questions on journey's end

‘Journey’s End’ complete set of questions.

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A complete set of questions for 'Journey's End'. Used to teach students studying GSCE Literature (Edexcel). Questions are intended to develop inferences and interpretation, rather than language analysis; however, these questions could be used as a starting point for anyone studying 'Journey's End' / any exam board.

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Rebecca Durham

Download info, july 29, 2020.

R.C Sherriff's "Journey's End" - Act One Quiz

R.c sherrif was born on 6th june 1896 in surrey, england. he joined the east surrey regiment in 1915. "journey's end" was written ten years after ww1 ended and features some of his experience during his time in the army. this quiz is based on act 1..

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Journey's End - Example Essays, Questions and Paragraphs

Subject: English

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

20 June 2021

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This is a bundle of resources that includes a range of example essays, questions and paragraphs on Journey’s End. This is a hugely useful resource providing teachers with ideas for essays / analysis of the text. Similarly, it can be a useful example to students for them as a model of the kind of analytical writing expected of them in KS3 for high level ability students.

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Journey's End - Lessons, Worksheets, Examples

This Journey's End bundle includes all of my resources on the text. Although having Flipchart access / ActivInspire will make this even easier to use - with everything quite literally ready to go to teach a superb unit on the play - even without that, the resources include that which could be easily transfered to PowerPoint or adjusted to suit exact teaching style and preferences. Ultimately, there is everything that you could need in order to teach the text to a high level with the ability to differentiate according to ability - it is certainly one of my favourite texts to teach!

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Many thanks. I am tutoring a student and I'm not too familiar with this text as I haven't personally taught it. This was very helpful and a bargain for so many resources.

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Pressure on Netanyahu builds as Biden questions his motives, Hamas sticks to demands

Editor's Note: This page is a summary of news on the Israel-Hamas war for Tuesday, June 4. For the latest on the conflict, see our story for Wednesday, June 5.

The pressure is intensifying for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to cut a cease-fire deal and gain freedom for scores of hostages, as President Joe Biden seems to question his motives and Hamas leaders emphasized Tuesday that any agreement must include a permanent cease-fire across the entire Gaza Strip.

The Hamas conditions would cut against Netanyahu's repeated pledge not to end the war until Hamas is crushed. But his government on Monday confirmed the deaths of four more hostages , fueling protests and angst among the loved ones of those still held captive. The government says more than a third of the hostages − 43 of the 124 − are now confirmed dead.

"With every day that passes, more and more hostages die in captivity," the International Red Cross warned Tuesday on social media . "This loss of human life is not inevitable. All hostages must be released immediately and unconditionally."

Biden has repeatedly clashed with Netanyahu during the crisis while still vowing support for Israel. In a Time magazine interview conducted a week ago and published Tuesday, Biden was asked if Netanyahu was prolonging the war for his political self-preservation and, after initially declining to comment, said: ''There is every reason for people to draw that conclusion.''

Netanyahu's coalition partners Shas and United Torah Judaism said Tuesday they would support a hostage deal even if it involves a major change in war strategy. At least two farther-right partners, however, have warned they could dissolve the coalition government if such an agreement does not include destruction of Hamas.

Asked at the White House about the possibility Netanyahu may be "playing politics with the war,'' Biden said he didn't think so and added, “He’s trying to work out a serious problem he has.”

Hamas political official Osama Hamdan said Tuesday the militants could not agree to a deal that does not secure "complete withdrawal" of Israeli troops from Gaza. And Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri blasted Washington and the West for pressuring the group to accept an Israeli proposal unveiled by Biden last week "as if it is Hamas who is hampering the deal."

Delegations from the U.S., Egypt and Qatar planned to meet Wednesday in Doha in an effort to revive truce negotiations, Egyptian media reported. Biden sent CIA director William Burns and Middle East envoy Brett McGurk to the region Tuesday to seek a pact, the Times of Israel reported .

Netanyahu doubles down: IDF tells 4 hostage families loved ones are dead

Developments:

∎ Israeli military spokesman Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari said new intelligence confirmed the death of the four hostages, all male. Hagari said they died together in the southern Gaza city of Khan Younis months ago while Israel was conducting military operations there. It was not yet clear whether they were executed or died in the assault.

∎ Five Americans hostages in Gaza are still believed to be alive; three are confirmed dead. Their families met Tuesday for a ninth time with national security adviser Jake Sullivan and said in a statement: "Israel has made their proposal; Hamas needs to take the deal. It is up to them to end this crisis.''

∎ The Israeli Defense Ministry announced a $3 billion deal with Lockheed Martin to buy 25 stealth F-35 jets. Up to five planes will be delivered annually starting in 2028, the ministry said in a statement.

∎ The Israeli military said it had seized rocket warheads stashed in U.N.-marked bags, destroyed a tunnel almost a mile long and killed multiple militants in targeted raids on the Sabra neighborhood of Rafah.

∎ Secretary of State Antony Blinken discussed the latest cease-fire proposal Tuesday with his Saudi counterpart, Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud. Blinken said "it is Hamas that is standing in the way of a ceasefire,'' the department said in a statement.

Israel targets UN school, says it was a base for Hamas

Israeli ground forces swept across a refugee camp in central Gaza on Tuesday while fighter jets struck Hamas targets from the air, the Israel Defense Forces said. The ground assault came hours after Israeli drones struck a Hamas outpost hidden within a U.N. school compound, the IDF said in a social media post . The site included headquarter buildings, weapon depots, rocket launch positions, observation posts and other infrastructure, the military said.

Palestinian authorities said three members of a family and eight police officers were killed in the earlier drone strikes. Israel has drawn global outrage for multiple strikes on U.N. buildings and equipment the military said was being used by the militants, including an attack two months ago that inadvertently killed seven World Food Kitchen aid workers. After Tuesday's strike, the military published photos of weapons it said were seized at the site.

"The attack was carefully planned and carried out using precise weaponry and avoiding as much as possible harm to those not involved," the military statement said.

Israel near decision on taking fight to Hezbollah

Israel is about to decide whether to turn up the heat on the conflict that has been simmering with the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah since the war against Hamas began, the Israeli military chief of staff said Tuesday.

“We are prepared after a very good process of training up to the level of a General Staff exercise to move to an offensive in the north,” Herzi Halevi said in a recorded statement. “We are approaching a decision point.”

Hezbollah said it's not looking to widen the conflict but will be ready if it happens.

Israel and its militant rival to the north − which is better armed than the other Iran-backed militias in the region − have been trading fire for months, prompting tens of thousands of residents from both sides to evacuate. The exchanges have been picking up in recent weeks, and their confrontations have raised concerns about the war in Gaza expanding regionally.

U.S. State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said the Biden administration wants to see the dispute resolved without military intervention. “We’ve heard Israeli leaders say the solution that they prefer is a diplomatic solution,'' Miller said. "And obviously that is the solution that we prefer too and that we’re trying to pursue.”

Arab lawmakers in Israel pitch two-state solution

An Israeli legislative conference hosted by an Arab-Israeli lawmaker drew calls for recognition of a Palestinian state and angry rebuttals from other lawmakers. The conference, sponsored by Aida Touma-Suleiman, focused on last week’s recognition of a Palestinian state by Spain, Norway and Ireland. They were joined Tuesday by Slovenia, whose parliament voted in favor of such recognition.

Over 20% of Israelis are Arab, and several lawmakers spoke in favor of the two-state solution. Yosef El-Tawana told the mostly pro-Palestinian participants that the only solution to the conflict is the establishment of an independent Palestinian state and granting the Palestinian people their full rights.

"The vast majority of the countries of the world recognized the Palestinian state and the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination," El-Tawana said. "Only the fascist Israeli government insists on ignoring the rights of the Palestinian people and continuing the conflict."

Lawmaker Tally Gotliv, a member of Netanyahu's Likud Party, drew boos for briefly arguing against Palestinian statehood before walking out of the conference. Polls show most Israelis oppose Palestinian statehood.

Iranian general reportedly killed in Israeli airstrike in Syria

Iranian government media reported that a Revolutionary Guard adviser stationed in Syria, Gen. Saeed Abyar, was killed in an Israeli airstrike near the city of Aleppo. Several other people also were killed in the attack Monday, Syria’s defense ministry said. The attack comes two months after two senior Revolutionary Guard generals and five other officers were killed and a building was destroyed in an airstrike on an Iranian diplomatic compound in Damascus. That strike led to retaliatory attacks by both sides that raised concerns about the war expanding beyond Gaza.

The Israeli military, contacted by USA TODAY, declined to confirm or comment on the report.

Contributing: Reuters

Giants tight end Darren Waller says a 'very scary' hospitalization last season drove retirement decision

New York Giants tight end Darren Waller announced his retirement from playing football on Sunday, saying he “found a lot of joy” in the sport, but “the passion has slowly been fading.”

In a  nearly 18-minute video posted on his YouTube channel , the 31-year-old Waller confirmed he’s stepping away from the game after spending the last several months mulling his future.

The Giants had been waiting for Waller to decide whether he wanted to play this season. He had not attended the team’s offseason workouts and mandatory minicamp begins Tuesday.

Waller detailed a “very scary” medical situation last November while dealing with an injury suffered in a game a few days earlier. He said he was going home in New Jersey after shooting a music video when he began feeling ill and later started ”shaking like pretty violently” and couldn’t breathe. He said he called 911 and ended up hospitalized for 3 1/2 days.

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“I go back into my daily life and I’m pretty clear I almost just lost my life and don’t know if I really feel like if I would have died that I would have felt great about how my life was going if I died at the time,” Waller said. “I’m doing something that I found a lot of joy in and have had amazing moments with, but the passion has slowly been fading.”

He said the experience “kind of forced me into a position to re-evaluate, you know, and I’ve made the decision that I’ll be retiring from the NFL.”

Waller, who dealt with hamstring issues the last three years, was limited to 12 games and had 52 catches for 552 yards and a touchdown in his only season with the Giants. He was due to make $10.5 million in 2024 and count $14.1 million against the salary cap. With his retirement, the Giants save $11.6 million in cap money and take a $2.5 million hit in dead money.

Drafted by the Ravens in the sixth round in 2015, Waller overcame early drug problems to establish himself as one of the NFL’s top tight ends. He was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 season for violating the league’s substance-abuse policy and again for the 2017 season for a second violation of the policy.

Waller has been open about his struggles with addiction, as well as dealing with depression and anxiety.

“I’m eternally grateful for the game of football,” he said. “I wouldn’t be able to have this conversation or to think things through or be self-reflective if it wasn’t for an opportunity to save my life and go to rehab, which the NFL offered me. They also gave me an opportunity to reestablish myself to come back into the world and do something productive, provide an example, be a leader, be a difference maker in my craft, but also just in the day to day wherever I go.

“So man, I’m eternally grateful.”

Waller finished his career with 350 receptions, 4,124 yards receiving and 20 touchdowns in 86 games. He played with the Ravens and Raiders before spending his final season with the Giants, who had acquired him in an offseason trade.

“We have great respect for Darren as a person and player,” the Giants said in a statement. “We wish him nothing but the best.”

The Ravens waived Waller before the 2018 season and he was signed to the Raiders’ practice squad. He appeared in four games and had six catches.

His breakout seasons came in 2019 and ’20, when he had a combined 197 catches for 2,341 yards and 12 touchdowns. He was selected to the Pro Bowl for the 2020 season and would have also gone the previous year as an alternate, but a thumb injury prevented that.

Waller and Giants coach Brian Daboll exchanged text messages in the offseason, but the coach said last Thursday the team was still waiting for him to make a decision about his playing future.

Much was expected of Waller last season, but he did not deliver for a team that went 6-11 and missed the playoffs a year after Daboll led them to their first postseason berth since 2016.

Waller married WNBA star guard Kelsey Plum in in March 2023, but they filed for divorce in April.

New York drafted Penn State tight end Theo Johnson in the fourth round in the recent draft in case Waller did not come back. Daniel Bellinger and Lawrence Cager return from last season. New York also signed veteran Chris Manhertz in free agency.

Rory McIlroy arrives at U.S. Open content with career, yet burning to end major drought

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PINEHURST, N.C. (AP) — The final question Rory McIlroy was asked before he headed onto Pinehurst No. 2 on Tuesday for his first practice round at this week's U.S. Open was perhaps more befitting of a player in the twilight of his career than one ranked No. 3 in the world.

Are there still goals that McIlroy wants to achieve?

His answer was the exact opposite of what one might expect: “Not particularly,” McIlroy replied.

“I'm really proud of my body of work over the past 15 years and everything that I have achieved,” he continued, by way of an explanation, “whether it be season-long titles or individual tournaments or majors. Obviously, getting my hands on a fifth major has taken quite a while, but I'm more confident than ever that I'm right there, that I'm as close as I've ever been.”

Ah, yes. That fifth major.

McIlroy is still a fierce competitor, and if there is a list of goals, that might top it.

Rory McIlroy on how "boring" golf is the right approach at U.S. Open

The 35-year-old from Northern Ireland has come oh-so-close so many times over the years. Yet McIlroy's continued failure to complete the career grand slam by winning the Masters, coupled with a tie for 12th at the PGA Championship last month, has kept alive a major championship drought that has stretched a full decade.

The closest call may have come in this very tournament one year ago.

McIlroy played his way into the penultimate group on Sunday, starting off one shot back of Wyndham Clark and Rickie Fowler, and proceeded to birdie the opening hole to send a charge through Los Angeles Country Club. But despite 16 pars and a lone bogey over the next 17 holes, the kind of even-keel perseverance that it often takes to win the U.S. Open, McIlroy nevertheless found himself watching in vain as Clark two-putted from 60 feet at the 18th to beat him by a single stroke.

It was McIlroy's fifth consecutive top-10 finish at the U.S. Open and his third runner-up in a major since the PGA Championship in 2014 – when McIlroy won his second straight major and fourth overall with a one-shot victory over Phil Mickelson.

“I mean, I want to win as many golf tournaments as I can,” said McIlroy, who teamed with Shane Lowry to win the Zurich Classic of New Orleans in April and captured his fourth Wells Fargo Championship title just last month. “I want to try to compete and win as many majors as I can.”

Behind the scenes with Rory McIlroy after his win at Wells Fargo

That might well end up being four.

It just as easily could be five by the end of this week.

“There's always going to be that tinge of ‘what could have been.’ I don't want to do that,” McIlroy said. “If someone would have told me at 20 years old I'd be sitting here at 35 and this is the career I've had, I would not have believed them.”

Indeed, McIlroy has no shortage of confidence as he prepares to play alongside the only two people ranked ahead of him in the world — Masters champion Scottie Scheffler and PGA champion Xander Schauffele — in a star-studded group Thursday and Friday .

He has finished no worse than 15th in his last five starts, and while McIlroy's prodigious power should provide him with his usual advantage at Pinehurst, his vastly underrated short-game could be the difference. The false fronts and run-offs that make up the greens around the classic Donald Ross layout are certain to provide a test, especially if they get fast and hard.

And if things don't fall into place this week? If too many tee shots find the wire brush and pitch shots roll back to his feet?

“I still like to think I’ve got a good run ahead of me,” McIlroy said.

“Whatever those numbers are, whatever the totals add up to, I’ll accept that,” he added, “and feel like I’ve done pretty well for a little boy from Northern Ireland that dreamed of playing golf for a living one day.”

Raiders end minicamp with questions at quarterback, offensive line and cornerback

The Las Vegas Raiders ended minicamp after Thursday’s final practice was scheduled

HENDERSON, Nev. — Even if outside expectations for the Raiders are modest at best, there has been energy inside the team’s headquarters because of the strong buy-in of players remaining in Las Vegas during the offseason.

That included the voluntary organized team activities followed by mandatory minicamp, which ended Wednesday after Thursday’s scheduled practice was canceled.

“I feel like everybody wants to be out here, if you can believe it or not,” cornerback Nate Hobbs said. “Some people don’t want to be in cold Buffalo or Green Bay.”

That might be true, but the Raiders also want to be where the Bills and Packers have been regularly in recent years — playing in the postseason. Las Vegas went 8-9 last season.

To at least get in the conversation for the playoffs, the Raiders have some significant questions to answer when they open training camp July 23 in Costa Mesa, California.

Quarterback

The Raiders signed free agent Gardner Minshew to a two-year contract to compete with Aidan O’Connell, who as a rookie started the second half of last season.

The main argument for O’Connell to retain the job is Las Vegas went 5-4 after he became the full-time starter, and he showed improved decision-making in throwing eight touchdown passes with no interceptions over final four games. But O’Connell hasn’t proven he is willing to take chances often enough to elevate an offense.

“You’re starting to see more of him versus just the shell of a rookie trying to do everything by the book,” wide receiver Davante Adams said. “He was doing a lot of good things last year, so I don’t want to say I haven’t seen any elevation. He was doing it especially toward the end.”

Like O’Connell, Minshew has shown flashes off the bench, nearly taking the Indianapolis Colts to the playoffs last season when forced into action early. He is more mobile than O’Connell and possesses more of a proven history, but Minshew has struggled with consistency. That’s why he hasn’t earned a starting job elsewhere.

“He’s always been the underdog,” defensive end Maxx Crosby said. “You see him walk out of the building or walk down the street, you wouldn’t even know he’s a football player. But when he laces it up on Sundays, you can see what he can do. His numbers stack up with a lot of guys you wouldn’t even expect.”

Offensive line

The offensive front is largely intact, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t questions.

At right tackle, Thayer Munford replaces Jermaine Eluemunor, who signed with the New York Giants. Munford is confident about whether he’s capable of effectively stepping into that spot.

“I know what I can do, and the team knows what I can do, so they trust in me right now,” Munford said. “I’m not going to let anybody down.”

He was put to the test in minicamp trying to block Crosby. It didn’t always go well.

“Maxx Crosby going against Munford is going to do nothing but make Munford a better player,” coach Antonio Pierce said. “Munford can’t have a bad day, he can’t have a bad rep, because I’m not slowing Maxx Crosby down.”

Another question involves second-round pick Jackson Powers-Johnson, who played center at Oregon but is working at left guard. He hurt his shoulder and did not participate in OTAs over the final two weeks that reporters were allowed to watch.

Powers-Johnson was on the field in minicamp on the second team behind Cody Whitehair, who started 118 games over the past eight seasons with the Chicago Bears.

“I wish we could have spent more time with (Powers-Johnson), but we’ll catch up during training camp,” offensive line coach James Cregg said. “But he’s a really, really bright kid, understands it, catches on quickly. We’ve just got to really get him in the process of doing our offense. Our offense takes a lot of reps to master as far as technique goes.”

Losing Amik Robertson in free agency to the Detroit Lions created quite a void. He had four interceptions and started 19 games the past two seasons, part of a strong secondary that included fellow cornerbacks Hobbs and Jack Jones.

“We definitely lost a star,” Hobbs said. “I don’t think (others) give him enough credit. Whether he’s at the corner, nickel, he’ll make his presence felt in the NFL at a high level. He’s one of those dudes. The Lions got a steal, if you ask me.”

Brandon Facyson has been working in Robertson’s old spot. Jakorian Bennett, drafted last year in the fourth round out of Maryland, has been with the second-teamers.

The Raiders also could consider Decamerion Richardson, drafted this year in the fourth round out of Mississippi State, or consider looking into free agency.

AP NFL: https://apnews.com/hub/nfl

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Journey's End

By r.c. sherriff, journey's end themes, the true nature of war.

The difference between the fantasy of war and its true, horrific and demoralizing nature is one of the play's major themes. The theme is most overtly revealed through Raleigh's character arc. When Raleigh first arrives, his boyish excitement at joining the war is shaken when he notices the quiet and the general lack of action, which undermines his expectations of war being chaotic, frantic and filled with triumphant fighting. Even when faced with Stanhope's PTSD and alcoholism, Raleigh maintains his fantasy of war, choosing to portray Stanhope as a hero in his letter to his sister. Raleigh's faith in the war is only shaken after he participates in a raid that leaves Osborne dead. Raleigh finally moves from bearing witness to the horrors of war to being a casualty himself, becoming paralyzed and then dying from a shrapnel fragment. As a final image to cement the true nature of war, Raleigh is entombed in the dugout.

Shell Shock and PTSD

Though the term "post-traumatic stress disorder" would not have been used at the time, people used the term "shell shock" to refer to something similar, and either way the cumulative and persistent effects of trauma is one of Journey's End major themes. The theme is expressed predominantly through Stanhope, who suffers what soldiers refer to as "nerve strain" as a result of staying on duty and refusing to take leave. To combat his dissociative episodes, Stanhope drinks. However, the drinking appears to exacerbate his quick fluctuations in temper, which is another symptom of trauma-induced stress. Ultimately, Stanhope prefers not to acknowledge his deterioration, as showing weakness would undermine his authority as commander and risk demoralizing his men.

As a means of soothing his addled nerves, Stanhope drinks heavily throughout the play. To Osborne and eventually to Raleigh, Stanhope admits that he drinks in order to be able to walk out on the front line without succumbing to madness. Stanhope often forcefully offers other officers whiskey so that he is not drinking alone, as though he can conceal his habitual use by making drinking a social convention. Stanhope, while aware that he depends on drinking, seems to see it as a necessary evil; when Hibbert wants to leave, saying he is unable to go into the trench again, Stanhope manages to reassure Hibbert by saying he feels the same and offering the solution of drinking together. In this way, alcoholism allows Stanhope to deny the psychological harms of trench warfare.

The True Nature of Heroism

Throughout the play, Sheriff explores the theme of heroism, particularly through the figure of Stanhope. Through dialogue between Osborne and Hardy, the audience learns that Stanhope is a natural-born leader who has earned Osborne's loyalty. However, this heroic image is juxtaposed with Hardy's negative views of Stanhope, who he says "drinks like a fish." In this way, Stanhope is an example of how a soldier's need to maintain the illusion of heroism can cause him to deny the immense mental and physical strain of battle, as admitting his deterioration would mean leaving the war, therefore threatening his status as a hero in whom people put their faith.

Throughout the play, characters exhibit signs of emotional repression. In private conversations, Osborne interrupts Stanhope as he tries to discuss the dissociative episodes he has when faced with the battlefield. In a more public way, Trotter adopts a blithe attitude toward war by casually making grim jokes about death. Ultimately, Journey's End shows repression to be a necessary mechanism for maintaining the outward appearance of confidence and sanity in extremely trying circumstances.

Hierarchy and Class

The hierarchical class structure of early-twentieth-century Britain is replicated in the soldiers' stratified positions of authority. Even though Stanhope is half Osborne's age and much less experienced, Osborne serves under Stanhope. This is because of Stanhope's privileged class position; since he was privately educated (i.e., went to what's called a "public" school in Britain) he was given him entrance to the Officers' Training Corps. In the play, class positions are also expressed through the way characters speak: Private Mason 's tendency to drop Hs suggests a cockney accent, which at the time had connotations of being lower-class and lacking education. Though the play does not directly address the issue, World War I fundamentally reshaped British society, resulting in women receiving the vote and improved living conditions for working-class Britons.

The Miserable Conditions of Trench Warfare

Throughout the play, Sherriff focuses on exposing the audience to the truly miserable conditions of life in World War I trenches. Early in Act 1, Hardy jokes about the two million rats that you have to worry about nibbling soldiers' toes and bombs causing dirt to shake loose and land in the tea. The casual way Hardy speaks of these things suggests how the soldiers get accustomed to life in the trenches, but the effects are insidious, exhibited in Stanhope's PTSD and Hibbert's desire to flee. By the end of the play, the normalized environment of the earth-walled dugout entombs Raleigh's body, an image that implies that the soldiers have been living in a pre-dug grave.

Journey’s End Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Journey’s End is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

How does Sherriff create tension in the duologue between Osborne and Stanhope at the end of Act 1?

Stanhope meets the revelation that Raleigh has joined his company with unease. The presence of Raleigh introduces a new conflict to the play that involves the themes of heroism, alcoholism, and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Stanhope knows...

What are Trotter's quotes showing his emotions?

From the text:

Trotter (throwing his spoon with a clatter into the plate) : Oh, I say, but dam!

Trotter : Well, boys ! ’Ere we are for six days again. Six bloomin’ eternal days. {He makes a calculation on the table.)

Trotter comes down the steps,...

How Sherriff presents the true horrors of was through the character of Raleigh?

The difference between the fantasy of war and its true, horrific and demoralizing nature is one of the play's major themes. The theme is most overtly revealed through Raleigh's character arc. When Raleigh first arrives, his boyish excitement at...

Study Guide for Journey’s End

Journey's End study guide contains a biography of R. C. Sherriff, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Journey's End
• Journey's End Summary
• Character List

Essays for Journey’s End

Journey's End essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of the play Journey's End by R. C. Sherriff.

• The Depiction of War in Journey’s End and Exposure
• How does Sherriff present Heroism in Journey's End?
• How Stanhope Generates Conflict in the Opening Act
• Comparison of the mental suffering created by war
• Human Decency in a World of Human Waste

Wikipedia Entries for Journey’s End

• Introduction
• Plot summary
• Productions (professional)
• Productions (amateur)
• Adaptations

The state of AI in 2023: Generative AI’s breakout year

You have reached a page with older survey data. please see our 2024 survey results here ..

The latest annual McKinsey Global Survey  on the current state of AI confirms the explosive growth of generative AI (gen AI) tools . Less than a year after many of these tools debuted, one-third of our survey respondents say their organizations are using gen AI regularly in at least one business function. Amid recent advances, AI has risen from a topic relegated to tech employees to a focus of company leaders: nearly one-quarter of surveyed C-suite executives say they are personally using gen AI tools for work, and more than one-quarter of respondents from companies using AI say gen AI is already on their boards’ agendas. What’s more, 40 percent of respondents say their organizations will increase their investment in AI overall because of advances in gen AI. The findings show that these are still early days for managing gen AI–related risks, with less than half of respondents saying their organizations are mitigating even the risk they consider most relevant: inaccuracy.

The organizations that have already embedded AI capabilities have been the first to explore gen AI’s potential, and those seeing the most value from more traditional AI capabilities—a group we call AI high performers—are already outpacing others in their adoption of gen AI tools. 1 We define AI high performers as organizations that, according to respondents, attribute at least 20 percent of their EBIT to AI adoption.

The expected business disruption from gen AI is significant, and respondents predict meaningful changes to their workforces. They anticipate workforce cuts in certain areas and large reskilling efforts to address shifting talent needs. Yet while the use of gen AI might spur the adoption of other AI tools, we see few meaningful increases in organizations’ adoption of these technologies. The percent of organizations adopting any AI tools has held steady since 2022, and adoption remains concentrated within a small number of business functions.

Table of Contents

• It’s early days still, but use of gen AI is already widespread
• Leading companies are already ahead with gen AI
• AI-related talent needs shift, and AI’s workforce effects are expected to be substantial
• With all eyes on gen AI, AI adoption and impact remain steady

About the research

1. it’s early days still, but use of gen ai is already widespread.

The findings from the survey—which was in the field in mid-April 2023—show that, despite gen AI’s nascent public availability, experimentation with the tools  is already relatively common, and respondents expect the new capabilities to transform their industries. Gen AI has captured interest across the business population: individuals across regions, industries, and seniority levels are using gen AI for work and outside of work. Seventy-nine percent of all respondents say they’ve had at least some exposure to gen AI, either for work or outside of work, and 22 percent say they are regularly using it in their own work. While reported use is quite similar across seniority levels, it is highest among respondents working in the technology sector and those in North America.

Organizations, too, are now commonly using gen AI. One-third of all respondents say their organizations are already regularly using generative AI in at least one function—meaning that 60 percent of organizations with reported AI adoption are using gen AI. What’s more, 40 percent of those reporting AI adoption at their organizations say their companies expect to invest more in AI overall thanks to generative AI, and 28 percent say generative AI use is already on their board’s agenda. The most commonly reported business functions using these newer tools are the same as those in which AI use is most common overall: marketing and sales, product and service development, and service operations, such as customer care and back-office support. This suggests that organizations are pursuing these new tools where the most value is. In our previous research , these three areas, along with software engineering, showed the potential to deliver about 75 percent of the total annual value from generative AI use cases.

In these early days, expectations for gen AI’s impact are high : three-quarters of all respondents expect gen AI to cause significant or disruptive change in the nature of their industry’s competition in the next three years. Survey respondents working in the technology and financial-services industries are the most likely to expect disruptive change from gen AI. Our previous research shows  that, while all industries are indeed likely to see some degree of disruption, the level of impact is likely to vary. 2 “ The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier ,” McKinsey, June 14, 2023. Industries relying most heavily on knowledge work are likely to see more disruption—and potentially reap more value. While our estimates suggest that tech companies, unsurprisingly, are poised to see the highest impact from gen AI—adding value equivalent to as much as 9 percent of global industry revenue—knowledge-based industries such as banking (up to 5 percent), pharmaceuticals and medical products (also up to 5 percent), and education (up to 4 percent) could experience significant effects as well. By contrast, manufacturing-based industries, such as aerospace, automotives, and advanced electronics, could experience less disruptive effects. This stands in contrast to the impact of previous technology waves that affected manufacturing the most and is due to gen AI’s strengths in language-based activities, as opposed to those requiring physical labor.

Responses show many organizations not yet addressing potential risks from gen AI

According to the survey, few companies seem fully prepared for the widespread use of gen AI—or the business risks these tools may bring. Just 21 percent of respondents reporting AI adoption say their organizations have established policies governing employees’ use of gen AI technologies in their work. And when we asked specifically about the risks of adopting gen AI, few respondents say their companies are mitigating the most commonly cited risk with gen AI: inaccuracy. Respondents cite inaccuracy more frequently than both cybersecurity and regulatory compliance, which were the most common risks from AI overall in previous surveys. Just 32 percent say they’re mitigating inaccuracy, a smaller percentage than the 38 percent who say they mitigate cybersecurity risks. Interestingly, this figure is significantly lower than the percentage of respondents who reported mitigating AI-related cybersecurity last year (51 percent). Overall, much as we’ve seen in previous years, most respondents say their organizations are not addressing AI-related risks.

2. Leading companies are already ahead with gen AI

The survey results show that AI high performers—that is, organizations where respondents say at least 20 percent of EBIT in 2022 was attributable to AI use—are going all in on artificial intelligence, both with gen AI and more traditional AI capabilities. These organizations that achieve significant value from AI are already using gen AI in more business functions than other organizations do, especially in product and service development and risk and supply chain management. When looking at all AI capabilities—including more traditional machine learning capabilities, robotic process automation, and chatbots—AI high performers also are much more likely than others to use AI in product and service development, for uses such as product-development-cycle optimization, adding new features to existing products, and creating new AI-based products. These organizations also are using AI more often than other organizations in risk modeling and for uses within HR such as performance management and organization design and workforce deployment optimization.

AI high performers are much more likely than others to use AI in product and service development.

Another difference from their peers: high performers’ gen AI efforts are less oriented toward cost reduction, which is a top priority at other organizations. Respondents from AI high performers are twice as likely as others to say their organizations’ top objective for gen AI is to create entirely new businesses or sources of revenue—and they’re most likely to cite the increase in the value of existing offerings through new AI-based features.

As we’ve seen in previous years , these high-performing organizations invest much more than others in AI: respondents from AI high performers are more than five times more likely than others to say they spend more than 20 percent of their digital budgets on AI. They also use AI capabilities more broadly throughout the organization. Respondents from high performers are much more likely than others to say that their organizations have adopted AI in four or more business functions and that they have embedded a higher number of AI capabilities. For example, respondents from high performers more often report embedding knowledge graphs in at least one product or business function process, in addition to gen AI and related natural-language capabilities.

While AI high performers are not immune to the challenges of capturing value from AI, the results suggest that the difficulties they face reflect their relative AI maturity, while others struggle with the more foundational, strategic elements of AI adoption. Respondents at AI high performers most often point to models and tools, such as monitoring model performance in production and retraining models as needed over time, as their top challenge. By comparison, other respondents cite strategy issues, such as setting a clearly defined AI vision that is linked with business value or finding sufficient resources.

The findings offer further evidence that even high performers haven’t mastered best practices regarding AI adoption, such as machine-learning-operations (MLOps) approaches, though they are much more likely than others to do so. For example, just 35 percent of respondents at AI high performers report that where possible, their organizations assemble existing components, rather than reinvent them, but that’s a much larger share than the 19 percent of respondents from other organizations who report that practice.

Many specialized MLOps technologies and practices  may be needed to adopt some of the more transformative uses cases that gen AI applications can deliver—and do so as safely as possible. Live-model operations is one such area, where monitoring systems and setting up instant alerts to enable rapid issue resolution can keep gen AI systems in check. High performers stand out in this respect but have room to grow: one-quarter of respondents from these organizations say their entire system is monitored and equipped with instant alerts, compared with just 12 percent of other respondents.

3. AI-related talent needs shift, and AI’s workforce effects are expected to be substantial

Our latest survey results show changes in the roles that organizations are filling to support their AI ambitions. In the past year, organizations using AI most often hired data engineers, machine learning engineers, and Al data scientists—all roles that respondents commonly reported hiring in the previous survey. But a much smaller share of respondents report hiring AI-related-software engineers—the most-hired role last year—than in the previous survey (28 percent in the latest survey, down from 39 percent). Roles in prompt engineering have recently emerged, as the need for that skill set rises alongside gen AI adoption, with 7 percent of respondents whose organizations have adopted AI reporting those hires in the past year.

The findings suggest that hiring for AI-related roles remains a challenge but has become somewhat easier over the past year, which could reflect the spate of layoffs at technology companies from late 2022 through the first half of 2023. Smaller shares of respondents than in the previous survey report difficulty hiring for roles such as AI data scientists, data engineers, and data-visualization specialists, though responses suggest that hiring machine learning engineers and AI product owners remains as much of a challenge as in the previous year.

Looking ahead to the next three years, respondents predict that the adoption of AI will reshape many roles in the workforce. Generally, they expect more employees to be reskilled than to be separated. Nearly four in ten respondents reporting AI adoption expect more than 20 percent of their companies’ workforces will be reskilled, whereas 8 percent of respondents say the size of their workforces will decrease by more than 20 percent.

Looking specifically at gen AI’s predicted impact, service operations is the only function in which most respondents expect to see a decrease in workforce size at their organizations. This finding generally aligns with what our recent research  suggests: while the emergence of gen AI increased our estimate of the percentage of worker activities that could be automated (60 to 70 percent, up from 50 percent), this doesn’t necessarily translate into the automation of an entire role.

AI high performers are expected to conduct much higher levels of reskilling than other companies are. Respondents at these organizations are over three times more likely than others to say their organizations will reskill more than 30 percent of their workforces over the next three years as a result of AI adoption.

4. With all eyes on gen AI, AI adoption and impact remain steady

While the use of gen AI tools is spreading rapidly, the survey data doesn’t show that these newer tools are propelling organizations’ overall AI adoption. The share of organizations that have adopted AI overall remains steady, at least for the moment, with 55 percent of respondents reporting that their organizations have adopted AI. Less than a third of respondents continue to say that their organizations have adopted AI in more than one business function, suggesting that AI use remains limited in scope. Product and service development and service operations continue to be the two business functions in which respondents most often report AI adoption, as was true in the previous four surveys. And overall, just 23 percent of respondents say at least 5 percent of their organizations’ EBIT last year was attributable to their use of AI—essentially flat with the previous survey—suggesting there is much more room to capture value.

Organizations continue to see returns in the business areas in which they are using AI, and they plan to increase investment in the years ahead. We see a majority of respondents reporting AI-related revenue increases within each business function using AI. And looking ahead, more than two-thirds expect their organizations to increase their AI investment over the next three years.

The online survey was in the field April 11 to 21, 2023, and garnered responses from 1,684 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 913 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one function and were asked questions about their organizations’ AI use. To adjust for differences in response rates, the data are weighted by the contribution of each respondent’s nation to global GDP.

The survey content and analysis were developed by Michael Chui , a partner at the McKinsey Global Institute and a partner in McKinsey’s Bay Area office, where Lareina Yee is a senior partner; Bryce Hall , an associate partner in the Washington, DC, office; and senior partners Alex Singla and Alexander Sukharevsky , global leaders of QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, based in the Chicago and London offices, respectively.

They wish to thank Shivani Gupta, Abhisek Jena, Begum Ortaoglu, Barr Seitz, and Li Zhang for their contributions to this work.

This article was edited by Heather Hanselman, an editor in the Atlanta office.

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