. ( 2010 ) showed that travel-related information and skills represent tourists’ perception of associated knowledge about any travel. In this case, declarative knowledge refers to tourist’s perception of the specific travel destination and procedural knowledge denotes the practical use the knowledge by tourists in the traveling period starting from planning to the end of the trip (Banik et al., 2020 ; Begum et al., 2020 ; Hanefeld et al., 2015 ; Hasan et al., 2017 ).

Tourist health risk

Peattie et al. ( 2005 ), defined tourist health risk as the probability of suffering from diseases or other health complexities due to the exposure to any traveling experiences. The existing literature on tourism posited travel as a complex process innately containing a significant level of uncertainties and risks that make the tourism sector highly vulnerable (Bhattacharjee et al., 2018 ; Fuchs et al., 2013 ; Polas et al., 2019 ; Williams & Baláž, 2015 ). Jonas et al. ( 2011 ) identified tourist health risk as an inseparable part of traveling which has endangering impact on the safety and security of the tourists that enhances their hesitation to travel. On the top, risk perception regarding health has become an important consideration for tourists due to the growing trend of developing a sense of safety among tourists facilitated by the increased availability of information, and these risk perceptions would have an impact on travel hesitation toward decisions of tourists (Cahyanto et al., 2016 ; Jonas et al., 2011 ; Khan et al., 2017a , 2017b ; Page, 2009 ).

Destination personality

The concept of destination personality is quite contemporary in the existing literature on tourism (Hosany et al., 2006 ; Polas et al., 2017 ; Majumder et al ., 2018 ; Lin et al., 2019 ; Li et al., 2020 ). Positioning travel destinations based on their basic characteristics are prone to the risk of being less unique and easily replicable. To create a unique position of travel destination and attract more tourists, additional attributes like destination personality may be proven fruitful (Baloglu et al., 2014 ; Ekinci & Hosany, 2006 ; Tjiptono & Yang, 2018 ; Usakli & Baloglu, 2011 ). Chen and Phou ( 2013 ) showed that the idea of destination personality is applied by destination marketers to brand their places in modern-day severely competitive tourism industry. Additionally, they suggested destination personality as an important metaphor for travel destination branding. The idea of destination personality comes from Aaker’s brand personality model. According to Aaker ( 1997 ), the brand personality is defined as “the set of human characteristics associated with a brand”. “A well-established brand personality aids in the development of favorable brand evaluations, which leads to brand preference and loyalty” (Bhattacharjee et al., 2018 ; Biel, 1993 ; Sung & Kim, 2010 ). Based on Aaker’s framework, Ekinci and Hosany ( 2006 ) described destination personality as “the set of human characteristics associated with a destination as perceived from a tourist viewpoint.”

Tourist risk perception

The perception of tourists as an option of travel is important for the destination. In the past, scholars have defined perception as a “subjective sense of certainty of the person that the consequences will be unfavorable” and “the amount lost if the effects of an act were not beneficial” (Carballo et al., 2017 ; Cui et al., 2016 ; Mishra et al., 2011 ; Mohamad et al., 2012 ). It is not possible for prospective travelers to criticize tourist attractions that do not meet travellers’ expectations and the desired goals. It is wise to be mindful that the risk of terrorism is seen as expensive rather than secure at a given destination (Carballo et al., 2017 ; Monsarrat et al., 2019 ; Ngo et al., 2019 ). Tourism is often perceived to be a consumer practice (Pan & Ryan, 2007 ; Yang et al., 2015 ). There is also a possibility that the goods or facilities will not meet the expectations of tourists or that they will accumulate variables beyond the scope of tourist use (Yang et al., 2015 ). The evolution of the ‘risk’ concept (Cui et al., 2016 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ) in tourism as a two-dimensional synthesis means that there is a possibility for tourists on a trip or a tourist destination to be variously unfortunate (Garg, 2015 ) and the implications and detrimental consequences for tourists after making travel decisions (Carballo et al., 2017 ; Cui et al., 2016 ; Pulido-Fernández et al., 2019 ).

According to Dhebar ( 1996 ), any consumer’s perception of risk may make him/her regret an earlier purchase or hesitate to buy a new product (He et al., 2018 ; Suhartanto et al., 2020 ). Cho et al. ( 2006 ) argued that customer hesitation can be viewed as a tendency to delay or quit the purchase, and consumer perception influences this hesitation. Two theories support the role of tourist risk perception toward tourist hesitation in this study which are Anderson’s ( 1981 ) information integration theory (IIT) and Roger’s ( 1975 ) protection motivation theory (PMT) (Sönmez & Graefe, 1998 ; Pulido-Fernández et al., 2019 ). Together, IIT and PMT suggest that future travel behavior would be influenced by images of security and risk that individuals have of regions (Hew et al., 2018 ; Sönmez & Graefe, 1998 ; Su & Swanson, 2019 ).

Hypotheses development

Tourist knowledge and tourist hesitation.

In our first hypothesis, we assumed that the level of individual tourist’s knowledge will have a positive impact on hesitation toward the traveling decision. While deciding on a travel destination, tourist gathers all the relevant information including risk factors about visiting the place (Hasan et al., 2017 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ; Tang & Tan, 2015 ; Zou & Meng, 2020 ). According to Dolnicar ( 2007 ), the tourist’s knowledge of the risks and precise perceptions regarding safety has a strong impact on travel decisions. If alternatives available involve risk, the decision-makers tend to delay or quit taking decisions concerned (Dhar, 1997 ; Tjiptono & Yang, 2018 ; Uslu & Akay, 2019 ). In a research paper conducted on online consumer behavior, Cho et al. ( 2006 ) defined such a behavior involving delay in decision-making as hesitation by itself. Tourists have started to perceive traveling worldwide as unsafe due to the recent emergence of deadly contagious viruses like COVID-19 (Zhu et al., 2021 ; Zou & Meng, 2020 ). We have assumed that this perception will be likely to last even the pandemic is over. Additionally, Glaesser ( 2003 ) showed that perceived risk has more influence than actual risk that enhances hesitations and tourists make their travel decisions (Jiang & Ritchie, 2017 ; Ngo et al., 2019 ; Sadar et al ., 2016 ; Shaktawat & Vadhera, 2020 ; Spector, 2020 ). Thus, we hypothesize the following,

There is a positive and significant relationship between tourist knowledge regarding different risks and tourist hesitation.

Tourist Health Risk and Tourist Hesitation

In our second hypothesis, we predicted that a positive and significant relationship exists between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation in this new pandemic situation. Fuchs and Reichel ( 2006 ) showed travel destination-specific attributes, such as rough weather, natural calamities, and diseases, make a contribution to the tourists’ risk perception (Garg, 2015 ; Hew et al., 2018 ; Zou & Meng, 2020 ). According to Page ( 2009 ), health risks, generally exposed by tourists, are not life-threatening. Health risk perception toward any travel destination is associated with individual health and safety (Hossain, 2020 ; Jonas et al., 2011 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ). Chien et al. ( 2017 ) posited that the way tourists perceive health risk, involving any travel destination, has a significant impact on their decisions to go there and the level of preventive measures they take before traveling. They also recognized the growing importance of studies on health risks associated with tourism. The highly transmittable and life-threatening nature of different diseases has exposed tourists to unprecedented health risk which is likely to have a positive impact on the tourist hesitation regarding travel decision (Hasan et al., 2017 ; Islam et al., 2020 ; Kogo et al., 2020 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Ngo et al., 2019 ). Thus, we hypothesize the following,

There is a positive and significant relationship between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation.

Destination Personality and Tourist Hesitation

In our third hypothesis, we hypothesized that there is a negative and significant relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation due to the COVID-19 situation. There is some evidence of successful development of destination personality. For example, London is recognized as liberal, unorthodox, and creative, Spain as welcoming and family-oriented, and Paris as a heaven of lovers (Morgan & Pritchard, 2002 ; Majumder et al ., 2018 ; Lin et al., 2019 ; Mohebali et al., 2019 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Nhamo et al., 2020 ). Ekinci and Hosany ( 2006 ) confirmed this perspective by showing that popular tourist attractions are affluent in terms of symbolic values associated with histories, legends, emotions, and events. Several studies investigated the relationship between destination personality and tourists' behavioral intentions (Hosany et al., 2006 ; Hultman et al., 2015 ; Park et al., 2019 ; Peng & Chen, 2019 ; Usakli & Baloglu, 2011 ; Zeugner-Roth & Zabkar, 2015 ). These studies showed that positive destination personality increases the visit intentions of tourists, and poor destination personality demotivates travelers. The occurrence of pandemics, such as Covid-19, has brought remarkable change in today’s world. The personality of the travel destination would get new dimensions taking health issues into travelers' account. Poor disease control could make any travel destination personality undesirable (Badulescu et al., 2020 ; Begum et al., 2020 ; Cherkani & Brito, 2018 ; Thai & Yuksel, 2017 ). Thus, we hypothesize the following,

There is a positive and significant relationship between undesirable destination personality and tourist hesitation.

The mediation role of tourist perception

In our last three hypotheses, we assumed that tourist perception plays a mediation role in the association between tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation. While assessing the consumer knowledge, Park et al. ( 1994 ) showed that subjective form of knowledge is consumers’ perception of their understanding of a product category which helps them to make any purchase decision (He et al., 2018 ; Huat et al., 2019 ; Suhartanto et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, Berger et al. ( 1994 ) confirmed that subjective product knowledge has an impact on future purchase behavior. Sonmez & Graefe ( 1998 ) showed that the perception of safety and risk that tourists have about any travel destination influences a tourist’s future travel intention. Therefore, Floyd and Pennington-Gray ( 2004 ) also emphasize the importance of the study of the tourist risk perception as there is evidence of association of higher risk with decreased visitation (Deb et al ., 2020 ; Drimili et al., 2020 ). In the context of the tourism industry, a more comprehensive perspective of understanding tourist perception of risk includes evaluating tourists’ health concern both in terms of perception of susceptibility and severity (Banik et al., 2020 ; Cahyanto et al., 2016 ). Additionally, Chien et al. ( 2017 ) expressed that perception of tourists of health risk is one of the critical inputs in tourist’s decision-making method (Chen et al., 2019 ; Suhartanto et al., 2020 ).

According to Gartner ( 1986 ), the total image of any travel destination is formed from the interaction of tourist perceptions of attributes of the destination including all the attractions and happenings within the area. Murphy et al. ( 2000 ) claimed that a positive relationship exists between the tourists’ understanding of the atmosphere, infrastructure, value, and willingness to revisit their perceptions and experiences. Gill and Ibrahim ( 2005 ) also confirmed the impact of the image of any destination on the tourist perception in terms of environment, safety, and comfort (Islam et al., 2020 ; Lin et al., 2019 ; Mohebali et al., 2019 ). On the top, Mohamad et al. ( 2012 ) posited that tourist perception has an influence on tourists’ forthcoming behavioral intents based on the study conducted on overseas tourists in Malaysia. According to Walker and Page ( 2003 ), tourist’s perception of risk varies based on the level of intensity and severity. For instance, risks like the probability of terrorist attack are infrequent, but the magnitudes of such events are high, while travel health hazards normally have high frequency with minor severity. This argument is not that strong in the present scenario since diseases such as COVID-19 expose travelers to life-threatening risks. Therefore, we assumed that tourist knowledge, tourist health risk and destination personality influence tourist hesitation to travel with mediation effect of tourist perception (Chen & Chou, 2019 ; Hossain, 2020 ; Suhartanto et al., 2020 ) (Fig.  3 ). We hypothesize the following.

The framework of the study

Tourist Perception mediates the relationship between tourist knowledge and tourist hesitation.

Tourist Perception mediates the relationship between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation.

Tourist Perception mediates the relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation.

Research methodology

Research design.

In this study, positivism as an approach is employed. This approach allows researchers to discover empirical information using a hypothetical deductive observation process (Polas & Raju, 2021 ). The descriptive method of research was also used as the study involved particular problems, specific assumptions and a comprehensive set of knowledge (Malhotra, 2004 ).

Measurement development

In order to compare the various layouts, validated items have been added and revalidated for the current study. Both focus constructs for this model have been measured by literature-based reflective constructs and are structured to simplify measures using the Likert five-point scale, ranging from (1) 'strongly disagree' to (5) 'strongly agree.' Our 25-item questionnaire satisfies the minimum criteria for a rigorous instrument for Hair et al. ( 2014 ). The five variables of the model are as follows: tourist knowledge from Wong & Yeh ( 2009 ); tourist health risk from Wong & Yeh ( 2009 ); destination personality from Lee & Xie ( 2011 ); tourist perception from Lee & Xie ( 2011 ); and tourist hesitation from Lee & Xie ( 2011 ). Each of these variables is composed of four items from the stated sources. Later, a small survey was conducted through online forms to measure intention to revisit destination with reference to the COVID-19 pandemic. It consisted of three items adapted from Artuğer ( 2015 ).

Sampling and data collection

To test our hypotheses, a sample of 451 tourists was randomly selected to conduct the survey; all visited the city of Cox’s Bazar between December 2019 and January 2020. Following the quantitative analysis, data were collected through a survey method following the cross-sectional design. In addition, our sample data were obtained by non-probability (convenience) sampling, while a team of trained research assistants contributed to the processing of sample data. Moreover, convenience sampling has led to the management of our limited resources. We excluded 129 questionnaires as it was incompletely provided by the tourists. A lack of faith in the survey may be the likely cause. We have also ensured that tourists can take part in face-to-face visits only after visiting the areas as tourists. In general, our results meet the criteria of Comrey and Lee ( 1992 ) for a good sample size. The final complete 322 samples were used to get the study outcomes. The response rate was 71.40 percent.

Cox’s Bazar (World Longest Sea Beach) is one of the main cities receiving tourists (both national and international) in Bangladesh. Among 322 samples, 29 samples (9%) were foreign tourists (USA, Canada, Sweden, Japan, China and India) and 293 samples (91%) were local tourists. Due to first identification of COVID-19 on December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the situation was affected by the cancelation of domestic and international flights. Visas are consequently still being denied to tourists from all countries. Normality tests were conducted using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests (SPSS V.25 analysis), both revealed that the appropriate value ( p value) is greater than 0.05. It can be concluded that the data seem to be normally distributed. In addition, we assume that our findings are roughly marginally skewed in terms of skewness (0.74) and curtosis (1.02), with all z values below ± 1.96 (SPSS V.25 analysis) but without any concern. Later, a small survey was conducted to measure the intention to revisit destinations in light of the COVID-19 pandemic through online forms and various traveling groups on social media which consists of three items (see Appendix). We received 90 complete and usable responses in this regard.

In order to extend the potential for further credible responses, we have made our survey brief and conceivable. Operating brief surveys broaden our potential for more legitimate responses. Each survey was still close to five minutes away. To boost accuracy, the initial survey was translated into a local language (Bengali) using the dual-back-translation process. To consider the respondents' interpretation of the survey items and to enhance the reliability of the questionnaire, the survey was pre-tested on 28 respondents. These respondents were excluded from the final samples. To lessen social desirability bias, we guaranteed all respondents anonymity and confidentiality in the introductory letter of the study. We used a time-trend extrapolation test to identify the non-response bias suggested by Armstrong and Overton ( 1977 ) and commonly used Business, psychology, and business academics. A comparison between the two early respondents (first 25%) with late respondents (late 25%) proved that our results are susceptible to non-response bias.

Data analysis

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is widely used to facilitate mediation and measurement of dynamic relationships (Hair et al., 2014 ; Zheng & Lu, 2011 ). Hypotheses were tested with Smart PLS 3.0 instruments in this study. The sample size is the main determinant for SEM and the minimum sample size proposed by Hair et al. ( 2014 ) using the minimum R-square method has been surpassed in our case. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to validate the data interpretation and to test the validity and reliability of the research model.

Results from analysis

For the evaluation of the study model and outcomes, Smart PLS 3.0 (SEM-Structural Equation Modeling) was applied in this study. A sample of 322 Bangladeshi respondents participated in the study (Table ​ (Table2 2 ).

Respondent's demographic profile

The demographic profile of the respondents is seen in Table ​ Table1. 1 . As seen in Table ​ Table1, 1 , 59.63% of respondents were male, 13.98% were 18–22 years of age, 62.42% were single, 55.59% of the respondents were undergraduate and 25.78% of the respondent's monthly income was between USD 250–500.

Measurement of model assessment

Model assessment is an integral part of any research based on some measurements or assumptions. Here, Table ​ Table3 3 below shows the factors loadings of items, AVE values, Composite Reliability (CR), Cronbach's alpha values, R square values and NFI value which claim the recommended values.

Table ​ Table3 3 shows that the AVE value of every variable is above 0.50 and the value of CR and Cronbach’s Alpha is above 0.70 and the value of factor loadings is above 0.60 which are the suggested or accepted range. The NFI value is 0.899 which is close to the accepted range. Therefore, the conceptual model is best fit with the study objectives and hypotheses (Hair et al., 2014 ). From Table ​ Table3 3 above, it is visible that R 2 indicates the values of the variances of the endogenous variable(s). Usually, by three different effects, the value of R 2 is denoted which is small ( R 2  = 2%), median ( R 2  = 13%) and large effect ( R 2  = 26%) (Polas & Raju, 2021 ). Here, tourist hesitation is demonstrated by a large effect (0.914 or 91.40%) with exogenous variables. Then, tourist perception is also stated by (0.904 or 90.40%) large effect with exogenous variables.

Discriminant validity: Fornell–Larcker criterion

To evaluate the discriminate validity for assessing the model, the Fornell-Larcker criterion (1981) was applied. Table ​ Table4 4 shows the values of correlations between the LV (Latent Variables) and square roots of the AVE values in the main diagonal in the SEM. Moreover, the square root of the AVE (in bold) of all variables describes the highest within a range of 0.839–0.872. Thus, it is well comprehensible that discriminant validity is sustained between variables and accredited for this estimated model of the study.

Values of correlations between the LV and square roots of the AVE values in the main diagonal in the SEM

The diagonal is the square root of the AVE (in bold) of the latent variables and indicates the highest in any column or raw

Structural model assessment

Structural model assessment is another crucial part of figuring out its validity. Figure  4 shows the structural model assessment. Using the bootstrapping process with a resample 500 was also implemented to figure out the t values and R square.

Standardized results of SEM calculations

Hypotheses Testing

Table ​ Table5 5 shows the results of direct and indirect effect hypotheses by running SEM where the hypothesis was tested. In the first hypothesis, we presumed that a higher level of tourist knowledge influences tourist hesitation. In Table ​ Table5, 5 , a positive and significant relationship is found between tourist knowledge and tourist hesitation ( β  = 0.237, t  = 3.034, p  < 0.05). Hence, hypothesis 1 is sustained. In the second hypothesis, we assumed that tourist health risk has a positive effect on tourist hesitation. In Table ​ Table5, 5 , a positive and significant relationship is found between tourist health risk and their tourist hesitation ( β  = 0.261, t  = 3.936, p  < 0.05). Thus, hypothesis 2 is supported. In the third hypothesis, we predicted that destination personality has a positive effect on tourist hesitation. In Table ​ Table5, 5 , a positive but insignificant relationship is found between destination personality and tourist hesitation ( β  = 0.095, t  = 1.051, p  > 0.05). Thus, hypothesis 3 is not supported.

Result of direct and indirect effect hypotheses

Furthermore, in the fourth hypothesis, we expected that tourist perception mediates the relationship between tourist knowledge and tourist hesitation. Table ​ Table5 5 shows that tourist perception mediates the connection between tourist knowledge and tourist hesitation perfectly ( β  = 0.088, t  = 2.647, p  < 0.05). Thus, hypothesis 4 is supported. In the fifth hypothesis, we assumed that tourist perception mediates the relationship between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation. Table ​ Table5 5 shows that tourist perception does not mediate the connection between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation perfectly ( β  = 0.079, t  = 1.441, p  > 0.05). Thus, hypothesis 5 is rejected. In the sixth hypothesis, we expected that tourist perception mediates the relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation. In Table ​ Table5, 5 , we found that tourist perception mediates the connection between destination personality and tourist hesitation perfectly ( β  = 0.221, t  = 3.610, p  < 0.05). Thus, hypothesis 6 is proved right.

Table ​ Table6 6 shows the tourist’s intention to revisit the destination in light of COVID-19. In Table ​ Table6, 6 , when tourists were asked “If I come to travel again, my first choice will be Cox’s Bazar? , 37.8% of tourists strongly agreed to revisit this tourist destination in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, they were asked the question “I plan to come to Cox’s Bazar again in the future , ” 34.4% of tourists agreed to revisit the tourist destination. Finally, when tourists were asked the question “The probability that I come to Cox’s Bazar again for holidays is high , ” 38.9% of tourists agreed to revisit the destination. Overall, it is assumed that tourists have an intention to revisit destinations in light of COVID-19 as they are bored and exhausted due to movement restrictions. In this regard, they are seeking refreshment to boost their mental health.

Intention to Revisit Tourist Destination (COVID-19 Perspective)

This research attempted to explain whether tourists are halting or postponing or even changing their destination and path choices with the effects of knowledge, health risk and personality destination or not. Through the development and testing of a structural model using SEM (SmartPLS 3.0), this study examined several concepts in the literature on tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, destination personality, tourist perception and hesitation. Test results explicitly indicated that tourist knowledge and health risk have a positive and significant effect on the hesitation and tourist perception to mediate ties between tourist knowledge and destination personality with hesitation.

Previous studies were also connected with the behavior of tourism decision-making in detail, while tourist hesitation remained underestimated to date. Tourist knowledge and health risk are considered to be the main independent indicators of effect in the current study, focused on the customer's decision-making and behavioral theory. In addition, the above relationship has been relatively overlooked by the current study. Although it is difficult to eliminate tourist health risks, previous researchers proposed that tourist practitioners increase tourists' willingness to travel to tourism destinations by reducing their perception of risk. Most have noted how perceptions of tourist risks have been reduced. Accordingly, this study uses the knowledge of tourists to adjust the impact of interpreting the risk of tourists on hesitation. Empirical results are consistent with Cho et al. ( 2006 ) findings that the greater the knowledge and risk to the health of consumers when deciding on their purchases, the more likely they are to doubt their decision-making. One potential explanation in the field of tourism is that, during the decision-making process, tourists cannot show the consistency of their offerings using the intangibility of tourism similar information, which makes it difficult for them to recognize and even envisage changing their previous choices.

However, in terms of the theoretical framework with the mediating solution of tourist perception, the present study varies from that of Cho et al. ( 2006 ). Based on the previous research, two key perspectives are established; first, subjective product knowledge is closely linked to purchasing confidence. Second, it is subjective product knowledge which decides purchases rather than objective product knowledge. Based on the results, if the tourist thinks that he already knows a certain destination, the effect of the interpretation of the tourist risk on hesitation is minimized, so it is easier for the tourist to make decisions on the spot visit. This discovery not only supports the results of the previous study but also shows the value of contextual product knowledge in both theory and tourism.

Generally speaking, hesitation is inaccurate if no risk is assumed to exist when tourists fail to decide on destinations and routes. Tourist hesitation makes it impossible for tourism practitioners to persuade clients to take an immediate decision on procurement and to improve the willingness of prospective customers to move to other travel agencies and thereby negatively impact sales efficiency. Moreover, when tourists themselves are concerned, hesitation is likely to result in a lack of choice of tours due to the seasonal nature of the tourism services, whereas other travel agencies with different prices and routes could be able to choose the same tours. However, it needs more time and money to look at the evidence and make new choices. Tourists should also work on reducing the volume of tourism hesitation.

Tourism and marketing practices are now focused instead on on-the-spot sales systems, infrastructure, and web interface design. Tourists will learn more about destinations and itineraries from the web interface. However, this approach raises questions as to whether the contents of the websites reflect the real products accurately (Afshar Jahanshahi et al., 2020a , 2020b ). If the tourism administrators are unable to discuss the particulars of the trips with the tourists at their initial meeting in a sincere way, tourism will definitely miss the participation of a significant component of the industry. This study suggests that tourism managers should establish subjective, target-relevant object knowledge and provide complete tangible descriptions. In advertising campaigns with a direct effect upon consumers, regular competition for products of tourism and corresponding competitions can take place. In addition, managers are expected to not neglect or handle confused guests as troublemakers but rather to respond to their concerns. In addition, this study offers pathways for ongoing research. Doubting was originally a style of decision-making; decision-making is a more stable characteristic of the decision-maker, not merely the normal pattern of action (Thunholm, 2004 ). Tourists refuse to portray fish that have not yet been captured by tourism operators' networks. In market segmentation studies, the use of additional extract characteristics from these specific market segments and the development of suitable promotional approaches are therefore urgently needed.

Conclusion and policy implications

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the knowledge, health risks of tourists, and destination personality with regard to their hesitation in southern Bangladesh—a destination recently recognized for its risky status. Several factors and their effects on hesitation, as well as perception, have also been investigated. A sample of 322 Bangladeshi prospective tourists was used to get the study outcomes. The Smart PLS 3.0 (SEM-Structural Equation Modeling) was run to test the study hypotheses. Our results show that AVE value of every variable is above 0.50, the value of CR and Cronbach’s Alpha is above 0.70, and the value of factor loadings is above 0.60 which are the suggested or accepted range. The NFI value is 0.899 which is close to the accepted range. Therefore, the conceptual model is best fit with the study objectives and hypotheses. Furthermore, the square root of the AVE ( in bold ) of all variables describes the highest result within a range of 0.839–0.872. Thus, it is well comprehensible that discriminant validity is sustained among the variables and accredited for this estimated model of the study.

The results of the study reveal a positive and significant relationship between tourist knowledge and tourist health risk with tourist hesitation. It is, therefore, concluded that any increase or decrease in tourist knowledge will influence tourist hesitation to travel to tourist places. We did not find any conventional relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation, another result that signifies that any increase or decrease in destination personality will influence tourist hesitation to travel to tourist places. Furthermore, tourist perception mediates the connection between tourist knowledge and destination personality with sound tourist hesitation, a thing that indicates that there is a role of tourist perception to increase or decrease intention between tourist knowledge and destination personality with tourist hesitation. Besides, our study claims that tourist perception does not mediate the connection between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation; this result indicates that there is no role in tourist perception.

Tourist hesitation study has mainly underscored the magnitude of destinations and discussed a wide range of tourism marketing strategies (Kerstetter & Pennington-Gray, 1999 ; Pan & Ryan, 2007 ). However, the results suggest that travel agents perceive both men and women to be equally important instead of only evaluating the needs of individual tourists while promoting or selling tourism products and services. In addition, tourism managers should focus on shaping actual destination images and try to explain all relevant information to prevent tourism hesitations and decision-making regarding the destination. Initially, hesitation was one of the decisions that were not only a natural pattern of operation but also a trustworthy characteristic of decision-makers (Thunholm, 2004 ). Moreover, it seems that tourism managers have not paid adequate attention to hesitating tourists. More studies on the segmentation of the industry, the implementation of the reluctant characteristics of this particular sector, and the effective promotional approaches are, therefore, urgently needed (Jahanshahi & Brem, 2018 ).

With reference to the results of this study, it would be possible to extend this study by further analysis of the idea of tourist hesitation and the rationale for decision-making to understand the effect of perception differences on hesitation and by using other behavioral factors such as the updated guide to the impact of gender differences on tourism decisions. In general, it is always misleading that there is no loss when tourists fail to make choices about the destination. Tourist hesitation, however, poses difficulties for tourism professionals to persuade tourists to make their transactions quickly and to increase the chance of consumers being diverted to other travel companies that adversely affect the quality of their sales. From a tourist's point of view, hesitation is, which may lead to the perfect tour being overlooked due to the perishability of satisfaction, is subjective, whereas other travel agencies offer similar trips at different prices and itineraries. However, looking at other journeys will take longer to collect information and make new decisions. Hence, tourism professionals are supposed to focus their attention on the reduction in tourists' hesitation.

The evolution of the theory of understanding tourism is a cross-relation among economics, tourism, psychology and other topics. Subjective tourism insights are more prevalent in theoretical and empirical studies, although the study of tourism measurement and description are comparatively less prevalent (Afshar Jahanshahi & Brem, 2019 ). The paper attempts to examine perception and hesitation from the point of view of the management of the safety of travel and the spatial frameworks of tourism. Regardless of the need for fluidity, tourists were held in place by patterns and waterways, thereby imitating congestion and beyond local parking capacity. A range of temporary events and monitoring manuals tailored to a straight-time clock pose a problem for tourists. While there is a need to go with the flow, transport adaptability and speed to achieve destinations should be addressed. Pandemics emerge infrequently, yet COVID-19 impact slowed down the economy of every region. It demotivated prospective tourists to spend their holidays in their desired destinations. Nonetheless, prospective tourists will travel to attractive tourist places when they feel safe and comfortable to move on. With the huge drive of vaccination against COVID-19, tourism industry will definitely pick up momentum.

It is difficult to predict social and political transition in light of these results of this study. In any event, it is important to understand how these results are identified with evolving climate change mitigation strategies for the future of low-carbon travel industry. This is viewed in terms of the government policy and the strategy of the tourism industry. To begin with, the government's contact policy should be used to subvert discourses that maintain unsustainable practices, such as the intelligibility of traveling disputes, and to establish strong, moderate travel perception. There is an opportunity for developing new stories about tourism travel that direct people to more sustainable practices. Governments and decision-makers should rely on these factors and ensure protection for tourists and mitigate health risks. Leaving these problems behind, no country will survive any global pandemic, consequently, their economies and GDP growth would be damaged. This is the moment to support the global economy with great prosperity, and sustainable tourism can deliver this blessing without investment.

Limitations and future studies

Each research has to face some difficulties or limitations after it has been completed; this research is not above these limits. The underlying significant limitation that we face in the present study is that it was conducted before the emergency case caused by the latest global pandemic. Subsequently, features such as shifts in behavior, inspirations and perceptions relevant to and brought on by this new situation were not considered at any time. Conversely, the research focused on exploring factors affecting tourists’ hesitation to travel. Without exception, this relevance would be motivated by this current situation. Subsequently, it would be extraordinarily useful to emulate this function in the future, as full mobility within national regions begins to be allowed and tourists are allowed worldwide. An aspect that was not addressed in this study is the consequences that a destination would have had, but did not take the inspiration for its choice.

Due to the distinctive government campaigns that are, by and large, designed to achieve indicative benefits by visiting those destinations, we believe that this aspect will change due to the increased impact felt by the tourist. It is, therefore, necessary to discover the prescriptions that help the tourism sector. Improving sustainable tourism will help to ease the obvious reluctance of tourists to visit destinations with tremendous centralization of individuals. Subsequently, it will also be intriguing to bring a study that considers the activities carried out by the tourism offer to validate its impact on the sustainable development of tourism. In future studies, tourists’ attitudes can be used as a moderator among the relationships of knowledge, health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation. This study mainly focused on a developing country like Bangladesh. Therefore, future studies can be conducted in developed countries (i.e. Singapore, Malaysia, UAE, USA, Italy, and so on).

Acknowledgements

Mohammad Rashed Hasan Polas coordinated the project and drafted this paper; Ratul Kumar Saha provided conceptual input and comments contributed to writing/revising main parts of the article; Dr. Mosab I. Tabash contributed to data collection, data analysis and formatting the paper.

Measurement Scale

Tourist Knowledge ( Wong & Yeh, 2009 )

• Compared to average person, I am familiar with a wide variety of vacation destinations. Compared to my friends, I am familiar with a wide variety of vacation destinations.
• Compared to people who travel a lot, I am familiar with a wide variety of vacation destinations.
• When I have to make a decision, I wait a long time before starting to think about it.

Tourist Health Risk ( Wong & Yeh, 2009 )

• Tourists should avoid visiting some destinations which have been attacked by natural calamities.
• I feel nervous about traveling right now as it has extremely health risk.
• I wouldn’t feel very comfortable traveling anywhere right now due to health risk.
• Domestic travel is just as risky as international travel regarding physical health.

Destination Personality ( Lee & Xie, 2011 )

• The visiting place is not reliable now.
• The visiting place is not efficient to entertain now.
• The visiting place is still Charming.
• The visiting place is Romantic as well now.

Tourist Perception ( Lee & Xie, 2011 )

• Safety is the most important attribute a destination can offer.
• Safety is the most serious consideration when I am choosing a destination.
• Visits to other parks and campgrounds should be avoided right now.
• Trips to natural area scenic attractions are safer right now.

Tourist Hesitation ( Lee & Xie, 2011 )

• I avoid making decision when I choosing a destination.
• I put off making decision when I choosing a destination.
• I’d rather someone else make a decision for me so that it won’t be my problem.
• I don’t like to take responsibility for making decisions about choosing a destination now.

Intention to Revisit (Artuğer, 2015 )

N.B.: A small study on the intention to revisit was conducted in the light of the pandemic (COVID-19)

• If I come to travel again my first choice will be Cox’s Bazar.
• I plan to come to Cox’s Bazar again in the future.
• The probability that I come to Cox’s Bazar again for holidays is high.

Authors' contributions

All the authors contributed equally.

There is no funding for this study. Authors have completed it by their own expenses.

Availability of data and material

Code availability, declarations.

There is no conflict of interests among authors.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Mohammad Rashed Hasan Polas, Email: moc.liamg@hsalapnasahdehsar .

Ratul Kumar Saha, Email: ude.vinuj@lutar .

Mosab I. Tabash, Email: [email protected] .

• Aaker JL. Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research. 1997; 34 (3):347–356. doi: 10.1177/002224379703400304. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Afshar Jahanshahi A, Brem A. Entrepreneurs in post-sanctions Iran: Innovation or imitation under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty? Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 2019; 37 (2):531–551. doi: 10.1007/s10490-018-9618-4. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Afshar Jahanshahi A, Brem A, Hoerauf D. Employee creativity in war zones: Empirical evidence from small firms in Afghanistan. Creativity and Innovation Management. 2020; 29 (3):465–480. doi: 10.1111/caim.12396. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Afshar Jahanshahi A, Maghsoudi T, Shafighi N. Employees’ environmentally responsible behaviour: The critical role of environmental justice perception. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 2020; 17 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1080/15487733.2020.1820701. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ahmed O, Ahmed MZ, Alim SMA, Khan MAU, Jobe MC. COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh and associated psychological problems: An online survey. Death Studies. 2020; 11 :1–10. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Amin MR. Domestic tourists’ mind-set towards responsible tourism management: A case study on Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh. International Journal of Tourism Cities. 2017; 3 (2):121–142. doi: 10.1108/IJTC-09-2016-0028. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Anable J, Gatersleben B. All work and no play? The role of instrumental and affective factors in work and leisure journeys by different travel modes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2005; 39 (2–3):163–181. [ Google Scholar ]
• Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of information integration theory . Academic Press.
• Armstrong JS, Overton TS. Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research. 1977; 14 (3):396–402. doi: 10.1177/002224377701400320. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Artuğer S. The effect of risk perceptions on tourists’ revisit intentions. European Journal of Business and Management. 2015; 7 (2):36–43. [ Google Scholar ]
• Badulescu A, Badulescu D, Simut R, Dzitac S. Tourism–economic growth nexus. The case of Romania. Technological and Economic Development of Economy. 2020; 26 (4):867–884. doi: 10.3846/tede.2020.12532. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Baloglu S, Henthorne TL, Sahin S. Destination image and brand personality of Jamaica: A model of tourist behavior. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 2014; 31 (8):1057–1070. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.892468. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Banik, R., Rahman, M., Hossain, M. M., Sikder, M. T., & Gozal, D. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: What are the major concerns?. Global Public Health , 1–4. [ PubMed ]
• Bansal H, Eiselt HA. Exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning. Tourism Management. 2004; 25 (3):387–396. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00135-3. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Barbhuiya MR, Chatterjee D. Vulnerability and resilience of the tourism sector in India: Effects of natural disasters and internal conflict. Tourism Management Perspectives. 2020; 33 :100616. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100616. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Begum M., Farid, M. S., Alam, M. J., & Barua, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Bangladesh: socio-economic analysis towards the future correspondence.  Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 143–155.
• Beneke J, Flynn R, Greig T, Mukaiwa M. The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: A study of private label merchandise. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 2013; 22 (3):218–228. doi: 10.1108/JPBM-02-2013-0262. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Berger IE, Ratchford BT, Haines GH., Jr Subjective product knowledge as a moderator of the relationship between attitudes and purchase intentions for a durable product. Journal of Economic Psychology. 1994; 15 (2):301–314. doi: 10.1016/0167-4870(94)90006-X. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Berglund T, Gericke N, Boeve-de Pauw J, Olsson D, Chang TC. A cross-cultural comparative study of sustainability consciousness between students in Taiwan and Sweden. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2019; 22 :1–27. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bhattacharjee A, Polas MRH, Rahman ML. Challenges and Prospects of Tourism in Cox’s Bazar: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business and Technology (dhaka) 2018; XIII (1):63–82. [ Google Scholar ]
• Biel AL. Converting image into equity. Brand Equity and Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong Brands. 1993; 26 (10):67–81. [ Google Scholar ]
• Bonham C, Edmonds C, Mak J. The impact of 9/11 and other terrible global events on tourism in the United States and Hawaii. Journal of Travel Research. 2006; 45 (1):99–110. doi: 10.1177/0047287506288812. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Boshoff C. Service advertising: An exploratory study of risk perceptions. Journal of Service Research. 2002; 4 (4):290–298. doi: 10.1177/1094670502004004006. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cahyanto I, Wiblishauser M, Pennington-Gray L, Schroeder A. The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US. Tourism Management Perspectives. 2016; 20 :195–203. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.004. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Carballo RR, Leon CJ, Carballo MM. The perception of risk by international travellers. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 2017; 9 (5):534–542. doi: 10.1108/WHATT-07-2017-0032. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Carvache-Franco M, Víquez-Paniagua AG, Carvache-Franco O, Perez-Orozco A, Carvache-Franco W. Motivations, intentions to return and to recommend protected areas: A study In Costa Rica. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 2019; 27 (4):1173–1183. doi: 10.30892/gtg.27405-424. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen CF, Chou SH. Antecedents and consequences of perceived coolness for Generation Y in the context of creative tourism-A case study of the Pier 2 Art Center in Taiwan. Tourism Management. 2019; 72 :121–129. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.016. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen CF, Phou S. A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management. 2013; 36 :269–278. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen L, Li YQ, Liu CH. How airline service quality determines the quantity of repurchase intention-Mediate and moderate effects of brand quality and perceived value. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2019; 75 :185–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.11.002. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2019). Comparing environmental impacts of Chinese Torreya plantations and regular forests using remote sensing.  Environment, Development and Sustainability , 1–18.
• Cherkani, N., & Brito, P. Q. (2018). Tourists’ Precautions in an Unsafe Destination: The Case of Agadir, Morocco. In Innovative Approaches to Tourism and Leisure (pp. 573–581). Springer, Cambridge.
• Chien PM, Sharifpour M, Ritchie BW, Watson B. Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: A psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research. 2017; 56 (6):744–759. doi: 10.1177/0047287516665479. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cho CH, Kang J, Cheon HJ. Online Shopping Hesitation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 2006; 9 (3):261–274. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.261. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cohen NJ, Squire LR. Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science. 1980; 210 (4466):207–210. doi: 10.1126/science.7414331. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). Interpretation and application of factor analytic results. In A. L. Comrey & H. B. Lee (Eds.), A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed., p. 2). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82 (1), 643–658.
• Deb, S. K., & Nafi, S. M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism: Perceptions from Bangladesh.  Available at SSRN 3632798 .
• Delbridge, A., & Bernard, J. R. L. (1998). The concise macquarie english dictionary . Macquarie University.
• Dhar R. Consumer preference for a no-choice option. Journal of Consumer Research. 1997; 24 (2):215–231. doi: 10.1086/209506. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dhaka Tribune (2021a). Cox's Bazar poised to see 1 million tourist rush next weekend as Covid-19 cases drop. Available at: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/02/14/cox-s-bazar-poised-to-see-1-million-tourist-rush-next-weekend-as-covid-19-cases-drop .
• Dhaka Tribune (2021b). Cox's Bazar closed for tourists until April 14. Available at: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/04/02/cox-s-bazar-tourist-hubs-declared-closed-till-april-14 .
• Dhebar A. Speeding high-tech producer, meet the balking consumer. Sloan Management Review. 1996; 37 (2):37–50. [ Google Scholar ]
• Dolnicar, S., (2007). Crises” that scare tourists: Investigating tourists’ travel-related concerns. Crisis management in tourism 98–109.
• Drimili E, Gareiou Ζ, Zervas E. Public perceptions of the concept of green growth: Application in Athens, Greece, during a period of economic crisis. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020; 22 (7):6053–6076. doi: 10.1007/s10668-019-00462-w. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020).  Tourism economics and policy . Channel View Publications.
• Ekinci Y, Hosany S. Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research. 2006; 45 (2):127–139. doi: 10.1177/0047287506291603. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fermani A, Sergi MR, Carrieri A, Crespi I, Picconi L, Saggino A. Sustainable tourism and facilities preferences: The sustainable tourist stay scale (STSS) validation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9767. doi: 10.3390/su12229767. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fischer GW, Morgan MG, Fischhoff B, Nair I, Lave LB. What risks are people concerned about. Risk Analysis. 1991; 11 (2):303–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00606.x. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Floyd MF, Pennington-Gray L. Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research. 2004; 31 (4):1051–1054. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.011. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
• Fuchs G, Reichel A. Tourist destination risk perception: The case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing. 2006; 14 (2):83–108. doi: 10.1300/J150v14n02_06. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fuchs G, Uriely N, Reichel A, Maoz D. Vacationing in a terror-stricken destination: Tourists’ risk perceptions and rationalizations. Journal of Travel Research. 2013; 52 (2):182–191. doi: 10.1177/0047287512458833. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gabrieli JD. Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology. 1998; 49 (1):87–115. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.87. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Garg A. Travel risks vs tourist decision making: A tourist perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems. 2015; 8 (1):1–9. doi: 10.21863/ijhts/2015.8.1.004. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gartner WC. Temporal influences on image change. Annals of Tourism Research. 1986; 13 (4):635–644. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(86)90006-X. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gharleghi B, Jahanshahi AA. The way to sustainable development through income equality: The impact of trade liberalisation and financial development. Sustainable Development. 2020; 28 (4):990–1001. doi: 10.1002/sd.2051. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gill J, Ibrahim EEB. A positioning strategy for a tourist destination, based on analysis of customer's perceptions and satisfactions. Marketing Intelligence and Planning. 2005; 23 (2):172–188. doi: 10.1108/02634500510589921. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Glaesser D. Crises’ spheres of activity. Crisis management in the tourism industry. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003. [ Google Scholar ]
• Gursoy D, McCleary KW. An integrative model of tourists’ information search behavior. Annals of Tourism Research. 2004; 31 (2):353–373. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.004. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hafsa, S. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism & Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh.  Available at SSRN 3659196 .
• Hair JF, Jr, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, Kuppelwieser VG. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) European Business Review. 2014; 26 (2):106–121. doi: 10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hanefeld J, Lunt N, Smith R, Horsfall D. Why do medical tourists travel to where they do? The role of networks in determining medical travel. Social Science & Medicine. 2015; 124 :356–363. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.016. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hasan MK, Ismail AR, Islam MF. Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management. 2017; 4 (1):1412874. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• He X, Hu D, Swanson SR, Su L, Chen X. Destination perceptions, relationship quality, and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Tourism Management Perspectives. 2018; 28 :93–104. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hew JJ, Leong LY, Tan GWH, Lee VH, Ooi KB. Mobile social tourism shopping: A dual-stage analysis of a multi-mediation model. Tourism Management. 2018; 66 :121–139. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.005. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hosany S, Ekinci Y, Uysal M. Destination image and destination personality: An application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal of Business Research. 2006; 59 (5):638–642. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.01.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hossain MM. Influential factors of tourists’ satisfaction in Bangladesh: Evidence from selected tourism destinations at Cumilla region. Canadian Journal of Business and Information Studies. 2020; 2 (4):75–86. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hossain MM, Mazumder H, Tasnim S, Nuzhath T, Sultana A. Geriatric health in Bangladesh during COVID-19: challenges and recommendations. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2020; 63 :1–4. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2020.1772932. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Huat J, Fusillier JL, Dossou-Yovo E, Lidon B, Kouyaté AM, Touré A, Hamadoun A. Benefits and limits of inland valley development to enhance agricultural growth: a farmers’ perception approach in southern Mali. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2019; 22 :1–19. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hultman M, Skarmeas D, Oghazi P, Beheshti HM. Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification. Journal of Business Research. 2015; 68 (11):2227–2231. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.002. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Islam MS, Roy S, Afrin R, Mia MY. Influence of climate-induced disasters and climatic variability on cropping pattern and crop production in Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020; 22 (7):6709–6726. doi: 10.1007/s10668-019-00510-5. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jabbari M, Motlagh MS, Ashrafi K, Abdoli G. Differentiating countries based on the sustainable development proximities using the SDG indicators. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2019; 22 :1–19. [ Google Scholar ]
• Jahanshahi AA, Brem A. Antecedents of Corporate Environmental Commitments: The Role of Customers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (6):1191. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061191. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jiang Y, Ritchie BW. Disaster collaboration in tourism: Motives, impediments and success factors. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 2017; 31 :70–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.09.004. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jonas A, Mansfeld Y. Exploring the interplay between the use of risk-related information, risk perception formation, and the stages of travel product consumption. Current Issues in Tourism. 2017; 20 (14):1470–1488. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1024104. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jonas A, Mansfeld Y, Paz S, Potasman I. Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research. 2011; 50 (1):87–99. doi: 10.1177/0047287509355323. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kärle, E., Şimşek, U., Panasiuk, O., & Fensel, D. (2018). Building an ecosystem for the tyrolean tourism knowledge graph. In: International Conference on Web Engineering (pp. 260–267). Springer, Cambridge.
• Kerstetter D, Pennington-Gray L. Decision-making roles adopted by university-educated women who travel for pleasure. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing. 1999; 6 (3):23–39. doi: 10.1300/J150v06n03_03. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Khan MJ, Chelliah S, Ahmed S. Factors influencing destination image and visit intention among young women travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2017; 22 (11):1139–1155. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2017.1374985. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Khan MJ, Chelliah S, Haron MS, Ahmed S. Push factors, risks, and types of visit intentions of international medical travelers–A conceptual model. International Journal of Healthcare Management. 2017; 10 (2):115–121. doi: 10.1080/20479700.2017.1304345. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kogo BK, Kumar L, Koech R. Climate change and variability in Kenya: a review of impacts on agriculture and food security. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020; 23 :1–21. [ Google Scholar ]
• Korstanje ME. The fear of traveling: A new perspective for tourism and hospitality. Anatolia. 2011; 22 (2):222–233. doi: 10.1080/13032917.2011.597935. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lalicic L, Önder I. Residents’ involvement in urban tourism planning: Opportunities from a smart city perspective. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1852. doi: 10.3390/su10061852. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lee, J., & L. K. Xie. (2011). Cognitive Destination Image, Destination Personality and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Perspective of Destination Branding. Paper presented at the 16th Graduate Students Research Conference. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
• Lepp A, Gibson H. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 2003; 30 (3):606–624. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Li J, Feng Y, Li G, Sun X. Tourism companies' risk exposures on text disclosure. Annals of Tourism Research. 2020; 84 :102986. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102986. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• LightCastle Analytics Wing. (2020). COVID-19 & Tourism: A Tragic End to the Thriving Industry? Available at: https://databd.co/stories/covid-19-tourism-a-tragic-end-to-thethrivingindustry11643?fbclid=IwAR38rssRnAsJj34OSmZmtpZQDXk72FpAEV3ZL_bm7QdAceKRgdGNm ML9hMQ. (viewed 10 June 2020).
• Lin H, Zhang M, Gursoy D, Fu X. Impact of tourist-to-tourist interaction on tourism experience: The mediating role of cohesion and intimacy. Annals of Tourism Research. 2019; 76 :153–167. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.009. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Liu J, Liu N, Zhang Y, Qu Z, Yu J. Evaluation of the non-use value of beach tourism resources: A case study of Qingdao coastal scenic area, China. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2019; 168 :63–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.030. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Liu Y. Risk society theory and application value. Zhejiang Soc Sci. 2009; 3 :64–70. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lu ACC, Gursoy D, Lu CYR. Antecedents and outcomes of consumers’ confusion in the online tourism domain. Annals of Tourism Research. 2016; 57 :76–93. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.020. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Majumder, J., & Iqbal, M. M. (2018). Measuring impact of word-of-mouth on travel: A study based on Bangladeshi tourists’ experience at cox’s bazar.  Journal of Business ,  39 (1).
• Malhotra D. Trust and reciprocity decisions: The differing perspectives of trustors and trusted parties. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2004; 94 (2):61–73. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.03.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mason MC, Gos L, Moretti A. Motivations, perceived risk and behavioural intentions in hard adventure tourism A natural park case study. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management. 2016; 34 :181–199. [ Google Scholar ]
• Mishra PK, Rout HB, Mohapatra SS. Causality between tourism and economic growth: Empirical evidence from India. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2011; 18 (4):518–527. [ Google Scholar ]
• Mohamad M, Abdullah AR, Mokhlis S. Tourists' evaluations of destination image and future behavioral intention: The case of Malaysia. Journal of Management and Sustainability. 2012; 2 :181. doi: 10.5539/jms.v2n1p181. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mohebali S, Maghsoudy S, Ardejani FD, Shafaei F. Developing a coupled environmental impact assessment (C-EIA) method with sustainable development approach for environmental analysis in coal industries. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2019; 22 :1–32. [ Google Scholar ]
• Monsarrat S, Boshoff AF, Kerley GI. Accessibility maps as a tool to predict sampling bias in historical biodiversity occurrence records. Ecography. 2019; 42 (1):125–136. doi: 10.1111/ecog.03944. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Morgan N. Contextualizing Destination Branding. In: Morgan N, Pritchard A, Pride R, editors. A destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. pp. 11–41. [ Google Scholar ]
• Murphy P, Pritchard MP, Smith B. The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tourism Management. 2000; 21 (1):43–52. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00080-1. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nadeau J, Heslop L, O’Reilly N, Luk P. Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research. 2008; 35 (1):84–106. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.012. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ngo T, Hales R, Lohmann G. Collaborative marketing for the sustainable development of community-based tourism enterprises: A reconciliation of diverse perspectives. Current Issues in Tourism. 2019; 22 (18):2266–2283. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2018.1446919. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nhamo, G., Dube, K., & Chikodzi, D. (2020). The context: COVID-19, global development agendas and tourism. In Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry  (pp. 3–24). Springer.
• Page SJ. Current issue in tourism: The evolution of travel medicine research: A new research agenda for tourism? Tourism Management. 2009; 30 (2):149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.011. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pal, S., Mahato, S., Giri, B., Pandey, D. N., & Joshi, P. K. (2021). Quantifying monthly water balance to estimate water deficit in Mayurakshi River basin of Eastern India.  Environment, Development and Sustainability , 1–29.
• Pan S, Ryan C. Mountain areas and visitor usage–motivations and determinants of satisfaction: The case of Pirongia Forest Park, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2007; 15 (3):288–308. doi: 10.2167/jost662.0. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Park CW, Mothersbaugh DL, Feick L. Consumer knowledge assessment. Journal of Consumer Research. 1994; 21 (1):71–82. doi: 10.1086/209383. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Park E, Choi BK, Lee TJ. The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism. Tourism Management. 2019; 74 :99–109. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• PATA Bangladesh Chapter. (2020). PATA Bangladesh Chapter: COVID-19 impact on the Tourism Industry in Bangladesh. Available at: https://www.pata.org/pata-bangladeshchapter-covid-19-impact-on-the-tourism-industry-in bangladesh/#sthash.ZgATKzlW.dpuf. (viewed 11 June 2020).
• Peattie S, Clarke P, Peattie K. Risk and responsibility in tourism: Promoting sun-safety. Tourism Management. 2005; 26 (3):399–408. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.020. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Peng N, Chen A. Luxury hotels going green–the antecedents and consequences of consumer hesitation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2019; 27 (9):1374–1392. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2019.1622710. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pforr, C., 2009. Crisis management in tourism: A review of the emergent literature. In  Crisis management in the tourism industry: Beating the odds (pp. 37–52). Ashgate.
• Polas MRH, Hossain MI, Tabash MI, Karim AM, Dad A, San OT. Does green entrepreneurial intention persuade an individual to contribute to the sustainable green economy? Talent Development & Excellence. 2020; 12 (2):1142. [ Google Scholar ]
• Polas MRH, Jahanshahi AA, Rahman ML. Islamic branding as a tool for customer retention: Antecedents and consequences of islamic brand loyalty. International Journal of Islamic Marketing and Branding. 2018; 3 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1504/IJIMB.2018.091648. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Polas MRH, Raju V. Technology and entrepreneurial marketing decisions during COVID-19. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 2021; 1–18 :262. doi: 10.1007/s40171-021-00262-0. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Polas MRH, Reza MMU, Rowza S. Role of advertising and service quality on tourism development in Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 2017; 19 (9):77–86. [ Google Scholar ]
• Polas RH, Imtiaz M, Mahbub A, Khan AM. Antecedent and consequences of risk perception on tourist decision making towards the sustainable medical tourism development in Bangladesh. Journal of Tourism Management Research. 2019; 6 (1):93–108. doi: 10.18488/journal.31.2019.61.93.108. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pulido-Fernández JI, Cárdenas-García PJ, Espinosa-Pulido JA. Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 213 :309–319. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.151. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rezaei S, Maihami R. Optimizing the sustainable decisions in a multi-echelon closed-loop supply chain of the manufacturing/remanufacturing products with a competitive environment. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2019; 22 :1–27. [ Google Scholar ]
• Rogers RW. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1. The Journal of Psychology. 1975; 91 (1):93–114. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Russell-Bennett R, Hartel C, Mccoll-Kennedy J. Experience as a moderator of involvement and satisfaction on brand loyalty in a business-to-business setting. Industrial Marketing Management. 2005; 34 (1):97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2004.08.003. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sadar, S., & Rekha, R. S. (2016). Students’ attitude towards beach tourism in Bangladesh: A study on Saint Martin and Cox’s Bazar Sea Beaches.  Bangladesh Journal of Tourism Volume ,  1 (1).
• Shaktawat, A., & Vadhera, S. (2020). Risk management of hydropower projects for sustainable development: a review.  Environment, Development and Sustainability , 1–32.
• Sönmez SF, Graefe AR. Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research. 1998; 37 (2):171–177. doi: 10.1177/004728759803700209. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Spector S. Delineating acceptable risk in the space tourism industry. Tourism Recreation Research. 2020; 45 (4):500–510. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1747798. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Su L, Swanson SR. Perceived corporate social responsibility's impact on the well-being and supportive green behaviors of hotel employees: The mediating role of the employee-corporate relationship. Tourism Management. 2019; 72 :437–450. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.009. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Suhartanto D, Brien A, Primiana I, Wibisono N, Triyuni NN. Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: The role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism. 2020; 23 (7):867–879. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sung Y, Kim J. Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect. Psychology & Marketing. 2010; 27 (7):639–661. doi: 10.1002/mar.20349. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Swangjang, K., & Kornpiphat, P. (2021). Does ecotourism in a Mangrove area at Klong Kone, Thailand, conform to sustainable tourism? A case study using SWOT and DPSIR.  Environment, Development and Sustainability , 1–26. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ]
• Tang CF, Tan EC. Does tourism effectively stimulate Malaysia's economic growth? Tourism Management. 2015; 46 :158–163. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.020. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tepavčević J, Miljanić U, Bradić M, Janićević S. Impact of London residents’ sociodemographic characteristics on the motives for visiting national parks. Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic SASA. 2019; 69 (2):135–146. doi: 10.2298/IJGI1902135T. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Thai NT, Yuksel U. Too many destinations to visit: Tourists’ dilemma? Annals of Tourism Research. 2017; 62 :38–53. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.11.004. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• The Daily Star. (2020). Can tourism in Cox’s Bazar survive the Covid-19 effect? Available at: https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/can-tourism-coxs-bazar-survive-the-covid-19-effect-1930397 .
• Thompson MM, Zanna MP. The conflicted individual: Personality-based and domain specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes. Journal of Personality. 1995; 63 (2):259–288. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00810.x. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Thunholm P. Decision-making style: Habit, style or both? Personality and Individual Differences. 2004; 36 (4):931–944. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00162-4. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tjiptono, F., & Yang, L. (2018). To go or not to go: a typology of Asian tourist destination avoidance. In  Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism  (pp. 183–200). Springer, Singapore.
• Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Chen CL. Independent tourist knowledge and skills. Annals of Tourism Research. 2010; 37 (4):1035–1054. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.04.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Um S, Crompton JL. Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research. 1990; 17 (3):432–448. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(90)90008-F. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Usakli A, Baloglu S. Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tourism Management. 2011; 32 (1):114–127. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.006. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Uslu A, Akay B. Assessing the effect of international relations on tourism demand in the context of Turkey-Russia aircraft crisis. Journal of Tourism and Services. 2019; 10 (18):63–78. doi: 10.29036/jots.v10i18.84. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Walker, L. & Page, S., (2003). Risks, rights and responsibilities in tourist well-being: who should manage visitor well-being at the destination.  Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium , 215–235.
• Wijesinghe SN, Mura P, Bouchon F. Tourism knowledge and neocolonialism–a systematic critical review of the literature. Current Issues in Tourism. 2019; 22 (11):1263–1279. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1402871. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Williams AM, Baláž V. Tourism risk and uncertainty: Theoretical reflections. Journal of Travel Research. 2015; 54 (3):271–287. doi: 10.1177/0047287514523334. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wong JY, Yeh C. Tourist hesitation in destination decision making. Annals of Tourism Research. 2009; 36 (1):6–23. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.09.005. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Xiao H, Smith SL. The use of tourism knowledge: Research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research. 2007; 34 (2):310–331. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.09.001. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yang ECL, Sharif SP, Khoo-Lattimore C. Tourists' risk perception of risky destinations: The case of Sabah's eastern coast. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 2015; 15 (3):206–221. doi: 10.1177/1467358415576085. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yasin B, Baghirov F, Zhang Y. The role of travel experience and gender on travel information source selection. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology. 2017; 8 (2):296–310. doi: 10.1108/JHTT-01-2017-0002. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zeugner-Roth KP, Žabkar V. Bridging the gap between country and destination image: Assessing common facets and their predictive validity. Journal of Business Research. 2015; 68 (9):1844–1853. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.012. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zheng H, Lu H. Effect of microwave pretreatment on the kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation and peroxidase inactivation in different parts of green asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L. ) during water blanching. Food Chemistry. 2011; 128 (4):1087–1093. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.130. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zhu Z, Fu W, Liu Q. Correlation between urbanization and ecosystem services in Xiamen, China. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; 23 (1):101–121. doi: 10.1007/s10668-019-00567-2. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zou Y, Meng F. Chinese tourists’ sense of safety: Perceptions of expected and experienced destination safety. Current Issues in Tourism. 2020; 23 (15):1886–1899. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1681382. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

Resort-Quality Mount Rainier Lodging Just 1/2 mile from Mt. Rainier National Park

Mounthaven Resort offers 9 family friendly cabins, 16 RV sites and several tent sites on 7 beautiful acres of towering cedars with two mountain creeks and a pond. Nearby, they also offer two vacation rentals tucked into the forest. Escape to this quiet refuge just 1/2 mile from the Nisqually entrance to Mt. Rainier National Park. Relax and enjoy the peaceful, natural surroundings offered at our Mount Rainier lodging.

At Mounthaven, you can wander the property and marvel at the towering cedar trees. Relax on the bench by the pond. Find the picnic shelter in the meadow. Watch the creek tumble by. Deer, squirrels, chipmunks, and a wide variety of birds pay frequent visits. You may hear the call of an owl after the sun goes down, or catch a glimpse of a racoon on a midnight prowl.

In the office, we have a large selection of books, puzzles, and games to borrow. Basketball, badminton, & horseshoe equipment is also available. There is a playground for small children. We are happy to help you find just the right activity to make your stay a memorable one. We offer trail maps and can suggest hikes for all ages.

Learn More About Our Mount Rainier Lodging:

Visit: Policies | Directions | About Us | Our Blog

Photo Gallery Click on images to view larger photos.

Word & Excel Templates

Printable Word and Excel Templates

Advance Payment Request Letters

Advanced payment of salary is when employees request for their workplaces to pay the employee their salary in advance. The employee may consider this request in case of health issues and emergencies. Below are sample letters for various reasons:

For being sick

I, Name of Employee, am writing this letter to request you to provide me with my salary in advance. I have been working at this organization for the past ‘Number’ of years and have been completely satisfied with the policies of the organization. The organization has helped me grow my work abilities and provided me with great opportunities to gain new talents.

However, I have been dealing with some health issues for the past few months. I have been neglecting the treatment, however, I have realized my work performance has deteriorated due to my health problems. Therefore, I now have to pay frequent visits to the doctors.

In order for me to pay the medical bills and purchase medicines for my treatment, I would like to request you to provide me with my salary (X% salary) in advance. I hope you will consider my request. Looking forward to your response.

Organizations take requests for advance payment of salary into consideration to provide their employees with support. This helps increase the employee’s work spirit and become more productive at work. Below is a sample letter:

On the occasion of a family event

Dear ‘Name of Employer’,

I, Name of Employee, am writing this letter to request advanced payment of my salary (X% salary) for this month. I have been a part of this organization for the past few years and have been treated very well throughout my time here. (Details of work experience).

It is my humble request that you provide me with my salary in advance for this month. Due to an unexpected family event, I am in need of funds and therefore, I would like to request an advance. If possible, I hope you will consider my letter of request and grant me a positive response.

Providing a salary in advance is a way for organizations to help support their employees and increase their work productivity. As employees are being provided mental support from the organization, the employee’s motivational levels increase. This improves the working performance of the employees.

On the occasion of the festival

Below is a sample letter:

I am writing this letter to request the payment of my salary in advance. As the ‘Name of the festival’ is approaching, I am in need of funds to prepare for the festival. ‘Explain the details of the festival and where funds are required. For example, funds are needed for the preparation of clothes, and other festival-related customs and rituals.

I hope you will consider my request for the salary in advance and provide me with a positive response.

It is important for the organization to provide mental support to their employees to create a healthy relationship between the employees and the employers. Providing support to employees in monetary terms is a great way for organizations to increase the employee’s motivational level. The productivity levels of the employees increase causing the overall performance of the organization to increase as well.

To deal with a family emergency

I, ‘Name of Employee’ have been working as a ‘Job Position’ for the past couple of years at the (Organization Name). In my time here at the ‘Organization Name’, I have been treated with great support and have been able to grow my skills and gain new talents.

I am aware of the policies and environment of our work and therefore, I must come to you in my time of need. Due to a family emergency, I am in need of funds and so, I would like to request an advance payment of my salary.

I hope you will consider my humble request and help me in my time of need.

To travel and have a family vacation

I, ‘Name of Employee’, have been working at the ‘Name of Organization’ for ‘Number’ years. During my time here, I have been able to advance in my career immensely due to the support provided by the organization.

Keeping in mind the supportive nature of our organization for its employees, I would like to humbly request an advance payment of my salary. Due to our work nature and my family’s busy life, I have been unable to provide them with my attention properly. However, after a long while, we have been able to find time to be able to spend a vacation together.

Therefore, I would like to request for my salary to be paid in advance. I promise to work harder in the future and help the organization by providing my best work attitude. I hope you will consider my request and grant me support.

• Umrah Leave Request Letter to Boss
• Ramadan Office Schedule Announcement Letters/Emails
• Letter to Friend Expressing Support
• Letter to Employer Requesting Mental Health Accommodation
• Letter Requesting Reference Check Information
• Letter Requesting Salary Certificate
• Letter Requesting Recommendation from Previous Employer
• One Hour Off Permission Letter to HR
• Payroll Apology Letter to Employee
• Advice Letter to Subordinate on Effective Communication
• Advice Letter to Subordinate on Time Management
• Letter to Patient for Feedback/Responding Survey/Online Form
• Holiday Cocktail Party Invitation Messages
• Cold and Cough Leave Message to Boss
• Secret Santa Messages to Coworkers

• Mission & Values
• Partnerships
• Integrated Payroll Services
• Payroll Software for Small Businesses
• Payroll Tax Management Software
• HR Compliance
• HR Solutions for Small Businesses
• Risk Management Services
• Employee Benefits Package

Employee Health Benefits

• Benefits FAQs

Competitive Employee Medical Benefit Plans

By providing comprehensive Fortune-500 benefits, your company will attract and retain quality employees. Concurrent HRO offers unparalleled employee benefits services to businesses in Colorado, Missouri, and the continental United States. Our health plan options include: .

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

PPOs offer coverage for a large network created from several medical providers. You can use any medical provider within and outside the network, keeping in mind that services of outside network providers will have a higher premium.

High-Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)

An HDHP plan has lower premium costs that allow you to save in a Health Savings Account. This is the perfect employee health benefits plan for those who do not pay frequent visits to the doctor.

Preferred Provider Organization

High-Deductible Health Plan

Impress Your Employees With Additional Benefit Options

Concurrent hro’s non-medical benefits options include:.

• Vision Insurance – Covers a comprehensive vision exam, including the purchase of frames, lenses and more.
• Dental Insurance – We offer several dental plan options for the individual needs of our clients.
• Life Insurance – Group Term – Life insurance for an employee’s spouse and dependent children is also available for purchase.
• Short-Term Disability (STD) and Long-Term Disability (LTD)
• Employee Assistance Program (EAP) 
• Health Advocate – Claims resolution assistance, help in case of a serious illness or injury, help with insurance claims and billing issues.
• Health Savings Account (HSA) – Available to employees covered under an HDHP plan.
• Flexible Spending Account (FSA) – Covers medical expenses, including child care.

Employee Benefits Administration From Licensed Experts

Employee benefits are the best non-wage compensation you can provide your employees. No matter the industry, you want to work with a competent company experienced in benefits administration. Concurrent HRO will take care of all your benefits administration needs.

Our services spread across Colorado, Missouri, and the continental United States. Contact us today for employee benefits management solutions

Quality employee health benefits are integral to the life of any organization. Keep your team happy and healthy with Concurrent HRO and our top-level services.

Let us demonstrate the value of partnering with concurrent hro, employee questions.

Have a question? We’re here to help!   If you are a client, please complete this form and our team will be in touch with you as soon as possible.

Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance

Yearly "Wellness" visits

If you’ve had Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) for longer than 12 months, you can get a yearly “Wellness” visit to develop or update your personalized plan to help prevent disease or disability, based on your current health and risk factors. The yearly “Wellness” visit isn’t a physical exam.

Your first yearly “Wellness” visit can’t take place within 12 months of your Part B enrollment or your “Welcome to Medicare” preventive visit. However, you don’t need to have had a “Welcome to Medicare” preventive visit to qualify for a yearly “Wellness” visit.

Your costs in Original Medicare

You pay nothing for this visit if your doctor or other health care provider accepts assignment .

The Part B deductible  doesn’t apply. 

However, you may have to pay coinsurance , and the Part B deductible may apply if your doctor or other health care provider performs additional tests or services during the same visit that Medicare doesn't cover under this preventive benefit.

If Medicare doesn't cover the additional tests or services (like a routine physical exam), you may have to pay the full amount.

Your doctor or other health care provider will ask you to fill out a questionnaire, called a “Health Risk Assessment,” as part of this visit. Answering these questions can help you and your doctor develop a personalized prevention plan to help you stay healthy and get the most out of your visit. Your visit may include:

• Routine measurements (like height, weight, and blood pressure).
• A review of your medical and family history.
• A review of your current prescriptions.
• Personalized health advice.
• Advance care planning .

Your doctor or other health care provider will also perform a cognitive assessment to look for signs of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Signs of cognitive impairment include trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, managing finances, and making decisions about your everyday life. If your doctor or other health care provider thinks you may have cognitive impairment, Medicare covers a separate visit to do a more thorough review of your cognitive function and check for conditions like dementia, depression, anxiety, or delirium and design a care plan.

If you have a current prescription for opioids, your doctor or other health care provider will review your potential risk factors for opioid use disorder, evaluate your severity of pain and current treatment plan, provide information on non-opioid treatment options, and may refer you to a specialist, if appropriate. Your doctor or other health care provider will also review your potential risk factors for substance use disorder, like alcohol and tobacco use , and refer you for treatment, if needed. 

Related resources

• Preventive visits
• Social determinants of health risk assessment

Is my test, item, or service covered?

Japanese Emperor Naruhito to pay state visit to UK, Buckingham Palace says

• Medium Text

Sign up here.

Reporting by Michael Holden Editing by Gareth Jones

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. New Tab , opens new tab

World Chevron

Pro-Palestinian protests at US universities show no sign of slowing

Protests at U.S. universities showed no sign of slowing over the weekend, with more arrests on campuses and a brief skirmish between pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian demonstrators at California's UCLA, where a tent encampment was set up last week.

Mobile Menu Overlay

The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500

Fact Sheet: Vice President Harris Announces Historic Advancements in Long-Term Care to Support the Care   Economy

Actions are the latest in a series of steps the Biden-Harris Administration has taken to improve safety, provide support for care workers and family caregivers, and to expand access to affordable, high-quality care

Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity and respect and to have access to quality care. That’s why, today, Vice President Harris is announcing two landmark final rules that fulfill the President’s commitment to safety in care, improving access to long-term care and the quality of caregiving jobs. Ensuring that all Americans, including older Americans and people with disabilities, have access to care – including home-based care – that is safe, reliable, and of high quality is an important part of the President’s agenda and a part of the President’s broader commitment to care. Today’s announcements deliver on the President’s promise in the State of the Union to crack down on nursing homes that endanger resident safety as well as his historic Executive Order on Increasing Access to High-Quality Care and Supporting Caregivers , which included the most comprehensive set of executive actions any President has taken to improve care for millions of seniors and people with disabilities while supporting care workers and family caregivers.

Cracking Down on Inadequate Nursing Home Care

Medicare and Medicaid pay billions of dollars per year to ensure that 1.2 million Americans that receive care in nursing homes are cared for, yet too many nursing homes chronically understaff their facilities, leading to sub-standard or unsafe care. When facilities are understaffed, residents may go without basic necessities like baths, trips to the bathroom, and meals – and it is less safe when residents have a medical emergency. Understaffing can also have a disproportionate impact on women and people of color who make up a large proportion of the nursing home workforce because, without sufficient support, these dedicated workers can’t provide the care they know the residents deserve. In his 2022 State of the Union address, President Biden pledged that he would “protect seniors’ lives and life savings by cracking down on nursing homes that commit fraud, endanger patient safety, or prescribe drugs they don’t need.”

The Nursing Home Minimum Staffing Rule finalized today will require all nursing homes that receive federal funding through Medicare and Medicaid to have 3.48 hours per resident per day of total staffing, including a defined number from both registered nurses (0.55 hours per resident per day) and nurse aides (2.45 per resident per day). This means a facility with 100 residents would need at least two or three RNs and at least ten or eleven nurse aides as well as two additional nurse staff (which could be registered nurses, licensed professional nurses, or nurse aides) per shift to meet the minimum staffing standards. Many facilities would need to staff at a higher level based on their residents’ needs. It will also require facilities to have a registered nurse onsite 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to provide skilled nursing care, which will further improve nursing home safety. Adequate staffing is proven to be one of the measures most strongly associated with safety and good care outcomes.

To make sure nursing homes have the time they need to hire necessary staff, the requirements of this rule will be introduced in phases, with longer timeframes for rural communities. Limited, temporary exemptions will be available for both the 24/7 registered nurse requirement and the underlying staffing standards for nursing homes in workforce shortage areas that demonstrate a good faith effort to hire.

Strong transparency measures will ensure nursing home residents and their families are aware when a nursing home is using an exemption.

This rule will not only benefit residents and their families, it will also ensure that workers aren’t stretched too thin by having inadequate staff on site, which is currently a common reason for worker burnout and turnover. Workers who are on the frontlines interacting with residents and understanding their needs will also be given a voice in developing staffing plans for nursing homes. The Biden-Harris Administration also continues to invest in expanding the pipeline of nursing workers and other care workers, who are so essential to our economy, including through funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Improving Access to Home Care and the Quality of Home Care Jobs

Over seven million seniors and people with disabilities, alongside their families, rely on home and community-based services to provide for long-term care needs in their own homes and communities. This critical care is provided by a dedicated home care workforce, made up disproportionately by women of color, that often struggles to make ends meet due to low wages and few benefits. At the same time, home care is still very inaccessible for many Medicaid enrollees, with more than threequarters of home care providers not accepting new clients, leaving hundreds of thousands of older Americans and Americans with disabilities on waiting lists or struggling to afford the care they need.

The “Ensuring Access to Medicaid Services” final rule, finalized today, will help improve access to home care services as well as improve the quality caregiving jobs through its new provisions for home care. Specifically, the rule will ensure adequate compensation for home care workers by requiring that at least 80 percent of Medicaid payments for home care services go to workers’ wages. This policy would also allow states to take into account the unique experiences that small home care providers and providers in rural areas face while ensuring their employees receive their fair share of Medicaid payments and continued training as well as the delivery of quality care. Higher wages will likely reduce turnover, leading to higher quality of care for older adults and people with disabilities across the nation, as studies have shown. States will also be required to be more transparent in how much they pay for home care services and how they set those rates, increasing the accountability for home care providers. Finally, states will have to create a home care rate-setting advisory group made up of beneficiaries, home care workers and other key stakeholders to advise and consult on provider payment rates and direct compensation for direct care workers.

Strong Record on Improving Access to Care and Supporting Caregivers

Today’s new final rules are in addition to an already impressive track record on delivering on the President’s Executive Order on Care. Over the last year, the Biden-Harris Administration has:

• Increased pay for care workers, including by proposing a rule to gradually increase pay for Head Start teachers by about $10,000, to reach parity with the salaries of public preschool teachers.
• Cut child care costs for low-income families by finalizing a rule that will reduce or eliminate copayments for more than 100,000 working families, and lowering the cost of care for lower earning service members, thereby reducing the cost of child care for nearly two-thirds of children receiving care on military bases. Military families earning $45,000 would see a 34% decrease in the amount they pay for child care.
• Supported family caregivers by making it easier for family caregivers to access Medicare beneficiary information and provide more support as they prepare for their loved ones to be discharged from the hospital. The Administration has also expanded access to mental health services for tens of thousands of family caregivers who are helping veterans.

Stay Connected

We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better.

Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden.

Biden administration bans noncompete agreements, setting up legal showdown with business groups

The Biden administration has issued a nationwide ban on the ability of employers to make their workers sign noncompete agreements, a move regulators said would help boost employee pay but which is set to be challenged in court by business groups.

In a ruling Tuesday afternoon, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) said noncompete clauses would henceforth be illegal. The measure was necessary, it said, for "protecting the fundamental freedom of workers to change jobs, increasing innovation, and fostering new business formation."

“Noncompete clauses keep wages low, suppress new ideas, and rob the American economy of dynamism,” said FTC chair Lina M. Khan in a statement. “The FTC’s final rule to ban noncompetes will ensure Americans have the freedom to pursue a new job, start a new business, or bring a new idea to market.”

The FTC estimates nearly one in five Americans are subject to noncompetes. They have grown increasingly common in lower wage or hourly work industries like fast food franchises, restaurants, and security firms, where some employers have sought to limit the ability of workers to effectively raise their pay by looking for work at competing establishments.

In addition to banning all new noncompetes, the FTC's rule applies to all existing noncompete agreements. Employers will now have to provide notice to workers bound to a current noncompete that it will not be enforced against them.

The rule was hailed by labor groups and left-leaning policy experts.

"Noncompetes are about reducing competition, full stop. It’s in their name," said Heidi Shierholz, president of the progressive nonprofit Economic Policy Institute. "Noncompetes are bad for workers, bad for consumers, and bad for the broader economy. This rule is an important step in creating an economy that is not only strong but also works for working people."

The AFL-CIO, America's largest labor group, praised the new rule in a post on X Tuesday, saying noncompete agreements "trap workers from finding better jobs, drive down wages, and stifle competition."

But business groups are already hitting out at the ban, saying noncompetes are essential to protecting trade secrets and proprietary information. The groups also say noncompetes ultimately help workers by engendering a more collaborative firm environment and limiting so-called "free riders," or employees who seek to capitalize on a specific company's methods and taking that knowledge elsewhere.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the country’s largest business lobby, said it plans to sue the FTC over the ruling. In a statement , it called the ban an "unlawful power grab."

“This decision sets a dangerous precedent for government micromanagement of business and can harm employers, workers, and our economy," it said. 

Separately. a Dallas-based tax services firm filed a lawsuit in Texas federal court — which has proven hostile to Biden administration rulings — challenging not only the ban but the very structure of the FTC itself.

"We stand firm in our commitment to serve the rightful interest of every company to retain its proprietary formulas for success taught in good faith to its own employees,” said chairman and CEO G. Brint Ryan said in a statement.

The FTC's rule is set to go into effect in August, but is unlikely to be enforced until the court challenges are resolved, something that could take years.

Rob Wile is a breaking business news reporter for NBC News Digital.

• International edition
• Australia edition
• Europe edition

Elon Musk makes unannounced visit to China

Tesla boss reportedly meets Premier Li Qiang in visit aimed at sealing rollout of Autopilot software and transferring data overseas

• Tesla among electric carmakers forced to cut prices as market stalls

The Tesla CEO, Elon Musk , arrived on an unannounced visit to Beijing on Sunday where he is expected to meet senior officials to discuss the rollout of full self-driving software and permission to transfer data overseas, according to a person with knowledge of the matter.

Chinese state media reported that he held talks with the country’s premier, Li Qiang, during which Li told Musk that Tesla’s development in China could be seen as a successful example of US-China economic and trade cooperation.

The US electric vehicle maker rolled out full self-driving, or FSD, the most autonomous version of its Autopilot software, four years ago but has yet to make it available in China, its second-largest market, despite customers urging it to do so.

Musk said in response to a query on X this month that Tesla may make FSD available to customers in China “very soon”.

Rival Chinese automakers such as Xpeng have been seeking to gain an advantage over Tesla by rolling out similar software.

Musk hopes to obtain approval to transfer data collected in the country abroad to train algorithms for its autonomous driving technologies, the person said.

Since 2021 Tesla has stored all data collected by its Chinese fleet in Shanghai and has not transferred any back to the US, as required by Chinese regulators.

Musk’s visit coincides with the Beijing auto show, which opened last week and ends on 4 May. Tesla does not have a booth at China’s largest car show and last attended in 2021.

His visit to China was not flagged publicly and the person spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorised to speak with media. Tesla did not respond immediately for comment.

The Chinese state broadcaster CCTV, in its report about Musk’s meeting with Li, did not say whether the two had discussed FSD or data.

Musk also met Ren Hongbin, a government official who heads the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, the organiser of the Beijing auto show, state media reported.

“It is good to see electric vehicles making progress in China. All cars will be electric in the future,” Musk said in a video posted on social media by a user affiliated with state media.

Musk’s trip came just over a week after he scrapped a planned visit to India to meet the prime minister, Narendra Modi, citing “very heavy Tesla obligations”.

The company said this month it would lay off 10% of its global workforce as it grapples with falling sales and an intensifying price war for EVs led by Chinese brands.

US auto safety regulators said on Friday they had opened an investigation into whether Tesla’s recall of more than 2m vehicles in the US announced in December to install new Autopilot safeguards was adequate after a series of crashes.

Tesla has sold more than 1.7m cars in China since it entered the market a decade ago. The Shanghai factory is its largest.

• Self-driving cars
• Asia Pacific

More on this story

Tesla shares under pressure after carmaker announces price cuts

Bolsonaro supporters hit streets of Rio and hail new hero Elon Musk

Elon Musk faces Brazil inquiry after defying X court order

How much is elon musk to blame for tesla sales slip.

Elon Musk defends stance on diversity and free speech during tense interview

OpenAI fires back at Elon Musk in legal fight over breach of contract claims

Elon Musk acts to move Tesla legal base to Texas after pay package ruling

Elon Musk’s $56bn Tesla pay package is too much, judge rules

Most viewed.