leisure tourism example

What is leisure tourism, and what examples?

• March 2, 2023

Leisure tourism, a popular form of travel, refers to the act of taking a trip for the purpose of relaxation, recreation, or enjoyment. It involves participating in activities typically done during one’s free time, such as sightseeing, shopping, dining out, and engaging in cultural events. While leisure tourism can take many forms, it is often associated with vacations and getaways, allowing individuals to escape the stress of everyday life and explore new places.

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on travel, leisure tourism remains a popular choice for individuals looking to recharge and explore the world. From exploring famous landmarks in Paris to sunbathing on the beaches of Bali, there are countless examples of leisure tourism destinations and activities available worldwide. In this article, we will explore the concept of leisure tourism and provide several examples of popular destinations and activities you can add to your travel bucket list.

What is leisure travel?

Leisure travel refers to traveling for pleasure rather than business or work-related purposes. It is a type of travel that involves exploring new destinations, engaging in recreational activities, and relaxing and unwinding. Whether traveling alone or with friends and family, leisure travel provides a much-needed break from the daily routine and allows individuals to experience new cultures, environments, and experiences.

For the person traveling, leisure travel can provide a wide range of benefits, including learning about different cultures, making new friends, and creating lasting memories. It can also provide a sense of adventure, challenge, and excitement that can be hard to find in everyday life. Additionally, leisure travel can help reduce stress levels and improve mental health by providing a break from the daily routine.

As a tourist, leisure travel can also significantly impact the environment and local communities. Responsible tourism practices, such as supporting local businesses, using eco-friendly transportation, and being mindful of waste, can help minimize negative impacts and promote sustainable tourism.

Of course, finances are an essential consideration for leisure travel. Depending on the destination, activities, and accommodations chosen, leisure travel can be a costly endeavor. However, with careful planning, budgeting, and research, it is possible to enjoy leisure travel without breaking the bank. Many travel websites and apps offer discounts and deals on flights, hotels, and activities, making planning an affordable and enjoyable leisure travel experience easier than ever.

Types of leisure tourism

Adventure tourism.

One of the most popular types of adventure tourism is extreme sports. From bungee jumping to skydiving, there’s no shortage of heart-pumping activities to get your adrenaline flowing. These experiences are not for the faint of heart, but they offer a rush like no other and can be incredibly rewarding for those who take the plunge.

For those who prefer a slower pace, there are plenty of other adventure tourism options. Hiking, camping, and backpacking are all popular choices that allow you to explore the great outdoors and connect with nature. Whether traversing rugged mountain trails or pitching a tent in a remote wilderness area, these activities offer a chance to escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life and immerse yourself in the beauty of the natural world.

Of course, adventure tourism is only for some. Some people prefer to stick to more traditional types of leisure tourism, such as beach vacations or city breaks. However, you love a challenge and aren’t afraid to step outside your comfort zone. In that case, adventure tourism can be an incredibly rewarding and life-changing experience.

So, whether you’re looking to bungee jump off a bridge, hike through the wilderness, or explore a new city on foot, there’s an adventure tourism experience that’s perfect for you. So why not take the leap and try something new? You never know what amazing experiences and memories you might create!

Cultural tourism

One of the most exciting things about cultural tourism is that it can take you to places you never imagined. Whether exploring ancient ruins in Greece, visiting museums in Paris, or attending festivals in Japan, there are countless opportunities to learn and grow through cultural tourism.

Of course, cultural tourism doesn’t have to take you to far-flung destinations. There are plenty of opportunities to explore different cultures closer to home, whether visiting museums and art galleries, attending cultural events in your city, or trying new foods at ethnic restaurants.

For those who love to travel, cultural tourism offers a chance to see the world differently. Rather than just ticking off tourist attractions, cultural tourism allows you to connect with locals, learn about their way of life, and gain a deeper appreciation for the rich diversity of our planet.

So whether you’re a history buff, an art lover, or simply someone who wants to experience something new, cultural tourism has something for everyone. So why not step out of your usual environment and immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of cultures that make our world so fascinating? Who knows what incredible experiences and memories await you along the way!

Suppose you’re someone who cares deeply about the environment and wants to make a positive impact on the world. In that case, ecotourism might be the perfect choice for your next leisure tourism adventure. This tourism category is all about traveling responsibly and sustainably, focusing on preserving natural habitats and supporting local communities.

One of the main things to consider when it comes to ecotourism is your travel’s impact on the environment. This means choosing eco-friendly accommodations and activities, such as staying in lodges that use renewable energy, participating in wildlife conservation efforts, and using low-impact transportation methods like hiking or cycling.

Another important factor to consider is your travel’s impact on the local community. Ecotourism aims to support local economies and promote cultural exchange, so it’s important to choose tours and activities led by local guides and support local businesses.

Of course, ecotourism is not just about being responsible and sustainable – it’s also about having fun and experiencing the beauty of nature. Whether you’re exploring pristine forests, snorkeling in coral reefs, or observing wildlife in their natural habitats, there’s no shortage of amazing experiences to be had in ecotourism.

Suppose you’re passionate about the environment and want to positively impact the world while having fun and exploring new places. In that case, ecotourism might be the perfect fit for you. And as the tourism industry continues to grow and evolve, there are plenty of opportunities for jobs and careers in eco-tourism, making it a great choice for those who want to make a difference while pursuing their passions.

Beach tourism

Beach tourism is leisure tourism that revolves around visiting coastal destinations and enjoying the beach environment. This type of tourism is popular among people of all ages, from families with young children to solo travelers seeking relaxation and recreation.

Beach tourism destinations vary widely, from crowded beaches in popular tourist hotspots to secluded and pristine shorelines in remote locations. Some of the most popular beach tourism destinations include the Caribbean, Hawaii, the Maldives, and the Mediterranean.

Activities commonly associated with beach tourism include swimming, sunbathing, beach volleyball, surfing, and water sports such as jet skiing, parasailing, and snorkeling. Many beach tourism destinations also offer a range of amenities, such as beachfront restaurants, bars, cafes, and hotels and resorts catering to beachgoers.

Beach tourism can be a great way to escape the stresses of everyday life and enjoy some time in the sun and sand. It offers many experiences, from relaxing and soaking up the sun to more active pursuits such as water sports and beach games. For those who love the ocean and the beach environment, beach tourism is a must-try type of leisure tourism.

Health and wellness tourism

Health and wellness tourism is a type of leisure tourism that focuses on improving physical, mental, and emotional well-being through various activities and services. It involves traveling to destinations that offer specialized programs and services to help visitors achieve their health and wellness goals.

Some of the most common health and wellness tourism activities include spa treatments, yoga and meditation classes, fitness activities, healthy eating, and alternative medicine practices such as acupuncture and herbal remedies. Health and wellness tourism destinations can range from specialized wellness centers and retreats to traditional vacation spots that offer a variety of wellness-focused activities and services.

Health and wellness tourism has become increasingly popular in recent years as more people seek to prioritize their health and well-being. This type of tourism offers a range of benefits, including stress relief, improved physical health, and a renewed sense of energy and vitality.

In addition to the benefits for individual travelers, health and wellness tourism can also positively impact local communities. It can create job opportunities in the wellness industry and stimulate local economies through increased tourism.

Overall, health and wellness tourism is a great option for those seeking to prioritize their health and well-being while enjoying leisure travel’s benefits. With a wide range of activities and services available, there is something for everyone in the world of health and wellness tourism.

Can business travelers have leisure time on a business trip?

Yes, business travelers can have leisure time on a business trip, depending on their schedule and the purpose of their trip. Many business travelers often have free time during their trip, either before or after their work obligations are completed. During this time, they may choose to engage in leisure activities and explore the destination they are visiting.

Business travelers may also extend their trip for a few days or a weekend to have more time to explore the destination and engage in leisure activities. This is often called “bleisure” travel, a combination of business and leisure travel.

However, it is important to note that the amount of leisure time a business traveler can have may depend on the nature of their business trip and the expectations of their employer. Sometimes, the schedule may be tightly packed with meetings, and there may be little free time for leisure activities. Additionally, some employers may have policies restricting the amount of leisure time a business traveler can have or the type of activities they can engage in during their free time.

Ultimately, it is up to the individual business traveler to determine how much leisure time they can have on a business trip and to balance their work obligations with their desire to explore and engage in leisure activities.

What are the examples of leisure tourism?

There are many examples of leisure tourism, as it encompasses many activities and destinations. Some examples of leisure tourism include:

• Beach tourism – visiting coastal destinations for sun, sand, and water activities.
• Adventure tourism – engaging in activities such as hiking, skiing, and whitewater rafting in natural environments.
• Cultural tourism – visiting destinations to learn about the local culture, history, and customs.
• Health and wellness tourism – traveling to destinations that offer specialized programs and services to improve physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
• Ecotourism – visiting natural environments to observe and learn about the local flora and fauna while minimizing environmental impact.
• Rural tourism – visiting rural destinations to experience rural life and engage in farming, fishing, and hunting activities.
• Wine tourism is visiting destinations known for their wine production and touring vineyards and wineries.
• Sports tourism – traveling to participate in or observe events such as marathons, golf tournaments, and soccer matches.
• Food tourism – traveling to destinations to experience local cuisine and food traditions.
• Educational tourism is traveling to destinations to learn about specific subjects, such as art, history, or language.

These are just a few examples of leisure tourism, and many other types of tourism can fall under this category. Ultimately, leisure tourism is about enjoying the free time and engaging in activities that provide relaxation, entertainment, and personal enrichment.

In conclusion, leisure tourism encompasses various activities and destinations, from beaches to educational tourism. The purpose of leisure tourism is to provide individuals with opportunities for relaxation, entertainment, and personal enrichment. People engage in leisure tourism to escape from their usual environment, explore new destinations, and engage in activities that they enjoy or that interest them.

While there are many types of leisure tourism, all of them share a common goal of providing individuals with a break from their daily routines and an opportunity to have fun and create memorable experiences. As the tourism industry continues to grow and evolve, we can expect to see new types of leisure tourism emerge, and existing types become more popular.

Ultimately, leisure tourism plays an important role in the tourism industry and the lives of individuals who engage in it. It provides opportunities for personal growth, cultural exchange, and economic development. Whether it’s a relaxing beach vacation, an adventurous trek through the wilderness, or an educational trip to a historic site, leisure tourism has something to offer everyone.

David Stokes

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8 types of tourism that you need to know

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The 17 different types of travel

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Travel and tourism is a diverse industry and there are many different types of travel. The type of travel will determine the methods of business, the types of customer that it attracts and the the destination type that is facilitating tourism. In this article I will tell you all about the main types of travel and give you some examples of each.

The different types of travel

Short breaks, city breaks, countryside breaks, stag and hen parties, special events, mice tourism, short-term work contracts, types of specialist travel, vfr: migrants and expats, types of day trips, to conclude: types of travel, further reading.

Separating the different types of travel into clear segments or categories isn’t always an easy task.

Some types of travel may span more than one category- for example a person can go on a short break that is also corporate travel.

And others may be somewhat subjective- what is a short break? Is it two days? Is it four days? This is not clear-cut.

However, whilst accurately segregating types of travel into distinct categories may not be an easy task, it can be useful to have general classifications.

Categorising holidays into different types of travel helps us to better understand and assess the market segment in question. It also enables better tourism management and planning .

So what are the different types of travel? If video is your thing, watch the short video below, which covers all of the different types of travel, if not, read on…

Leisure travel

Leisure travel generally refers to travel that is undertaken for the purpose of pleasure, enjoyment, relaxation or special interests.

Leisure travel is an important component of tourism , and makes up a significant part of the tourism industry .

There are different ways that someone can undertake leisure travel. I have outlined these below.

Short breaks have become increasingly popular since the advent of the low cost airline .

Cheaper fares and regular flights have meant that people have been able to jet off for a weekend break that may not have previously been possible. In fact, [pre COVID] trends have shown that many people are now choosing to take 2-3 short breaks each year rather than a singular, more traditional summer holiday.

Short breaks are especially popular in areas that are well-connected. In Europe, for instance, it is easy to go on a short break from London to Paris. However, if you lived in Australia , the vast distances between destinations may mean that short breaks are less feasible.

City breaks are a popular type of travel.

Cities have lots to offer such as entertainment options (eating out, shows, events etc), as well as a range of tourist attractions and business tourism opportunities.

Cities are usually well connected by transport, making them easily reachable for tourists.

Rural tourism is very popular since the COVID pandemic. Countryside breaks enable people to enjoy the fresh air and to be socially distant from others.

There are many things to do on a countryside break, from hiking the Mendips , to adventure sports such as rock climbing in places like Cheddar Gorge .

It is a tradition for brides and grroms-to-be to celebrate their forthcoming marriage with a stag party or hen party. Whilst this might last for just a few hours, many people are now choosing to travel to a place outside of their home for a short break.

There are many destinations that are popular for stag or hen parties. These are usually destinations which have a substantial nightlife scene.

In Europe, many people go on a stag or hen party to Riga , Barcelona, Manchester, London, Lisbon, Benidorm, Krakow, Liverpool, Amsterdam… to name but a few.

There are different types of holidays that constitute leisure tourism.

Throughout the history of tourism , package holidays have been a popular type of travel. Packages are put together by tour operators and are then sold by different types of travel agent . This makes travel easier for the consumer.

Many people also choose to undertake independent travel. Whether tourists choose to create a dynamic package or travel on the fly, this is a popular method of leisure travel.

Cruise tourism has also grown considerably in recent years. Cruise ships come in all shapes and sizes and are popular with a wide variety of tourist types. Cruising is a form of enclave tourism .

Many people who travel for leisure are doing so to spectate or be involved in a major sporting event .

There are a large number of events that make up an important part of the sports tourism industry. Some examples include the annual Wimbledon Tennis tournament, the Formula 1 Grand Prix and the Football World Cup.

There are also other major events that people may choose to travel for. This could be, for example, the Chelsea Flower Show in London, the Day of the Dead festival in Mexico , Songkran in Thailand or the Glastonbury music festival.

Corporate travel

One of the most important (but often forgotten about!) types of travel is corporate travel.

Corporate travel, also referred to as business tourism , is any travel that is associated with or related to a person’s job or work.

Corporate travel may or may not involve staying away from home overnight.

Some types of corporate travel that you may encounter include:

MICE stands for- meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions. These are four important areas of the corporate travel market.

Many people will travel to attend meetings. Although, with the growth of the shut-in economy and software programmes such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams, travel for meetings has decreased significantly.

Incentive travel is travel which is given as a reward for good performance at work. It is designed to act as a motivator for staff; encouraging them to worker harder, ac hive better results and ultimately make more money for the business.

Conferences and exhibitions are an important tool for sharing ideas and networking. Similarly to meetings, many of these have now been moved online. However, it is unlikely that the conference market will disappear completely, as networking via a computer screen will never yield the same benefits as having a face-to-face conversation.

Training courses are, and will continue to be, essential to successful tourism operations management. Staff need to be trained for the position that they will/are working in and will need to be regularly unskilled.

Staff may also wish to undertake extra training for promotions or to keep up to date with industry developments.

Training courses can be in your place of work, but they can take place in alternative destinations; meaning that they facilitate a form of corporate travel.

Corporate travel can also consist of temporary work contracts. This is when a person is required to work in a location outside of their home environment for a specified period of time.

Whilst the time-frame is not clearly defined, if somebody relocates for work, they are then classified as an expatriate rather than a business tourist.

Work contracts such as these can be based within the employee’s home country or they can be based overseas.

Specialist travel

Specialist travel, often referred to as special interest tourism, is a form of niche tourism. It groups together an indefinite number of types of tourism that are specialist in nature.

Specialist tourism is often linked to a personal hobby, sport or interest. It may also be a type of travel that meets a specific need of a particular tourist or group of tourists.

I have outlined over 150 different types of specialist tourism in my types of tourism glossary – I told you, there are A LOT of different tourism types!

Some of the most common types of tourism include adventure tourism, health tourism, educational tourism, heritage and cultural tourism , gap year travel, conservation, sustainable tourism , responsible tourism and honeymoon tourism.

Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) is one of the biggest market segments in travel and tourism and is one of the most important types of travel.

People travel all around the world to visit their friends and relatives. This is an important form of domestic tourism as well as inbound tourism and outbound tourism .

Sometimes VFR will involve an overnight stay, and other times it will not. Travellers may choose to stay with their friends or relatives in their home or they may book accommodation of their own.

VFR is an especially prominent type of travel in areas with high migration or expatriation. For example, there are thousands of tourists who travel from the UK to India and Poland each year to visit family and friends, This is because there are a high number of Indian and Polish migrants in the UK.

Another important type of travel is day trips. Whilst according to some definitions of tourism, one may not technically be classified as a tourist unless they stay away from home overnight, they are nonetheless a valuable contribution to the tourism economy.

Most people who undertake a day trip will be visiting friends and relatives or in search of leisure or business.

Many people will choose to take a day trip to visit a tourist attraction, to go shopping, to attend an event, to visit the countryside or to take part in various activities.

A day trip can take part close to your home or it can form part of a holiday, i.e. you take a tour from your hotel whilst on holiday.

As you can see, there are many different types of travel, which can broadly be categorised as: leisure travel, corporate travel, specialist travel, visiting friends and relatives and day trips. All of these types of travel provide important contributions to the wider tourism industry and segmentation in this way allows us to assess and organise the industry according to the types of travel that are under scrutiny.

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What Does Leisure And Tourism Mean

Published: December 12, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Karna Choi

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Introduction

Leisure and tourism are two interconnected concepts that play a significant role in our lives. They are not only sources of relaxation and entertainment but also contribute to the growth of economies and the development of cultures. In this article, we will explore what leisure and tourism mean, how they are related, and why they are important.

Leisure refers to the time spent outside of work or other commitments, where individuals engage in activities that they enjoy and find fulfilling. It can be any activity that brings pleasure, such as hobbies, sports, reading, or socializing with friends and family. Leisure is crucial for maintaining a healthy work-life balance and overall well-being. It allows individuals to rejuvenate, recharge, and engage in activities that bring them joy and satisfaction.

Tourism, on the other hand, involves traveling to different places for recreational, educational, or business purposes. It is an industry that encompasses a wide range of activities, such as sightseeing, visiting cultural and historical sites, exploring natural wonders, participating in adventure sports, attending conferences, and experiencing different cuisines and lifestyles. Tourism provides an opportunity to discover new cultures, broaden horizons, and create lasting memories.

Definition of Leisure

Leisure can be defined as the discretionary time individuals have outside of their work and other necessary commitments. It is the time to engage in activities that bring joy, relaxation, and personal fulfillment. It provides a break from the daily routine and allows individuals to pursue their interests and passions.

Leisure activities can vary greatly depending on personal preferences and interests. Some individuals may find solace in engaging in physical activities such as swimming, hiking, or playing sports, while others may prefer more passive activities like reading, listening to music, or watching movies. Leisure can also include socializing with friends and family, exploring new hobbies, attending cultural events, or even simply resting and rejuvenating.

One important aspect of leisure is that it is not bound by obligations or tasks. It is a free and voluntary choice that individuals make to engage in activities that bring them pleasure and relaxation. Unlike work or other responsibilities, leisure provides a sense of freedom and autonomy, allowing individuals to make choices based on their personal preferences and desires.

Leisure is essential for personal well-being and mental health. It helps individuals to de-stress, recharge, and maintain a healthy work-life balance. Engaging in leisure activities can have numerous benefits, including reducing anxiety and depression, improving cognitive functions, boosting creativity, and enhancing social connections.

It is important to note that leisure is subjective and can vary from person to person. What one individual finds enjoyable and fulfilling may not be the same for another. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals to identify activities that bring them joy and make time for those activities in their lives. By prioritizing leisure, individuals can enhance their overall quality of life and find a sense of fulfillment and happiness.

Definition of Tourism

Tourism is the act of traveling to different destinations for recreational, educational, or business purposes. It involves the exploration and experience of new places, cultures, and activities outside one’s usual environment. Tourism is a multi-faceted industry that encompasses various activities and services, including transportation, accommodation, attractions, and hospitality.

The primary motive behind tourism is usually leisure and entertainment. People travel to escape their daily routines, experience new things, and create lasting memories. However, tourism can also serve other purposes, such as business travel, educational or cultural exchanges, and even medical tourism for specialized treatments.

There are several different types of tourism, each catering to specific interests and preferences. Some of the common types include:

• Leisure tourism: This involves traveling for recreational purposes, such as beach vacations, adventure trips, or visiting theme parks.
• Cultural tourism: This focuses on exploring the heritage, customs, and traditions of different cultures, including visiting museums, historical sites, and attending cultural events.
• Eco-tourism: This promotes responsible travel to natural areas, with the aim of preserving the environment and supporting local communities.
• Business tourism: This involves traveling for business-related activities, such as attending conferences, meetings, or trade shows.
• Medical tourism: This refers to traveling to foreign countries to receive medical treatments or procedures that may be more affordable or of higher quality than in one’s home country.

Tourism plays a vital role in the global economy, contributing to employment generation, infrastructure development, and foreign exchange earnings. It stimulates local businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, and transportation services, creating a multiplier effect on the economy. Moreover, tourism has the potential to foster cultural exchange and understanding between different societies, promoting peace and mutual respect.

However, it is important to note that tourism can also have negative impacts, including over-tourism, environmental degradation, and disruption of local communities. Sustainable tourism practices are increasingly emphasized to minimize these negative effects and ensure the long-term viability of tourist destinations.

Relationship between Leisure and Tourism

Leisure and tourism share a close and interconnected relationship. While leisure refers to the activities individuals engage in during their free time, tourism provides an avenue for individuals to experience leisure in different locations and environments. In other words, tourism is one of the ways in which people seek leisure experiences beyond their usual surroundings.

Tourism encompasses a wide range of activities and experiences that are specifically designed to provide leisure and entertainment. When individuals go on vacation or travel to different destinations, they often engage in leisure activities as part of their overall tourism experience. This may include exploring tourist attractions, trying new foods, participating in adventure sports, or simply relaxing on a beach.

On the other hand, leisure can also act as a motivator for individuals to engage in tourism. People often plan trips or vacations to unwind, break away from their daily routines, and indulge in leisure activities that they may not have the opportunity to enjoy in their regular lives. The desire for leisure experiences can inspire individuals to embark on travel adventures and explore new destinations.

Furthermore, leisure and tourism can also have a reciprocal relationship, where they reinforce and support each other. For instance, the availability of leisure activities in a tourist destination can attract visitors and contribute to the growth of the tourism industry. Similarly, tourism development can lead to the creation of new leisure facilities and opportunities for both locals and visitors to enjoy.

The relationship between leisure and tourism is not limited to individual experiences but also extends to the societal level. The leisure and tourism industries collectively contribute to the economic growth of countries, generate employment opportunities, and stimulate local businesses. They also play a significant role in cultural exchange and understanding as individuals from different cultures engage in leisure and tourism activities together.

It is important to recognize and foster the relationship between leisure and tourism to cater to the diverse needs and desires of travelers. Tourism destinations and businesses often strive to provide a variety of leisure activities and experiences that appeal to different interests and preferences, ensuring that visitors can engage in meaningful and enjoyable leisure during their trips.

Importance of Leisure and Tourism

Leisure and tourism play a crucial role in both individual lives and the broader society. They provide numerous benefits and contribute significantly to personal well-being, economic growth, and cultural exchange. Here are some key reasons why leisure and tourism are important:

1. Personal Well-Being: Leisure activities give individuals the opportunity to relax, recharge, and engage in activities they enjoy. They help reduce stress, promote mental health, and enhance overall well-being. Leisure activities provide a sense of fulfillment, satisfaction, and happiness, allowing individuals to maintain a healthy work-life balance.

2. Economic Impact: The leisure and tourism industries have a substantial impact on economies worldwide. They create jobs, stimulate local businesses, and generate revenue through various sectors such as accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, and entertainment. Tourism also encourages infrastructure development, leading to improvements in transportation, communication, and public facilities.

3. Cultural Exchange: Tourism fosters cultural exchange by bringing people from different backgrounds together. Visitors have the opportunity to experience different traditions, customs, and ways of life, promoting understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures. Additionally, locals in tourism destinations can share their heritage and showcase their culture, which helps in preserving and celebrating their identity.

4. Environmental Preservation: Sustainable tourism practices promote the protection and conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. By emphasizing responsible travel and minimizing the negative impacts on the environment, tourism can contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and the overall health of our planet. Eco-tourism initiatives also support environmental education and local conservation efforts.

5. Educational Opportunities: Tourism provides opportunities for educational experiences. Visitors can learn about history, art, architecture, and other aspects of different cultures through museum visits, guided tours, and cultural events. Educational tourism can also include attending workshops, language classes, or participating in immersive experiences that help broaden knowledge and perspective.

6. Community Development: Tourism can play a significant role in community development, especially in less-developed areas. It creates employment opportunities and income streams for locals, which can improve their living standards. Additionally, tourism can help revitalize and preserve traditional industries, handicrafts, and cultural practices, supporting the sustainability of local communities.

Types of Leisure Activities

Leisure activities encompass a wide range of pursuits that individuals engage in during their free time. These activities serve as a means of relaxation, entertainment, and personal fulfillment. Here are some common types of leisure activities:

• Physical Activities: Engaging in physical activities is a popular form of leisure. This can include sports such as soccer, basketball, tennis, or swimming. Physical activities not only promote physical fitness but also provide an outlet for stress relief and a sense of accomplishment.
• Creative Pursuits: Many individuals find pleasure and fulfillment in creative leisure activities. This can include painting, drawing, writing, playing a musical instrument, or engaging in crafts such as knitting or woodworking. The act of creating something allows individuals to express themselves, tap into their imagination, and experience a sense of accomplishment.
• Socializing: Connecting with others is a fundamental aspect of leisure. Socializing can take various forms, such as meeting friends for a coffee or a meal, attending social events or parties, or participating in group activities like book clubs or sports teams. Engaging in social activities provides an opportunity for building relationships, sharing experiences, and fostering a sense of belonging.
• Exploring Nature: Many people find solace and rejuvenation in spending time in nature. Activities such as hiking, camping, birdwatching, or gardening allow individuals to connect with the natural world, experience tranquility, and appreciate the beauty of their surroundings. Outdoor leisure activities also contribute to physical fitness and overall well-being.
• Reading and Learning: Reading books, magazines, or articles is a favorite leisure activity for many. It allows individuals to escape into different worlds, expand their knowledge, and stimulate their imagination. Additionally, engaging in lifelong learning, whether through online courses, workshops, or educational programs, is a fulfilling leisure pursuit that promotes personal growth and intellectual development.
• Travel and Adventure: Exploring new places and embarking on travel adventures is a popular form of leisure. Whether it’s a weekend getaway to a nearby city or an international trip to a distant country, travel allows individuals to experience new cultures, cuisines, and landscapes. Adventure activities such as rock climbing, bungee jumping, or skydiving also provide an exhilarating form of leisure for thrill-seekers.
• Relaxation and Mindfulness: In today’s fast-paced world, relaxation and mindfulness activities are essential for mental well-being. These can include meditation, yoga, spa treatments, or taking soothing baths. Engaging in relaxation and mindfulness practices helps individuals to unwind, reduce stress levels, and achieve a state of inner calm.

Types of Tourism Activities

Tourism activities encompass a wide range of experiences and opportunities for travelers to engage in during their journeys. These activities cater to diverse interests and preferences, ensuring that individuals can immerse themselves in unique and memorable experiences. Here are some common types of tourism activities:

• Sightseeing and Cultural Exploration: One of the most popular tourism activities is sightseeing and exploring different cultures. This involves visiting famous landmarks, historical sites, museums, and cultural attractions. Travelers have the opportunity to learn about the history, art, and traditions of a particular destination, allowing for a deeper understanding of its heritage and identity.
• Nature and Adventure Tourism: For those seeking outdoor adventures and natural wonders, nature and adventure tourism is an ideal choice. Activities such as hiking, trekking, wildlife safaris, snorkeling, or zip-lining allow travelers to explore pristine landscapes, encounter unique flora and fauna, and experience adrenaline-pumping thrills.
• Beach and Resort Tourism: Many tourists are drawn to destinations with beautiful beaches and world-class resorts. Beach tourism offers relaxation, swimming, sunbathing, and water sports such as surfing, snorkeling, or jet skiing. Resorts provide luxurious accommodations, spa facilities, and a range of recreational activities for a truly indulgent vacation.
• Culinary and Food Tourism: Food enthusiasts often embark on culinary tourism, where they explore the local cuisine and indulge in gastronomic experiences. This can involve food tours, cooking classes, visiting food markets, or dining at renowned restaurants to savor authentic flavors and regional specialties.
• Heritage and Architectural Tourism: Heritage and architectural tourism focus on exploring historical buildings, monuments, and architectural gems. This can involve visiting ancient ruins, castles, temples, or exploring preserved historic neighborhoods. Travelers can appreciate the craftsmanship and cultural significance of these structures.
• Eco-tourism and Sustainable Tourism: With a growing focus on sustainability, eco-tourism has gained popularity. It involves responsible travel to natural areas, promoting conservation and sustainable practices. Activities can include wildlife conservation projects, eco-lodges, hiking in national parks, and participating in environmental education programs.
• Adventure and Extreme Tourism: Adventure-seekers often pursue extreme tourism activities that push their limits. This can include activities such as skydiving, bungee jumping, white-water rafting, paragliding, or mountain climbing. These adrenaline-pumping experiences provide a thrill and unique sense of achievement.
• Wellness and Health Tourism: Wellness tourism focuses on enhancing physical and mental well-being. Travelers can indulge in spa retreats, yoga and meditation retreats, detox programs, or health resorts. These activities promote relaxation, rejuvenation, and self-care.

Benefits of Leisure and Tourism

Leisure and tourism bring numerous benefits to individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. These benefits encompass various aspects of personal, economic, cultural, and environmental well-being. Here are some key advantages of leisure and tourism:

• Personal Well-being: Leisure and tourism activities contribute to personal well-being by providing opportunities for relaxation, stress relief, and enjoyment. Engaging in leisure activities helps individuals maintain a healthy work-life balance, reduce anxiety and depression, improve mood, and enhance overall mental and physical health.
• Cultural Exchange: Tourism promotes cultural exchange and understanding between people from different backgrounds. Visitors have the opportunity to immerse themselves in local cultures, traditions, and customs. This fosters mutual respect, broadens perspectives, and breaks down stereotypes, contributing to a more harmonious and interconnected world.
• Economic Growth and Job Creation: The leisure and tourism industries have a significant impact on economies. They generate employment across various sectors, such as hospitality, transportation, and tourism services. Tourism also creates business opportunities for local entrepreneurs, stimulates infrastructure development, and generates revenue through visitor spending.
• Preservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage: Tourism plays a vital role in the preservation and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. It provides the necessary funds for the maintenance of historical sites, museums, national parks, and protected areas. Additionally, responsible tourism practices promote sustainability, environmental awareness, and the protection of delicate ecosystems.
• Community Development: Leisure and tourism contribute to community development in various ways. Local communities benefit from increased job opportunities, business growth, and infrastructure development. Tourism can also help revitalize traditional industries, preserve local crafts and cultural practices, and provide a platform for showcasing and celebrating local heritage and identity.
• Education and Learning: Leisure and tourism provide educational opportunities for travelers. Visiting museums, historical sites, and cultural attractions can enhance knowledge and understanding of different cultures, history, art, and architecture. Beyond formal education, tourism allows for experiential learning, providing insights into different ways of life and fostering personal growth and development.
• Quality of Life: Leisure and tourism contribute to an improved quality of life for individuals and communities. By providing opportunities for leisure and travel experiences, people can create lasting memories, build meaningful relationships, and pursue personal interests and hobbies. This leads to increased life satisfaction, happiness, and a sense of fulfillment.

Challenges in the Leisure and Tourism Industry

The leisure and tourism industry faces various challenges that can impact its sustainability, growth, and overall success. These challenges arise from internal and external factors, and the industry must navigate them effectively to thrive. Here are some key challenges in the leisure and tourism industry:

• Seasonality: Many tourism destinations experience significant fluctuations in visitor arrivals due to seasonal patterns. This creates a challenge in maintaining a stable flow of tourists and generating consistent revenue throughout the year. Destinations heavily reliant on specific seasons may struggle economically during off-peak periods.
• Changing Consumer Preferences: The leisure and tourism industry must constantly adapt to evolving consumer preferences. As travelers become more discerning, their demands and expectations shift. Meeting these changing preferences requires continuous innovation, investment in infrastructure, and ensuring high-quality service delivery.
• Competition: The leisure and tourism industry is highly competitive. Destinations and businesses must differentiate themselves and offer unique experiences to attract visitors. Furthermore, competition in the digital space has intensified with the rise of online travel agencies and platforms, making it necessary to have a strong online presence and effective marketing strategies.
• Security and Safety Concerns: Ensuring the safety and security of travelers is of paramount importance. Natural disasters, political instability, terrorism, and other security concerns can significantly impact tourism. Effective crisis management, stringent security measures, and proactive communication are essential to manage and mitigate such risks.
• Sustainable Practices: As environmental awareness grows, the leisure and tourism industry faces the challenge of adopting sustainable practices. Balancing tourism development with environmental protection is crucial to preserve destinations and minimize the industry’s ecological footprint. This involves minimizing waste, promoting responsible tourism, and supporting local communities.
• Infrastructure and Accessibility: Developing and maintaining adequate infrastructure can be a challenge, particularly in remote and less-developed areas. The lack of transportation networks, accommodation options, and tourist facilities can hinder tourism growth. Ensuring accessibility is crucial to attract and cater to a wide range of travelers.
• Social and Cultural Impacts: The influx of tourists can have both positive and negative impacts on local communities. Over-tourism can strain resources, cause cultural commodification, and disrupt traditional lifestyles. Finding the right balance between tourism development and preserving local cultures and identities presents a challenge.

The leisure and tourism industry must proactively address these challenges to sustain its growth and ensure long-term success. Collaboration between stakeholders, effective destination management, continuous innovation, and responsible practices are key to overcoming these challenges and maintaining a vibrant and sustainable leisure and tourism industry.

Future Trends in Leisure and Tourism

The leisure and tourism industry is constantly evolving and adapting to the changing needs and preferences of travelers. As we look to the future, several trends are expected to shape the industry and redefine the way people engage in leisure and travel. Here are some key future trends in leisure and tourism:

• Sustainable and Responsible Tourism: There is a growing emphasis on sustainable and responsible tourism practices. Travelers are increasingly seeking eco-friendly and socially conscious experiences. Future trends will focus on reducing carbon footprints, preserving natural and cultural heritage, and supporting local communities.
• Technology Integration: Technology will continue to play a significant role in the leisure and tourism industry. Advancements in virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence will enhance the overall travel experience. Technologies such as mobile apps, digital assistants, and smart devices will streamline processes and provide personalized recommendations to travelers.
• Experience-based Travel: Travelers are shifting towards a more experiential approach to travel. They seek immersive and authentic experiences that go beyond traditional sightseeing. Future trends will focus on curated experiences such as culinary tours, cultural workshops, adventure activities, and opportunities for meaningful connections with local communities.
• Wellness and Health Tourism: The importance of well-being and self-care is on the rise. Wellness tourism will continue to gain momentum, with travelers seeking destinations and experiences that promote relaxation, mental health, and physical fitness. Spas, yoga retreats, wellness resorts, and mindfulness activities will be in high demand.
• Customization and Personalization: Travelers are increasingly seeking personalized and tailored experiences. Future trends will focus on customization, allowing individuals to curate their itineraries based on their preferences and interests. Technology will play a crucial role in enabling personalized recommendations and immersive experiences.
• Multi-generational Travel: With longer life expectancy and changing family dynamics, multi-generational travel is becoming more popular. Families are seeking destinations and activities that cater to different age groups, ensuring a memorable experience for everyone. Future trends will focus on providing diverse offerings and amenities suitable for all generations.
• Workation and Digital Nomadism: The rise of remote work and digital nomadism has led to the emergence of workation trends. Travelers are combining work and travel, seeking destinations that offer a balance between work and leisure activities. Future trends will see destinations catering to the needs of digital nomads, providing infrastructure, coworking spaces, and networking opportunities.

The leisure and tourism industry needs to adapt to these future trends to stay relevant and meet evolving customer demands. Embracing sustainability, leveraging technology, providing personalized experiences, and recognizing the changing dynamics of travel will be key to success in the future.

Leisure and tourism are intertwined concepts that have a profound impact on individuals, communities, and societies worldwide. They provide opportunities for relaxation, exploration, personal growth, and cultural exchange. The diversity of leisure activities and the range of tourism experiences cater to the varied interests and preferences of travelers, ensuring that there is something for everyone.

Leisure activities offer individuals a break from their daily routines, allowing them to nurture their well-being, pursue their passions, and connect with others. Whether engaging in physical activities, creative hobbies, socializing, or embracing nature, leisure provides essential outlets for self-expression, enjoyment, and personal fulfillment.

Tourism, on the other hand, enables individuals to venture beyond their familiar surroundings and immerse themselves in new cultures, environments, and experiences. It contributes to economic growth, job creation, and the preservation of natural and cultural heritage. Tourism fosters intercultural understanding, promoting peace and harmony while supporting the development of local communities.

However, the leisure and tourism industry also faces challenges that require careful navigation and proactive management. Seasonality, changing consumer preferences, competition, security concerns, sustainable practices, and infrastructure development all present obstacles that need to be tackled for the industry’s sustainability and success.

Looking to the future, the leisure and tourism industry will continue to evolve and adapt to emerging trends. From sustainable and responsible tourism practices to technology integration, experiential travel, and wellness tourism, the industry will cater to the changing needs and desires of travelers. Customization, multi-generational travel, workation, and digital nomadism will shape the way individuals engage in leisure and travel, emphasizing personalization and flexibility.

In conclusion, leisure and tourism are integral parts of our lives. They promote personal well-being, economic growth, cultural exchange, and environmental preservation. By embracing the diverse range of leisure activities and promoting responsible tourism practices, we can create a more inclusive and sustainable world, where individuals can find joy, fulfillment, and connection through leisure and travel experiences.

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What Is Leisure Travel and Why Is It Important?

Leisure Travel: An

Have you ever wondered why people travel? Sure, there are the obvious reasons, like seeing new places and experiencing different cultures. But there’s something more to it than that. For many people, travel is a way to relax and escape from the stresses of everyday life. It’s a chance to recharge and come back home feeling refreshed and rejuvenated.

Leisure travel is any type of travel that is done for pleasure rather than for business or other obligations. It can include everything from a weekend getaway to a month-long backpacking trip. And it can be done anywhere in the world, from your own backyard to the most exotic destinations.

No matter where you go or what you do, leisure travel is a great way to broaden your horizons and learn about new cultures. It’s also a great way to meet new people and make new friends. And most importantly, it’s a great way to have fun and create memories that will last a lifetime.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at leisure travel. We’ll discuss the different types of leisure travel, the benefits of travel, and how to plan your next trip. So whether you’re a seasoned traveler or you’re just starting out, read on for some helpful tips and advice.

What is Leisure Travel?

Leisure travel is travel undertaken for pleasure or relaxation. It is a type of tourism that is distinct from business travel, which is undertaken for work-related purposes. Leisure travel can take many forms, from a weekend trip to a beach to a multi-month backpacking expedition.

Leisure travel is a popular activity for many people, as it offers a chance to escape from the stresses of everyday life and to experience new things. It can also be a way to learn about different cultures and to meet new people.

Types of Leisure Travel

There are many different types of leisure travel, each with its own unique appeal. Some of the most popular types of leisure travel include:

• Domestic travel is travel within one’s own country. This can include visiting cities, towns, and attractions within the country, as well as taking road trips or camping trips.
• International travel is travel to a different country. This can include visiting major cities, exploring smaller towns and villages, or taking part in adventure activities.
• Adventure travel is travel that involves physical challenges or activities, such as hiking, biking, skiing, or rafting. Adventure travel can be a great way to see new places and to push yourself physically and mentally.
• Cultural travel is travel that focuses on learning about different cultures. This can include visiting museums, taking cooking classes, or attending cultural events. Cultural travel can be a great way to broaden your horizons and to learn about different ways of life.
• Ecotourism is travel that is designed to minimize the impact on the environment. This can include staying in eco-friendly accommodations, eating locally-sourced food, and using sustainable transportation. Ecotourism can be a great way to learn about the natural environment and to help protect it.
• Wellness travel is travel that focuses on improving one’s physical and mental health. This can include visiting spas, taking yoga classes, or getting massages. Wellness travel can be a great way to relax and to de-stress.
• Educational travel is travel that is designed to learn about a particular subject. This can include taking courses at a university or college, visiting historical sites, or meeting with experts. Educational travel can be a great way to learn about new things and to expand your horizons.
• Volunteer travel is travel that involves volunteering your time to help others. This can include working with animals, teaching English, or building houses. Volunteer travel can be a great way to give back to the community and to make a difference in the world.

Benefits of Leisure Travel

Leisure travel has many benefits for both the individual and the community. Some of the benefits of leisure travel include:

• Physical and mental health benefits: Leisure travel can help to improve physical and mental health. It can reduce stress, improve mood, and boost energy levels. Leisure travel can also help to improve sleep quality and to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
• Cultural and educational benefits: Leisure travel can help to broaden one’s horizons and to learn about different cultures. It can also provide opportunities to learn about new languages, history, and customs.
• Social and relationship benefits: Leisure travel can help to strengthen social relationships and to build new friendships. It can also be a great way to reconnect with family and friends.
• Economic benefits: Leisure travel can help to boost the economy by creating jobs and stimulating tourism. It can also help to promote international understanding and cooperation.

Leisure travel is a popular activity that offers many benefits for both the individual and the community. It is a great way to escape from the stresses of everyday life, to learn about new things, to meet new people, and to make a difference in the world.

What Is Leisure Travel?

Leisure travel is travel undertaken for pleasure or relaxation. It is often contrasted with business travel, which is travel undertaken for work purposes. Leisure travel can take many forms, from a weekend getaway to a month-long vacation. It can be done by car, plane, train, or boat. And it can be taken to any destination in the world.

There are many reasons why people choose to travel for leisure. Some people travel to experience new cultures and meet new people. Others travel to learn about history or nature. And still others travel simply to relax and have fun.

No matter what your reason for traveling, leisure travel can be a rewarding experience. It can help you to broaden your horizons, learn new things, and make memories that will last a lifetime.

Planning a Leisure Trip

Planning a leisure trip can be a fun and exciting experience. However, it can also be a lot of work. To make the most of your trip, it is important to do your research and plan ahead.

Here are some tips for planning a leisure trip:

• Set a budget. The first step in planning a trip is to set a budget. This will help you to determine how much you can spend on airfare, lodging, food, and other expenses.
• Choose a destination. Once you have a budget in mind, you can start to choose a destination. There are many factors to consider when choosing a destination, such as your interests, budget, and travel time.
• Book transportation and accommodations. Once you have chosen a destination, you need to book transportation and accommodations. This can be done online or through a travel agent.
• Get travel insurance. It is always a good idea to get travel insurance when you are traveling internationally. This will protect you in case of cancellations, medical emergencies, or lost luggage.
• Prepare for your trip. In the weeks leading up to your trip, you should start to prepare for your trip. This includes packing your bags, getting your passport and visas, and updating your vaccinations.

By following these tips, you can plan a leisure trip that is both enjoyable and affordable.

Travel Safety

When you are traveling for leisure, it is important to stay safe. Here are some tips for staying safe while traveling:

• Be aware of your surroundings. Be aware of your surroundings at all times, especially when you are in unfamiliar places. Pay attention to people who are following you or who seem suspicious.
• Don’t leave your belongings unattended. Never leave your belongings unattended, especially in crowded areas. If you have to leave your belongings, make sure they are in a safe place.
• Be careful about what you eat and drink. Be careful about what you eat and drink when you are traveling. Avoid eating food from street vendors or drinking tap water.
• Stay aware of local laws and customs. Before you travel, make sure you are aware of the local laws and customs. This will help you to avoid any problems.

By following these tips, you can stay safe while traveling for leisure.

Leisure travel can be a wonderful way to experience new cultures, meet new people, and learn new things. By following these tips, you can plan a leisure trip that is both enjoyable and affordable. And by staying safe, you can ensure that your trip is a success.

What is leisure travel?

Leisure travel is travel that is done for pleasure rather than for business or other purposes. It can include activities such as visiting tourist attractions, relaxing on a beach, or taking part in sports or other recreational activities.

What are the benefits of leisure travel?

There are many benefits to leisure travel, including:

• Relaxation: Leisure travel can help you to relax and de-stress from the stresses of everyday life.
• Exploration: Leisure travel can allow you to explore new places and cultures, and learn about different ways of life.
• Social interaction: Leisure travel can provide you with opportunities to meet new people and make new friends.
• Improved health: Leisure travel can help to improve your health and well-being by getting you out of your usual routine and providing you with opportunities to exercise and be active.

What are some popular destinations for leisure travel?

Some of the most popular destinations for leisure travel include:

• Beaches: Beaches are a popular destination for leisure travel, as they offer the opportunity to relax and enjoy the sun, sand, and surf. Some of the most popular beach destinations include the Caribbean, Hawaii, and the Mediterranean.
• Cities: Cities are also popular destinations for leisure travel, as they offer a variety of attractions, such as museums, theaters, and restaurants. Some of the most popular city destinations include London, Paris, and New York City.
• National parks: National parks are another popular destination for leisure travel, as they offer the opportunity to explore natural wonders, such as mountains, forests, and deserts. Some of the most popular national park destinations include Yellowstone National Park, Yosemite National Park, and the Grand Canyon.

How can I plan a leisure travel trip?

Planning a leisure travel trip can be a fun and rewarding experience. Here are a few tips to help you get started:

• Set a budget: The first step is to set a budget for your trip. This will help you to narrow down your options and make the most of your money.
• Choose a destination: Once you have a budget in mind, you can start to choose a destination for your trip. Consider your interests and budget when making your decision.
• Book your transportation: Once you have chosen a destination, you will need to book your transportation. This may include flights, trains, or buses.
• Book your accommodations: You will also need to book your accommodations. This may include hotels, hostels, or Airbnbs.
• Create an itinerary: Once you have booked your transportation and accommodations, you can start to create an itinerary for your trip. This will help you to make the most of your time and see all of the sights that you want to see.

What are some common mistakes to avoid when planning a leisure travel trip?

There are a few common mistakes that people make when planning a leisure travel trip. These include:

• Not setting a budget: One of the biggest mistakes that people make is not setting a budget for their trip. This can lead to overspending and stress.
• Not doing enough research: Another common mistake is not doing enough research on your destination. This can lead to missed opportunities and disappointments.
• Not being flexible: It is important to be flexible when planning a leisure travel trip. Things can change, so it is important to be able to adapt to unexpected circumstances.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can help to ensure that your leisure travel trip is a success.

leisure travel is a vast and varied industry that offers something for everyone. Whether you’re looking to relax on a beach, explore a new city, or learn about a different culture, there’s a leisure travel experience out there for you.

When planning your next leisure travel adventure, be sure to do your research and choose a destination that’s right for you. Consider your interests, budget, and time constraints, and make sure to book your trip well in advance. With a little planning, you can have the vacation of a lifetime.

Here are some key takeaways from this article:

• Leisure travel is a broad term that can encompass a variety of activities, including sightseeing, shopping, dining, and cultural exploration.
• Leisure travel can be a great way to relax, learn about new cultures, and make new memories.
• When planning your next leisure travel adventure, be sure to do your research and choose a destination that’s right for you.

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The 40 Best Leisure Destinations To Visit In 2020

If you’re looking for the best destination to visit in 2020, Aegean Luxury Yachting’s charter brokers have compiled an exclusive list of the top leisure destinations for the CEOWORLD magazine based on sales and client aspirations. Remarkably, there are only one American destinations on the list – Portland, Maine, US.

Paris has been named the best leisure destination in the world to visit 10 2020, according to the CEOWORLD magazine’s list. Palermo in Italy ranked number 2 on the list, followed by Portugal’s Porto (No. 3), Dubrovnik in Croatia (No. 4), and Morocco’s Marrakech (No. 5).

Magazine placed Tokyo in sixth on the list ahead of Melbourne, and Tel Aviv. Machu Picchu/Cusco and Portland (Maine) round out the list at nine and ten, respectively.

With less than three months to go before the decade is over, it’s time to start planning big things for 2020. CEOWORLD magazine, the leading business & economy publication, has listed the top destinations to travel to in 2020. Take a look and book your tickets already.

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This report/news/ranking/statistics has been prepared only for general guidance on matters of interest and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, CEOWORLD magazine does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it.

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Chapter 5. Recreation

Don Webster

Learning Objectives

• Differentiate between recreation, outdoor recreation, adventure tourism, and nature-based tourism
• Describe the significance, size, and economic contribution of this sector to the overall tourism industry in BC
• Identify key industry organizations in recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism
• Classify different subsectors of recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism
• Recognize the unique challenges facing recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism in BC

In this chapter, we discuss the concept of recreation in tourism and hospitality. Recreation can be defined as the pursuit of leisure activities during one’s spare time (Tribe, 2011) and can include vastly different activities such as golfing, sport fishing, and rock climbing. Defining recreation as it pertains to tourism, however, is more challenging.

Let’s start by exploring some recreation-based terms that are common in the tourism industry.  Outdoor recreation can be defined as “outdoor activities that take place in a natural setting, as opposed to a highly cultivated or managed landscape such as a playing field or golf course” (Tourism BC, 2013, p. 47).  This term is typically applied to outdoor activities that individuals engage in and that are located close to their community. When these activities are further away, and people must travel some distance to participate in them, they are often described as adventure tourism.

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), adventure tourism is “a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion” (UNWTO, 2014, p.12).  Examples of adventure tourism in BC include river rafting, helicopter skiing, and rock climbing.

Take a Closer Look: UNWTO Global Report 

The Global Report on Adventure Tourism by UNWTO offers an in-depth analysis of the global adventure travel sector. It can be found at http://affiliatemembers.unwto.org/publication/global-report-adventure-tourism

Adventure tourism can be “soft” or “hard.” Differentiating between the two is somewhat subjective, but is loosely based on the level of experience required, the level of fitness required, and the degree to which the participant is exposed to risk (UNWTO, 2014).  Examples of soft adventure include wildlife viewing or moderate hiking, whereas river rafting or rock climbing would usually be considered hard adventure.

Another term that is used, one that overlaps with the definitions of outdoor recreation and adventure tourism, is  nature-based tourism, which refers to “those tourism experiences that are directly or indirectly dependent on the natural environment” (Tourism BC, 2005b, p.6).  This term is often used to describe activities that are closely connected to nature, such as whale watching, birding, or self-propelled travel such as hiking and kayaking.

As you can see, there are challenges in classifying recreation in tourism. For instance, if people kayak near their home or community, it may be considered outdoor recreation. If they travel afar for that same activity, it likely is designated as adventure tourism. If the kayaking is done in protected, mild conditions, it would be considered soft adventure, but if done in a challenging and risky river descent, it may be classified as hard adventure.

Of course, each of the above scenarios of kayaking could be considered nature-based tourism if it is strongly linked to the natural environment. Ultimately, categorization is based on a combination of several factors, including manner of engagement in the activity (risk exposure, experience requirement, group or solo activity), the distance travelled to access the activity, and the type of environment (proximity to nature, level of challenge involved) that that the activity occurs in.

A 2013 adventure tourism market study discovered that people who travel for adventure experiences tend to be well-educated, with 48% holding a four-year degree or higher credential. They value natural beauty and rank this as the highest factor when choosing a destination, and the most cited reasons for their travel are relaxation “relaxation, exploring new places, time with family, and learning about different cultures” (UNWTO, 2014, p.15).

Globally, it is estimated that the continents of Europe, North America, and South America account for 69% of adventure tourism, or US$263 billion in adventure travel spending. Adventure tourists tend to be seen as high-value visitors, with as much of 70% of their expenditures remaining in the communities visited (UNWTO, 2014).

The size, extent, and economic contribution of recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism in British Columbia is also substantial. The rest of this chapter explores the sector in the province in more detail.

Recreation and Adventure Tourism in BC

Studies have shown that nearly all residents of BC partake in some kind of outdoor recreation activity during any given year. Approximately 85% of those participants indicate that these recreational activities were very important to them (Tourism BC, 2013).

Spotlight On: Outdoor Recreation Council of BC

The Outdoor Recreation Council of BC (ORC) describes itself as “promoting access to and responsible use of BC’s public lands and waters for public outdoor recreation” (Outdoor Recreation Council of BC, 2014). The Council promotes the benefits of outdoor recreation, represents the community to government and the general public, advocates and educates about responsible land use, provides a forum for exchanging information, and connects different outdoor recreation groups. For more information, visit the Outdoor Recreation Council of BC website : http://orcbc.ca

It is estimated that there are approximately 2,200 outdoor/adventure tourism operators in BC. In 2001, this accounted for 21,000 jobs and $556 million in direct wages. The last sector-wide study in 2005 estimated that business revenues in outdoor adventure tourism accounted for approximately $854 million in annual business revenues (Tourism BC, 2013). Given the growth of adventure tourism over the last decade, it is likely these numbers have risen.

Additionally, in the current five-year provincial tourism strategy, entitled Gaining the Edge, outdoor/adventure tourism is indicated as one of six key areas targeted for growth ( British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Innovation , 2012). This government support, combined with the rapid growth of the outdoor and adventure tourism industry, point to a strong future for this sector.

Take a Closer Look: Outdoor Adventure Sector Profile

Outdoor Adventure: Tourism Sector Profile, a report produced by Destination BC, includes information on the size, type, and characteristics of tourism companies in this sector. Also included is market demand for these activities and future challenges the sector faces. You can find the report at Outdoor Tourism Sector Profile [PDF] : http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/All-Sector-Profiles/Outdoor-Adventure-Sector-Profile,-May-2014/Tourism-Sector-Profile_OutdoorAdventure_May2014.pdf.aspx

This section covers two key types of recreation and tourism, with a focus on British Columbia:

• Land-based recreation and tourism
• Water-based recreation and tourism

It’s not possible to detail all the recreational activities available in BC, but by the end of this section, you will have an understanding of the key unique activities available in the province.

Land-Based Recreation and Tourism

Golf courses and resorts.

A 2009 economic impact study found that more than six million Canadians participate in the game of golf each year, making this sport the number one outdoor recreational activity in Canada based on participation. Golf also directly employs more than 155,000 people and contributes more than $11 billion directly to Canada’s gross domestic product. BC has over 300 golf course facilities, and with over $2 billion annually in direct economic activity, the golfing industry in the province is the fourth largest in Canada (Strategic Networks Inc., 2009).

Golf is a significant tourism attraction in BC; in 2007 the province was chosen as the “Best Golf Course Destination in North America” by the International Association of Golf Tour Operators (Destination BC, 2014c).  Part of the draw is the diverse environment; golfers can choose from lush coastal forests to desert environments, and many courses have a viewscape of mountains or the ocean.

A 2006 study by the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) detailed both demographic and economic factors related to the Canadian golf industry. Significant findings included that there were more than 3.4 million golf travellers in Canada annually, and that of those travellers, approximately 34% travelled to BC. In addition, the Canadian golf participation rate (for the total Canadian population) was 21.5%, which is among the highest golf participation rates of any country in the world. Golfing provides an opportunity to attract significant tourism revenue as the average golf traveller has a much higher than average income level, with up to 50% of all golf travellers earning $100,000 or more per annum (Tourism BC, 2009b).

Spotlight On: British Columbia Golf Marketing Alliance

The British Columbia Golf Marketing Alliance is a strategic alliance that represents 58 regional and destination golf resorts in BC. The purpose of the alliance is to grow the game of golf in BC and achieve recognition nationally and internationally as a leading golf destination. The alliance supports and distributes information about research, lobbying efforts, and golf industry events. For more information, visit the Allied Golf Association of BC website : http://aga-bc.org/committees/recreational-golf-committee/

Mountain Resorts and Nordic Centres

Resorts in British Columbia range from smaller eco-lodges to large ski areas. Mountain resorts and nordic centres are part of the larger resort tourism sector, which in 2004 was valued at $1.9 billion (Tourism BC, 2011c).

Ski/Snowboard Mountain Resorts

BC’s many world-class facilities and high-quality snow conditions provide mass appeal for downhill skiing and snowboarding. Mountain resorts in BC can be separated into two principal categories: destination resorts and regional resorts. Destination mountain resorts are often significantly larger and offer a greater range of amenities such as on mountain accommodation and food services; they are also generally marketed to out-of-area and international visitors. Examples of a destination resort would include Whistler Blackcomb Ski Resort. On the other hand, regional mountain resorts are usually smaller in size and capacity, have fewer amenities, and often cater more directly to the local community (Tourism BC, 2011c) such as Whitewater Ski Resort in the Kootenay Rockies.

Spotlight On: Canada West Ski Areas Association

Ski areas in Western Canada (Alberta and BC) are represented by the Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA), which has a diverse mandate that includes marketing, advocacy, environmental stewardship, and risk management. For more information, visit the Canada West Ski Areas Association website : http://www.cwsaa.org

The aggregate economic value of destination mountain resorts is significant; one study by Tourism BC found that 13 of these resorts were responsible for generating approximately 1.1 billion in revenue, or 8% of the total provincial tourism revenues in 2008. Additionally, they provided the equivalent of 14,267 full-time equivalent jobs (Tourism BC, 2011c). Furthermore, BC’s top mountain resorts have received many prestigious awards (Tourism BC, 2011c, p. 11):

• Whistler Blackcomb has consistently been named the #1 ski resort in North America.
• In 2009, Sun Peaks was named one of the “Top 20 Ski Resorts in North America” by 
Condé Nast Traveler.
• Big White Ski Resort was recognized in 2009 as a “Top 5 Family Resort” by the UK-based Sunday Times.

The publicity that these resorts receive has undoubtedly reflected positively on the rest of the BC tourism industry.

Spotlight On: “Ski It to Believe It”

Destination BC offers a specific mountain resort marketing website for 13 destination resorts in BC called “Ski It to Believe It.” The site features live updates on snow conditions, resort info, a map featuring all BC ski destinations, blogs, and dynamic content featuring visitors enjoying various skiing experiences including heli, cat, backcountry, and downhill skiing. For more information, visit the Ski It to Believe It website : http://skiittobelieveit.com

Nordic Centres

Nordic skiing, also commonly known as cross-country skiing, is a low-risk, low-impact winter sport popular across Canada. It differs from backcountry skiing in that participants ski on groomed trails typically maintained as part of an established facility (Cross Country BC, n.d.).

Spotlight On: Whistler Sport Legacies

Leading up to the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver and Whistler, there was much debate about the need for a continuing legacy from the event. Whistler Sport Legacies is an example of a recreational, tourism, and sport legacy that can emerge out of a mega event such as the Olympics. For more information, visit the Whistler Sport Legacies website : http://www.whistlersportlegacies.com

With more than 50 cross-country ski centres across BC, and a season that often exceeds that of downhill skiing (November to May in many areas), the sport attracts large numbers of local and inbound recreation enthusiasts. Trail networks have been developed in both stand-alone environments, as well as in partnership with large mountain resorts such as Silver Star in Vernon, Sun Peaks in Kamloops, Cypress Mountain above Vancouver, and Rossland in the Kootenays. Many of these trail networks offer both groomed and track-set trails, a number are lit for night skiing.

Spotlight On: Silver Star’s Sovereign Lake Nordic Centre

Located just outside Vernon, Sovereign Lake is Canada’s largest daily groomed trail network that includes 105 kilometres of trails varying from green (easy) to black diamond (most difficult); a further trail expansion is planned for 2015. For more information, visit Sovereign Lake’s website : http://www.sovereignlake.com

Backcountry Skiing and Snowboarding

Backcountry skiing and snowboarding offers a recreational activity in a wilderness setting, away from any established mountain resorts, lifts, or trails. BC is regarded as a world-class destination for backcountry access, and has recently seen considerable and sustained growth in this sector (Porteus, 2013). The motivator for pursuing this activity for most people is primarily the lure of fresh, untracked snow in a beautiful mountain setting. Some backcountry skiers and snowboarders combine this activity with helicopter or snowcat skiing.

Spotlight On: Backcountry Lodges Association of British Columbia

The Backcountry Lodges Association of British Columbia (BLABC) represents backcountry lodges in the province. Its consumer site features a find-a-lodge function, profiles for summer and winter lodges, the ability to check conditions in various backcountry areas, and consumer content including a blog and videos. For more information, visit the Backcountry Lodges Association of BC : www.backcountrylodgesofbc.com

Helicopter skiing transports skiers and snowboarders by helicopter to the backcountry. It is typically a professionally guided activity, with packages ranging in duration from a single day to weeks. The skiing/snowboarding is often packaged with a luxury lodge accommodation, gourmet meals, and access to spa treatments.

Heliskiing was pioneered in Canada by Swiss mountain guide Hans Gmoser, who founded the company Canadian Mountain Holidays, which has grown to be the largest heliskiing company in the world (Canadian Mountain Holidays, n.d.).  Today, there are close to 20 helicopter skiing companies in BC, which represents the largest concentration of commercial operations in the world (HeliCat Canada, n.d.).

Snowcat skiing is alpine skiing accessed by travelling to the top of the ski area in a snowcat (an enclosed cab vehicle on tracks). As with heliskiing, this activity also has its commercial roots in BC. Snowcat skiing was pioneered in 1975 by Selkirk Wilderness Skiing as an alternative to both lift-serviced and helicopter-accessed riding and skiing (Selkirk Wilderness Skiing, n.d.).  It is typically a guided activity due to the avalanche risk associated with the terrain. As with heliskiing, snowcat skiers have the option of choosing single-day or multi-day vacation packages. During the winter of 2015, there were 11 established snowcat skiing operations in BC (HeliCat Canada, n.d.).

Spotlight On: Avalanche Canada

This organization provides public avalanche forecasts and education for any backcountry travellers venturing into avalanche terrain. This vital service is provided to the public free of charge, as Avalanche Canada is a not-for-profit society dedicated to a vision of eliminating avalanche injuries and fatalities in Canada. In addition to the website, it provides training programs and shares safety best practice. For more information, visit  Avalance Canada : http://www.avalanche.ca

Guides for these operations are typically certified by either the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides (ACMG) or the Canadian Ski Guide Association (CSGA).  Both organizations assess the guides for their expertise in technical skills, avalanche forecasting, risk management and emergency response before issuing certification. The process is extensive and rigorous, taking much time and commitment for guides to become fully certified.

Spotlight On: HeliCat Canada  

Based in Revelstoke, BC, HeliCat Canada is an industry organization that represents heliskiing and snowcat skiing operators in Canada.  It provides regulation, advocacy, and marketing for the operators. Since 1978, the organization has worked closely with government and industry to develop operations guidelines. For more information, visit  Helicat Canada : www.helicatcanada.com

Off-Road Recreational Vehicles

An off-road recreational vehicle (ORV) is any vehicle designed to be driven off road that is not included within any other vehicle classification framework. This includes snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and dirt bikes (British Columbia Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2014). ORV use is recognized as a considerable contributor to the BC economy, owing primarily to recreational users, but also from tourist visits.

Recreational snowmobiling in BC is represented by the British Columbia Snowmobile Federation (BCSF).  The BCSF’s mandate is to represent recreational snowmobile clubs through advocacy, education, and stewardship (BCSF, n.d.). Commercial snowmobiling is represented by the British Columbia Commercial Snowmobile Operators Association (BCCSOA), a group of snowmobile tour operators who have mobilized to support marketing, product development, and government advocacy initiatives (BCCSOA, n.d.).

ORV use has long been the subject of conflict between non-motorized and motorized recreational users of the wilderness. Non-motorized users claim that motorized users negatively impact the wilderness through noise pollution and environmental damage by degrading trails and scaring wildlife (Webster, 2013).  Recently, wilderness tourism operators who hold Crown land tenure to operate in remote areas have complained that ORVs negatively affect their visitors’ experiences. Some of these conflicts may now be mitigated through the implementation of the Off-Road Vehicle Act, which was passed in 2014.  This Act requires mandatory registration of ORVs, and includes elements that promote safety, enforcement of regulations, education, and outreach (British Columbia Ministry Forest, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2014).

Guest Ranchers and Hunting Outfitters

Guest and dude ranches.

Guest ranches and dude ranches offer personal and home-like vacation experiences centered on horseback riding and an authentic ranch experience. These operators typically offer accommodation in a ranch-type environment, and include as part of the experience the opportunity to participate in ranch activities such as horse riding and cattle wrangling. Other services and activities may also be available, such as spa treatments, hiking, canoeing, and fishing (BC Guest Ranchers Association, n.d.).

Spotlight On: The British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association

The British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association (BCGRA) represents guest and dude ranch operators in the province. It serves and represents its members through cooperative marketing, advertising, development of operational standards, and member pricing on liability insurance plans (BCGRA, n.d.). For more information, visit the British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association website : http://www.bcguestranches.com

A 2011 study of guest ranches by Tourism BC found that there were 57 operating ranches in the province. Most of these were small operations with one to five employees and serving fewer than 1,000 clients per year (Tourism BC, 2011a). There are also large operations such as the Hills Health Guest Ranch located near 100 Mile House, which can accommodate hundreds of guests at one time. The ranch features a full on-site spa and two dining rooms, and hosts a multitude of special events each year. Two other examples of unique guest ranch operations are the Siwash Lake Ranch in south-central BC, a “high-end” exclusive resort featuring executive-chef prepared meals, and the Echo Valley Ranch and Spa in the BC interior, offering an alternative therapy spa and gold-panning excursions.

Hunting Outfitters

Hunting is a traditional recreational activity in BC, and it is also one of the original tourism products in the province (GOABC, n.d.). BC is fortunate to have a vast amount of wilderness available for hunting activities.  The exact size of the hunting market is difficult to quantify, but in 2003, a study found that 5,000 non-resident hunting licences were sold in BC, contributing $46 million to the provincial economy (CTC, 2012).

Some people choose self-guided hunting activities, but to hunt certain species, a guide outfitter must be hired. Guide outfitters are licensed by the BC Government to provide commercial hunting services for non-residents. This commercial hunt service directly employs more than 2,000 BC residents and generates approximately $116 million in economic activity annually (GOABC, n.d.). Many of these outfitters are small family operations  based in rural areas; they are a source valuable economic activity in areas with limited resources (GOABC, n.d.).

Spotlight On: Guide Outfitters Association of BC

Guide Outfitters Association of BC (GOABC) was established in 1966 to promote and preserve the interests of guide outfitters who take hunters out into wildlife habitat. GOABC is also the publisher of Mountain Hunter magazine. Its website outlines a code of conduct and standards for guide outfitters as well as a wildlife DNA collection program to help provide insight into animal populations. For more information, visit the Guide Outfitters Association of BC website : http://www.goabc.org

Cycling is a popular recreational activity in BC thanks to a variety of terrain, spectacular scenery, and favourable weather conditions, with approximately 44% of residents participating each year (Tourism BC, 2013). Cycling also attracts out-of-province visitors. One study from 2008 reported that out of 5.6 million Canadians who travelled to BC over a two-year period, almost one million (17%) had participated in a cycling activity (Tourism BC, 2009).

Spotlight On: Cycling Destinations

Several BC destinations have developed cycling as a key tourism product. For example, the Salt Spring Island group Island Pathways helped make the island more bike-friendly in recent years by installing bike racks, developing a map with bike routes, encouraging local transportation to accommodate bikes, and establishing local bike rentals and service. For more information, visit Salt Spring Island Cycling : http://www.saltspringtourism.com/cycling/

Another great example of cycling tourism is the Kettle Valley Railway in the Okanagan, built on an abandoned railbed. This 600-kilometre trail network includes a multitude of tunnels and trestles, and is most often travelled by cycling. Sections of the trail system are also now included in the Trans Canada Trail. For more information, visit the Kettle Valley Railway website : http://www.kettlevalleyrailway.ca/

Cycling can be generalized into two styles: road cycling and mountain biking.

Road cycling appeals to those who want to travel on paved roads on bikes designed for travelling long distances efficiently and effectively. Road cycling may refer to racing, both recreational and professional, or cycle touring, where cyclists travel by bike on single- or multi-day trips. Given the multitude of rolling hills, mountain passes, and stunning vistas, BC is regarded as a premier cycle touring destination (Destination BC, 2014b).

Mountain biking generally involves riding on unpaved routes and trails either specially designed for biking or for multipurpose use. BC’s reputation as a prime mountain biking destination has grown because of the unique array of trails available, ranging from the steep, challenging routes of Vancouver’s North Shore, to the high alpine cross-country routes found in the South Chilcotin Mountains (Tourism BC, 2011b).

Take a Closer Look: Mountain Bike Tourism

The report Tourism Essentials Guide: Mountain Bike Tourism is a valuable resource for operators or communities seeking to develop or promote mountain biking tourism in their area. It can be found at Tourism Essentials Guide: Mountain Bike Tourism [PDF] : http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Programs/Guides-Workshops-and-Webinars/Guides/Tourism-Business-Essentials-Guides/TBE-Guide-Mountain-Biking-May2011.pdf.aspx

Over the years, mountain biking has grown from being a fringe activity to a mainstay of the tourism economy. In fact, the growth potential of mountain biking is so highly regarded that the BC Government now considers it as one of the top growth areas in the outdoor adventure sector (Tourism BC, 2011b).

Indeed, numerous mountain winter resorts such as Whistler Blackcomb, Silverstar, and Kicking Horse have developed mountain biking trail infrastructure and lift-accessed biking to provide off-season activities. World-class mountain biking races such as the Test of Metal and the BC Bike Race bring thousands of riders through small communities for mountain biking. The economic impact of these events is significant. Over the course of a single four-month season in the Sea-to-Sky Corridor in 2006 (including the communities of North Vancouver, Squamish, and Whistler), the economic contribution of mountain biking to local economies was $10.3 million (Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association, 2006).

Spotlight On: Test of Metal and GranFondo 

Two major bike races bring significant visitors to the Sea-to-Sky Corridor.  The Test of Metal, held in Squamish, has sold out every year since 1998, and brings upward of 1,000 mountain bikers into the area for a one-day event each June. For more information, visit The Test of Metal : http://testofmetal.com/. The GranFondo Whistler is a road biking race from Vancouver to Whistler that now attracts upward of 7,000 participants each year. For more information, visit  The GranFondo : http://granfondowhistler.com

Spotlight On: Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association

Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association (MBTA) is a not-for-profit organization working toward establishing BC, and Western Canada, as the world’s foremost mountain bike tourism destination. It has hosted a symposium on mountain bike tourism and works with Bike Parks BC to ensure terrain development. For more information, visit the Mountain Bike Tourism Association website : http://www.mbta.ca/

Camping and Hiking

In 2012, over 19.3 million people visited BC provincial parks, including 16.8 million day visitors, many of whom used the parks for hiking and exploration in addition to picnics, swimming, and other outdoor activities. Of these visitors, 2.3 million were overnight campers, generating $15.5 million in user fees, with an average guest satisfaction rating of 82% (BC Parks, 2012). As discussed in Chapter 3, there are also a number of private camping providers in the province.

Wildlife Viewing

Given the diversity and richness of our natural environment, it is not surprising that there is a thriving wildlife viewing industry in BC. This includes whale, bird, and bear watching as well as travelling to view the northern lights or alpine flowers (CTC, 2007). One study conducted by the Canadian Tourism Commission established that within BC, approximately 37% of tourists took part in wildlife viewing while visiting. Significantly, for 13% of visitors, the primary motivation for their travel to BC was wildlife viewing (CTC, 2007).

Spotlight On: Wilderness Tourism Association of British Columbia

The Wilderness Tourism Association of British Columbia (WTA) provides industry support and advocacy for those operators offering nature-based tourism products. For more information, visit the Wilderness Tourism Association of BC website : www.wilderness-tourism.bc.ca

Whale watching occurs along the coast of BC, with tours sometimes leaving from major urban centres, but more commonly from smaller communities such as Telegraph Cove on northern Vancouver Island. Tours are typically by boat, on vessels ranging from open, 10-passenger Zodiacs, to comfortable cabin cruisers with inside seating. The most commonly observed whale is the orca, one of the province’s most distinctive animals. Other whales like the humpback, minke, and Pacific grey are also frequently encountered. The province’s vast diversity of marine life is a key attraction of the tours; in addition to whale watching, a typical tour may encounter bald eagles, sea lions, porpoises, and a variety of sea birds (Destination BC, 2014,d).

Take a Closer Look: Mammal Viewing Guidelines

Marine mammal viewing in Canada has grown in popularity to the point where the federal government has established marine wildlife viewing guidelines. These establish parameters such as safe viewing distances and time limits. For more information, visit the marine wildlife viewing guidelines : http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/species-especes/mammals-mammiferes/view-observer-eng.html

Bear viewing — whether for black bears, grizzly bears, or the rare kermode bear — is also popular. Black bears are common across all regions of BC. Grizzly bears are more likely to be found in remote and mountainous regions; they have an estimated population in the province of approximately 16,000. Kermode bears, also called spirit bears, are a subspecies of black bears with a genetic trait that produces white fur instead of black. They are found primarily in the Great Bear Rainforest of the Central Coast, and figure prominently in the spiritual traditions of BC’s Coastal First Nations. The spirit bear is also BC’s official animal (Destination BC, 2014a).

Tourism operators that offer bear viewing typically operate in remote regions of BC. They may utilize raised viewing areas or operate from a boat-based platform, and offer accommodation at night. The season is typically limited to May through October, with the highest chances of viewing success during the salmon spawning season in the fall.

Spotlight On: Commercial Bear Viewing Association of BC

Bear viewing is a complex activity with potential for physical risk to visitors and impacts to the bears. The Commercial Bear Viewing Association of BC (CBVA) sets standards for operators offering bear viewing. For more information, visit the Commercial Bear Viewing Association website : http://www.bearviewing.ca

Now that we’ve explored some of the key land-based tourism and recreational experiences in BC, let’s turn to the water.

Water-Based Recreation and Tourism

Water-based recreation and tourism in BC is extensive and varied. The coastline of more than 25,000 kilometres in length provides ideal opportunities for recreation and tourism (BC Adventure, n.d.).  Activities include scuba diving, boat tours, sport fishing, paddle sports, and more. Following is an overview of a few core water-based activities offered by BC tourism operators, as well as a brief description of their economic contributions and related industry organizations.

Scuba Diving

BC waters offer scuba divers a rich diversity of marine life such as giant Pacific octopuses, wolf eels, sixgill sharks, soft corals, and cloud sponges. As well, a variety of dive sites are available, including marine parks, protected natural areas, sunken naval vessels, artificial reefs, historic wrecks, and even a submerged fuselage of a Boeing 737 airliner (Dive Industry Association of BC, n.d.).

A 2004 study conducted by the Dive Industry Association of BC found that the dive industry in BC consisted of 116 operators offering services to tourists and residents alike. The many segments of the industry include manufacturers, distributers, dive charters, dive shops, and instructional centres. The study estimated that gross revenues from this industry at $15 million, although this number failed to account for other indirect spending such as trip-related accommodation and transportation. It is likely that the actual economic value of this subsector is actually significantly larger (Ivanova, 2004).

Spotlight On: Dive Industry Association of British Columbia

Established in 2002, the Dive Industry Association of British Columbia (DIABC)  is a not-for-profit that represents and supports the recreational diving industry in BC. Funded in part by matching donations from Destination BC, their diverse membership includes dive shops, tour operators, and individual dive guides. For more information, visit the Dive Industry Association of BC : http://diveindustrybc.com

Sport Fishing and Lodges

There is a long and rich history of sport fishing in BC. Anglers are drawn to the province’s tidal waters (for salmon and halibut) and to freshwater rivers and lakes (for trout, steelhead, and sturgeon). The annual rate of recreational participation is significant; a 2009 study estimated that there are nearly 600,000 anglers (either fresh or saltwater) in any given year in BC (Tourism BC, 2009). Furthermore, non-resident anglers contributed almost $6 million by way of licensing fees, and an additional $46 million in non-fishing expenditures to the economy of BC. The British Columbia Fishing Resorts and Outfitters Association (BCFROA) represents commercial freshwater resorts and outfitters and delivers advocacy, conservation, and marketing efforts on behalf of its members (BCFROA, n.d.).

Paddle Sports

River rafting, canoeing, sea kayaking, and standup paddle boarding (SUP) are common activities for both recreationists and tourists alike in BC.  Collectively, these sports fall under the paddle sports category, which encompasses any activity that takes place in small boats propelled by paddles (Education Scotland, n.d.).  Although all paddle sports are popular recreational activities, two of the more sizable and commercially productive paddle sports subsectors are river rafting and sea kayaking.

River rafting operators can be found on many rivers across BC. Product offerings may range from a three-hour adrenaline-fuelled tour on the famous Fraser River to a 14-day wilderness exploration down the UNESCO World Heritage Tatshenshini-Alsek Rivers in northern BC.  These trips consist primarily of three types of rafting: paddle rafting, motorized rafting, and float trips (Destination BC, n.d.).

Commercial rafting in BC is represented by the British Columbia River Outfitters Association (BCROA), which acts as a regulatory and marketing organization for river rafting in the province. Guides are required to be certified at one of three levels: guide, senior guide, or trip leader.  Each river in BC that is commonly rafted has an extensive set of safety requirements called “provisions” listed by the BCROA. These provisions set out the minimum level of guide required, acceptable water levels ranges, and type of equipment needed for each river excursion (BCROA, n.d.).

A 2005 study conducted by Tourism BC identified 59 operators offering river rafting trips in the province. With an average of 5.5 employees, these operations are typically small in comparison to other industry subsectors. Collectively, however, they provided services to 216,000 customers and contributed almost $15 million in gross revenues to the BC economy in 2005. The same study also indicated that up to 75% of participants had travelled to join in the activity, indicating that they can predominantly be classified as adventure tourists (Tourism BC, 2007a).

Sea kayaking in BC has grown into a sizable recreational and commercial industry in recent years. The province is highly regarded internationally for its long coastline punctuated by many inlets and fjords. Kayaking trips may be as short as an afternoon harbour tour, or as long as a seven-day wilderness exploration to the remote regions of Vancouver Island. Noteworthy areas for sea kayakers include Pacific Rim National Park on western Vancouver Island, Johnstone Strait on northern Vancouver Island, and Gwaii Haanas National Park in Haida Gwaii.

A 2005 report entitled British Columbia’s Sea Kayaking Sector identified more than 114 operators offering rentals, instruction, day tours, or multi-day tours.  These operators reported gross revenues of approximately $14 million in 2005 (Tourism BC, 2005a).

Spotlight On: The Sea Kayak Guides Alliance of BC

Commercial operators offering tours are represented by the Sea Kayak Guides Alliance of BC (SKGABC), which represents more than 600 individual and company members working in the commercial sea kayaking industry. It provides operating standards, guide certification, advocacy, and government liaison services for its members. For more information, visit the Sea Kayak Guides Alliance of BC website : www.skgabc.com

Trends and Issues

As shown throughout this chapter, recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism play predominant roles in the tourism and hospitality industry in BC. However, there are challenges that impact the viability of this sector, as well as barriers that limit the growth. These topics are discussed briefly here.

Access to wilderness areas for tourism operators is an ongoing challenge. Some zones across the province are set aside for recreation, such as provincial and national parks. However, when it comes to conducting commercial operations in these same places, gaining access often involves an extensive permitting process that may impose restrictions on the type of activity and the number of visitors allowed.

In addition, parks are generally limited to non-motorized activities, thus presenting barriers for tourism operators that seek to offer mechanized recreation. Operators using Crown land for commercial activities also require authorization from the provincial government; in some instances, priority may be given to resource extraction or development. The permitting process can be onerous and time consuming, which for small operators, may be a barrier to growth (Wilderness Tourism Association, 2005).

Environmental issues are discussed in detail in Chapter 10.

Environmental Impacts

Environmental impacts from climate change, deforestation, and resource extraction all have significant potential to affect this sector of the tourism economy. On a local scale, competition with resource extraction for wilderness areas is a vital issue; without reliable access to pristine wilderness, many operators are facing threats to their sustainability (Wilderness Tourism Association, 2005).  Indeed, conflicts with the oil and gas industry, forestry, and mining are constant management challenges for wilderness tourism operators. On a global scale, climate change threatens tourism in BC in many ways, including irregular and insufficient snowfall for winter operations, the pine beetle epidemic sweeping through the province’s forests, and climate-related stress impacting prime wildlife viewing of species such as whales and bears. Environmental issues are discussed in detail in Chapter 10: Environmental Stewardship.

Risk Management

Concerns over risk management and litigation are ongoing for any operator that offers activities with an element of risk. When lawsuits in adventure tourism occur, they are often extensively publicized by the media, creating a perception of risky, dangerous, and irresponsible adventure operators. This can negatively affect the sector through rising insurance rates, increasing governmental regulation, challenging certification requirements, and permitting difficulties when interfacing with land management agencies.

With the popularity of backcountry skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, and other winter sports on the rise in BC, the number of participants accessing backcountry areas is increasing (Mitsui, 2013). This is becoming a concern for long-time backcountry enthusiasts as well as safety monitors such as Avalanche Canada. As winter and summer backcountry equipment becomes more readily accessible, people are able to equip themselves without having received advanced safety training.

The increase of backcountry users will continue to expose users to possible dangerous situations. The best scenario is to ensure users receive proper training and education before they venture into the backcountry areas.

Other elements of risk and liability are discussed further in Chapter 11.

Despite some of the challenges faced by recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism, the industry as a whole remains an exciting, dynamic, and growing sector of the BC tourism economy. Employment opportunities abound, and the potential for economic contribution to the province, protection of wilderness areas, and diversification of rural economies away from resource extraction are exciting prospects. BC is uniquely positioned to maintain positive growth in this area, contingent upon government support to address the barriers and challenges listed above. Students looking to develop professionally in this field should strive to gain both hands-on experience in a specialized activity, and a strong tourism focused education; this combination will offer the best chance to open doors to a long-term career in this exciting industry.

Now that we understand the importance of recreation to the tourism industry, especially in BC, let’s explore Chapter 6, which looks at entertainment, the other half of this industry classification.

• Adventure tourism: outdoor activities with an element of risk, usually somewhat physically challenging and undertaken in natural, undeveloped areas
• Association of Canadian Mountain Guides (ACMG):  Canada’s only internationally recognized guiding association, offering a range of certifications
• Avalanche Canada : a not-for-profit society that provides public avalanche forecasts and education for backcountry travellers venturing into avalanche terrain, dedicated to a vision of eliminating avalanche injuries and fatalities in Canada
• British Columbia Golf Marketing Alliance: a strategic alliance representing 58 regional and destination golf resorts in BC with the goal of having BC achieve recognition nationally and internationally as a leading golf destination
• British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association (BCGRA): an organization offering marketing opportunities and development support for BC’s guest ranch operators
• British Columbia Snowmobile Federation (BCSF): an organization offering snowmobile patrol services, lessons on operations, and advocating for the maintenance of riding areas in BC
• Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA): founded in 1966 and headquartered in Kelowna, BC, CWSAA represents ski areas and industry suppliers and provides government and media relations as well as safety and risk management expertise to its membership
• Canadian Ski Guide Association (CSGA): founded in British Columbia, an organization that runs a training institute for professional guides, and a separate non-profit organization representing CSGA guide and operating members
• Commercial Bear Viewing Association of BC (CBVA):  promoters of best practices in sustainable viewing, training, and certification for guides, and advocating for land use practices.
• Destination mountain resorts:  large-scale mountain resorts where the draw is the resort itself; usually the resort offers all services needed in a tourism destination
• Dive Industry Association of BC: a marketing and advocacy organization protecting the interests of divers, dive shops, guides, dive instructors, and diving destinations in BC
• Guide Outfitters Association of BC (GOABC): established in 1966 to promote and preserve the interests of guide outfitters, who take hunters out into wildlife habitat; publishers of Mountain Hunter magazine
• Nature-based tourism: tourism activities where the motivator is immersion in the natural environment; the focus is often on wildlife and wilderness areas
• Off-road recreational vehicle (ORV): any vehicle designed to travel off of paved roads and on to trails and gravel roads, such as an ATV (all-terrain vehicle) or Jeep
• Outdoor recreation : recreational activities occurring outside; generally in undeveloped areas
• Outdoor Recreation Council of BC (ORC): a not-for-profit organization that promotes the benefits of outdoor recreation, represents the community to government and the general public, advocates and educates about responsible land use, provides a forum for exchanging information, and connects different outdoor recreation groups
• Recreation: activities undertaken for leisure and enjoyment
• Regional mountain resorts : small resorts where the focus is on outdoor recreation for the local communities; may also draw tourists
• Sea Kayak Guides Alliance of BC : representing more than 600 members in the commercial sea kayaking industry, providing operating standards, guide certification, advocacy, and government liaison services
• Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association (MBTA): a not-for-profit organization working toward establishing BC, and Western Canada, as the world’s foremost mountain bike tourism destination
•  Wilderness Tourism Association (WTA): an organization that advocates for over 850 nature-based tourism operators in BC, placing a priority on protecting natural resources for continued enjoyment by visitors and residents alike
• Compare and contrast the terms recreation, outdoor recreation , and adventure tourism . How can we differentiate between each of these terms?
• Do you believe that ORV tourism operators should be considered nature-based tourism? Explain.
• What is the difference between a regional mountain resort and a destination mountain resort?
• Of the smaller subsectors of tourism economy discussed in this chapter, name three that are commonly found in small, rural communities. What is their significance to the local community?
• Name a well-known destination for mountain biking in BC. What is the attraction of that area?
• Why is backcountry skiing/snowboarding sometimes considered a risky activity? Explain. How can these risks be mitigated?
• List three industry organizations described in this chapter that represent outdoor tourism subsectors. What general services do they offer to those they represent?
• What unique advantages does BC offer for recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism?
• Review the section Trends and Issues. What suggestions would you give to the BC Government to support tourism in this subsector?

Case Study: The Wind Within

In late 2014, Destination British Columbia launched a video and set of corresponding marketing materials that sought to expand on the “Super, Natural” brand promise for the province.

Watch the video here:  “The Wild Within: British Columbia, Canada” : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNFrZNjs2ng

On your own or as part of a team, consider the following:

• What natural elements are being promoted?
• What recreational activities are featured in the video?
• Which industry groups or associations are needed to support these activities? Name at least five.
• What are the advantages of promoting BC’s natural elements as a pillar of marketing campaigns?
• What are the disadvantages? How might these be mitigated?

BC Adventure. (n.d.)  BC Adventure Planner .  Retrieved from: http://www.bcadventure.com/adventure/planner/quick.htm

BC Fishing Resorts and Outfitters Association. (n.d.). About BCFROA . Retrieved from: http://bcfroa.ca/about-bcfroa

BC Guest Ranchers Association. (n.d.).  Requirements .  Retrieved from: www.bcguestranches.com

BC Parks. (2012). 2011/2012 Statistics Report . [PDF] Retrieved from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/research/statistic_report/statistic_report_2012.pdf

British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. (2014). Off-Road Vehicle Act. Retrieved from: https://www.leg.bc.ca/40th2nd/1st_read/gov13-1.htm

British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Innovation. (2012). Gaining the edge: A five-year strategy for tourism in BC. [PDF]   Retrieved from: http://www.jtst.gov.bc.ca/tourismstrategy/documents/mjti_tourismstrategyreport_fnl.pdf

British Columbia River Outfitters Association. (n.d.). Provisions. [PDF] Retrieved from www.bcroa.com/sites/default/files/river_raft2002_revisedmanual.pdf

British Columbia Snowmobile Federation (n.d.). About BCSF . Retrieved from: http://bcsf.org

British Columbia Snowmobile Operators Association. (n.d.). About us – Snowmobile British Columbia. Retrieved from http://www.snowmobilebritishcolumbia.com/?page_id=450

Canadian Mountain Holidays. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from: www.canadianmountainholidays.com/about-us.aspx

Canadian Tourism Commission. (2007). TAMS 2006-Canadian activity profile: Wildlife viewing while on trips . [PDF] Retrieved from: http://en-corporate.canada.travel/sites/default/files/pdf/Research/Product-knowledge/TAMS/Canadian%20Travellers%20Outdoor%20Activity/CDN_Wildlife_Viewing_en.pdf

Canadian Tourism Commission. (2012). Sport fishing and game hunting in Canada: An assessment on the potential international tourism opportunity. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://en-corporate.canada.travel/sites/default/files/pdf/Research/Product-knowledge/Product-research/07082013_the_hunting_landscape_rev1.pdf

Cross Country BC. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from: http://www.crosscountrybc.ca/about

Destination BC. (2014a). Bear viewing. Retrieved from: www.hellobc.com/british-columbia/things-to-do/parks-wildlife/bear-watching.aspx

Destination BC. (2014b). Biking. Retrieved from: www.hellobc.com/british-columbia/things-to-do/outdoor-activities/biking.aspx

Destination BC. (2014c). Golfing. Retrieved from: http://www.hellobc.com/british-columbia/things-to-do/outdoor-activities/golf.aspx

Destination BC. (2014d). Whale watching. Retrieved from: www.hellobc.com/vancouver-island/things-to-do/parks-wildlife/whale-watching.aspx

Destination BC. (n.d.) River rafting British Columbia . Retrieved from http://www.hellobc.com/british-columbia/things-to-do/water-activities/river-rafting.aspx

Dive Industry Association of BC. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from: www.diveindustrybc.com

Education Scotland. (n.d.). Paddlesports. Retrieved from: http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/learningteachingandassessment/approaches/outdoorlearning/healthandsafety/guides/activityguidance/paddlesports.asp

Guide Outfitters Association of BC. (n.d.).  Economic contribution. Retrieved from: www.goabc.org/economic-contribution.aspx

HeliCat Canada. (n.d.). Our members.  Retrieved from: http://www.helicatcanada.com/our-members/heliskiing-members.html

Ivanova, I. (2004). Recreational diving in British Columbia survey report. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Water-based/Recreational_Scuba_Diving_in_British_Columbia-sflb.pdf.aspx

Mitsui, E. (2013). Popularity of backcountry skiing worries some in industry. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/popularity-of-backcountry-skiing-worries-some-in-industry-1.1313223

Outdoor Recreation Council of BC. (2014). About Us. Retrieved from: http://orcbc.ca/about_mission.htm

Porteus, S. (March 6, 2013). The growing business of the backcountry. BC Business. Retrieved from: www.bcbusiness.ca/tourism-culture/the-growing-business-of-the-backcountry

Selkirk Wilderness Skiing (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from: www.selkirkwilderness.com/about_us/

Strategic Networks, Inc. (2009). Economic impact for golf in Canada. [PDF] Retrieved from:  http://www.pgaofcanada.com/Userfiles/SNG_NAGA_Impact%20GolfCanada_2009_KeyFindings_EN_Issued%20Aug17_09(1).pdf

Tourism BC. (2005a). British Columbia River Outfitters report . Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/Research/Research-by-Activity/Water-based.aspx#.VIYlbb4irzI

Tourism BC. (2005b). Characteristics of commercial nature-based tourism industry in British Columbia [PDF] . Retrieved from:  http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Land-based/Economic_Impacts_of_Commercial_Nature-Based_Tourism_Report-sflb.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2007a). British Columbia’s sea kayaking sector 2005. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/All-Research-by-Activity/British-Columbia-s-Sea-Kayakers-Report-(2005),-Dec/British_Columbia_s_Sea_Kayakers_Report_2005-sflb.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2007b). Travel activities and motivations of Canadian residents: An overview. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Travel-Motivations-(TAMS)/Canadian-Travel-Motivations/Canadian_TAMS_Overview_Report.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2009a). Fishing product overview. Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Water-based/Fishing_Sector_Profile.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2009b). Golf sector profile [PDF] . Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Land-based/Golf_Sector_Profile.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2009c). Wildlife viewing product overview . [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/Land-based/Wildlife_Viewing_Sector_Profile.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2011a). Guest ranchers business survey 2008/2009. [PDF] Retrieved from:  http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/All-Research-by-Activity/Guest-Ranchers-Business-Survey-2008-2009,-January/GuestRanchersReport2008_2009.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2011b). Mountain bike tourism guide. Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/Research/Research-by-Activity/Land-based.aspx#.VIYqOr4irzI

Tourism BC. (2011c). The value of mountain resorts to the British Columbia economy. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/All-Research-by-Activity/Value-of-Mountain-Resorts-to-the-British-Columbia/Value_of_Mountain_Resort_Properties_Phase_One_June-2012.pdf.aspx

Tourism BC. (2013). 2009/2010 Outdoor recreation study . [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Research-by-Activity/All-Research-by-Activity/Outdoor-Recreation-Study-2009-2010,-January-2013/Outdoor-Recreation-for-Distribution-14Jan13-FINAL-DRAFT-(2).pdf.aspx

Tribe, J. (2011).  The economics of recreation, leisure, and tourism. 4th Edition. Oxford, England: Elsevier.

United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014). Global report on adventure tourism. Retrieved from: http://affiliatemembers.unwto.org/publication/global-report-adventure-tourism

Webster, D. (2013). Adventure tourism operators and snowmobiles: Managing interactions. [PDF] Retrieved from: https://dspace.royalroads.ca/docs/bitstream/handle/10170/660/webster_donald.pdf?sequence=1

Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association. (2006). Sea-to-sky mountain biking economic impact study . [PDF] Retrieved from:  http://www.mbta.ca/assets/pdfs/S2S_E_I_Study.pdf

Wilderness Tourism Association. (2005). Characteristics of the commercial nature-based Tourism industry in British Columbia . [PDF] Retrieved from http://www.wilderness-tourism.bc.ca/docs/Commercial_Nature-Based%20Tourism.pdf

Attributions

Figure 5.1   Up and over by Ruth Hartnup is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.2   Row Your Boat by Matt Hosford is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.3   Blackcomb by Jeff Wilcox is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.4   Snowmobiling by Shazron is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.5   Cyclists by Jason Sager is used under a CC-BY-SA 2.0 license.

Figure 5.6   A bear in Bute Inlet, BC by John Critchley is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.7  Waiting in line by Ruth Hartnup is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.8   Rafting Adventure in Squamish, BC by Raj Taneja is used under a CC-BY-NC 2.0 license.

Figure 5.9   Absolutely Nothing is Allowed Here by Vicki & Chuck Rogers is used under a CC-BY-NC-SA 2.0 license.

Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC Copyright © 2015 by Don Webster is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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What Is Recreational Tourism?

By Michael Ferguson

Recreational tourism is a type of travel that focuses on leisure activities and entertainment. It involves exploring new destinations, trying out new experiences, and relaxing in beautiful surroundings. Recreational tourism has become increasingly popular in recent years as people seek to escape the stresses of modern life and enjoy some downtime.

What Does Recreational Tourism Involve?

Recreational tourism can involve a wide range of activities, depending on the interests and preferences of the traveler. Some common recreational activities include:

• Sightseeing

These activities can be enjoyed individually or as part of a group. Many recreational tourists prefer to travel with friends or family members who share their interests.

Benefits of Recreational Tourism:

Recreational tourism has many benefits for travelers. For one, it provides an opportunity to disconnect from daily routines and recharge both physically and mentally. It can also help individuals gain new perspectives on life, learn new skills, and make lasting memories with loved ones.

In addition to personal benefits, recreational tourism can also have positive impacts on local communities. By supporting local businesses such as restaurants, hotels, and tour companies, recreational tourists help stimulate economic growth in these areas.

Challenges of Recreational Tourism:

Despite its many benefits, recreational tourism also poses some challenges. One major issue is overtourism – when destinations become overcrowded with tourists during peak seasons. This can lead to environmental damage, strain on infrastructure, and decreased quality of life for locals.

Another challenge is the impact of recreational tourism on wildlife habitats. Activities such as hiking or camping can disrupt natural ecosystems if not properly managed.

Conclusion:

9 Related Question Answers Found

What is the meaning of recreational tourism, what is an example of recreational tourism, what are some examples of recreational tourism, what is recreation tourism, what is visitor tourism, what is resort tourism, what is meant by environmental tourism, what is theme tourism, what is tourism in simple words, backpacking - budget travel - business travel - cruise ship - vacation - tourism - resort - cruise - road trip - destination wedding - tourist destination - best places, london - madrid - paris - prague - dubai - barcelona - rome.

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The Tourism and Leisure Experience

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More hotels are catering to the 'bleisure' — business and leisure — traveler

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"Bleisure" is a new term in hospitality, a combination of business and leisure travel. It's part of a post-pandemic reset of our travel habits.

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Leisure, Tourism, and Space: A Thematic Exploration

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• Peter Nijkamp 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ,
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• Soushi Suzuki 9  

Part of the book series: New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives ((NFRSASIPER,volume 53))

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This contribution posits that the tourism sector—as part of the leisure society—deserves a more prominent position in regional science. After a general outline of trends in modern tourism, this chapter argues that promising research angles can be found in: (a) the closer examination of the complex components of leisure time, (b) the income drivers and prosperity impacts of tourism, and (c) the place-based characteristics of tourism destinations (including environmental and neighbourhood externalities). The new role of regional science research in tourism is also to be found in the wider context of the hospitality sector and in a context-specific research framing.

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Acknowledgements

Karima Kourtit and Peter Nijkamp acknowledge the grant from the Axel och Margaret Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse, Sweden. The authors also acknowledge the grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS—UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0166, within the PNCDI III project ReGrowEU—Advancing ground-breaking research in regional growth and development theories, through a resilience approach: towards a convergent, balanced, and sustainable European Union (Iasi, Romania).

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Nijkamp, P., Kourtit, K., Suzuki, S. (2021). Leisure, Tourism, and Space: A Thematic Exploration. In: Suzuki, S., Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P. (eds) Tourism and Regional Science. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 53. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3623-3_1

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, is tourism conducive to green growth an investigation of the role of tourism-based economic expansion in the nexus of leisure tourism and business tourism.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights

ISSN : 2514-9792

Article publication date: 17 May 2024

The gradual expansion of the tourism sector is raising concerns about whether tourism-based economies are conducive to supporting green growth. Hence, the current study aims to analyze the direct impact of tourism motives on green growth along with the indirect impact of tourism-based economic expansion while controlling for country risk and renewable energy.

Design/methodology/approach

An unbalanced panel data for a sample of 21 countries comprising OECD and non-OECD economies are employed for the analysis.

Regression results reveal that leisure tourism (LT) significantly and positively influences CO 2 intensity compared to business tourism (BT). Propensity score matching results show that the most traveled tourist destinations contribute more to CO 2 intensity than those less traveled. Mediation analysis by employing Baron and Kenny’s three-step regression, Sobel’s test and Monte Carlo test shows that tourism-based economic expansion significantly mediates between the nexus of LT and CO 2 intensity.

Practical implications

Results of the study provide useful practical implications for sustainable economy and green growth. It recommends to mitigate the challenges of LT, reducing the negative impact and to harness the potential of BT, enhancing the positive influence, through various policies and practices.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine the impact of LT and BT on green growth, to explore the role of destination popularity and the mediating role of tourism-based economic expansion in this relationship.

• Green growth
• Tourism motives
• Economic expansion
• CO2 intensity
• Propensity score matching

Awan, A. , Hussain, K. , Zafar, M. and Bajwa, S.U. (2024), "Is tourism conducive to green growth? An investigation of the role of tourism-based economic expansion in the nexus of leisure tourism and business tourism", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights , Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-11-2023-0855

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Understanding the Factors Influencing the Leisure Tourism Behavior of Visually Impaired Travelers: An Empirical Study in China

Guanghui qiao.

1 School of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China

2 Zheshang Research Institute, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China

Junmiao Zhang

3 School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, Cairns Campus, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia

4 Research Institute for Study Travel, Henan University, Kaifeng, China

Associated Data

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

This study looks at the real-world problems which vision impaired individuals face when they travel. More specifically, this study aims to explore the main factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals. Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 visually impaired respondents, this study identifies six main factors impacting on the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals including: tourism products and services, personal psychological factors, social support, community support, personal socio-economic factors, and barrier-free environments. Findings show that visually impaired travelers have strong requirements for auditory, tactile, and physical participation. Support factors such as travel companions/escorts, tour organizers specifically targeting their experiential offerings at the visually impaired, and an accessible environment are important considerations for visually impaired travelers. Findings also show that visually impaired individuals participate in leisure tourism to enhance their own abilities, relieve pressures on their families, break stereotypes associated with the visually impaired, and promote the need for greater tourism development specifically targeting visually impaired travelers. This study also proposes a theoretical model outlining the factors influencing leisure tourism of visually impaired people.

Introduction

With the increase in leisure time and material wealth comes an enhanced awareness of leisure time as an important avenue for improving life happiness and realizing life meaning (Liu and Li, 2020 ). However, visually impaired individuals are constrained by their own physiological conditions, making it difficult for them to participate in leisure tourism. Because of their impaired visual function, they have long been imprisoned by the traditional opinion that tourism is about sightseeing which requires one to be able to see the sights (Xie, 2017 ). This is also the reason why we seldom see visually impaired people in scenes of daily life and leisure tourism (Zhang, 2019 ). Nonetheless, the number of visually impaired people is substantial, and there is potential for future tourism development to focus on the specific needs of this potential market segment. The World Health Organization estimates that 253 million people worldwide suffer from visual impairment, of whom about 36 million are completely blind, and about 217 million suffer from moderate to severe visual impairment (Bourne et al., 2017 ). As of 2016, there are ~17 million visually impaired people in China (Datagoo, 2020 ), and this figure is growing at a rate of about 450,000 individuals per year (ChinaIRN, 2019 ). Including relatives and friends of visually impaired individuals who often act as travel companions, the market volume is estimated to increase three to four times the absolute number of visually impaired people (China Disabled Persons' Federation, 2007 ). A survey conducted in China shows that more than 60% of disabled people have a strong desire to travel, and the proportion of disabled people who have a desire to travel is increasing (Liu, 2016 ). To promote tourism development targeting the visually impaired, it is important to gain their perspectives on the types of tourism experiences they prefer including appropriate supporting factors. There is a dearth of relevant tourism literature focusing on visually impaired people and their tourism related needs, and any barriers they face when accessing tourism experiences. Thus, there are significant benefits in considering the experiences of visually impaired individuals to build a theoretical model which identifies the factors influencing the tourism behavior of visually impaired people.

To fill this gap in the extant literature, this study aims to explore the factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals, and to propose a theoretical model that is helpful in guiding future tourism development targeting the visually impaired. China has the largest number of visually impaired people in the world. Hence, this study focuses on Chinese visually impaired people, and attempts to uncover the “mysterious veil” of influencing factors that impact on their tourism behavior. It is also hoped that this study can deepen the public's understanding of visually impaired individuals and their needs for tourism experiences, and to provide guidelines for the creation of tourism products that better serve visually impaired people.

Literature Review

Leisure, tourism, and leisure tourism for the visually impaired.

Leisure is not only a kind of human behavior, but also a complex social phenomenon. No all-encompassing definition of leisure exists to fully describe its different states and meanings under different historical stages, cultural backgrounds, and social scenes (Guo, 2013 ). Existing interpretations of leisure focus on three perspectives: time, activity content, and psychology. From the perspective of time, a person's time can be divided into working time and free time (Ma, 2003 ). Apart from the time needed to maintain basic life and domestic chores, the rest of the free time is leisure time. Making full use of such time to carry out leisure activities is conducive to improving work efficiency and life satisfaction (Stebbins, 1996 ; Liu and Li, 2020 ). From the perspective of activity content, leisure is usually interpreted as non-work, non-obligatory and non-oppressive activities determined by personal preferences. Individuals may participate in activities that provide them with physical and mental pleasure, spiritual satisfaction, self-actualization, and the pursuit of leisure activities that cannot be obtained in their habitual activities (McLean, 2003 ). From the psychological perspective, “leisure” mainly emphasizes people's subjective attitudes and feelings. Leisure is regarded as a free, relaxed, sublimated, and unrestrained mental state, which is not only of pleasure value, but also of great significance to health, and the promotion of subjective well-being (Newman et al., 2014 ). Leisure can be divided into several types of activities (Guo, 2005 ). For example, tourism, sports, and cultural pursuits are all types of leisure (Liu, 2006 ). Traveling to unusual environments to obtain leisure tourism experiences has gradually become a major part of leisure (Cheng, 2006 ). Ideally, there should be no differences in the concept of leisure tourism for sighted individuals and for visually impaired individuals. However, the channels and ways for the visually impaired to participate in leisure tourism experiences are significantly different compared to sighted people (Kong and Loi, 2017 ). Currently, there is no special definition of leisure tourism for the visually impaired in the academic literature. In the context of this study, we propose the following definition of leisure tourism for visually impaired people: Tourism experiences specifically targeting vision impaired individuals who wish to travel. Such tourism experiences focus on sensory elements beyond sight and include aspects such as accommodation, restaurant, transportation and more accessible attractions and museums. Leisure tourism for visually impaired individuals can be divided into two categories: (1) family tourism for visually impaired people and (2) group tourism for visually impaired people. The first category recognizes that visually impaired individuals usually travel with their families and friends, which not only provides an opportunity for the visually impaired and their families and friends to have rest and relaxation together (Darcy, 2010 ), but also enables the visually impaired to have more harmonious social relations (Chang and Chen, 2012 ). The latter category of travel is mainly targeted at visually impaired people and includes a small number of service personnel. According to the nature of the group, this category can be further subdivided into non-profit tour groups and commercial tour groups. Non-profit tour groups for visually impaired people are usually organized by non-profit organizations or are organized by visually impaired people themselves (Meza et al., 2019 ). Alternatively, commercial tour groups for the visually impaired are organized by professional travel agencies. While it has previously been uncommon for visually impaired individuals to travel by themselves (Small et al., 2012 ), an increasing number of them are now traveling the world alone (Zhang, 2019 ).

Factors Influencing Leisure Tourism

Leisure can be divided into universal factors and situational factors. Universal factors mainly include personal psychological factors, physiological factors, and socio-economic factors, while situational factors mainly include environmental and social resource aspects (Chang and Gibson, 2015 ). The universal factors are closely related to the characteristics of the individuals themselves. From a psychological perspective, the influencing factors of leisure may include personality, needs, motivation, attitude, and other psychological characteristics. For example, Diener et al. ( 2003 ) found that people with different personality characteristics have different leisure preferences. Based on Cognitive Appraisal Theory (CAT), internal factors (e.g., individual goals, motivations, expectations, needs) and external factors (e.g., identification with particular societies and groups, interactions, and policies) have an influence on individual behavior (Klaus and Scherer, 1993 ).

As a result of the combined effect of internal and external factors, individuals will experience different emotions in specific situations, and these emotions directly affect their behavior (Cohen et al., 1991 ). As far as tourism behavior is concerned, the psychology of tourists has been identified as playing an important role between the various influencing factors and tourists' behavior. Furthermore, tourists' travel motivations and travel preferences are often associated with emotions. The type and intensity of the travel motivation can have an impact on emotions experienced during traveling. Emotions are relevant in all stages of tourist behavior (Prayag et al., 2013 ). In the pre-tourism desire arousing stage, emotions are fundamental in evoking tourism motivation and tourism involvement. During the stage of decision-making and the journey, the emotional state of tourists at different time periods and their tourism behavior are constantly interacting with each other (Scott, 2020 ). The value of tourism is largely assessed through emotions. For tourists, the ultimate value of all tourism behaviors is to obtain positive emotional enjoyment and delight from their travel experiences (Hosany et al., 2020 ). The various factors associated with the external or internal environment generate the emotional connection between tourist destinations and tourists, which plays a key role in understanding tourist behavior (Liu et al., 2016 ).

Physiological factors can also influence leisure tourism behavior. For example, individuals with stronger health and enjoyment motives, are more likely to participate in leisure activities. Research from a socio-economic perspective pays attention to people's external characteristics such as economic income, occupation category, age group, family structure, gender, marital status and so on. For example, Zhao et al. ( 2013 ) conducted an empirical study on the leisure behavior of urban residents in Nanjing, and the results showed that social and economic attributes such as age, education background and income were key factors affecting residents' leisure activities and their choice of travel modes. Jiang et al. ( 2011 ) found that children in a family affect the frequency and type of leisure activities.

Situational factors are different from universal factors in that they are mainly associated with environmental and social resource aspects including interpersonal factors and structural factors. Interpersonal factors are generated in the process of communication and interaction between leisure participants and others, such as the opinions of peers, family members and friends. Structural factors often play a mediating role between leisure preference and leisure participation, including appropriate access to leisure facilities, leisure opportunities, social and cultural environment, overall economic development level of society, and relevant policies (Dai et al., 2019 ). According to the hierarchical model of leisure constraints developed by Crawford et al. ( 1991 ), individual intrinsic factors are the most important factors that directly affect leisure participation, while interpersonal factors and structural factors are secondary to individual intrinsic factors.

Leisure tourism is different from leisure. The latter is not linked to a spatial location, however leisure tourism is often associated with distant places. The influencing factors of leisure are mainly associated with individual, interpersonal, and social aspects. However, the main factors of leisure tourism also include considerations of what tourism destination to travel to and transitional factors between the tourism destination and the tourist's origin (Werner and Andreas, 2006 ). The products, facilities, marketing, image, and tourism agencies of a particular tourism destination will also have an impact on an individual's perception of leisure tourism.

The above literature review can be used as a reference for research on the factors influencing leisure tourism of the visually impaired. However, the factors influencing leisure tourism of the visually impaired also have their particularities and differences. While their visual senses are impaired due to congenital or acquired factors (Guo, 2005 ), they can perceive the world by hearing, smell, taste and touch (Darcy and Daruwalla, 1999 ). There is a lack of research on the factors influencing leisure tourism of visually impaired individuals. This is a gap this study is attempting to fill by identifying the factors affecting the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals and by proposing a theoretical framework based on the identified factors.

Research Methods

Data collection.

This exploratory study uses a qualitative research design to explore the factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to obtain detailed situational information of visually impaired research participants. The interviews took place from July to August 2020. Considering the spatial dispersion and confidentiality of the research participants, as well as the sensitivity of the research topic, this study adopted a purposive sampling strategy. The official WeChat account of a professional travel agency for the visually impaired was used to recruit potential research participants. Interviewees were recruited from all over China; hence data collection was carried out through one-on-one in-depth telephone interviews. The question schedule used during the interviews was developed based on the existing literature and research needs. Before the formal interview, the question schedule was pilot tested with three visually impaired people and appropriate adjustments were made to reduce any ambiguities. Key interview questions included: What do you do in your spare time? Have you previously participated in a leisure tour? What are the reasons for your wish to travel? What factors affect your travel behavior? The semi-structured questions worked well in providing the research participants with the opportunity to express themselves, while further prompts were used to trigger in-depth discussions on the research topic.

In this study, saturation was achieved after interviewing 21 participants, and the final 5 interviews did not provide any new insights. Interviews lasted about 40–60 min, and all interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants. After the interviews, the recordings were transcribed word-for-word into Chinese text for analysis.

The profile of the research participants is shown in Table 1 . Of the 26 participants, 16 were men and 10 were women. Sixteen were completely blind and 10 were severely amblyopic. More than half of the research participants have a high school or technical secondary school education as their highest education, while only six had a university degree. In terms of employment, there were 11 research participants who were engaged in non-massage related jobs, including writing, music, software promotion, artificial intelligence, audio novel recording, finance, disabled persons' service center and other employment, breaking the stereotype of “the visually impaired can only do massage.”

Profile of interview participants ( N = 26).

Data Analysis

Analysis involved identifying and coding any emergent themes using a structured Grounded Theory approach (Luborsky, 1994 ). With the help of the NVivo software (version 12, QSR), the following types of coding were conducted: open coding, axial coding and selective coding (Strauss and Corbin, 1998 ), to explore and analyze the main themes in the data, and to construct a theoretical framework of the factors affecting leisure tourism behaviors of visually impaired individuals.

In the stage of open coding, the interview transcripts were categorized into common themes. This involved reading and sorting the transcripts to establish free nodes of theme-related original statements, which resulted in 274 original categories. There were some semantic crossovers, and semantic repetitions. To reduce the crossovers and repetitions, the 274 original categories were refined undergoing a process of repeated comparison and integration. This process resulted in 75 categories with independent connotations.

In the axial coding stage, the categories were analyzed for their thematic ideas and relationships to one another, which resulted in 21 categories. These categories included: tourist information, management support, service level, tourism products, tourism preference, tourism motivation, personality, emotional state, knowledge background, economic status, physical condition, spare time, perceived stress, social environment, policy support, visually impaired tourism organizations, volunteer services, family support, traffic and transport accessibility, buildings and facilities accessibility, information accessibility.

Finally, the selective coding process involved further clarifying and refining of any relationships and organizing the identified categories around a central explanatory concept. This resulted in six core themes being identified, including tourism products and services, personal psychological factors, personal socio-economic factors, social support, community support, and barrier-free environments.

Finally, to ensure the quality of the coding process and interpretation, the coded results were checked by both the research members and the interviewees (Cho and Trent, 2006 ). Based on the above analysis, the interrelationships between categories have been clearly defined. The six main themes and their corresponding categories were used as the foundation to construct a theoretical framework which outlines the factors influencing leisure tourism behaviors for visually impaired persons, as shown in Figure 1 .

Factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals.

As a result of the content analysis of the transcribed text, the travel process of the visually impaired can be divided into three parts: travel desires, travel decision-making, and travel behavior resulting from the different psychological states of tourists at different travel stages. By reviewing the descriptions of the interview participants, it can be ascertained that most of the influencing factors identified in this study on the travel behavior of visually impaired tourists are associated with emotions and travel intentions. The six identified factors including personal psychological states, personal socio-economic situations, social support, community support, tourism products and services, and barrier-free environments can be classified into antecedent factors, facilitating factors, requirement and expectations factors (as shown in Figure 2 ).

Path model showing the factors influencing visually impaired individuals during the various tourism stages.

Antecedent Factors

The antecedent factors are comprised of subjective factors and objective factors. These consider personal psychological factors such as travel motives and preferences as well as personal socio-economic factors including employment and disposable income. The visually impaired are motivated by subjective factors (i.e., travel preference, personality traits, etc.), and have a desire to travel. However, participation in tourism experiences is warranted only when certain objective conditions are in place (i.e., appropriate socio-economic factors).

Table 1 showed that the massage industry is the main employment of the visually impaired respondents in this study: “My job is providing massage services to guests in a small room day by day. When I finish working, I always stay at home. My life is so boring” (R15). This quote exemplifies that research participants longed to escape from their everyday lives through tourism experiences which contributes to their social and psychological well-being. Tourism has become an effective way for the visually impaired to satisfy their desires. Moreover, due to the limited choice of leisure options available for the visually impaired, tourism has become a preferred way to spend their spare time: “For me, traveling is a good way to spend my leisure time. I haven't found a better way to spend my leisure time than traveling, and for me, I have very few options for leisure” (R7). Visually impaired research participants who frequently participate in travel experiences, recognize tourism experiences as an opportunity to improve their personal abilities which creates further desire for tourism: “tourism is actually a process to train comprehensive ability, such as problem-solving ability, psychological adjustment ability. During the trip, there are always unexpected incidents that happen, which can provide me with these opportunities to grow, and to improve myself” (R5).

The interaction between subjective factors and objective factors stimulates tourism demand (Torgeir et al., 2018 ), i.e., having appropriate leisure time and disposable personal income enables the vision impaired to travel. One respondent said “If time and money allow it, I will travel as much as possible, but money and time are necessary (R12).” General health and physical fitness also affect whether visually impaired respondents are able to participate in leisure tourism: “The reasons that hinder me from going out are that I am tired and I have nobody who I could travel with. But, as long as I have the energy to travel and someone can take me, I will go out” (R19).

Facilitating Factors

Antecedent factors are involved in most peoples' travel considerations. However, for the visually impaired, there are further considerations which are based on facilitating factors including the community and social support. Community support mainly involves the notion of travel companions who help the visually impaired to navigate their travels. For example, R4 mentioned: “My completely blind friend also wants to travel, but his family does not want to accompany him, so it is difficult for him to travel. My family is quite supportive and sometimes urges me to travel with me” (R4). Volunteer services during the whole trip are also an important facilitating factor in the travel decision of visually impaired people, as they rely on them for necessary assistance during their travel, particularly for individuals with total blindness. If their family and friends cannot accompany them on their travels, and no volunteers are available to help during the trip, then they will not be able to realize their desire to travel. One respondent and his wife are both blind and recognize the importance of the volunteers: “If my wife and I are the only two people to travel, it is definitely not possible. It is very important to have volunteers to help us solve some troubles during the trip.” If there were more professional tour organizers that provided travel services for the visually impaired, then that would be a preferred choice for many visually impaired travelers. For example, R3 mentioned “I only got to know the ZS tourism team by chance, but I would try and join in every travel route they offer as long as I had time. Because their team is very helpful with vision impaired people, and all their itineraries are determined according to the needs of the visually impaired, and there are volunteers to accompany us throughout the journey, so it is very convenient to travel with them.” Social support mainly refers to aspects such as policy support and attitudes toward visually impaired individuals by the public. R10 mentioned: “Disability passes are helpful in relieving some of the financial pressure, and it's even better if we can get discounts on things like sightseeing buses.” A supportive social environment was important for R4: “Actually I don't have any particular idea where to go, but no matter where, as long as the people there have a good attitude I'm willing to have a try.”

Requirements and Expectations Influencing the Tourism Behaviors

Once the vision impaired tourists arrive at the tourism destination, the availability of appropriate tourism products and services, and barrier-free environments become the key elements to affect their behavior and their psychological and emotional well-being. One of the main considerations for the visually impaired with any tourism product and service is the safety of products, as well as the professionalism of any services offered. The participation in tourism products is a core aspect for vision impaired tourists, and the degree of participation directly affects their behavior and satisfaction. The higher the degree of participation, the better the satisfaction (Chen et al., 2020 ). Hearing, touch and taste are the main ways for the visually impaired to participate in tourism activities (Clawson and Knetcsh, 1969 ). The majority of respondents (81%) mentioned the importance of taste as part of their travel experience. Taste was particularly important for this respondent: “No matter how interesting an experience is, what I can feel is limited. Even if I touch those things, I can't feel anything. I think it's better to feel through tasting with your mouth. That's really participating” (R10). Another respondent emphasized the influence of hearing and touch on the mood after a tour: “I personally think that hearing and touch have even more important effects on the tourist experience, for example, listening to the interpretation and touching exhibits, cannot only contribute to the physical experience but also bring spiritual enjoyment. If I travel to a place where there is nothing to touch, I feel a little bit of regret” (R12). Personal safety is another important aspect during their stay in the destination, as R26 mentioned: “I think safety comes first. Climbing a mountain is risky for me. If there is no guardrail and steps are not skid proof, I certainly dare not try it.” In addition, due to the lack of awareness about the specific needs of visually impaired tourists, their participation in tourism activities is often limited, which is typically a negative emotional point in the process of the visually impaired tourism. For example R13 mentioned: “When we travel, many scenic spots and recreational facilities do not allow vision impaired people to enter, which is the most frequent conflict resulting in negative emotions. Some places won't let us in, no matter how much we negotiate, even if we come in the company of others. If vision impaired people are not allowed in, why not post a notice online in advance? We traveled a long way to get to this scenic spot, and when we arrived, we were told we are not allowed in, which made us very depressed” (R13).

For the visually impaired, accessibility is an important expectation factor. The tourism behavior of the visually impaired is often seriously restricted by the environment (Kim and Seo, 2020 ), however the needs of the visually impaired for a barrier-free environment at the destination are frequently not met. In designing barrier-free environments, facility accessibility refers to the appropriate design of blind crossing tracks, barrier-free elevators, and barrier-free traffic lights. In this regards, R16 said: “I have been to many places where the accessibility is not good, and it is common for me to have some bumps. My aunt told me that they have good accessibility in Hong Kong, for example, there will be voice prompts at the traffic lights. I am looking forward to traveling there as soon as possible.” Another accessibility consideration at destination level is about creating awareness in the community of the special needs of visually impaired people and their tourism behavior. R14 pointed out: “Society doesn't understand us very well. Sometimes the scenic spots are crowded, and when we walk, we will bump into others, and they will be unhappy. Sometimes we need to ask for directions, and some people can be cold.”

Discussion and Conclusions

This research contributes to the development of tourism theory focused on visually impaired individuals by identifying the factors influencing their travel behavior. The study also contributes to tourism practice because it supports the viewpoint that the vision impaired are an emerging tourism market segment which is important and has immense development potential based on empirical research. Furthermore, the findings may help tourism-related companies to better understand the travel needs of visually impaired groups as well as the factors influencing their travel behavior. There are practical implications for tourism managers in programming and optimizing tourism products and services that better serve visually impaired tourists, and further improve the social well-being of visually impaired groups. In a broader view, this may also promote a more harmonious society, due to an increased awareness of the visually impaired and their specific needs when traveling.

Apart from practical implications, the study also makes a theoretical contribution by proposing a new theoretical framework which outlines the major factors influencing the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired individuals. It not only provides a new theoretical model focusing on the leisure tourism behavior of visually impaired travelers, but also offers a theoretical basis for future empirical research studies and scale development of factors influencing leisure tourism for the visually impaired. Furthermore, this study proposed a specific definition of leisure tourism for visually impaired individuals.

Specifically, the six dimensions of tourism products and services, individual psychological factors, social support, organizational support, individual socio-economic states and barrier-free environments and the 21 sub-categories summarized from this research are an independent system that has similarities and differences with the influencing factor system of the tourism behavior of sighted people. Five of the six identified factors outlined in Figure 1 will also influence the leisure tourism behavior of sighted tourists except for the need of a barrier-free environment and its accessibility dimensions. However, a closer look at the specific factors and their various concepts reveals significant differences between visually impaired travelers and sighted travelers. Compared with sighted travelers, the factor most likely to affect the leisure tourism behavior of the visually impaired is their reliance on other senses such as hearing, touch, taste and smell. To create a quality leisure tourism experience for the visually impaired, such experiences should combine landscape explanations, tactile design elements, and physical participation, while also making full use of imagination to produce vivid pictures and feelings in their minds and hearts (Liu et al., 2018 ). We learnt from the interviews that many visually impaired people are not limited by their visual impairment. When they travel, they have family members or volunteers as travel companions to provide them with detailed landscape explanations or meet their desire to touch objects by way of physical simulation. However, the interviews also highlighted that many visually impaired tourists are unable to meet their needs for landscape explanation and touch at various attractions or destinations. Tour guides in scenic spots mainly serve sighted tourists. When visitors to an attraction happen to be visually impaired, few tour guides adjust their explanations according to the specific needs of visually impaired individuals. Moreover, China's various attractions and scenic spots do not provide special facilities for visually impaired visitors. Even if a visually impaired person buys a ticket and brings an accompanying person with them, they will often be denied access to some tourist activities, such as ships, cable cars, glass walkways, rafting, and scuba diving, because the tourism operators are not willing to take any risks.

There are also differences in the motivational factors between visually impaired and sighted tourists. While seeking a pleasant feeling is a basic motivation for visually impaired tourists, they also seek to fulfill higher-level motivations such as perfecting one's own character and improving one's own ability, as a way to reduce the pressures on their family. Another important motivational aspect was being able to get away from their usual environment through tourism and to increase contact with other people. Increased contact with other people from society can be helpful in breaking down social stereotypes associated with visually impaired individuals and to promote their integration and the enhanced development of products and services targeting them.

Physical obstacles linked to visual impairment are often perceived more serious than psychological obstacles. Therefore, travel companions/escorts, and tour organizers focusing on the visually impaired, and accessibility issues are contributing factors in making traveling a more pleasant experience for the visually impaired. Finding your way, crossing the street, taking an elevator, lodging, dining/eating, taking public transportation, experiencing the sights - all of these actions require external assistance. There is a reliance on volunteers, family and friends and other travel companions to provide guidance for the visually impaired during their leisure tourism experiences. For example, it is difficult to tell the location of dishes when eating or the room furnishings when staying in a hotel. When family members and friends are unable to accompany the visually impaired travelers, tour organizers can provide professional tourism products and travel services to them. When people who are not completely blind travel by themselves, their requirements should also be considered, particularly in relations to their safety and convenience through an accessible environment.

The study reports the following limitations. All interviewees who participated had high levels of travel experience. The sample may not be representative of vision impaired people who have no prior travel experience. The reasons as to why some vision impaired individuals choose not to participate in tourism may provide further important influencing factors of their leisure tourism behavior. Furthermore, most of the interviewees were positive and optimistic, which may represent a particular type of personality among the sample of vision impaired people who participated in this study. Hence, future studies may investigate visually impaired individuals who do not have any prior travel experience and who do not participate in leisure tourism activities, as a helpful way to discover the barriers which prevent them from traveling. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented impacts on the global tourism industry. Several countries have implemented major measures for the effective prevention and control of further transmission, and domestic tourism is slowly starting to recover. However, it is unclear how the COVID-19 pandemic affected visually impaired individuals, which will make a valuable contribution in future studies.

Data Availability Statement

Ethics statement.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Zhejiang Gongshang University. The ethics committee waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation.

Author Contributions

GQ: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, and writing-original draft preparation. JZ: writing–review and editing, methodology, and validation. AP: writing–review and editing, supervision, and project administration. NC: conceptualization and writing–review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding. This research was supported by a grant from Zhejiang Social Science Foundation (No. 20NDJC097YB), Women/gender studies project (202010).

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• World's Best

Travel + Leisure's First Ever Trends Summit

Join us and Industry Leaders on July 16th & 17th in New York City

This summer, Travel + Leisure will host its inaugural World’s Best Summit — bringing industry leaders together for two days of honest conversation about how to meet our travelers where they are.

The event, hosted by T+L editors, established voices in the travel field, and celebrity leaders inspired by seeing the world, will touch on trends across:

Family travel, Sustainability, AI, Cultural Events, Wellness, Culinary Travel & Hospitality, Access, the Future of Air Travel and Traveling in the Age of Social Media

With Conversations Curated by T+L Editor-in-Chief Jacqueline Gifford

Guest speakers include:

• Neil Jacobs: CEO, Six Senses
• Mary Celeste Beall: Proprietor, Blackberry Farm & Blackberry Mountain
• Daniel Skjeldam, CEO, Hurtigruten Group
• Derek Utter: Chief Development Officer, Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
• Sarah Wetenhall: President & Owner, The Colony Palm Beach
• Amina Belouizdad Porter: CEO, P/S
• Juanita Marois: CEO, Métis Crossing
• David Prior: Co-Founder and CEO, PRIOR
• Amanda Kloots: Host, The Talk
• Lorna Courtney: Star of Broadway’s & Juliet
• Chef Michael Mina: Chef & Founder of the Mina Group
• Chef Missy Robbins: Chef & Owner, Lilia, Misi, and Misipasta
• Andy Krantz: CEO, Paravel
• Leora Novick: Founder, Persephone Social
• Jack Ezon: Founder and CEO, Embark Beyond
• Mark Lakin: Founder and CEO, The Legacy Untold
• Erina Pindar: COO and Managing Partner, Smart Flyer
• Paul Tumpowsky: Founder and CEO, New Yonder
• Jon Roberts: Chief Innovation Officer, Dotdash Meredith
• Caleb Silver: Editor-in-Chief, Investopedia
• Grace Bastidas: Editor-in-Chief, Parents
• Ray Isle, Executive Wine Editor, Food and Wine/Travel + Leisure

Tickets include two days of conversation and lunch at T+L's NYC HQ, and a welcome cocktail party on day one to celebrate the excitement.

All sales are final. Tickets will not be be replaced , refunded, or exchanged for any reason whatsoever. All events, prices, personalities, performances, venues, dates and times are subject to change without notice.

Please note that we are continuing to add talent to our lineup of events, and this list of panelists is not final.