cta common travel area

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• Common Travel Area: rights of UK and Irish citizens
• Cabinet Office
• Home Office

Common Travel Area guidance

Updated 23 December 2022

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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/common-travel-area-guidance/common-travel-area-guidance

The Common Travel Area ( CTA ) is a long-standing arrangement between the UK, the Crown Dependencies (Bailiwick of Jersey, Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Isle of Man) and Ireland that pre-dates both British and Irish membership of the EU and is not dependent on it.

Under the CTA , British and Irish citizens can move freely and reside in either jurisdiction and enjoy associated rights and privileges, including the right to work, study and vote in certain elections, as well as to access social welfare benefits and health services.

The UK and Irish governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) in May 2019 reaffirming our commitment to maintain the CTA , and the associated rights and privileges, in all circumstances. On signing the MoU , both governments released a Joint Statement .

1. Travelling and residing in the CTA

If you’re an Irish citizen living in the UK or a British citizen living in Ireland the Common Travel Area ( CTA ) arrangements allow you to travel freely within the CTA .

British citizens in Ireland and Irish citizens in the UK hold a unique status under each country’s national law. You do not need permission to enter or remain in the UK, including a visa, any form of residence permit or employment permit.

Because you do not need permission to come and live in the UK under CTA arrangements, you cannot apply under the new points-based immigration system.

You cannot travel freely within the CTA if you’re subject to either:

• a deportation order
• an exclusion decision
• an international travel ban

You’ll need to apply for permission to come to the UK if any one of these apply to you.

You can continue to use an Irish passport card to travel to the UK.

Crossing the border

There are different document requirements if you are an Irish citizen and are  travelling to the UK from Ireland or the Crown Dependencies compared to if you are travelling from another destination.

Family members

If you have family members who are not Irish or British citizens, they’re not covered by CTA arrangements. You can bring family members to the UK on a family visa in the same way as a British citizen, or they may be eligible to apply for the EU Settlement Scheme .

Your family members may also be able to come to the UK if you’re:

• visiting the UK as an S2 healthcare visitor
• a frontier worker

Other nationalities travelling within the CTA remain subject to national immigration requirements. You need to check if you need a UK visa if you’re not British or Irish and are travelling to the UK from Ireland.

EU, EEA or Swiss citizen family members cannot use an EU, EEA or Swiss national ID card to enter the UK unless they:

• have settled or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme , or Jersey, Guernsey or the Isle of Man’s settlement schemes
• have an EU Settlement Scheme family permit , or the equivalent from Jersey, Guernsey or the Isle of Man
• have a frontier worker permit
• are an S2 Healthcare Visitor
• are a Swiss national and have a Service Provider from Switzerland visa

In these cases, they can continue to use their national ID card to enter the UK until at least 31 December 2025.

There are different document requirements for family members travelling from the Crown Dependencies.

If your family member is waiting for a decision on their application for settled or pre-settled status

EU, EEA or Swiss citizen family members can still use their EEA or Swiss national identity card to enter the UK if all of the following are true:

• they’ve applied for settled or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, or Jersey, Guernsey or the Isle of Man’s settlement schemes
• they’ve been issued with confirmation your application is valid
• they’re not applying as a joining family member

2. Working in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen, you can work in either country, including on a self-employed basis, without needing any permission from the authorities.

In support of this, the UK government is committed to ensuring that appropriate and comprehensive provisions continue to be in place for the recognition of professional qualifications obtained in Ireland. The Irish government has also committed to working to ensure the provision of arrangements with the UK to recognise professional qualifications.

The UK Government is encouraging regulatory authorities in the UK to engage with their counterparts in Ireland to ensure that arrangements are in place to ensure the recognition of professional qualifications.

3. Accessing education in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen you have the right to access all levels of education in either state on terms no less favourable than those available to the citizens of that state. Both governments have committed to taking steps to ensure that this continues.

Both governments have also committed to taking steps to ensure that British and Irish citizens pursuing further and higher education in the other state will continue to have the right to qualify for student loans and support under applicable schemes and eligibility conditions.

4. Accessing social security benefits in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen residing or working in the other’s state, working in both states or working across the border you are subject to only one state’s social security legislation at a time. You can access social security benefits and entitlements, including pensions, from whichever state you are subject to the social security legislation of, regardless of where you are living.

When working in the CTA , you pay into only one state’s social security scheme at a time and are entitled, when in the other state, to the same social security rights, and are subject to the same obligations, as citizens of that state.

You also have the right to access social security benefits on the same basis as citizens of the state you are in. The UK and Irish governments have concluded a bilateral agreement to ensure that these rights will continue to be protected. Further information about that agreement can be found here .

5. Accessing healthcare in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen you have the right to access healthcare in either state. When visiting you also have the right to access needs-arising healthcare during your stay. If you are an eligible cross-border worker or are exporting a state pension or eligible benefit to either state, you may also be able to have some or all of your healthcare paid for by the state where you pay or have paid social security contributions (National Insurance (NI) or Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI)). You may also be able to access planned healthcare in the other state paid for by your state of residence.

If you are a resident of the UK or any of the Crown Dependencies, you have the right to access needs-arising healthcare during your stay when visiting either territory. Crown Dependency residents are also able to access planned healthcare in the UK when arranged by their local healthcare authority.

6. Accessing social housing support in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen residing in the other state you have the right to access social housing, including supported housing and homeless assistance, on the same basis as citizens of that state. Both governments have committed to taking steps to ensure that this will continue.

7. Voting rights in the CTA

If you are a British or Irish citizen living in the other state you are entitled to register to vote with the relevant authorities for local and national parliamentary elections in that state on the same basis as citizens of that state. Upon reaching voting age, you are entitled to vote in those elections on the same basis as citizens of that state. Both governments have committed to ensuring that these arrangements will continue.

More detailed guidance on elections in the UK can be found here .

8.a. Irish citizens and the EU Settlement Scheme

You do not need to do anything to protect your status in the UK now that free movement has ended. You can still enter and reside in the UK and enjoy your existing rights as provided for by the CTA arrangements.

If you’re an Irish citizen in the UK you do not need to apply to the EU Settlement Scheme but you may do so if you wish, if you were resident in the UK by 31 December 2020 or you are the close family member of an Irish or other EU, EEA or Swiss citizen who was.

You may apply after the deadline of 30 June 2021 if you have reasonable grounds for making a late application.

If you choose to apply to the EU Settlement Scheme, the application process is the same as for any other EU citizen applicant.

If you are an Irish citizen and you were resident in the UK by 31 December 2020, you can still be joined by close non-Irish and non-UK family members. If they were resident in the UK by 31 December 2020, they may apply to the EU Settlement Scheme if they have reasonable grounds for making a late application after the deadline of 30 June 2021.

If you wish to be joined by a close non-Irish and non-UK family member who was not resident in the UK by 31 December 2020, they may apply to the EU Settlement Scheme from outside the UK. Alternatively, they may apply for, and enter the UK, using an EU Settlement Scheme family permit and then apply to the EU Settlement Scheme from within the UK.

If you want to support an application from non-Irish and non-UK family members or future children, you will need to be able to prove that you were continuously resident in the UK prior to 31 December 2020. There will be many ways to do this without you applying to the EU Settlement Scheme, but a grant of status under the Scheme would constitute such evidence. Alternatively, you might wish to consider retaining documents such as payslips, bank statements, utility bills, tenancy agreements or other dated documents which display your UK address.

Where you are an Irish citizen and do not choose to apply for status, your family member simply needs to provide evidence of your identity and nationality, of their relationship to you and of your continuous residence in the UK.

Further information on the EU Settlement Scheme and how to make an application can be found on GOV.UK.

8.b. Irish citizens and the Service Providers from Switzerland route

The Service Providers from Switzerland route is expected to run until 31 December 2025. The route allows eligible service providers to travel to the UK to execute an eligible contract(s) for a maximum of 90 days per calendar year.

To be eligible:

• the contract must have been signed and commenced before 11pm on 31 December 2020
• if they are an employee, the service provider’s employer must be based in Switzerland

The route does not allow for dependants or family members. All service providers from Switzerland wishing to use this route must hold status under it before they come to the UK.

If you’re an Irish citizen who does not need permission to come to the UK under CTA arrangements, you will not need to apply for entry clearance as a service provider from Switzerland but you can do so if you wish.

Further information about the Service Providers from Switzerland route can be found on GOV.UK

8.c. Irish citizens and the S2 Healthcare Visitor route

The S2 Healthcare Visitor route provides a route to enter the UK from 1 January to allow eligible persons to undertake, or accompany a person undertaking, scheduled treatment authorised under the ‘ S2 route ’, where authorisation was requested before 11pm on 31 December 2020.

If you’re an Irish citizen with rights provided for under the CTA arrangements you will not be required to apply for permission to enter the UK as an S2 Healthcare Visitor.

Non-Irish citizens accompanying an eligible Irish citizen can apply to enter as an S2 Healthcare Visitor without the Irish citizen having to make an application of their own. They will need to provide certain evidence about the eligible Irish citizen to do so.

Further information about the S2 Healthcare Visitor route, including the evidence that will need to be provided, can be found on GOV.UK

8.d. Irish citizens and the Frontier Worker Permit Scheme

The Withdrawal Agreement protects the rights of EU citizen frontier workers (people who work in the UK but reside elsewhere) who have begun working in the UK by the 31 December 2020 . You can come to the UK and work once free movement ends, for as long as you continue to be a frontier worker.

If you’re an Irish citizen with rights provided for by the CTA arrangements, you do not need to hold a frontier worker permit in order to travel to the UK to work but you can apply for a permit if you wish.

If you have family members you want to bring to the UK who are not Irish or British citizens, they can apply to the EU Settlement Scheme (EUSS). You do not need to hold a permit in order for your family member to apply to the EUSS but the application may be easier if you have a frontier worker permit.

Your family member will need to show: evidence of the family relationship, and evidence that the family member meets the definition of frontier worker under the relevant regulations.

Further information about frontier workers and the permit scheme can be found on GOV.UK .

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Common Travel Area between Ireland and the UK

What is the common travel area, your rights within the common travel area, border control and the common travel area, brexit and the common travel area.

The Common Travel Area (CTA) is an arrangement between the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland that gives a variety of rights to citizens of those countries. It includes more than the basic right to travel freely between both countries.

When the Common Travel Area arrangement began in 1922, it was not contained in any legislation. It was an understanding between Ireland and the UK based on their common history. Over time, some of the rights came to be included in different pieces of legislation in both Ireland and the UK.

While the Common Travel Area is recognised under the Treaty of Amsterdam, it is not dependant on the European Union and the continuing membership of both countries.

On 8 May 2019, the Irish and UK governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding (pdf) reaffirming the Common Travel Area and identifying the rights and privileges of Irish and UK citizens within the CTA. It also reaffirmed the commitment to maintain the CTA following Brexit (pdf) .

Common Travel Area rights can only be exercised by citizens of Ireland and the UK. If you are not a citizen of Ireland or the UK, you cannot exercise Common Travel Area rights.

For the purposes of the Common Travel Area, the UK covers:

• Northern Ireland
• The Isle of Man
• The Channel Islands

Irish and UK citizens have the right to live, travel, work and study within the Common Travel Area. The rights of Irish citizens have been recognised in the UK’s Immigration and Social Security (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 .

Irish and UK citizens can live in either country and enjoy associated rights and privileges, including:

• Access to social benefits
• Access to healthcare
• Access to social housing supports
• The right to vote in certain elections

The Common Travel Area does not relate to goods or customs issues. You can read about the trade agreement between Ireland and the UK in Brexit and Ireland .

There are no routine passport controls in operation for Irish and UK citizens travelling between the 2 countries.

However, you must show identification to board a ferry or an airplane, and some airlines and sea carriers only accept a passport as valid identification. You may also be asked by an immigration officer to prove that you are a citizen of Ireland or the UK, so you should carry a passport with you. You can also use an Irish passport card, or other proof that you are an Irish citizen.

If you have family members who are not UK or EEA citizens, they may need a visa to enter Ireland or the UK. A residency scheme for family members of UK citizens who move to Ireland after 1 January 2021 is now in place.

The Common Travel Area also involves some co-operation on immigration issues. A non-EEA national, for example, may be refused permission to enter Ireland if they intend to travel onwards to the UK and they would not qualify for admission to the UK. Irish immigration officers have the power to carry out checks on people arriving in the State from the UK and to refuse them entry to the State on the same grounds that apply to people arriving from outside the Common Travel Area. These checks are carried out selectively.

EU and EEA citizens travelling to Great Britain from Ireland

If you are a citizen of the EEA (the EU, plus Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein) or Switzerland, you may be asked for identification when you enter Great Britain from Ireland. You are not asked to show identification if you are entering Northern Ireland from Ireland.

You must have an EEA passport to enter Great Britain from Ireland unless you have:

• Settled or pre-settled status in the UK, or you are awaiting a decision on your application and have received confirmation that your application is valid.
• An EU Settlement Scheme family permit, or the equivalent from Jersey, Guernsey or the Isle of Man
• A Frontier Worker Permit
• An S2 Healthcare Visitor visa
• A Service Provider from Switzerland visa

If you are in any of the above categories, you can use an EEA or Swiss national identity card to enter Great Britain from Ireland.

Electronic Travel Authorisation

An Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) gives you permission to travel to the UK and is required by some nationalities before travel.

You do not need an ETA if you:

• Are a British citizen
• Are an Irish citizen (unless subject to a deportation order, exclusion order decision, or an international travel ban)
• Are a British Overseas Territory Citizen (BOTC) with a BOTC passport
• Have entry clearance or permission to enter or stay in the UK, including people who are settled

If you live in Ireland legally, you don't need an ETA when entering the UK from Ireland.

Cross border workers

Irish and British citizens can live and work in both Ireland and the UK and they can live in one country and work in the other country. For example, you might live in Ireland and work in Northern Ireland. This is called frontier working or cross-border working .

EEA and Swiss citizens who were living in Ireland and working in Northern Ireland before the end of 2020, must have a Frontier Work Permit to continue working in Northern Ireland. EEA and Swiss citizens who live in Ireland and start working in Northern Ireland from the beginning of 2021 must apply for permission to work in the UK through the UK’s points-based immigration system .

People with UK visas or residence permits

If you are a citizen of a country whose nationals need a visa to enter Ireland and you have a valid UK visa or residence permit, you may be required to have a visa to enter Ireland before you arrive in Ireland.

Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme

The Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme allows nationals of a number of Eastern European, Middle East and Asian countries who have a short-term UK visa to come to Ireland without the need for a separate Irish visa.

Reciprocal visa arrangements

A British Irish Visa Scheme applies to visitors from China and India. This scheme allows visitors from these countries to travel freely within the Common Travel Area (excluding the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), using either an Irish or UK visa. British Irish Visa Scheme visas are endorsed with ‘BIVS’.

Both schemes are provided for in the Immigration Act (Visas) Order 2014 (SI 473/2014) as amended by Immigration Act (Visas) Order 2016 (SI 502/2016) .

You can read more about visa requirements for entering Ireland , or you can get further information about visa applications from Irish embassies and consulates abroad .

The UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU) has not affected the rights of Irish citizens and UK citizens within the Common Travel Area. The right to live, work and access public services in the Common Travel Area is protected.

Your Common Travel Area rights do not extend to your family. This means that if your spouse or partner, or other relative, is not an Irish or UK citizen, they may have to apply for residence in the UK .

You can read about residence rights of British citizens in Ireland.

Common Travel Area in law and the Protocol

The Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Act 2019 places many of the Common Travel Area rights in legislation for the first time. The Act empowers the relevant ministers to legislate in the areas of providing equal access to healthcare and social welfare.

The withdrawal agreement between the UK and the European Union recognises the Common Travel Area in its Protocol, which deals with Ireland and Northern Ireland . Article 2 provides for the continued operation of the Common Travel Area.

You can read more about the UK leaving the EU in our pages:

• Background to Brexit
• Brexit and Ireland

You can get more information on the Common Travel Area from the Department of Foreign Affairs and on legal matters and rights from gov.ie .

Related documents

• Studying in the UK including Northern Ireland Many people leave to study in Northern Ireland and elsewhere in the UK where there are different application procedures and fees. 1954.703
• The Schengen Area What countries are in the Schengen Area, and what does it mean for travellers to and from Ireland? 1918.4644
• The euro area The euro is the national currency of 19 EU member states. This document explains how it operates. 1869.5358

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You can also contact your local Citizens Information Centre .

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‘All EU Need To Know’: The Common Travel Area Explained

• ‘All EU Need To Know’:…

What is the Common Travel Area?

The Common Travel Area (CTA) is an open borders area comprising the UK (including the Channel Islands and Isle of Man) and Ireland. Within the CTA, Irish and British citizens can travel freely with minimal controls at borders.  The CTA tends to be associated as well with the ‘special status’ afforded to Irish nationals resident in the UK and UK nationals resident in Ireland.

For example, Irish citizens entering the UK from within the CTA are treated as if they have permanent permission to remain in the UK from the date they take up ‘ordinary residence’ there, and UK citizens are entitled to live in Ireland without conditions or restrictions.  As part of the ‘special status’ of Irish citizens in the UK, Irish citizens over the age of 18 and resident in the UK had the right to vote in the UK’s EU referendum in 2016.

When and why was the Common Travel Area established?

The CTA has been in operation since 1923 and is linked to the establishment of the Irish Free State. The CTA therefore pre-dates Ireland and the UK’s membership of the EU, both countries having joined the then European Economic Communities (EEC) only in 1973.

In written evidence to the UK House of Lords European Union Committee, Professor Bernard Ryan has explained its establishment:

“Common travel area arrangements between the United Kingdom and the Irish state date from the foundation of the Irish state. The durability of those arrangements reflects the recognition on the part of the British and Irish authorities of the difficulty of operating effective immigration control at the Irish land border. A second factor is the desire to enable freedom of travel between all parts of the United Kingdom and the Irish state.”

The CTA was suspended in 1939 following the outbreak of the Second World War, immigration controls applied to travel between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. In 1952, the CTA was restored following an administrative agreement between Ireland and the UK.

How is the Common Travel Area legislated for?

Despite its long existence, the first legal recognition of the CTA came when the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force in 1999.  A special protocol annexed to the European Treaties at the time of the Amsterdam treaty confirmed that Ireland and the UK would not be part of the Schengen area of open borders.  The Protocol also provided that the two states could “continue to make arrangements between themselves relating to the movement of persons between their territories (the Common Travel Area)”.

In Irish immigration law, any person who is not an Irish or British citizen is classed as a ‘non-national’, while Irish nationals have a special status in UK law which pre-dates and is distinct from their rights as EU citizens.

What does the Common Travel Area allow?

Irish citizens and UK citizens hold a number of rights in each other’s countries due to reciprocal arrangements made between the UK and Ireland which are associated with the CTA.

These include: the right to freely enter and live in each other’s state; the right to work without needing to get a work permit; access to social welfare entitlements benefits, social housing and health services; and the ability to vote in and stand in local and parliamentary elections.

Currently, Irish citizens living in the UK, and UK citizens living in Ireland, also have free movement rights in each other’s states due to their status as EU citizens.

Will the Common Travel Area continue after Brexit?

Both the Irish and UK governments have stated their commitment to maintaining the CTA post-Brexit.

Reacting to the UK’s vote to leave the EU on 24 June 2016, then-Taoiseach, Enda Kenny said: “The Irish Government will do our utmost in upcoming discussions to maintain the Common Travel Area and minimise any possible disruptions to the flow of people, goods and services between these islands.” While, UK Prime Minister, Theresa May said in her speech at Lancaster House in January 2017, that maintaining the CTA was “an important priority for the UK”.

EU and UK negotiators have agreed that CTA arrangements between Ireland and the UK can continue after Brexit.  The Joint Report released in December 2017 states that: “Both Parties recognise that the United Kingdom and Ireland may continue to make arrangements between themselves relating to the movement of persons between their territories (Common Travel Area).”

Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar has also stated recently that he is confident the CTA will be maintained post-Brexit:

“Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. However, I am confident that, no matter what happens, the Common Travel Area will remain in place . . . The European Union has taken the view that we can continue that.”

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This fact was correct when it was updated on 21 Sep 2020

What is the Common Travel Area?

The Common Travel Area (CTA) is an agreement between the UK and Ireland (including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) that allows citizens from either country to travel freely between both without the need for passport checks, as well as offering certain voting and welfare rights. While both countries were members of the EU the right to travel freely was also guaranteed by EU free movement rights. The CTA pre-dates either country’s membership of the EU by decades and means that citizens from both countries retain their rights deriving from this agreement with the UK outside the EU.

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• What Is The Common Travel Area?

The Common Travel Area (CTA) is an open borders area between the United Kingdom (including England, Scotland, and Northern Island), the Republic of Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, composed of the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, are British Crown Dependencies.

Purpose of the Common Travel Area

The primary purpose of the common travel area is to necessitate trade and tourism to be carried out within the nations within which are part of the area with minimal border documents. Citizens can cross with only their identity cards. The decision was made by a considerable agreement and co-operation of the immigration departments between the British and Irish authorities.

Background of the Common Travel Area

The idea to create a common travel area between Britain and Ireland started back in the 1920s. In 1923, an agreement was reached that each state would enforce the other immigration laws to create a region whereby the Irish citizens would be accepted to cross to Britain with minimum control measure and vice-versa. The agreement brought about an action in which the Irish citizens would be provided with a copy of Britain's suspect codex. The agreement deemed Ireland a free state as part of the more significant United Kingdom for the immigrational purposes. However, the treaty or the deal was suspended in 1939 when war broke out. The suspension of the agreement led to the travel restrictions being enforced, and the Common Travel Area was therefore not functional at that time.

In 1952, the British government made a CTA legislation for the first time. This legislation agreed that any foreigner was to be denied access to Ireland through the ?UK and vice-versa.

The Common Travel Area has undergone a series of different legislation over the years, and in 2008 the Common Travel Area included Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Ireland as a whole. From 2016 to 2017, the UK carried out a referendum to exit from Brexit. However, in June 2017, the United Kingdom policy papers stated that the government of UK had an evident desire to protect the common travel area. The government decided because the Irish citizens who live or work in the United Kingdom would not require applying for new settlement status.

Identity and Immigration Requirements

The checks for immigration across the common travel area are carried out by Guernsey Border Agencies on people coming into the country through the channels island and not through the common travel areas. Furthermore, the checks for immigration are carried out by each specific state within the travel are. For example, for the United Kingdom, the agency that handles immigration status of the passengers is the United Kingdom Force.

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Firebird Travel

RUSSIA TRAVEL HOME

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RUSSIA TRAVEL PACKAGES A selection of Russian tours to take as they are or adjust to your needs.

THE GOLDEN RING Visit the heart of ancient Russia. What is the Golden Ring?

MOSCOW TOURS What you can see in Moscow.

MOSCOW DAY TRIPS Get out of Moscow and take a relaxing trip to some of these places

ST. PETERSBURG Some of the sights to see in Petersburg

LAKE BAIKAL TOURS Hiking and trekking around the world's deepest lake in the heart of Siberia

RUSSIAN DIGS Come and work in the field on a Russian Archaeological dig. Full training given on site.

TRAVEL TIPS & SERVICES Getting around in Russia

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