definition of adventure tourism in travel

Adventure Tourism – Definitions, History, Types, Characteristics & Features, or Importance

Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourist do some adventures activities like as skydiving, hill climbing, scuba diving.

Adventure tourism is very popular among young age tourists. Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourists to step outside their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing cultural shock or through the performance of acts, that required some degree of risk (real or perceived) and physical danger.

Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination . It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors.  Adventure travelers expect to experience various level of risk, excitement, and tranquility and be personally tested. In particular, they are explorers of unspoiled, exotic parts of the planet and also seek personal challenges.

The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved.

Definitions  of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is a new concept in the tourism industry. Tourism industry adopted adventure tourism, but there is not any specific definition of adventure tourism . Most commentators concur that adventure tourism is a niche sector of the tourism industry, but there are many other niche sectors in tourism which have same characteristics that overlap with adventure tourism such as ecotourism, activity tourism or adventure travel.

One of them can confuse. Adventure tourism is a complicated and ambiguous topic. Some important definitions of adventure tourism are following as:

According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association , “adventure tourism is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature.

According to Muller and Cleaver , “Adventure tourism is characterized by its ability to provide the tourist with relatively high levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.”

Canadian Tourism Commission in 1995 defines adventure tourism as , “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated with low or high levels of activity.”

According to Sung et al ,  “adventure tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience.”

According to UNWTO , ” adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.”

History of Adventure Tourism

Humans are traveling from ancient time for the searching for foods, and for many survival reasons. Humans have been engaging in adventurous travel for hundreds of year via exploration . People traveled in ancient time for exploration of sea roots, new destination, or even a new country.

However, commercial adventure travel is a new phenomenon, in which travelers hire a professional guide to provide a range of technical support and equipment, as well as cultural and nature interpretation.

In the mid-1800s, adventurers began to push the limits of mountain climbing and river rafting, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and decent of the Colorado River in 1869 . Shortly thereafter, two key institutions were formed. The National Geographic Society and Explorers Club . These institutions are supporting adventures tourism continuously.

In the mid- 1950s, many first ascents and descents attracted global attention and inspired many people to attempt their own expeditions. Maurice Herzog’s ascent of Annapurna in 1950 , Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay’s ascent of Mount Everest , and other successes were hailed in the media around the world. This was the takeoff of modern adventure tourism.

Today, adventure tourism is a vibrant, dynamic, and fast-changing sector with new variants routinely added into the possible experience.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism has grown exponentially all over the world in recent years with tourist visiting destinations previously undiscovered. This allows for a new destination to market themselves as truly unique, appealing to those traveler looking for rare, incomparable experience.

Adventure tourism includes various activities like caving, hiking, sailing, trekking etc.  Adventure tourism categorized into two categories . These are following as:

Hard Adventure

Soft adventure.

Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills. Hard tourism includes the activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving etc.

Hard adventure activities are highly risked in nature. Professional guide, advance level skills are required to perform these activities. Many tourists died during climbing mountains, caving every day. There is an interesting fact that is for K2, world 2nd highest mountain, for every two people who submit one dies .

Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginning skills ; most of these activities are led by experienced guides. Soft tourism includes the activities like backpacking, camping, hiking, kayaking etc.

Soft adventure activities are low risk in nature. These activities are led by professional guides. Soft adventure is a popular category in adventure tourism. On average, 25% trips taken from North America and Europe are soft adventure trips.

Adventure Tourism Activities

Adventure travelers are early adopters by nature, meaning they are generally more willing to try new destinations, activities, and travel products. Popular activities change rapidly, and it seems there is a new twist on an existing sport evert years.

Some activities have low risk and some have high. Adventure tourism activities are classified into two types :

Hard Adventure Activities

Soft adventure activities.

Hard adventure activities are highly risky and dangerous in nature. These activities are following as:

• Mountain Climbing
• Rock Climbing
• Ice Climbing

These activities are less dangerous and risk as compared to hard adventure activities. These activities are always lead by professional guides. These activities are following as:

• Backpacking
• Birdwatching
• Eco-tourism
• Horseback riding
• Kayaking/sea/whitewater
• Orienteering
• Scuba Diving
• Snowboarding

Adventure tourism activities sit well with the environment because the natural world provides us with the resources for many of the activities that provide risk, challenge, sensory stimulus, novelty, discovery and so on.

Characteristics and Features of Adventure Tourism

The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all-round challenge. Some unique characteristics and features of adventure tourism are following as:

• Physical activity, i.e. activities involving physical exertion or psychomotor skills.
• Contact with nature, i.e. activities bringing contact with the natural world in general, or with specific wildlife.
• Contact with different cultures, i.e. people, faith, lifestyles
• Journeys, i.e. vehicle-, animal-, or human-power.
• Uncertain outcomes
• Danger and risk
• Anticipated rewards
• Stimulation and excitement
• Exploration and discovery
• Contrasting emotions

Adventure Tourism Supplier

A tourism supply chain is the system of people, products, activities, and materials that get a product or service from its raw state through production and distribution to the consumer .

As with any sector, volume discounts drive the mass price point, so major retailers primarily market select trips that sell in high volume. The supply chain for these mass tourism products is often very simple, comprising only transportation and accommodation elements.

The adventure tourism supply chain is more complex. Niche products often require specializes in knowledge and operations. Adventure tourism’s supply chain linkages go very deep, and this is one of the key reasons that adventure tourism delivers greater benefits at the local level.

Supply chains vary from destination to destination. The makeup of the most involved adventure supply chain is typical as follows:

Without a proper supply chain, the tourism sector can not survive. Tourism suppliers are the backbone of the tourism industry . Adventure tourism suppliers work at a different, different level like as domestic as well international level.

Adventure Tourism Importance and Benefits

Adventure tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism sector, attracting high-value customers, supporting local economies, and encouraging sustainable practices.

The continued growth of this sector creates net positive impacts not only for tourism, but also for destination economies, their people, and their environment.

Some importance and benefits of adventure tourism are following as:

Employment Generation

Adventure tourism generates the jobs. Adventure tourism generates directs jobs to accommodation , transportation sector and for travel agencies or tour operators . Adventure tourism also provides the indirect job to tourism suppliers.

Adventure tourism plays an important role in the generation of employment in the economy.

Foreign Exchange

Adventure tourism attracts the foreign tourists at a large scale, as a result, it helps in foreign exchange generation.

When tourist travel to another country, they spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, and shopping. Adventure tourism generates foreign exchange and supports the economy of the host country.

Economy Development

Adventure tourism helps in the development of the host country’s economy. Adventure tourism activities directly support the economy in various forms. The more tourists, more economic growth.

Support Local Communities

Adventure tourism helps in the development of infrastructure and support local communities. Adventure tourism activities directly contributed to the local economy of the communities and increase the living standards of local people.

Conservation of Natural Resources

Adventure tourism activities are nature-based activities. Leaders in the adventure tourism industry are dedicated to making this tourism segment as sustainable as possible. They help in conservation of natural resources as well as cultural.

Creating Business Opportunities

Adventure tourism activities create new business opportunities. There are companies that specialize in helping emerging adventure tourism operators market their product.  Each new adventure tourism activity creates a new business opportunity.

Local and Foreign Investment

Adventure tourism creates business opportunities, as a result, it attracts the local as well as international investors.  Investors invest their money in the accommodation, transportation, and into travel trade organization.

Adventure tourism plays an important role in the economy of the host country .

What is adventure tourism and why is it so big?

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Adventure tourism is big, it’s exciting, it’s fun…. but what actually is it? In this article I will teach you all about this exciting type of tourism, what the history behind adventure tourism is, what the different types of adventure tourism are and what amazing examples of this type of tourism there are around the world. Ready to learn more? Read on…

What is adventure tourism?

History of adventure tourism, hard adventure tourism, soft adventure tourism, hard adventure tourism activities , soft adventure tourism activities , adventure tourism in india, adventure tourism in iceland, adventure tourism in costa rica, adventure tourism in new zealand, benefits of adventure tourism, disadvantages of adventure tourism, adventure tourism: additional reading.

Adventure tourism is tourism that involves any kind of activity or adventure. It especially relates to those that involve risk, or requires extensive planning. The Adventure Travel Trade Association defines it as a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature .  Meanwhile, Sung et al describe it as: the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience . HH Sung is an academic who has researched this branch of tourism in great detail.

Ultimately, adventure tourism is all about ADVENTURE! It is a pretty broad term really and many would argue that it is subjective (what I deem to be adventure, you may not). Nonetheless, this is a big part of the tourism industry and whilst it is an example of niche tourism , the sector is growing fast! There are lots of types of activities and types of travel that come under the umbrella term of adventure tourism and I will outline these for you shortly.

Of course, people have been travelling for centuries- the history of tourism is a long and fruitful one! Over the years travel evolved into tourism (travel for travel’s sake) and now we can see many different branches of tourism.

We can trace the roots of adventure tourism specifically back to perhaps as early as 569 AD when Alboin, king of the Lombards, climbed Matajur in the Alps . Adventure tourism is all about doing something with a bit of risk, and putting planning into it. We don’t know how much preparation Alboin put into this expedition or whether it was some sort of off the cuff climb – but it can still be seen as an early example of adventure tourism. Climbing mountains at this time was generally a practical or symbolic activity. It was usually done for economic, political, or religious reasons.

However, in the 1800s, adventurers pushed the limits more and more. It became a formal sport, and people did it for fun. Other adventurous activities such as caving, river-rafting, abseiling and gorge walking emerged as a fun way to pass the time. As people got more into them, these activities formed part of adventure tourism. Organisations such as Nat Geo and also The Explorers Club, as well as Boy Scouts and Girl Guides  to an extent, were established. These have always promoted and supported adventure tourism.

In recent years consumer desires have evolved and many people have/are moving away from the traditional sun, sea and sand package holiday model and instead seeking alternative experience. There are a wide range of types of tourism that people are embracing more and more nowadays, and one example is adventure tourism. There are more adventure tourism companies including travel agents and tour operators who specialise in this field than there have ever been before.

Types of adventure tourism

Adventure tourism can be split into two ‘types’. These are hard and soft. I will explore the differences below…

As the name suggests, hard adventure tourism refers to activities which are typically more high-risk. They require intense training, changes in diet, lots of practice, a guide and so on.

Soft adventure activities are the opposite – much less risky, and don’t require the long-term commitment that hard adventure tourism activities often would. They often are led by a guide, but you can do this sort of thing without. Generally these are much more popular, as they are easier activities and (as mentioned) have a much lower risk.

Adventure tourism activities

There are so many activities which come under the umbrella of adventure tourism. Whether you travel simply for the purpose of undertaking this adventure or decide to incorporate it into your trip, if you have done any of these then you are officially an adventure traveller! I’ll split them into hard and soft as above. Activities like skydiving are something you can do in most places, as long as the weather allows – skiing, however, requires specific conditions and plenty of hills.

• Mountaineering/mountain climbing
• Ice Climbing
• Rock climbing
• Trekking/intense hiking
• Free diving
• Extreme biking
• Birdwatching
• SCUBA diving
• Horse riding
• Kayaking/rafting
• Orienteering
• Hiking (gentle)
• Snorkelling
• Snowboarding
• Eco-tourism

Adventure tourism destinations

You can enjoy adventure tourism activities in pretty much any destination. There are some more than others, however, which are better set up for this branch of tourism.

Adventure tourism is a big deal in India . This diverse and spectacular country has so much to offer – and one of the big draws here is hiking and trekking. There are plenty of incredible places to hike in India. Gentle hikes/treks are a form of soft adventure tourism, while some more intense treks and hikes can fall into the hard category. Uttarakhand is one of the best places to hike in India; the ‘Roopkund trek’ is a famous trek around Roopkund Lake, which is surrounded by hundreds of human skeletons! 

Other examples of adventure tourism in India include surfing in Kovalam, skiing in Auli and white water rafting in Rishikesh.

Beautiful Iceland is one of the most popular places for visiting the Northern Lights. This in itself is a bit of an adventure, but there are all sorts of other things you can do which come under this branch of tourism. You can snorkel or scuba dive in Silfra Fissure, for example, or go inside a dormant volcano at Thrihnukagigur.

It is impossible to be bored in a place like Costa Rica. The country has so much to offer, and is an example of somewhere that to most of us (no matter where you come from) is pretty exotic. Head deep into the jungle on your adventure to see some colourful wildlife; visit the Costa Rica volcanoes and cloud forests ; go rafting and hiking and ziplining and so much more. You can book 10-day trips that encompass all of these things, or you could stay somewhere peaceful and relax for the majority of your holiday, opting to book a one-day tour for some adventure.

Said by some to be the home of adventure tourism, New Zealand is a must for anyone considering this type of trip. With so much space and such a sparse population , is it any wonder that this lovely little country is home to so much adventure? Admire the views from up high by skydiving in many different locations, or raft on the highest commercially rafted waterfall in the world in Rotorua! From caving to off-road driving to heli-skiing, there is so much choice in New Zealand.

There are many benefits when it comes to adventure tourism. One huge benefit is simply that it is so much fun. Trying something new, or doing something you already enjoy, is a brilliant way to spend your time while travelling. Gaining a new skill or honing the one you’ve been learning for ages – it’s such a sense of achievement. This is particularly true for activities that require physical hard work such as skiing, or training like mountain climbing.

Adventure tourism is growing fast, and with that comes job creation. This is a definite benefit of any type of tourism. Jobs are created for guides and instructors, for people who work in the booking department of tourism companies, for people working in hotels or restaurants in areas that people may not visit otherwise. All of this means the economy is growing and the industry is thriving, resulting in positive economic impacts of tourism . Local communities are supported by all forms of tourism. This is no exception!

Due to the rise in the popularity of ecotourism and the ongoing conversations around sustainability, adventure tourism companies are often dedicated to protecting the environment. Though it may seem like these activities could be harmful, they are often not. This is because companies ensure the activities they offer are respectful of the planet too. It also allows more people to fall in love with the outdoors.

There are some disadvantages to adventure tourism too. Nothing is black and white, of course, and points on both sides are incredibly nuanced. While these activities are a fun chance to try something new, they can be dangerous. Hard adventure tourism activities are considered high-risk. Many will require you to sign a disclaimer (like skydiving) and for some you need months if not years of training. Most insurance companies won’t cover you either. To climb Mount Everest, for example, you need a permit – with the fees on top, this will set you back around $20,000 before you even buy equipment. There are strict criteria you need to meet to be granted one, too.

And even though many adventure tourism companies are looking out for the planet, individuals often are not. There is no guarantee that visitors will always be respectful of the local environment. From standing on things they shouldn’t to the classing dropping litter, there are many negatives that we can see from an increased footfall.

There may also be cultural and social impacts. With more visitors, locals may see some sort of loss of their cultural heritage over time. This can be devastating. With more tourists in place, especially during peak season, peoples’ roles in society naturally change. The status quo is affected.

Now that you are well-informed about thew adventure tourism industry, you may want to learn more about these tourism industries too-

• Rural tourism explained: What, where and why
• What is glamping and how does it work?
• What is ‘begpacking’ and why is it so bad?
• What is sustainable tourism and why does it matter?
• Volunteer tourism: Everything you need to know

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What is Adventure Tourism?

Adventure tourism, a term that incites excitement and thrill among travel enthusiasts worldwide. But what is adventure tourism?

It is an offshoot of the tourism industry that involves exploration and travel to remote or exotic areas, often involving physically challenging activities.

Over recent years, adventure tourism has seen a considerable surge in popularity.

This growth can be attributed to the increasing desire for unique experiences, heightened environmental awareness, and the pursuit of physical and mental challenges.

This form of tourism pushes the boundaries of personal courage and physical endurance, making travel much more than just a leisurely activity.

History of Adventure Tourism

Accessible tourism for the disabled, extreme tourism, jungle tourism, overland travel, scuba diving, mountaineering and trekking, bungee jumping, mountain biking and cycling, canoeing and rafting, zip-lining and paragliding, hiking and exploring, canyoneering and rock climbing, sandboarding and caving, popular adventure tourism activities, impact and importance of adventure tourism, the future of adventure tourism, final words.

So, what is Adventure Tourism?

Adventure tourism is a niche category of travel that focuses on exploration with perceived risk, typically involving physical exertion and outdoor environments.

It’s a way to experience a destination more actively and interactively, emphasizing personal encounters with the natural and cultural aspects of a region.

From rafting in untamed rivers and trekking through dense jungles to scaling mountain peaks and diving into the ocean’s depths, adventure tourism pushes the boundaries of conventional tourism, inviting travelers to step out of their comfort zones.

Whether a local day trip or an international expedition, adventure tourism offers a unique, memorable, and enriching travel experience.

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Adventurous travel dates back to ancient times when our ancestors traversed vast continents in search of food, shelter, and greener pastures.

However, the concept of adventure tourism as we know it today began to take shape around the 19th century.

During this era, outdoor activities such as mountaineering and rafting became increasingly popular, marking the inception of organized adventure travel.

Several key events and developments have shaped the evolution of adventure tourism.

These include the formation of key institutions, such as mountaineering clubs and the Boy Scouts, which fostered a culture of outdoor activities.

In the years following World War II, the modern adventure travel industry began to take shape, driven by increased leisure time and disposable income.

Technology has played a significant role in propelling the growth of adventure travel.

The invention of transportation technologies such as railways and airplanes has made remote locations more accessible, opening up new adventure travel opportunities.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is a vast sector featuring numerous activities and diverse environments.

Here are some types, each providing unique experiences to thrill-seekers.

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Making adventure accessible for everyone is a growing trend.

Many adventure operators now offer experiences designed specifically for people with disabilities, including wheelchair-accessible hiking trails and adaptive water sports equipment.

This way, everyone can find an answer to “what is adventure tourism?” and experience it firsthand.

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For those who seek the most thrilling and sometimes dangerous experiences, extreme tourism is a go-to.

This could involve traveling to harsh environments like deserts or the Arctic or participating in high-risk activities such as base jumping or volcano boarding.

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As the name suggests, jungle tourism involves traveling in dense forest regions.

Activities can include jungle trekking, wildlife spotting, or staying in a jungle lodge.

Adventure tourism brings travelers closer to nature and offers unique biodiversity encounters.

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This form of adventure tourism involves long-distance journeys, either individually or in groups.

Travelers use different modes of transport like buses, trains, or personal vehicles, experiencing different cultures and landscapes along the way.

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If one asks, what is adventure tourism in the water? Scuba diving is a common answer.

This activity allows people to explore underwater landscapes and marine life, providing an entirely different adventure perspective.

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Mountaineering and trekking take travelers into rugged, often high-altitude environments.

They’re for those who enjoy the challenge of overcoming steep, difficult terrain and revel in the solitude that mountain environments can provide.

The satisfaction of reaching a peak or navigating through a challenging trail can’t be overstated, making this type of adventure tourism a fantastic choice for those willing to push their physical and mental boundaries.

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Bungee jumping offers the epitome of an adrenaline rush.

Participants leap from a high platform, such as a bridge or crane, with an elastic cord attached to their ankles or harness.

As they plummet toward the ground, the cord reaches its maximum stretch, then pulls them back upwards, creating a pendulum-like motion.

Bungee jumping is a popular choice for those seeking a quick, intense thrill.

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These activities cater to a wide variety of adventure-seekers.

Mountain biking typically involves off-road trails, steep descents, and challenging terrains, requiring technical bike-handling skills.

On the other hand, cycling tours can range from leisurely rides through picturesque landscapes to long-distance road trips, making it a versatile option for adventure tourism.

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Canoeing and rafting are water-based activities that can offer both adrenaline-fueled adventures and serene nature appreciation.

White-water rafting through rapids offers a thrilling, team-based experience, whereas canoeing on a calm lake or river can be a peaceful, solitary adventure.

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These air-based activities provide a bird’s-eye view of the landscapes.

Zip-lining involves speeding along a cable from a height, often across beautiful vistas.

Paragliding is a more extended experience, where participants glide through the air using a lightweight, free-flying parachute, often led by a professional guide.

Both offer unique ways to experience the thrill of flight.

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At the heart of adventure tourism is the simple act of hiking and exploring.

This range from short day hikes in local natural parks to multi-day expeditions in remote wilderness areas.

The pace of hiking allows travelers to deeply connect with the environment, observe wildlife, and appreciate the small details often missed in faster-paced activities.

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Both these activities require physical strength and technical skill, making them challenging and rewarding.

Canyoneering involves traveling through canyons using various techniques such as walking, climbing, jumping, and swimming.

Rock climbing, whether traditional, sport, or bouldering, tests participants’ strength and endurance as they navigate a natural or artificial rock formation.

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These activities take adventurers into unique environments.

Sandboarding, akin to snowboarding but on sand dunes, offers a unique thrill and a chance to enjoy desert landscapes.

Caving, also known as spelunking, involves exploring caves and can range from leisurely tours of easily accessible caves to technical pursuits involving climbing and crawling through tight passages.

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Adventure tourism comprises a plethora of activities that offer unique experiences to travelers.

One such activity is day hiking, where individuals traverse scenic trails and paths for a day. This activity is popular for its low cost and adaptability to different fitness levels.

Backpacking, another popular adventure tourism activity, involves carrying shelter and provisions and traveling for an extended period. It provides an immersive experience of the local culture and nature.

Zip-lining offers a different perspective of the surrounding environment. It involves gliding through treetops on a cable, experiencing the thrill of speed and height.

For those with a penchant for heights, climbing activities such as rock and mountain climbing offer an exhilarating challenge. This activity requires both physical stamina and mental resolve.

Free fall activities, such as skydiving and bungee jumping, offer an adrenaline rush like no other. This thrill-seeking activity is growing in popularity in various adventure tourism destinations.

Water sports like rafting provide a different kind of thrill, where one battles the swift currents of a river.

Mountain biking allows adventurers to navigate rough terrains and steep slopes, presenting a challenging yet thrilling activity. Skiing and snowboarding are popular activities that attract tourists to snowy regions worldwide.

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Adventure tourism has a significant impact on local economies.

As this form of tourism often takes place in remote areas, it brings income and jobs to regions that may otherwise rely on traditional industries.

It also encourages sustainable and responsible travel practices as it largely depends on the natural environment.

Besides economic benefits, adventure tourism fosters cultural exchanges and learning opportunities.

As tourists interact with locals, they learn about different cultures, traditions, and ways of life.

This not only enriches their travel experience but also promotes understanding and tolerance among different cultures.

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The future of adventure tourism looks promising, with emerging trends such as disaster, ghetto, social, and eco-tourism.

Disaster tourism involves visiting areas affected by natural or man-made disasters, while ghetto tourism involves visiting impoverished urban areas.

Social tourism focuses on engaging with local communities, and eco-tourism emphasizes sustainable travel practices.

Digital technology, like GPS and social networking, is influencing adventure tourism.

These technologies help tourists navigate unfamiliar terrains, share experiences, and even find new adventure spots.

However, there are challenges, such as ensuring the sustainability of adventure tourism practices and preserving natural and cultural resources.

Adventure tourism has evolved from ancient travel practices to a booming industry that offers a multitude of experiences.

As we explore what is adventure tourism further, it becomes apparent that this industry is about much more than seeking thrills.

It’s about connecting with nature, experiencing different cultures, pushing boundaries, and promoting sustainable practices.

As the sector continues to evolve, travelers are encouraged to embrace adventure tourism safely and responsibly, ensuring a sustainable future for this exhilarating form of travel.

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• Travel Tips

What Is Adventure Tourism?

Published: December 12, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Maisie Gamble

Introduction

Adventure tourism has become increasingly popular in recent years as people seek unique and thrilling experiences during their travels. It offers a departure from the typical tourist activities and allows individuals to immerse themselves in exciting and adrenaline-pumping pursuits. If you are someone who craves adventure and wants to explore the world beyond the ordinary, adventure tourism is the perfect choice for you.

So, what exactly is adventure tourism? It entails traveling to remote or unconventional destinations and engaging in exhilarating activities that bring you closer to nature and push your physical and mental limits. Whether it’s hiking through rugged terrain, diving into the depths of the ocean, or embarking on a thrilling safari, adventure tourism offers a range of options for thrill-seekers.

What sets adventure tourism apart from traditional tourism is the element of risk and excitement involved. It encourages you to step out of your comfort zone, embrace the unknown, and create unforgettable memories. With adventure tourism, you can challenge yourself, conquer your fears, and discover new passions.

In this article, we will delve deeper into the world of adventure tourism, exploring its definition, various types, popular activities, benefits, challenges, sustainable practices, safety measures, and future trends. By the end, you will have a comprehensive understanding of adventure tourism and why it is a compelling choice for your travel adventures.

Definition of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism can be defined as a form of travel that involves unique, thrilling, and often physically demanding experiences. It goes beyond the traditional sightseeing and beach vacations, aiming to provide travelers with an opportunity to engage in activities that challenge and inspire them. The essence of adventure tourism lies in the combination of exploration, adrenaline, and venturing into the unknown.

Unlike traditional tourism, which focuses on leisure and relaxation, adventure tourism emphasizes active participation and interaction with the environment. It encourages travelers to immerse themselves in activities that may involve a degree of risk and require physical exertion. These activities can range from trekking in remote mountains to kayaking through rapids, from bungee jumping off tall cliffs to exploring deep caves.

Adventure tourism appeals to individuals who seek more than just sightseeing or relaxation during their travels. It attracts those who crave excitement, thrill, and a sense of accomplishment. It offers a chance to break away from the routine, step out of the comfort zone, and experience personal growth and self-discovery.

Adventure tourism also highlights the cultural and natural aspects of a destination. It often takes place in unique and untouched locations, allowing travelers to explore pristine landscapes, interact with local communities, and learn about different cultures. This aspect of adventure tourism adds depth and richness to the experience, creating a deeper connection with the destination.

It is important to note that adventure tourism is not restricted to extreme or high-risk activities. It encompasses a wide range of experiences, catering to different levels of adventure enthusiasts. From gentle hiking and wildlife safaris to more challenging activities like rock climbing and paragliding, adventure tourism offers something for everyone.

Overall, adventure tourism is about seeking thrills, pushing boundaries, and embarking on transformative journeys that leave a lasting impact. It is an invitation to embrace the unknown, embrace challenges, and create memories that will be cherished for a lifetime.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism encompasses a wide range of activities, catering to different preferences and interests. Here are some of the most popular types of adventure tourism:

• Trekking and Hiking: This involves exploring remote and challenging terrains on foot, such as mountains, rainforests, or deserts. It offers an opportunity to immerse yourself in nature, witness breathtaking views, and test your physical endurance.
• Water-Based Adventures: This includes activities like kayaking, white-water rafting, surfing, scuba diving, and snorkeling. These adventures take place in oceans, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies, allowing you to experience the thrill of the waves and discover vibrant underwater ecosystems.
• Mountain Sports: This category includes activities like rock climbing, mountaineering, ice climbing, and canyoning. It involves scaling steep slopes, cliffs, and glaciers, providing an adrenaline rush and a sense of achievement.
• Wildlife Safaris: If you have a love for animals and the desire to witness wildlife in their natural habitats, wildlife safaris are an ideal choice. Whether it’s a safari in Africa to observe the Big Five or a journey to the rainforests to spot exotic species, these adventures offer a unique and thrilling experience.
• Adventure Cycling: Exploring new destinations on two wheels can be an exhilarating way to travel. From mountain biking on rugged trails to long-distance cycling trips, this adventure allows you to enjoy the scenery at your own pace while challenging yourself physically.
• Winter Sports: If you’re a fan of the snowy landscapes, winter sports like skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing, and snowshoeing offer a thrilling adventure. These activities take place in mountainous regions during the winter season and provide an opportunity to embrace the beauty of snow-covered environments.
• Aerial Adventures: For those who seek a bird’s-eye view, activities like paragliding, skydiving, zip-lining, and hot air ballooning are perfect choices. These adventures offer a sense of freedom, exhilaration, and breathtaking panoramas.
• Cultural Immersion: Adventure tourism isn’t just about physical activities; it can also involve immersing yourself in the local culture. This can include staying with indigenous communities, participating in traditional rituals, or learning about ancient traditions and customs.

These are just a few examples of the types of adventure tourism available. The possibilities are vast, and each adventure provides a unique experience, allowing you to challenge yourself, connect with nature, and create lifelong memories.

Popular Adventure Tourism Activities

Adventure tourism offers an array of thrilling activities that cater to different interests and levels of adventure enthusiasts. Here are some popular adventure tourism activities that are highly sought-after by travelers:

• Hiking and Trekking: Exploring remote trails and conquering challenging terrains on foot is a favorite activity for adventure seekers. From trekking to the base camp of Mount Everest to hiking the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, these adventures allow you to connect with nature and witness breathtaking landscapes.
• Scuba Diving and Snorkeling: Discovering the wonders beneath the ocean’s surface is a thrilling experience. Exploring vibrant coral reefs, encountering unique marine species, and diving into underwater caves offer an unparalleled sense of adventure and awe.
• Rock Climbing: For those with a passion for heights and a love for the mountains, rock climbing presents an exhilarating challenge. Scaling vertical cliffs and granite walls using ropes and harnesses requires strength, balance, and mental focus.
• White-Water Rafting: Riding the rapids of a fast-flowing river is an adrenaline-pumping adventure. Navigating through churning waters, maneuvering around rocks and boulders, and experiencing thrilling drops provide an unforgettable experience.
• Safari Tours: Embarking on a safari adventure allows you to witness wildlife in its natural habitat. Whether it’s an African safari to spot the Big Five or a jungle trek to see rare and exotic species, these tours provide an up-close encounter with nature’s most magnificent creatures.
• Paragliding: Soaring through the air with a parachute, paragliding offers a unique perspective of the world below. Lifting off from scenic locations and gliding through the sky, you can experience a sense of freedom and a bird’s-eye view of the landscape.
• Skiing and Snowboarding: Hitting the slopes and gliding down snow-covered mountains is an exhilarating winter adventure. Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, there are ski resorts worldwide that offer thrilling downhill runs and stunning alpine scenery.
• Bungee Jumping: If you’re seeking an adrenaline rush like no other, bungee jumping is the ultimate adventure. Jumping off a tall platform or bridge with just a bungee cord attached provides an intense thrill and a surge of excitement.
• Cultural Experiences: Engaging in cultural activities can also be a form of adventure tourism. Immersing yourself in local traditions, participating in festivals, and interacting with indigenous communities provide a unique insight into different cultures and their way of life.

These are just a few examples of the popular adventure tourism activities available. Whether you prefer exploring nature’s wonders, seeking thrilling experiences, or immersing yourself in local cultures, adventure tourism provides a wide range of choices to suit your interests and fulfill your sense of adventure.

Benefits of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism offers a multitude of benefits, making it an appealing choice for travelers who seek unique and thrilling experiences. Here are some of the key benefits associated with adventure tourism:

• Physical and Mental Well-being: Engaging in adventure activities promotes physical fitness and overall well-being. Activities like hiking, climbing, and water sports require physical exertion, boosting cardiovascular health, strength, and endurance. Additionally, adventure tourism experiences can help reduce stress levels, improve mental clarity, and enhance self-esteem.
• Personal Growth and Self-Discovery: Adventure tourism pushes individuals out of their comfort zones, encouraging personal growth and self-discovery. Facing challenges, conquering fears, and achieving goals during adventurous endeavors fosters a sense of accomplishment and strengthens one’s resilience and confidence.
• Connection with Nature: Adventure tourism provides an opportunity to connect with nature on a deeper level. By exploring remote and untouched landscapes, travelers can gain a greater appreciation for the environment, fostering a sense of environmental consciousness and promoting sustainability.
• Cultural Understanding: Many adventure tourism activities offer the chance to interact with local communities and experience different cultures. This cultural immersion allows travelers to gain a deeper understanding of diverse traditions, lifestyles, and perspectives, fostering tolerance, empathy, and mutual respect.
• Unique and Memorable Experiences: Adventure tourism creates lifelong memories and allows travelers to experience moments that are truly unforgettable. Whether it’s conquering a challenging hike, admiring breathtaking views from a paraglider, or encountering wildlife up close, these experiences become cherished stories to share and treasure.
• Boost to Local Economies: Adventure tourism can have a positive impact on local economies, especially in remote and rural areas. It promotes the development of infrastructure, the establishment of small businesses, and the generation of employment opportunities, contributing to the economic growth of host communities.
• Conservation and Sustainability: Adventure tourism often takes place in natural and environmentally vulnerable areas. Consequently, it emphasizes the importance of conservation and sustainable practices. Adventure operators and travelers are increasingly aware of their responsibility to protect the environment, preserve biodiversity, and minimize their ecological footprint.
• New Perspectives and Inspirations: Stepping away from the familiar and engaging in adventurous activities exposes travelers to new perspectives, ideas, and inspirations. These experiences can spark creativity, encourage personal reflection, and broaden one’s worldview, leading to personal and professional growth.

Adventure tourism offers a wide range of benefits beyond mere excitement and adrenaline. It provides opportunities for personal development, cultural understanding, and environmental sustainability. With its positive impacts on physical and mental health, local economies, and personal growth, adventure tourism is a compelling choice for those seeking unique and transformative travel experiences.

Challenges of Adventure Tourism

While adventure tourism offers thrilling and rewarding experiences, it also presents several challenges that both travelers and industry professionals must navigate. Understanding these challenges is essential for ensuring the safety and sustainability of adventure tourism. Here are some of the key challenges:

• Risk and Safety: Adventure tourism inherently involves varying degrees of risk. Engaging in activities such as rock climbing, white-water rafting, or skydiving carries a potential for accidents or injuries. Ensuring the safety of participants requires proper training, professional guides, and adherence to stringent safety standards.
• Environmental Impact: Adventure tourism can place strain on fragile ecosystems and natural resources, especially in pristine and remote areas. Activities like trekking, camping, and diving may lead to habitat degradation, pollution, and disturbance of wildlife. Implementing sustainable practices and responsible tourism principles are crucial to minimize environmental impact.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Engaging with local communities and cultures in adventure tourism carries the responsibility of being culturally sensitive. Travelers need to respect local customs, traditions, and values, while also contributing to the preservation of indigenous cultures and avoiding cultural appropriation.
• Infrastructure and Accessibility: Many adventure tourism destinations are located in remote or geographically challenging areas. Ensuring proper infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and emergency services, can be a significant challenge. Accessibility issues can limit the potential for adventure tourism in some regions.
• Seasonal and Weather Dependency: Adventure tourism activities are often weather-dependent, making it necessary to plan trips around specific seasons or times of the year. Unpredictable weather conditions can disrupt itineraries and affect the overall experience. Flexibility and contingency plans are vital in managing these challenges.
• Community and Social Impacts: The influx of adventure tourism can have socio-cultural effects on host communities. These impacts may include increased commercialization, changes in local traditions, and conflicts over resource allocation. Ensuring community involvement, responsible tourism practices, and fair distribution of economic benefits are crucial in mitigating negative social impacts.
• Permitting and Legal Challenges: Some adventure tourism activities, such as mountaineering or caving, may require permits or licenses due to their potential risks and impacts. Complying with local regulations, obtaining necessary permits, and navigating legal frameworks can be complex, particularly in international destinations.

Addressing these challenges requires a collaborative effort from adventure tourism operators, travelers, local communities, and governing bodies. By prioritizing safety, sustainability, cultural sensitivity, and responsible tourism practices, we can overcome these challenges and ensure that adventure tourism continues to provide enriching experiences while minimizing negative impacts.

Sustainable Practices in Adventure Tourism

Sustainability is a crucial aspect of adventure tourism. It focuses on minimizing the negative impact on the environment, preserving natural and cultural heritage, and benefiting local communities. Implementing sustainable practices is essential to ensure that adventure tourism remains viable and ecologically responsible. Here are some key sustainable practices in adventure tourism:

• Environmental Conservation: Adventure tourism operators and travelers should prioritize the conservation of natural resources and protected areas. This involves minimizing waste generation, practicing responsible waste disposal, and adhering to Leave No Trace principles. It also means supporting conservation initiatives and participating in habitat restoration efforts.
• Responsible Wildlife Interactions: When engaging in wildlife-related activities, it is crucial to prioritize the well-being and conservation of the animals. Respect rules and guidelines, maintain a safe distance, and avoid actions that disrupt natural behaviors. Never feed or touch wildlife, and choose operators that prioritize responsible wildlife tourism practices.
• Cultural Preservation: Adventure tourism should respect and preserve local cultures and heritage. Engage in cultural experiences with sensitivity, learn about local customs and traditions, and support local artisans and communities. Seek authentic interactions that promote cultural exchange while avoiding exploitation or commodification of cultural practices.
• Supporting Local Communities: Adventure tourism can provide economic opportunities for local communities. Prioritize local businesses, guides, and accommodation providers that uphold sustainable practices and contribute to the well-being of the community. This helps to create a more equitable distribution of benefits and support the local economy.
• Reducing Carbon Footprint: Adventure tourism often involves travel, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate this impact, choose eco-friendly transportation options whenever possible, support carbon offset initiatives, and opt for energy-efficient accommodations. Minimize single-use plastics and strive for environmentally responsible practices throughout the trip.
• Educating and Raising Awareness: Adventure tourism operators, guides, and travelers can play a vital role in promoting sustainability. Educate yourself about the destination’s environmental and cultural issues, encourage responsible behavior among fellow travelers, and advocate for sustainable practices within the industry. By raising awareness, we can foster a collective commitment to protecting our planet.
• Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among adventure tourism stakeholders, including operators, local communities, and government bodies, is crucial for sustainable tourism development. Establish partnerships that prioritize sustainable initiatives and involve local communities in decision-making processes. By working together, we can create a more sustainable and responsible adventure tourism industry.

By embracing sustainable practices, adventure tourism can contribute to the preservation of natural areas, cultural heritage, and community well-being. By choosing sustainable operators, adopting responsible behaviors, and supporting local communities, you can ensure that your adventure travel experiences leave a positive impact on both the environment and the destinations you visit.

Safety Measures in Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism involves engaging in thrilling and challenging activities that inherently come with a certain level of risk. To ensure the safety and well-being of participants, comprehensive safety measures should be implemented by adventure tourism operators. Here are some crucial safety measures to consider:

• Qualified and Experienced Guides: Adventure tourism operators should employ well-trained and knowledgeable guides who possess the necessary skills and expertise in leading specific activities. Guides play a crucial role in ensuring participant safety, providing instructions, and mitigating risks during the adventure.
• Risk Assessment and Management: Before embarking on any adventure activity, thorough risk assessment should be conducted. This involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and severity, and implementing appropriate measures to manage and minimize risks. Regular reviews of safety protocols should also be conducted.
• Proper Equipment and Gear: Adventure tourism operators should provide participants with high-quality and well-maintained equipment and gear specific to the activity. It is essential to ensure that the equipment meets safety standards, is in proper working condition, and is regularly inspected and replaced when necessary.
• Participant Screening and Medical Fitness: Participants should be adequately screened for medical conditions and physical fitness requirements before engaging in adventure activities. It is important to assess any potential health risks and ensure that participants are aware of the physical demands of the activity.
• Emergency Preparedness: Adventure tourism operators should have robust emergency procedures in place, including evacuation plans, communication systems, and access to medical assistance. Guides should be trained in first aid and emergency response, and participants should be provided with clear instructions on how to respond in case of emergencies.
• Weather Monitoring: Activities in adventure tourism are often weather-dependent. Operators should closely monitor weather conditions and be prepared to make necessary adjustments or cancellations to ensure participant safety. Real-time weather updates and reliable weather forecasting sources should be utilized.
• Participant Briefings and Training: Before the start of any adventure activity, participants should receive thorough briefings on safety protocols, equipment usage, and the risks associated with the activity. Training or skill-building sessions should be provided when necessary to ensure participants have the required competencies to engage safely.
• Insurance Coverage: Adventure tourism operators should have adequate insurance coverage to protect both themselves and participants. Participants should also be encouraged to have their own travel insurance that includes coverage for adventure activities and medical emergencies.

It is essential for participants to understand and follow the safety guidelines provided by adventure tourism operators. This includes adhering to instructions from guides, wearing appropriate safety gear, and being aware of personal limitations. By prioritizing safety measures, adventure tourism can provide thrilling experiences while minimizing potential risks and ensuring the well-being of participants.

Future Trends in Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs and preferences of travelers. As we look toward the future, several trends are emerging in the adventure tourism industry. Here are some key trends to watch out for:

• Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Practices: With a growing focus on sustainability, future adventure tourism trends will prioritize eco-friendly practices. Operators will increasingly adopt environmentally sustainable measures, such as reducing carbon emissions, supporting local communities, and preserving natural resources.
• Responsible Wildlife Tourism: The trend of responsible wildlife tourism will continue to gain prominence. Travelers are increasingly seeking ethical interactions with wildlife, supporting operators that prioritize animal welfare and conservation. This trend will promote responsible wildlife encounters and discourage activities that exploit or harm animals.
• Customized and Personalized Experiences: Travelers are looking for unique and personalized adventure experiences tailored to their preferences and interests. Future trends will focus on offering customizable itineraries, allowing travelers to select activities, destinations, and accommodations that align with their specific desires and goals.
• Technology Integration: Technology will play a significant role in shaping the future of adventure tourism. From advanced booking platforms to virtual reality experiences, technology will enhance the pre-trip planning process and enable travelers to preview and select their adventure activities with ease.
• Wellness and Mindful Adventures: The trend towards combining adventure with wellness and mindfulness will continue to grow. Travelers seek opportunities to not only engage in thrilling activities but also to focus on personal well-being, relaxation, and self-reflection during their adventures.
• Off-the-Beaten-Path Destinations: As travelers seek more authentic and unique experiences, future adventure tourism trends will gravitate toward lesser-known and off-the-beaten-path destinations. This shift will allow travelers to explore hidden gems, experience local cultures, and minimize the impact of overtourism on popular destinations.
• Adventure for All Ages: Adventure tourism is no longer limited to young and physically fit travelers. Future trends will see an increased focus on catering to a diverse range of age groups and abilities. Activities and itineraries will be designed to accommodate families, seniors, and individuals with varying levels of physical fitness.
• Community Empowerment: Adventure tourism will increasingly prioritize community empowerment and engagement. Travelers can expect to see more opportunities to directly support local communities through cultural exchanges, homestays, and community-based tourism initiatives.

These trends reflect the shift towards a more sustainable, personalized, and socially responsible adventure tourism industry. As travelers seek transformative experiences that align with their values, these trends will shape the future of adventure tourism, providing fulfilling and enriching journeys for years to come.

Adventure tourism offers a thrilling and transformative way to explore the world and push personal boundaries. With its unique blend of excitement, physical challenge, cultural immersion, and connection with nature, adventure tourism continues to captivate travelers seeking unforgettable experiences.

In this article, we have explored the various aspects of adventure tourism, including its definition, types, popular activities, benefits, challenges, sustainable practices, safety measures, and future trends. Adventure tourism goes beyond traditional tourism by encouraging individuals to step out of their comfort zones, embrace the unknown, and create lasting memories. The physical and mental benefits, opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery, and the chance to connect with nature and different cultures make adventure tourism a compelling choice for travelers.

While adventure tourism offers incredible experiences, it is essential to approach it with safety in mind. Adventure tourism operators should prioritize participant safety by implementing proper risk management protocols, providing trained guides, and ensuring well-maintained equipment. Travelers, on the other hand, should adhere to safety guidelines, be aware of their physical limitations, and choose reputable operators that prioritize safety measures.

The future of adventure tourism looks promising, with sustainable practices, responsible wildlife tourism, personalization, technology integration, and an emphasis on wellness and mindful adventures emerging as key trends. Travelers can look forward to exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations, engaging with local communities, and enjoying customized experiences that align with their interests and values.

As adventure tourism continues to evolve, it is important for all stakeholders, including operators, travelers, and local communities, to embrace sustainable practices, respect local cultures, and prioritize the conservation of natural resources. By doing so, adventure tourism can not only provide incredible experiences but also contribute to the well-being of communities, preservation of ecosystems, and positive interaction between travelers and local cultures.

In conclusion, adventure tourism offers a thrilling and rewarding way to experience the world while pushing personal limits. With its potential for personal growth, cultural understanding, and connection with nature, adventure tourism is an invitation to embark on transformative journeys that leave a lasting impact.

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Adventure Tourism

Adventure Tourism: Adventurous travels have been an age old practice for the humans, as old as the human history. People have been travelling for food, shelter, health, business, leisure and out of curiosity for time immemorial. We have good examples of adventurous travelers like Marco Polo, Captain James Cook, and Sir Ernest Shackle ton, who had primarily scientific, geographic, or colonial motives for travel but at the core were some of the first Adventure travelers.

Travelling in those times was quite tough not like today were adventure travelers can hire a professional guide who will provide a range of technical support and equipment, as well as culture and nature interpretation.

The growth and development of modern day adventure tourism industry can trace back to the mid-1800 in America. It was here that adventure lovers started to push the limits of sports like the white water rafting and mountaineering with the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and descent of the Colorado River in 1869.

Shortly after these two events two of the great instates were set up that later on proved to be of monumental importance for the Adventure lovers and the Industry at large these to great instates were, The National Geographic Society formed in 1888 to “increase and diffuse geographic knowledge” and the Explorers Club formed in 1904 to “promote the scientific exploration of land, sea, air, and space”.

Maurice Herzog’s successful ascent of Annapurna in 1950 and Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay’s successful ascent of Mount Everest on 29 th May 1953, was hailed by the media and adventure lovers around the world and these two events proved to be the golden moments in the history of mankind post the 1950’s that inspired millions across the globe to take up adventure sports and journeys. 

The roots of first dedicated adventure travel agency can be traced back to 1920’s to a person called Dan Hatch in America. He and his brothers decided to build wooden rafts to explore the River Green situated in today’s Dinosaur National Monument. Don Hatch later on formed a company, Hatch River Explorations, which was the first business to receive a national park concessioner permit for rafting in 1953.   

There are many examples of some early adventure travel agencies like the Ker & Downey in 1946,  Abercrombie & Kent in 1962, Micato Safaris in 1966 (luxury safaris), and the OARS in 1969 (river rafting). 

Adventure Tourism today has grown into one of the most promising and dynamic sectors of the Tourism industry. The government’s world over are actively promoting this sector due to its direct benefit to the local communities, local economies and environment at large. Business holdings in this sector are primarily small proprietorships thus promoting entrepreneurship.   

Adventure tourism is a type of niche tourism activity, generally an outdoor activity, involving exploration to remote areas, challenging oneself against the nature and its various elements such as air, water, mountains, and climate and weather conditions. Physical and mental fitness is a pre-requisite before participating in such activities. 

“Adventure tourism is a form of travel in which the perception (and often the reality) of heightened risk creates a special appeal to certain segments of the travel market.” (Tourism – Principles, Practices, Philosophies – Charles R. Goeldner, J.R. Brent Ritchie and Robert W. McIntosh).

Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) defines adventure tourism “As a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion.” While the definition of adventure tourism as per ATTA requires two of these components, trips incorporating all three tend to afford tourists the fullest adventure travel experience and value – for example, a 23 days Manali (Himachal) – Lamayuru (Ladakh) trek involves trekking (physical activity) through the Trans Himalayan region (natural environment) and genuine interaction with local tribes or indigenous people – “The Lahouli’s” and “The Zankharpa’s” (cultural immersion).

Adventure Tourism can be classified into various types and typologies –

Soft adventure activities.

Soft adventure activities, as the name suggests are the type of adventure tourism activities that require little or no experience and involves little risk. Soft adventure activities are toned down versions of their hard adventure equivalents. Examples include Zorbing, Boat Rides, Canoeing, Hiking, Zip lining etc. 

Hard Adventure Activities

Hard adventure tourism is a term used to describe the type of adventure tourism activities that require high level of skill and training, high level of physical and mental fitness. Participants should participate in such activities under strict supervision of trained guides and equipments because it involves a high amount of risk of life of the participants.  Examples include High Altitude Trekking, Mountaineering, Paragliding, Sky Diving, Bungee Jumping, Deep Sea Diving.   

The table below shows the type of adventure–

Socio-Economic and Environmental benefits of Adventure Tourism

Tourism as an industry contributes 9% of the entire worlds GDP and one in eleven jobs is created in the tourism sector (UNTWO Tourism Highlights 2014). Apart from this tourism is altogether a large and complex phenomenon because apart from economic benefits it also focuses on the most vulnerable natural and cultural sites across the globe. Thus apart from short-term financial gains tourism positively contributes to long-term environmental and cultural considerations of the world. 

Tourism activities if properly planned and executed can play an important role in poverty alleviation, cultural understanding and biodiversity conservation. Adventure tourism as such if planned and executed in a proper way has tremendous potential in creating long term employment and income for the locals and thus providing a strong incentive for conservation of the local culture and the environment. This would thus have a cascading effect on the locals and the tourists who would now start respecting their traditional knowledge and practices. 

Destinations often struggle to get customers beyond their iconic spots. An example of this could be Manali, Himachal Pradesh which is overcrowded much beyond its carrying capacity. Adventure tourism has the potential to solve this problem, for example, by providing the tourist with an opportunity to venture beyond Manali, Solang Nalla or Rohtang Pass and visit the unexplored hills, mountains, rivers, pastures in the mighty Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal and CB ranges of the Himalayas  for trekking, mountaineering, white water rafting, paragliding, cultural immersion  activities and much more.

Adventure tour operators on the other hand can also play a key role in contributing to a sustainable development of the destination through their selection of service providers, vendors, the activities they promote and the facilities they choose to use. The Adventure tour operators can do it by hiring more local talents and try to sell more of the local products to the tourists. This in turn can also prevent the problem of leakages of funds from the local destinations.

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Adventure Tourism: A Comprehensive Guide

Welcome to our in-depth exploration of adventure tourism. In this guide, we will delve into the definition, characteristics, types, and benefits of adventure tourism. Adventure tourism is a niche segment of the travel industry that caters to thrill-seekers and nature enthusiasts looking for unique and exciting experiences in exotic and off-the-beaten-path destinations. Unlike traditional forms of tourism, adventure tourism focuses on activities that involve physical exertion, risk-taking, and exploration of natural environments. Let's break down the key aspects of adventure tourism:

Definition of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism can be defined as a type of travel that involves exploration, physical activity, and immersion in natural environments. It encompasses a wide range of activities, such as hiking, trekking, rock climbing, white-water rafting, zip-lining, safari tours, and more. The primary appeal of adventure tourism lies in the opportunity to step out of one's comfort zone, challenge oneself, and experience the thrill of engaging with nature in a raw and unfiltered way.

Characteristics of Adventure Tourism

• Physical Activity: Adventure tourism activities typically require participants to be physically fit and active. Whether it's climbing a mountain, biking through rugged terrain, or kayaking in choppy waters, these activities demand a certain level of physical exertion.
• Risk-Taking: Adventure tourism often involves an element of risk, whether it's navigating challenging terrain, encountering wild animals, or engaging in extreme sports. Participants must be willing to embrace uncertainty and push their boundaries.
• Natural Environment: Adventure tourism takes place in natural settings, such as mountains, forests, rivers, deserts, and oceans. Participants have the opportunity to connect with nature, appreciate its beauty, and gain a deeper understanding of environmental conservation.
• Cultural Immersion: In addition to outdoor activities, adventure tourism often includes interactions with local communities, cultural experiences, and opportunities to learn about indigenous traditions and customs. This cultural exchange adds depth and richness to the travel experience.

Types of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism encompasses a diverse array of activities and experiences, catering to a wide range of interests and preferences. Some popular types of adventure tourism include:

• Hiking and Trekking: Walking or trekking through scenic trails, mountains, and forests, often for multiple days, to explore remote and pristine landscapes.
• Rock Climbing: Scaling rock faces, cliffs, and mountains using ropes, harnesses, and climbing equipment to test physical strength and mental agility.
• White-Water Rafting: Navigating fast-flowing rivers and rapids in inflatable rafts, providing an adrenaline-pumping experience amidst breathtaking natural surroundings.
• Wildlife Safaris: Embarking on guided tours to observe and photograph wildlife in their natural habitats, such as national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries.
• Adventure Racing: Participating in multi-discipline races that combine activities like trail running, mountain biking, kayaking, and orienteering, often in challenging terrains.
• Caving and Spelunking: Exploring caves, caverns, and underground passages with specialized equipment to discover hidden geological formations and underground ecosystems.

Benefits of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism offers a myriad of benefits for both travelers and destinations, making it a compelling choice for those seeking unique and transformative travel experiences. Some key benefits include:

• Physical Fitness: Engaging in adventure activities promotes physical fitness, endurance, and overall well-being, contributing to a healthy and active lifestyle.
• Mental Resilience: Overcoming challenges, facing fears, and pushing personal limits during adventure travel can enhance mental resilience, self-confidence, and problem-solving skills.
• Environmental Awareness: Adventure tourism fosters a greater appreciation for nature, wildlife, and conservation efforts, encouraging sustainable practices and responsible travel behavior.
• Cultural Understanding: Interacting with local communities, learning about diverse cultures, and respecting traditions can promote cross-cultural understanding and empathy among travelers.
• Memorable Experiences: The thrill, excitement, and sense of accomplishment that come with adventure tourism create lasting memories and stories to share, enriching the travel experience.

Adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity as more travelers seek meaningful and transformative experiences that go beyond mere sightseeing. Whether it's summiting a peak, paddling down a river, or camping under the stars, adventure tourism offers a gateway to a world of discovery, challenge, and connection with the natural world. So, pack your bags, lace up your boots, and embark on an adventure of a lifetime!

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What Is Adventure Tourism?

• First Online: 26 October 2019

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• David Huddart 3 &
• Tim Stott 3  

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This chapter considers a definition of adventure tourism that includes physical activity, the natural environment and cultural immersion. Both hard and soft adventure can be important. The trends and numbers involved in this tourism area are discussed, including the growth in demand. Other types of often related niche tourism types are considered and defined, such as ecotourism, wildlife tourism, sustainable and responsible tourism.

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Huddart, D., Stott, T. (2020). What Is Adventure Tourism?. In: Adventure Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18623-4_1

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The pros and cons of adventure tourism

Is it really worth it to take a risky vacation?

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The implosion of the Titan submersible as it plunged 12,500 feet under the sea to view the wreckage of the Titanic, leaving all five people onboard dead, left many asking one question: Is this type of adventure really worth it?

The risks of traveling on the Titan were well-documented. OceanGate, the company that built the submersible, reportedly made participants sign a waiver that mentioned death three times on the first page. OceanGate was also warned by industry experts that the vessel was unsafe. The five travelers still made the trip, and one of the victims, Shazada Dahwood, was "absolutely obsessed" with seeing the Titanic, his sister told NBC News .

Is this type of trip, often called adventure tourism , worth the risk to somebody's life? Do the negatives and risks of climbing a big mountain or trekking through a remote jungle outweigh the positives, or is there something significant to be gained from adventure expeditions?

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Pro: People can learn about the world

Adventure tourism — and travel in general — can give people "an opportunity to see the world from a different perspective, form meaningful relationships, and develop new skills," travel writer Emily Lush reported . This type of tourism also lets travelers have "deeper and more meaningful travel experiences," a phenomenon which "has never been more appealing."

Taking on exotic experiences allows people to "broaden their horizons, learn new skills, and appreciate diversity," per a LinkedIn report. For those who haven't traveled often , or at all, adventure tourism can "foster a sense of connection, purpose, and gratitude, as travelers can contribute to social and environmental causes."

Con: It's dangerous

Perhaps the most glaring negative: Adventure tourism can be hazardous, and the "risk for illness and injury with adventure travel is much greater," Christopher Van Tilburg wrote for the CDC's 2024 travel guide . The risk of "illness and injury is a function of two variables: probability and consequence," Van Tilburg added. He noted that adventure tourism destinations "can be remote and lack access to care," and "trips are often goal-oriented, which can cause travelers to exceed safety limits and take increased risks."

This type of tourism is growing among "thrill-seekers looking for an adrenaline rush, pushing the boundaries of conventional travel and, sometimes, of safe travel," Samantha Delouya reported for CNN .

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Pro: It can improve your health

Adventure travel, as with any physical activity, can have positive health effects. While some people may just go to the gym, "Wouldn't it be more fun to get your exercise while sailing and soaring through the Alpine Arctic and witnessing some of the planet's awe-inspiring landscapes?" Amanda Wells argued for Quark Expeditions .

There are also reported mental health benefits, as "travel is great for relieving stress and improving your general outlook on life," according to the World Travel and Tourism Council . Physical activities "like walking, hiking, and skiing in scenic areas can help you become more hopeful," the organization added.

Con: It's often expensive

Getting onboard the Titan submersible cost $250,000, and similar expeditions often exist "to provide exclusive, expensive, and dangerous travel itineraries to the world's wealthiest would-be explorers," Spencer Buell reported for The Boston Globe . Even with the clear dangers, "Previously unthinkable treks [have] become more accessible to anyone with deep enough pockets," Buell added.

Despite its high costs, the Titan incident "will not dampen demand for 'extreme' tourism where a rescue is unlikely or even impossible," Dr. Adele Doran, principal lecturer in adventure tourism and recreation at Sheffield Hallam University, told Insider .

Pro: It can boost local economies

Adventure travel can prop up smaller economies, helping "free developing countries from downward-spiraling cycles of human poverty and environmental degradation," Kim Joyce reported for USA Today . The promotion of adventure expeditions "improves the community's social and economic health , and elevates community morale —which can lead to more opportunities for investment."

Local economies can be improved "in many ways, from hosting travel groups, to support services such as food and transportation," Elizabeth Sobiski added for The Arizona Republic . This can be especially prevalent in economically depressed areas, where "jobs in transporting, housing, feeding, and entertaining visitors are created."

Con: It can negatively impact the environment

Adventure tourism — and tourism of all types — can result in "pollution and littering, as well as damage to natural habitats. It can also cause problems for locals, who may feel they are being taken advantage of or threatened," Iqbal Uddin Abbasi wrote for LinkedIn .

There are also " environmental hazards associated with adventure tourism activities such as kayaking, rappelling, and scuba diving," Abassi added. These hazards have increased as a result of a changing planet, and the "impacts of climate change mean we need to keep our eyes more open to respond to the changes, and keep reviewing our risk assessments," Christina Beckmann, a climate expert with the Adventure Travel Trade Association, told BBC News .

 Justin Klawans has worked as a staff writer at The Week since 2022. He began his career covering local news before joining Newsweek as a breaking news reporter, where he wrote about politics, national and global affairs, business, crime, sports, film, television and other Hollywood news. Justin has also freelanced for outlets including Collider and United Press International.  

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The Global Report on Adventure Travel  offers a thorough, insightful analysis of the current and future adventure travel sector.  It providing  global trends, the current sector structure on a significant growing market, potential benefits, risks and sector challenges.   Additionally, it provides a closer look at the links between the proper management of adventure travel for a sustainable, ethical tourism which contributes effectively to local communities and the environment.

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What is Adventure Tourism?

Adventure tourism definition.

As travelers seek new and different experiences, adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity. Adventure tourism, according to the Adventure Travel Trade Association , is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, a cultural exchange, or activities in nature. You don't necessarily have to go base jumping or go scuba diving with sharks to be an adventure tourist (although those activities definitely qualify).

Adventure tourism is about connecting with a new culture or a new landscape and being physically active at the same time. It is not about being risky or pushing your boundaries. In fact, it is especially important to know and respect your limits while you are in an unfamiliar area. Our list of adventure tourism activities has plenty of options if you aren't necessarily a thrill seeker. If you are an adrenaline junkie, don't worry we still have a few ideas for your next trip.

Adventure Tourism Activities

Getting out and experiencing a new location under the power of your own two feet is always a great option. Hiking allows you to slow down and enjoy more aspects of your surroundings. Day hikes are a good option for most anyone that loves the outdoors. If you happen to be in Costa Rica, you can take a guided hike up to the top of Cero Chato , a dormant volcano. You get to hike through the rain forest and your reward for getting to the top is a beautiful lagoon! Be sure to remember to wear moisture-wicking clothes; Costa Rica can be quite humid.

Backpacking

If you are more adventurous and have the proper equipment, you can extend your day hike into a backpacking trip. Backpacking allows you to stay out in nature longer and see more things than you would on a normal day hike.  It is important to have the proper survival knowledge and gear. If you haven't backpacked before, make sure that you go with someone knowledgeable that will show you the proper backpacking techniques. The Gore Range Trail is a great way to explore the mountains outside Silverthorne, Colorado. The whole trail is 41.7 miles long and is rated as a difficult trail. The scenic views make it worth the effort. If you're not up for the full hike, you can set a goal for reaching one of the high alpine lakes along the trail.

Want to soar through the trees and experience nature from a different angle? You should try zip lining. Zip lines and canopy tours are a fantastic way to quickly see a new area. You see everything from a different angle. Some canopy tours will even get you up close and personal with the local wildlife. Niagara Falls recently installed a zip line called the MistRider . This zip line has 4 parallel lines, so you and your friends can all zip at the same time. It's great opportunity to turn your trip to Niagara Falls into an adventure tourism activity.

Climbing is a classic example of an adventure tourism activity. It combines physical activity and allows you to take in the beauty of nature. Even if you've never climbed a day in your life, you can still get up a rock wall with the help of a guide. Make sure to check the safety record and accreditations of your rock climbing guide before heading out!  Another option is to try climbing indoors.  Many cities have rock climbing gyms so you can easily access some adventure!  Ask if they have TRUBLUE Auto Belays so you can walk in and start climbing without needing an introductory class.

When most people hear free fall they think bungee jumping or skydiving. While those are viable adventure tourism activities, they might not be for everyone. Head Rush Technologies engineered the next generation of free fall devices, the QUICKflight and the FlightLine , to provide an authentic feeling of free fall with less risk.  You can find these devices in ropes courses, adventure parks and other facilities all over the world. There's a good chance that there's a Head Rush Free Fall Device location in close proximity to your next destination.

Floating down a cool river on a hot summer day can be an excellent way to explore a new area. You get all the excitement of battling a rapid and you can also sit back and enjoy the view during the calmer sections of the river. The best season for rafting usually depends on the area you're in and your desired level of adventure. Generally speaking, the water levels are usually higher earlier in the season and lower later in the season. Higher water levels provide bigger rapids and more thrills, while lower levels are more subdued.

Mountain Biking

If you're talking about exciting physical activities that allow you to explore the outdoors, it would crime to leave out mountain biking. Mountain biking offers a great workout and a fun way to experience nature. You'll be able to travel further distances on trails and see more of the surrounding area. New to mountain biking?  No worries!  Many locations have trails that range from beginner to advanced.  If you're near a ski resort, check to see if they have lift-serviced trails.  You'll ride the ski lift to the top with your bike and then let gravity do most of the work as you cruise the green, blue, and black trails down.

Skiing and Snowboarding

You might not have realized that your annual family ski trip qualifies as adventure tourism. Cruising down the slopes at a resort keeps you active and lets you experience the outdoors. The western United States is known for its exceptional skiing up and down the Rocky Mountains. You'll find fresh powder and amazing slopes all the way from Alaska down to Utah, Colorado and even northern New Mexico.  If you're the adventurous type, you can abandon the resorts and set out into the backcountry. Backcountry skiing can be extremely dangerous if you aren't properly trained. It's absolutely necessary to take an avalanche safety class and buy all the proper safety equipment before you go off-piste.  Consider hiring guide services for your first time trying backcountry skiing or snowboarding.

Finding Your Next Adventure

The Adventure Travel Trade Association hosts resources for travelers to find their next adventure.  The businesses they share are part of the association and part of the adventure tourism movement around the world.  Find resources, check out destinations, and get inspired by the many photos and videos.  The next adventure is out there waiting for you!

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What is adventure tourism adventure travel examples, definition, importance, types and characteristics [tourist & backpacking trends].

This article considers a definition of adventure tourism that includes physical activity,  the natural environment, and cultural immersion. Both hard and soft adventures can be important. The trends and numbers involved in this tourism area are discussed, including the growth in demand. Other types of often related niche tourism types are considered and defined, such as ecotourism, wildlife tourism, sustainable and responsible tourism.

Adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity

Tourism is one of the most rapidly growing economic sectors in the world, and adventure tourism are one of its fastest-growing categories. As travelers seek new and different experiences, adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity (Wicker 2017) . Increasingly, countries in all stages of economic development are prioritizing adventure tourism for development and market growth, because they recognize its ecological,  cultural, and economic value. 

To date, no definition of adventure tourism exists in the United Nations World Tourism  Organisation (UNWTO) literature, but the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) defines adventure tourism as a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements:  physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion. While the definition of adventure tourism only requires two of these components, trips incorporating all three would give tourists the fullest adventure tourism experience. 

For example, the World Tourist Organisation  (2014) in its Global Report on Adventure Tourism suggests that a trip to Peru involving trekking  (physical activity) along the Machu Picchu trail  (natural environment) and genuine interaction with local residents and/or indigenous peoples  (cultural immersion) would be an excellent example. A similar example would be Nand Raj Jat in Uttarakhand (India) which incorporates all three elements, including a twenty-day trek along  Himalayan trails, interaction with local residents, and an opportunity to watch and take part in local religious practices. 

Between 2010 and 2014, the adventure tourism industry grew by 195% and the adventure segment of this is enjoying rapid growth, but globally it remains a relatively small player in the industry. The adventure tourism industry is also helping to raise awareness of sustainability, the need to support local communities, and promote social responsibility. These values help to secure the future of the sector. Adventure tourism practitioners and policymakers adhere to sustainable environmental practices because they know that without pristine natural environments and meaningful cultural experiences, their destination adventure tourism continues to grow in popularity (Wicker 2017). Increasingly, countries in all stages of economic development are prioritizing adventure tourism for development and market growth, because they recognize its ecological,  cultural, and economic value. 

To date, no definition of adventure tourism exists in the United Nations World Tourism  Organisation (UNWTO) literature, but the  Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA)  defines adventure tourism as a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements:  physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion. 

While the definition of adventure tourism only requires two of these components, trips incorporating all three would give tourists the fullest adventure tourism experience. For example, the World Tourist Organisation  (2014) in its Global Report on Adventure Tourism suggests that a trip to Peru involving trekking  (physical activity) along the Machu Picchu trail   (natural environment) and genuine interaction with local residents and/or indigenous peoples  (cultural immersion) would be an excellent example. A similar example would be Nand Raj  Jat in Uttarakhand (India) which incorporates all three elements, including a twenty-day trek along  Himalayan trails , an interaction with local residents, and an opportunity to watch and take part in local religious practices. 

Between 2010 and 2014, the adventure tourism industry grew by 195% and the adventure segment of this is enjoying rapid growth, but globally it remains a relatively small player in the industry. The adventure tourism industry is also helping to raise awareness of sustainability, the need to support local communities, and promote social responsibility. These values help to secure the future of the sector. Adventure tourism practitioners and policymakers adhere to sustainable environmental practices because they know that without pristine natural environments and meaningful cultural experiences, their destination would lose its competitiveness and tourists would go somewhere else. 

Global Figures for Tourism  and the Adventure Sector 

Tourism accounts for 30% of all services and one in eleven jobs in the global economy, and in 2010  the global value for the adventure market amounted to more than US$614 billion. By 2013,  this figure had tripled to more than US$1843 billion. The growth in turnover comes from an increase in the number of adventure tourists, as  42% of all tourists participate in one or more adventure activities in the course of their holiday,  and an overall increase in the amount of money spent per holiday. Currently, 69% of all adventure tourists come from Europe, North America, and  South America, but this will change in the future.  In 2014, 53% of all adventure travelers were women and 47% were men; they were generally well educated, with 37% of adventure travelers spending four years or more in tertiary education and more than 11% having a professional qualification. They were also financially well off, with an average income of approximately US$45,500. 

Consumer Trends

When we split adventure travel into ‘hard’ and  ‘soft’ categories, a pattern emerges. Travelers in the soft category (for example, non-extreme activities, cruise tourism, cultural activities,  community involvement, and guided tours)  spent about US$825 per trip. In comparison, on a global level, non-adventure tourists spend about US$430 per person per holiday (excluding travel costs). This is about 40% less than the amount spent by adventure tourists, who also spend more money in local communities where the economic impact is more tangible.  More extreme adventure travelers only spend about US$338 per trip (excluding travel costs),  but spend significantly more money on gear and equipment that they require for their holiday. In mass tourism, approximately 80% of the revenue from a trip goes to airlines, hotels, and other international companies. In contrast, in adventure travel, 70–80% of the revenue goes to local communities; while 65.5% of total travel expenditure per adventure travel remains in the destinations or destination the traveler has visited. 

Adventure Tourism 

When applied in a tourism context the term adventure tourism embraces all types of commercial outdoor tourism where there is a significant excitement element involved, but it is a  broad term.

Buckley (2006) lists at least forty activities involved in adventure tourism. It is a  term that is not easily defined, as different people have different perceptions of what might be considered an adventure. It involves adventurous travel where there is an exploration and physical exertion, and the travel has a perceived or real risk involved; the adventure tourists often step outside their comfort zone and experience a rush or flow (Buckley 2012). However, it has to cater for differences in clientele, as there will be different expectations, different physical abilities,  different likes, and dislikes, and different psychological make-ups involved. The experience is not about taking risks or pushing personal boundaries, and it is important for participants to know and respect their personal limits whilst they are in unfamiliar regions. 

Adventure tourism is closely related to nature-based tourism (Buckley et al. 2003) , and there is also an overlap with ecotourism. Adventure tourism is ‘nature tourism with a kick, nature tourism with a degree of risk-taking and physical endurance’ (Christ et al.  2003) . It focuses on doing, whilst the other categories mentioned often focus on seeing. There is a wide range of outdoor recreation activities packaged as commercial adventure tour products, ranging from hiking trips to expensive and equipment-intensive tours involving expedition cruise ships and helicopters. 

The activity can be part of independent travel, where the travelers provide an adventurous experience for themselves through the use of fixed-site facilities,  such as ski resorts, where there is a retail and accommodation component as part of the package. 

Buckley (2006) identifies four component types of adventure tourism:

• independent travel, which involves at least some commercial transport and accommodation but includes some activity that the traveler treats as adventurous; 
• fully packaged, guided commercial adventure tours, departing on defined dates from specified gateways; 
• fixed-site adventure activities available to both tourists and the local population, but where tourists make up a significant percentage of the clientele, as in ski resorts;
• and finally all the ancillary businesses and economic sectors linked to adventure tourism through recreational equipment, adventure branded clothing, and a significant proportion of the amenity-migrant property market (where people move to an area to live or purchase a second home, especially to take part in adventurous activities). 

Buckley (2010) suggests that on a  global scale the outdoor and adventure tourism subsectors of the tourism market make up around one-fifth of the global tourism market and travel sector, and one that as we have noted continues to expand. ATTA created a definition of adventure tourism and adventure tourist. Such a  tourist is one who includes at least two of the three following elements in his or her leisure travel: physical activity, engagement with nature,  and cultural interaction and learning. Through this definition, it is seen that most tourists can be considered adventurers. 

The challenge for tourism will therefore always be to stimulate economic and social development in a way that factors in nature, culture, and the environment. Adventure travel addresses all these challenges in a way that provides opportunities for local communities to develop, and it takes account of the tourists’ diverse understanding of what a responsible and sustainable adventure-based holiday involves. Hence adventure travel is a form of travel where visitors interact with the environment and nature, take part in physical activities, and are part of a cultural exchange that combines at least two of these elements. There could also be an extra element of self-exploration and connecting with self. 

It is possible therefore  to define adventure tourism as having some of the  following five elements:

• some real or perceived risk related to physical activity, remoteness, or unfamiliar  location;
• occurring in a natural environment that is relatively unexplored and with minimal or no  urban influences;
• a physical activity that tests both mental and  physical endurance; 
• cultural immersion;
• minimalism that supports eco-, responsible and sustainable tourism and discourages mindless consumerism, although some of the luxury cruises that occur do not support this element. 

Adventure is not about how wild, high or extreme an activity is. It is primarily a mental attitude to travel that shapes the values that visitors bring with them on their holiday. In other words, adventure is a subjective concept that revolves around how individual travelers like to shape their own experiences. 

The key for adventure travel is that the holiday should be based on experiences, and that added value comes from really getting to know a destination through physical activity, cultural encounters, and experiencing the natural environment. Activities like these allow individual travelers to extend their own boundaries culturally, physically, and geographically, and these boundaries vary from person to person. 

Regardless of how tourism professionals organize or categorize adventure travel, the adventure will always be a subjective term for travelers, because it is related to individual experience. Adventure to one traveler may seem routine or mundane to another. Adventure tourists push their own cultural, physical, and geographic comfort limits, and those limits differ for each person. Rantala et al. (2018) suggest that the boundaries between adventurous activities and tourism are blurred, and they explore the diffuse use of concepts such as wilderness, nature guiding, and adventurous activities. 

Nevertheless,  adventure tourism has been widely studied, and the literature review of 2119 references in Rantala et al. (2018) indicates that the work was dispersed amongst many different subject disciplines and academic journals; their conclusion is that a reconceptualization of adventure tourism is required. Cheng et al. (2018) find a total of 114  publications on adventure tourism that revealed three broad areas of foci in adventure tourism research. 

These are adventure tourism experience; destination planning and adventure tourism operators. Studies examining non-Western tourists in their own geographical contexts and non-Western tourists in Western geographical contexts are under-represented. We hope to show in this article that there are important environmental impacts caused by adventure tourism that need to be managed, and that the education of participants and company operators is necessary for the sustainable use of the environments in which adventure tourism takes place. 

Table 1.1 Types of activity and categorization as hard or soft adventure

There are two main categories of adventure activities, hard and soft adventure, and vigorous debate often surrounds which activities belong in each category ( see Table 1.1 ). The easiest way to identify an adventure trip as a hard or soft adventure is by its primary activity. 

Both hard and soft adventures are highly lucrative segments of the adventure tourism sector. The cost of the permit to access the summit of  Mount Everest , a hard adventure activity, was estimated to be US$11,000 per person in 2015.  When all of the other factors are added in, such as training, gear, airfare, and tour guides, the average total cost is about US$48,000 per person.  Commercial adventure travel tour operators offering soft adventure activities charged an average of US$308 per day in 2012.

With an average trip length of 8.8 days, the average total cost of a  soft adventure trip was US$2710 per person, not including flights. In addition to hard or soft adventure activities, there are also different types of adventure tourists. For example, adventure enthusiasts, such as avid kayakers, cyclists, or birdwatchers, become progressively more skilled at a specific outdoor or athletic activity. These enthusiasts are described as passionate about a  certain sport or activity, tending to pursue the same activity trip after trip, and seeking new and exciting destinations in the process. 

Although enthusiasts’ spending is on a par with other types of adventure travelers, their more frequent international trips typically last an average of one extra day. They spend more money on equipment and gear because they value brands that fit their highly specialized needs, and they seek out locations that are difficult to access or are newly emerging but not yet popular. On the other hand, extreme adventurers, such as base jumpers, those who cross the Greenland Ice Cap , or runners of 100 km races, are not so many tourists as independent travelers and thrill-seekers.  Extreme adventurers spend less money because they have their own equipment, may not seek commercial support to practice the activity, seek out locations that are difficult to access, and often camp or provide their own transport. 

Extreme adventurers constitute a very small segment of the sector. Thus, although they can have public relations and marketing value for a  destination or company, they do not typically require attention from tourism development policymakers and land managers. 

Core characteristics of adventure  

We do not believe there is a single characteristic that effectively sums up the nature of adventure; what follows is an attempt to draw out the key qualities of adventure. The focus is on the nature of adventure at this stage, rather than adventure tourism. We will discuss the ways on which tourism and adventure have been partnered together in the following section. However, occasionally we will pre-empt our discussion of adventure tourism by highlighting instances where other writers have relied on one of these core characteristics in their attempts to define adventure tourism.  

The points below summarize the core characteristics or qualities of  adventure that form the basis of the following analysis:  

• Uncertain outcomes  
• Danger and risk  
• Challenge  
• Anticipated rewards  
• Novelty  
• Stimulation and excitement  
• Escapism and separation  
• Exploration and discovery  
• Absorption and focus  
• Contrasting emotions.  

Many of these qualities are interrelated and interdependent – for example,  novelty contributes to both the sense of challenge and the degree of stimulation. Any of these qualities taken alone do not make an adventure.  However, when they are all present, we believe an adventure is more or less guaranteed. 

Growth in Demand

In 2012, global tourism arrivals passed the 1 billion mark. As one of the fastest-growing segments, adventure tourism arrivals naturally increased as well. In 2010, the first global adventure tourism market sizing study was conducted by ATTA, George Washington University , and  Xola Consulting . It found that the global value of adventure tourism was US$89 billion. The study was repeated in 2013 and found that 42% of travelers departed on adventure trips, making the sector worth US$263 billion, an increase of  195% in two years. This remarkable growth was attributed to an increase in international departures, an increase in travelers going on adventure trips, and an increase in average spending. 

Overall, 69% of international departures originated in Europe, North America, or South  America; the same was true of adventure tourism. Between 2009 and 2010, South America’s hard adventure travel population grew from 1.4%  of all departures to 8%. The same time period saw a 5% increase in the soft adventure population. In fact, the UNWTO Tourism Highlights of  2014 notes that ‘with rising levels of disposable  income, many emerging economies have shown  fast growth over recent years, especially in markets in Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, the  Middle East and Africa.’ Additionally, the report notes that Chinese travelers are the top spenders while on vacation, and that developed economies will benefit from the favorable exchange rate for  Russian and Chinese travelers via inbound tourism. Widespread increases in projected arrivals from Russian, Chinese, and Latin American travelers will change the shape of tourism demographics in the years to come.

In the adventure tourism sector, the trend has been towards the removal of the middle man, tour operator, or travel agent, who has traditionally connected the consumer in the source market to the provider or ground handler in the destination market. As the traveler can access information and trusted consumer reviews online, he is now more likely to go straight to the provider. The  AdventurePulse: USA Adventure Traveller Profiles , a study of the US adventure travel market, indicates that 71% of US adventure travelers are making arrangements solely on their own. 

While emerging economies are slowly outpacing developed economies for departures and spending, the UNWTO predicts that by 2015,  arrivals in emerging economies will have exceeded those in advanced economies; and by  2030, 57% of arrivals will be in emerging economies. To accommodate this surge in demand,  supply is expected to increase. The makeup of the sector is predominantly small, owner-operated businesses. In fact, in 2013 the average size of  ATTA’s member companies was forty-four employees. 

Destinations around the world are focusing on an adventure as a key niche segment, because of its economic and sustainability benefits. They are working to provide professional education for adventure travel companies to support local people in participating in the tourism economy. 

Increasingly, destinations are recognizing that travelers are seeking more authentic products.  Around the world, destinations are gearing their advertising and branding to appeal to adventure travelers. For example, Norway capitalizes on its towering fjords and glaciers with the slogan  ‘ Powered by Nature ’; Greenland emphasizes its ruggedness with ‘ Greenland, Be a Pioneer ’; New  Zealand touts its culture, mountains, wildlife, and hiking with ‘ 100% Pure New Zealand ’; Nepal’s  Naturally Nepal logo includes a stylized high peak and a tagline “ Once is not enough ”;  Kyrgyzstan, surrounded by glaciers, emphasizes its mountainous assets in its adventure tourism marketing with the tagline “ Something New,  Something Different ”; and Slovenia beckons with hiking, mountains, and caves in its ‘ I Feel  Slovenia ’ campaign.

The trend is far-reaching. In 2011, 79% of tourism boards reported that the adventure tourism private sector had begun to emerge and/or grow in their destination. In 2010, Greenland shifted its marketing to focus exclusively on the adventure sector. Its messaging and imagery were designed to capture the imaginations of tourists who sought off-the-beaten-track adventures and authentic cultural interactions. Greenland’s marketing focused equally on cultural, and especially culinary,  activities through its ‘ Taste of Greenland ’ program, and emphasized adventure activities with the launch of a blog entitled ‘ 99% Backcountry ’. This portrayed a modern  Greenland, where girls in traditional costumes ride scooters, the message resonating with how locals saw themselves. 

UNWTO predicts that there will be 1.8 billion arrivals globally by 2030 and that the growth of international tourism arrivals in emerging economies will grow at double the pace of developed nations. Developed nations will see arrivals from emerging economies fuelling their growth; but as knowledge of adventure tourism options in these destinations is currently limited, there is a need to invest in building their markets—and this is currently happening. 

What is Ecotourism?

Much of ecotourism is commercial outdoor recreation, and this has been discussed in much detail by Buckley (2004, 2006, 2010). 

Ecotourism is a form of tourism that involves visiting fragile,  pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas,  intended as a low-impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism.  It is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education. 

Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the  1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention.  

Generally, ecotourism involves interaction with biotic components of the natural environment. It focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability, and typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. It intends to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. 

Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling,  energy efficiency, water conservation, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities. For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility. 

Ecotourism has three central principles: 

• it is non-consumptive/non-extractive, 
• it creates an ecological conscience and 
• it holds ecocentric values and ethics in relation to nature. 

Lane  (2013) outlines the related types of niche tourism. He defines adventure tourism as physical outdoor activities such as snorkeling, diving, or skydiving, where operators may not necessarily be operating in a sustainable manner or providing education. 

Cultural tourism relates to the discovery of the cultural heritage of the destination,  such as learning from a local artist, and the focus is not on nature or wildlife. 

Green tourism applies to any tourism activity or facility operating in an environmentally friendly way, incorporating renewable energy use or composting. Lodges may be owned by a large corporation or lack a  focus on conservation and education. 

Nature tourism is where wildlife is viewed in its natural habitats, such as from jungle lodges in the Amazon or cruise-only ships in Antarctica. These trips may not have an educational component and are not necessarily environmentally sustainable or responsible. 

Responsible tourism is where the minimization of environmental degradation of the destination is a priority, but there may be no focus on the environment and no economic benefit to the host destination. 

Finally, sustainable tourism does not deplete resources and allows for smaller numbers of tourists to experience nature so as not to disturb natural patterns. There may not be a focus on the preservation of the natural habitat or any economic benefit to the host destination. 

However, the term ecotourism , like sustainable tourism, is considered by many to be an oxymoron. Like most forms of tourism, ecotourism generally depends on air transportation, and this long-distance travel has significant environmental impacts and contributes to global climate change (Simmons and Becken 2004).  Additionally, the overall effect of sustainable tourism is probably negative, as ecotourism philanthropic aspirations can mask commercial and immediate self-interest. Here we can see considerable overlap and misconceptions relating to the terms adventure tourism, ecotourism, nature-based tourism, and sustainable tourism. 

The differences between adventure tourism and mass tourism are clear, but the differences between adventure tourism and other types of tourism can be more nuanced. There follow definitions of other popular types of tourism that communities and other stakeholders on the value of protecting the integrity of nature and culture and investment (driving financial support for conservation from the travel sector and travelers). 

Responsible tourism is tourism that creates better places in which people can live and visit.  Responsible tourism can take place in any environment, and many cities have adopted responsible tourism policies. It can also be defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people (Christ et al. 2003). 

Community-based tourism is defined by the  Mountain Institute and Regional Community  Forestry Training Center as a visitor–host interaction that has meaningful participation for both,  and that generates economic and conservation benefits for local communities and environments. 

Volunteer tourism is the practice of individuals going on a working holiday, volunteering their labor for worthy causes. It includes work that is not paid and is sometimes also called  Voluntourism. 

SAVE tourism encompasses scientific, academic, volunteer, and educational tourism, as defined by the SAVE Travel Alliance. SAVE  tourism may include remunerated work. 

Another definition of ecotourism, from the  International Ecotourism Society, is purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem,  while producing economic opportunities that communities and other stakeholders on the value of protecting the integrity of nature and culture and investment (driving financial support for conservation from the travel sector and travelers). 

Nature tourism is travel to unspoiled places to experience and enjoy nature (Christ et al.  2003). 

Wildlife tourism is based on encounters with non-domesticated (non-human) animals in either the animals’ natural environment or in captivity.  It includes activities historically classified as  ‘non-consumptive’ as well as those that involve killing or capturing animals (Higginbottom  2004). Swarbrooke et al. (2003) provide a  detailed chapter on this topic as one aspect of adventure tourism. 

There are also some obscure forms of adventure tourism, including disaster and ghetto tourism , spiritual tourism , and even ethno-tourism ,  where indigenous peoples are observed. The latter is controversial because it can bring indigenous peoples into contact with diseases to which they have no immunity, and there is always the possible degradation or destruction of a unique culture or language. 

It is important to note that none of these types of tourism, which can be included in a broad discussion of adventure tourism, is mutually exclusive, and definitions can be overlapping. These  ‘brands’ all have a specific or even niche market value because they resonate with a particular segment of consumers.

Adventure tourism used to be a relatively fringe or small niche of the overall tourism sector, but today it has become more mainstream as a US$263 billion global market. In 2014, tour operators noted that the top four trends in adventure tourism were the softening of adventure travel, customization of trip experiences, multi-generational groups, and cultural experiences. In other words, the trends indicate the broadening of adventure as a choice of travel by the larger market. 

This data came from more than 300 companies in sixty-nine countries. Governments acknowledge this trend as well. Before 2007,  52% of tourism boards surveyed (ninety-one in total) noted that they did not recognize adventure tourism as a stand-alone sector in their destination. That number sharply decreased to a mere  8% in 2011 out of the same group of tourism boards/ministries. 

Adventure summary – a process and a state of mind

Adventure, then, is where participants are voluntarily putting themselves in a  position where they believe they are taking a step into the unknown, where they will face challenges, and where they will discover or gain something valuable from the experience.  

This state of affairs is based on the individual’s perception of the situation and of themselves, and therefore ‘adventure’ is subjective and unique to each person. It is quite apparent that what is an adventure for one person – say a  solo sailing trip around the Mediterranean – may not be regarded as an adventure by another. Adventure is a personal construct, based more on individual mental and emotional perceptions than physical capacities. Like beauty, which is in the eye of the beholder, adventure is in the mind and heart of the participant.  

It is clear from this examination that adventure is not determined by specific activities, but by the state of mind and approach of the participant. This analysis supports Hopkins and Putnam’s (1993) assertion that ‘Adventure can be of the mind and spirit as much as a physical challenge’. Spending time living in a different religious community or attending a self-development course can be just as much an adventure as trekking up Kilimanjaro.  

Although specific activities don’t define adventure, it is apparent that adventure entails action. Adventure is not a passive experience; it’s engaging.  This engagement can be on a physical, intellectual, emotional, or spiritual level.  Cater (2000) comments that ‘adventure tourism is fundamentally about active recreation participation, and it demands new metaphors based more on “being,  doing, touching and seeing” rather than just seeing’. We propose that ‘feeling’  could be added to this list as well. The adventure involves effort and commitment,  and often mental and physical preparation or training is necessary.  

Most of the characteristics of adventure that have been discussed so far are interdependent or overlap with one or more of the others. They work together to create that state of affairs that leads someone to describe an experience as an adventure. Some of these core qualities relate to the main stages in the adventure process (see Figure 1.2); others describe the perceptions and feelings of the participant. These basic ‘ingredients’ of adventure can be combined in different proportions, giving a different flavor to the adventure experience.  

So, to draw some preliminary conclusions on how the concepts of adventure and tourism combine to give us adventure tourism, in our view adventure tourism involves travel and leisure activities that are bought into  (not simply financially, but as we are talking about tourism an exchange of money is often involved somewhere along the line!) in the hope that they will produce a rewarding adventure experience. Crucially, an adventure tourism  experience will:  

• Be of a heightened nature – a stimulating context will induce a range of  emotions (of which excitement will be key), and separate it from everyday  life  
• Entail intellectual, physical, or emotional risks and challenges – these will  be absorbing  
• Be intrinsically rewarding, providing opportunities for enjoyment, learning and self-development.  

All of this discussion brings us to the question of how adventure manifests itself in a tourism context. If the core ingredients of adventure are applied to tourism activities, then a very broad range of activities that can take place in a wide range of settings results. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that any tourism experience that a participant thinks is an adventure, is an adventure! This, we suggest, is valid. However, it is also unwieldy. In addition, the tourist’s point of view is only one-half of the equation. The supply side of the tourism industry should also be considered, and for adventure tourism to be a saleable commodity it has to be parcelled into something that is ‘suppliable’. So it seems that this idea of adventure tourism needs grounding in the practicalities of real life, and we need to divide it into manageable entities. We can begin this task by asking ourselves, ‘ How does  adventure manifest itself in terms of what people do and where they do it? ’  

The main aim of this article is to discuss how a  wide range of recreational adventure activities can have an impact on the environment and how the activities are associated with an important and growing branch of the tourist industry, adventure tourism. 

This article is aimed at the university undergraduate, postgraduate and academic market across a wide range of disciplines, including tourism, ecology, outdoor education, natural resource management, and geography. It is hoped that members of ATTA, which is a trade group that serves to network, professionalize, and promote the adventure tourism industry.

References 

• ADTI. (2016). Adventure tourism development index:  An adventure travel scorecard . The 2016 report, 6th  Ed.
• Buckley, R. (Ed.). (2004). Environmental impacts of ecotourism (389pp). Wallingford/Oxfordshire/ Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing. 
• Buckley, R. (2006). Adventure tourism (528pp).  Wallingford/Oxfordshire/Cambridge, MA: CABI  Publishing. 
• Buckley, R. (2010). Adventure tourism management (268pp).  Abingdon: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group. Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33, 961–970. 
• Buckley, R., Pickering, C., & Weaver, D.  B. (Eds.).  (2003). Nature-based tourism, environment and land management (Ecotourism Series) (Vol. 1, 213pp).  Wallingford/Oxfordshire/Cambridge, MA: CABI  Publishing. 
• Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas. Switzerland/Cambridge: IUCN/ Gland. 
• Cheng, M., Edwards, D., Darcy, S., & Redfern, K.  (2018). A tri-method approach to a review of adventure tourism literature: Bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and a quantitative systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research,  42, 997–1020. 
• Christ, C., Hillel, O., Matus, S., & Sweeting, J. (2003).  Tourism and biodiversity – Mapping tourism’s global footprint (54pp). Washington, DC: Conservation International. Available at  
• Hammitt, W.  E., Cole, D.  N., & Monz, C.  A. (2015).  Wildland recreation, ecology, and management (3rd  ed., 313pp). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. 
• Higginbottom, K. (Ed.). (2004). Wildlife tourism: Impact,  management and planning. Altona: Common Ground  Publishing. 
• Huddart, D., & Stott, T. (2019). Outdoor recreation: Environmental impacts and management. London:  Palgrave Macmillan. 
• Kuenzin, C., & McNeeley, J. (2008). Nature-based tourism. In O.  Renn & K.  Walker (Eds.), Global risk governance: Concept and practice using the IRGC  framework (pp. 155–178). Dordrecht: Springer. 
• Lane, I. (2013). Ecotourism blog. Retrieved from  Greenloons. http://greenloons.com/ecotourism-blog/introduction-to-ecotourism/a-new-beginningfiftyshades-of-green-travel.html 
• Morgan, D. (2016). Adventure tourism . In J.  Jafari &  H.  Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism. Cham:  Springer.
• Rantala, O., Rokenes, A., & Valkonen, J. (2018). Is adventure tourism a coherent concept? A review of research approaches on adventure tourism. Annals of Leisure,  21, 539–552. 
• Samuelsen, R. (2017). Adventure tourism. https://projeckter.aau.dk/projeckter/files/261862661/Adventuretourism-31.07.17.pdf 
• Simmons, D. G., & Becken, S. (2004). The cost of getting there: Impacts of travel to ecotourism destinations. In  R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental impacts of ecotourism (pp. 15–23). Wallingford/Oxfordshire/Cambridge,  MA: CABI Publishing, chapter 2. 
• Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., & Pomfret, G.  (2003). Adventure tourism. The new frontier (354pp).  Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 
• Wicker, J. (2017). What is adventure tourism ?  World Tourism Organization. (2014). AM reports volume nine-global report on adventure tourism (88pp).  Madrid: UNWTO. 

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Why Adventure Travel in Japan?

Adventure Travel is a way to experience a new country on a deeper level than ordinary travel, providing an opportunity to go beyond the usual tourist sights and discover the local culture and nature through memorable, exciting activities.

With four distinct seasons and diverse natural landscapes, each region of Japan has its own distinctive culture and traditions to explore. Japan is also quite geographically compact, and well-developed transport networks offer easy accessibility to any part of the country. From any of Japan’s major cities, you are just a short flight, train trip, drive or hike away from spectacular scenery and exciting adventures.

Northern Yatsugatake, Nagano

The Japanese archipelago offers endless opportunities to explore. In the north, Hokkaido offers large scale national parks, wild coastlines, rare fauna and the heritage of Ainu culture. Nagano, less than an hour from the bustling metropolis of Tokyo, features beautiful alps, year-round trekking, world-class skiing and canyoning. Head south to Okinawa for scuba diving, cruising uninhabited islands and the warmth of the local Ryukyu culture.

Lake Akan Ainu Kotan, Hokkaido

Whatever your passion and whatever the season, from skiing, hiking and climbing to diving and marine sports, you can experience it here. Challenge yourself, renew your spirit and discover a unique culture, as well as breathtaking nature, friendly people and delicious food. Unforgettable adventure awaits.

Amami Oshima Island, Kagoshima

What is Adventure Travel?

Adventure travel, or adventure tourism, is defined by the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA)  as consisting of two or more of the following three elements: activity, nature, and intercultural experiences. Humans are naturally drawn to activities that get the adrenaline pumping, and as social media has given adventurers a platform to share their adventures, more and more people have found themselves looking for excitement when they travel.

In adventure travel, the emphasis is on active fun through activities and experiences of different cultures rather than passive learning. The ATTA’s definition of adventurous travel encompasses novel and unique experiences, self-transformation, physical or mental challenges, wellness and a low environmental impact. With its diverse geography, abundant nature and rich cultural heritage, Japan offers endless opportunities for adventure.

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1) Understanding Tourism

 Tourism is one of the world’s fastest-growing industries and a major foreign exchange and employment generation for many countries. It is one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena.

  2) Understanding Adventure Tourism

 Adventure tourism is defined as the movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is a type of tourism in which tourists engage in adventure activities such as trekking, climbing, rafting, scuba diving, or the likes.

 Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing the tourist to step outside their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing culture shock or through the performance of acts that required some degree of risk whether real or perceived. It is also about connecting with a new culture or a new landscape and being physically active at the same time. It is not only about being risky or pushing your boundaries. In fact, it is especially important to know and respect your limits while you are in an unfamiliar area.

 Adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote, or wilderness destination. It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors. Adventure tourists expect to experience various levels of risk, excitement, and tranquillity and be personally tested. In particular, they are explorers of unspoiled, exotic parts of the planet and also seek personal challenges. The main factor distinguishing adventure tourism from all other forms of tourism is the planning and preparation involved.

3) Definitions of Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is a new concept in the tourism industry. The tourism industry adopted adventure tourism, but there is not any specific definition of adventure tourism. Most commentators concur that adventure tourism is a niche sector of the tourism industry, but there are many other niche sectors in tourism that have the same characteristics that overlap with adventure tourism such as ecotourism, activity tourism, or adventure travel.

One of them can confuse. Adventure tourism is a complicated and ambiguous topic. Some important definitions of adventure tourism are as following:

A) According to the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA):  “adventure tourism is a tourist activity that includes physical activity, cultural exchange, or activities in nature.”

B) According to Muller and Cleaver:  “Adventure tourism is characterized by its ability to provide the tourist with relatively high levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.”

C) The Canadian Tourism Commission  in 1995 defines adventure tourism as: “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated with low or high levels of activity.”

D) According to Sung et al : “adventure tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant’s usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting, and the organizer of the tourist’s experience.”

E) According to UNWTO:  ” adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last longer than one year.”

4) Types of Adventure Tourism

 Adventure tourism has grown exponentially all over the world in recent years with tourists visiting destinations previously undiscovered. This allows for new destinations to market themselves as truly unique, appealing to those travellers looking for a rare, incomparable experience.

 Adventure tourism includes various activities like caving, hiking, sailing, trekking, etc. Adventure tourism is categorized into two categories:

• Hard Adventure

• Soft Adventure

Hard Adventure

Hard adventure refers to activities with high levels of risk, requiring intense commitment and advanced skills. Hard tourism includes the activities like climbing mountains/rock/ice, trekking, caving, etc.

Hard adventure activities are highly risked in nature. Professional guides and advanced levels of skills are required to perform these activities. Many tourists died during climbing mountains, caving every day.

Soft Adventure

Soft adventure refers to activities with a perceived risk but low levels of risk, requiring minimal commitment and beginner skills; experienced guides lead most of these activities. Soft tourism includes the activities like backpacking, camping, hiking, kayaking, etc.

Soft adventure activities are low-risk in nature. Professional guides lead these activities. Soft adventure is a popular category in adventure tourism as it caters to a wider audience.

5) Adventure Tourism Activities

Adventure travellers are early adopters by nature, meaning they are generally more willing to try new destinations, activities, and travel products. Popular activities change rapidly, and it seems there is a new twist on an existing sport every year.

Some activities have low risk and some have high. Adventure tourism activities are classified into two types:

• Hard Adventure Activities

• Soft Adventure Activities

Hard Adventure Activities

Hard adventure activities are highly risky and dangerous in nature. These activities are as the following:

• Caving

• Mountain Climbing

• Rock Climbing

• Ice Climbing

• Trekking

• Sky Diving

Soft Adventure Activities

These activities are less dangerous and risk as compared to hard adventure activities. These activities are mostly lead by professional guides. An example of these activities are:

• Backpacking

• Bird watching

• Camping

• Canoeing

• Eco-tourism

• Fishing

• Hiking

• Horseback riding

• Hunting

• Kayaking/sea/whitewater

• Orienteering

• Safaris

• Scuba Diving

• Snorkeling

• Skiing

• Snowboarding

• Surfing

Adventure tourism activities sit well with the environment because the natural world provides us with the resources for many of the activities that provide risk, challenge, sensory stimulus, novelty, discovery, and so on.

6) Characteristics and Features of Adventure Tourism

The threefold combination of activity, nature, and culture marks adventure travel as an all-around challenge. Some unique characteristics and features of adventure tourism are as the following:

• Physical activity, like involving physical exertion or psychomotor skills

• Contact with nature, activities bringing contact with the natural world in general, or with specific wildlife

• Contact with different cultures, i.e. people, faith, lifestyles

• Journeys for example vehicle, animal, or human power

• Uncertain outcomes

• Danger and risk

• Challenges

• Anticipated rewards

• Novelty

• Stimulation and excitement

• Exploration and discovery

• Contrasting emotions

  7) Adventure Tourism Supplier

A tourism supply chain is the system of people, products, activities, and materials that get a product or service from its raw state through production and distribution to the consumer.

As with any sector, volume discounts drive the mass price point, so major retailers primarily market select trips that sell in high volume. The supply chain for these mass tourism products is often very simple, comprising only transportation and accommodation elements.

The adventure tourism supply chain is more complex. Niche products often require specializes in knowledge and operations. Adventure tourism’s supply chain linkages go very deep, and this is one of the key reasons that adventure tourism delivers greater benefits at the local level. Supply chains vary from destination to destination. Without a proper supply chain, the tourism sector cannot survive. Tourism suppliers are the backbone of the tourism industry. Adventure tourism suppliers work at a different, different level like as domestic as well international level.

8) Adventure Tourism Importance and Benefits

Adventure tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism sector, attracting high-value customers, supporting local economies, and encouraging sustainable practices. The continued growth of this sector creates net positive impacts not only for tourism, but also for destination economies, their people, and their environment.

Some importance and benefits of adventure tourism are:

A) Employment Generation

Adventure tourism generates jobs. Adventure tourism generates directs jobs to accommodation, transportation sector, and travel agencies or tour operators. Adventure tourism also provides indirect jobs to tourism suppliers.

Adventure tourism plays an important role in the generation of employment in the economy.

B) Foreign Exchange

Adventure tourism attracts foreign tourists on a large scale, as a result, it helps in foreign exchange generation.

When tourists travel to another country, they spend a large amount of money on accommodation, transportation, and shopping. Adventure tourism generates foreign exchange and supports the economy of the host country.

C) Economy Development

Adventure tourism helps in the development of the host country’s economy. Adventure tourism activities directly support the economy in various forms. The more tourists, the more economic growth.

D) Support Local Communities

Adventure tourism helps in the development of infrastructure and supports local communities. Adventure tourism activities directly contributed to the local economy of the communities and increase local people's living standards.

E) Conservation of Natural Resources

Adventure tourism activities are nature-based activities. Leaders in the adventure tourism industry are dedicated to making this tourism segment as sustainable as possible. They help in the conservation of natural resources as well as culture.

F) Creating Business Opportunities

Adventure tourism activities create new business opportunities. Several companies specialize in helping emerging adventure tourism operators market their products. Each new adventure tourism activity creates a new business opportunity.

G) Local and Foreign Investment

Adventure tourism creates business opportunities; as a result, it attracts local as well as international investors. Investors invest their money in accommodation, transportation, and travel trade organization. Adventure tourism plays an important role in the economy of the host country.  

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Labour Day Travel Trends 2024: Where Are Workers Escaping To For A Break?

PR Newswire

SINGAPORE, April 29, 2024

SINGAPORE, April 29, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- As Labour Day approaches, the global workforce eagerly anticipates a well-deserved respite from the daily grind, seeking solace and excitement in a variety of destinations across the globe. Celebrated as May Day in many regions, this holiday offers a precious opportunity for workers to unwind and explore, with some enjoying an extended break spanning several days.

According to Trip.com Group's latest data, Asia is the hottest travel destination during this period among travellers worldwide, with cities such as Tokyo, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Seoul and Taipei leading the pack in holiday momentum.

China,  one of the biggest travel markets during the Labour Day holiday unfolding from May 1st to 5th, also saw a rise in outbound travel bookings. Chinese travellers set their sights on overseas destinations such as Japan and Korea, fuelled by the photo-worthy cherry blossom season which persists in areas such as Hokkaido in May. China's domestic tourism also saw a boom with majestic sites such as the "Avatar" mountains of Zhang Jia Jie and Dajue Mountain set to draw crowds. 

In Southeast Asia,  island paradises like Hon Thom Island in Vietnam, Similan Island in Thailand and Mabul Island in Malaysia beckoned travellers with their pristine beaches and crystal-clear waters. Adventure tourism also saw a rise in bookings. Travellers were keen to explore beautiful ruins and waterfalls in Laos such as the Vat Phou temple and Kuang Si waterfall , or active volcanos in Indonesia like Mount Bromo. Singapore, meanwhile, saw travellers heading for exhilarating experiences such as the amphibious DUKW TM Tours and thrilling Skyline Luge .

Japan was also another key region which saw a remarkable rise in travel bookings, with the early May period coinciding with its Golden Week holiday from April 29th to May 5th.

Golden Week marks one of the nation's most significant holidays, and globetrotters took advantage of the break to visit destinations such as Korea, Japan and Thailand. Domestic travellers were found making a beeline for Tokyo, Osaka and Fukuoka, with attractions in nature gaining favour: Mother Farm , a charming ranch destination, and Huis Ten Bosch , a Dutch village town with a sea of flowers, were among the top booked attractions.

As for Korea, Seogwipo city and Udo island in Jeju were favourites among travellers, who also visited conventionally popular cities such as Seoul and Busan. They were found enjoying the sunset from beach train rides , or opting for experiential shows such as kitchen performance art and even ladies-only shows .

In Europe, Germany and Italy stood out with a triple-fold increase in travellers compared to the same period in the previous year. Historic castles, palaces and cathedrals were a favourite: Neuschwanstein Castle, Nymphenburg Palace ,  Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower and Milan Cathedral were among the top-ranked attractions.

Labour Day holiday: A time for culture, family fun and hidden gems

Labour Day also saw a diverse array of travel trends emerging, reflecting the evolving preferences of holidaymakers worldwide. 

Cultural and historical tourism took centre stage as travellers favoured iconic landmarks such as the Winter Palace in Saint Petersberg, the Louvre Museum in Paris, and the Acropolis of Athens, immersing themselves in the rich history, architecture, and heritage of these revered destinations.

For families and thrill-seekers alike, theme parks and entertainment hubs emerged as hotspots for holiday fun, with Universal Studios Singapore , Tokyo DisneySea , and Disneyland Paris captivating visitors with a mix of rides, shows, and immersive experiences.

Unique destinations like Giethoorn , a fairytale village in the Netherlands, and the Chocolate Hills in the Philippines, also rose in popularity, offering travellers off-the-beaten-path experiences and picturesque landscapes that promise to leave a lasting impression.

There's a collective recognition that after months of hard work, Labour Day presents a well-deserved opportunity for workers to unwind and recharge. And what better way to rejuvenate the mind, body, and soul than through the transformative power of travel?

SOURCE Trip.com Group

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7 international destinations perfect for a golf trip.

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You’ve played some of the best golf courses in the United States . Now, you’re looking to pack your clubs, rally some friends, and hit the links on an international golf trip. But which parts of the world boast the best collection of golf courses?

Top Golf Destinations

From Latin America to the South Pacific — and, of course, Scotland — here’s a list of seven international destinations perfect for a golf trip.

1. Scotland: The Birthplace of Golf

The famous Swilcan bridge on the 18th hole of the Old Course links in St Andrews, Scotland. Many ... [+] famous golfers have traditionally posed for photographs on this bridge at the end of their tournament rounds, thanking the crowds for their support. The Royal & Ancient clubhouse can be seen towards the left of the background.

The Scottish seaside town of St. Andrews is known around the world as the birthplace of golf, and the iconic Old Course headlines most golfers’ bucket lists. Book a stay at the golf-inspired Rusacks St Andrews, where rooms come with views of the hallowed turf.

Even if you can’t score a tee time at the Old Course, there’s plenty more courses beckoning. In fact, Scotland has more golf courses per person than anywhere else in the world. From the links of Fife to courses along the dunes of Aberdeenshire’s coast, the country has more than 550 courses.

Scotland’s weather is known to fluctuate, but the golf season is typically April to September.

2. Ireland: A Links Paradise

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Adare Manor in Ireland.

Ireland is nicknamed the “green of dreams” and the island is home to more than 400 golf clubs. A third of the world’s natural links courses are here, and more than 240,000 golfers make the pilgrimage to Ireland each year to play on the unforgiving fairways.

In County Limerick, Adare Manor is a coveted stay for golfers. The championship golf course designed by golf architect Tom Fazio will host the 2027 Ryder cup.

While most courses are open all year round, the best time for Ireland golf trips is from April to October. In peak summer, it stays light out until 10 p.m., which means you can play a couple of rounds and make the most of your golf vacation.

3. Fiji: Luxury Private Island Greens

Denaru Golf & Racquet Club

Fiji is a draw for all types of vacationers, from honeymooners to scuba divers. But it’s also a golfer’s paradise in the South Pacific, with more than a dozen courses scattered across the islands and stunning fairways lined with palm trees.

For those coming for golf, Viti Levu, the main island, is home to three championship courses: Natadola Bay Championship Golf Course, which is located at the InterContinental Resort and comes with Pacific Ocean views, Denarau Golf & Racquet Club, and The Pearl South Pacific Golf Course.

Fun fact: The country has even produced one of the world’s top golfers, Vijay Singh, who fell in love with the game at the Nadi Airport Golf Course.

4. New Zealand: Dramatic Scenery

Te Arai Links in Tomarata, New Zealand

In New Zealand, golf is the sport with the highest participation among both men and women. The country has more than 400 golf courses, and the dramatic landscapes — from craggy, isolated coastlines tracing the greens to soaring mountains in the alpine areas — make it one of the most idyllic destinations for golfers.

Renowned architect Tom Doak has said “no country has seen its golf courses improve more over the past 20 years than New Zealand.” One of his famous New Zealand courses is Cape Kidnappers, which is perched above the ocean on clifftops, and built on ridge-and-valley landscape.

A 90 minute drive from Auckland (or 25 minutes via helicopter), Te Arai Links , which has two links golf courses along the coastline is also a sought-after destination. One course was designed by Doak, and the other is from Bill Coore and Ben Crenshaw. In between tee times, the area is known for its surf breaks and lively nearby market towns, Mangawhai and Matakana, as well as its vineyards and olive groves.

October through April is considered high season, and golfers will pay less the other times of year.

5. Mexico: Mountain, Desert And Ocean Landscapes

Villa del Palmar at the Islands of Loreto

Los Cabos and the Baja Peninsula have long dominated as one of the best golf destinations in not just Latin America, but the world, thanks to its mountain-desert-ocean landscape, gentle sea breezes, and a collection of cacti-studded courses designed by some of the world’s greatest golf architects, like Jack Nicklaus, Tom Fazio, Greg Norman and Robert Trent Jones, Jr.

In Loreto, which is on the Eastern coast of Baja California Peninsula, golfers can tee off in a UNESCO World Heritage site when they play a round at Villa del Palmar at the Islands of Loreto by Danzante Bay, which overlooks the turquoise waters of the Sea of Cortez. Travelers can book packages Unlimited Golf or Spa that comes with unlimited rounds for three days.

Golf continues to grow and get better throughout Mexico, with more than 200 courses to play. Beyond the Baja Peninsula, some other top golf spots in Mexico include the courses dotting the Pacific Coastline and in the Riviera Maya, like El Camaleón, an 18-hole, Greg Norman-designed course that moves through tropical jungle, mangroves, and past freshwater canals. It’s also the first PGA Tour Course in Latin America.

6. Vietnam: A Fast-Growing Golf Destination

Hoiana Shores in Vietnam

For golfers looking for the next ‘it’ destination, turn your attention to Vietnam, where some of the world’s best golf architects are designing courses in the mountains, jungles, and along its coastline. Before 2020, there were about 80 golf courses in Vietnam, many attached to luxury resorts. By 2025, more than 200 courses will be built out.

Golfers can find year-round golf in Vietnam, heading into the highlands like Dalat for a cool mist and mountain breezes and hitting and booking tee times in Ho Chi Minh City and Southern Vietnam throughout the year. November to April is dry and cool in Northern Vietnam, and the same goes for Central Vietnam from February to May.

Hoina Shores Golf Club , designed by Robert Trent Jones Jr., is a must-play for any golf enthusiast visiting Vietnam. It’s located within the $4 billion Hoiana Casino and Resort development on the Vietnamese coast south of Danang.

7. Mauritius: Bucket List Golf Destination

Anahita Golf Club

Mauritius is known for its stunning beaches and lush rainforests and unofficial world wonders like the Chamarel Seven Colored Earth Geopark, a sand dune bursting with colors. But this island in the Indian Ocean also has a history of golf. The tourism office claims that in 1844, when it was under British rule, Mauritius was the third country in the world to be introduced to the sport and Gymkhana Golf Club was the fourth country club in the world where golf was played

Today, Mauritius has 10 18-hole courses and three 9-hole golf courses, including the bucket-list worthy Iles aux Cerfs Golf Club at Shangri-La Le Touessrok, Mauritius . Golfers take a complimentary boat shuttle to the golf course where 18 holes come with scenic ocean views. The resort’s second course is Anahita Golf Club, which is set on a former sugar plantation and backed by mountains and fringed by a lagoon.

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Fujairah Adventures 4+

Adventures tourism, ignite future technologies, designed for iphone, iphone screenshots, description.

The official Mobile App of Fujairah Adventures Center Fujairah Adventures was established in 2017 by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi, the Crown Prince of the Emirate of Fujairah, to promote tourism and encourage mountain, water, air, and desert adventure activities in the Emirate, one of the few governmental entities around the world that solely focuses on adventure. Vision Provide all the necessary components for tourists and residents to have a unique experience, including various outdoor activities and adventures. Mission Provide safe and appropriate exploitation, protection, and preservation of natural environment resources, with the application of all safety guidelines to protect the visitor during adventurous activities. Objectives Encourage community members to practice adventure sports in a healthy environment and spreading this culture by attracting visitors to experience the existing activities. Continuous research and upgrade old mountain paths embraced by the Emirate and establish new ones while providing all needful details for each path. Revive the ancient water springs in the area and establish mountain camps near them. Invest in capabilities and create a generation with athletic abilities in practicing various adventure activities. Discover sports talents and prepare them to compete in local and international tournaments. Continuous development of adventure sports in the Emirate and provide the necessary means to facilitate them for enthusiasts. Be keen to participate in existing activities and organize local and international adventurous competitions. Support members' hobbies and work on refining them. Strengthen relations between members by involving them in trips and various social events.

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