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Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is an important aspect in the sustainable development of tourism in a destination. The inappropriate and inefficient use of resources, problems of contamination and other negative impacts make it necessary for destinations to measure waste production and to manage its treatment. While a waste audit shows how much and which kind of waste there is, where it is produced and ends up (e.g., landfill, composting plants, etc.) it also allows to target tourism to assess its share to solid waste production. It furthermore helps destinations to stimulate circular economic processes, identify where reducing waste at the source is going to be most practicable and effective. Several indicators exist that allow destinations to monitor, inter alia, trends in solid waste production and recycling, development of waste services and on the perception of the cleanliness of a destination. 

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Urban strategies for Waste Management in Tourist Cities

Updated on 19.09.2023

UrBAN-WASTE supported policy makers in answering challenges relating to the socio-economic impact of tourism and in developing strategies that aim at reducing the amount of municipal waste production and further supporting the re-use, recycling, collection and disposal of waste in tourist cities. In doing so, UrBAN-WASTE adopted and applied the urban metabolism approach to support the switch to a circular model where waste is considered as resource and reintegrated in the urban flow.

More information

Europe’s cities are some of the world’s greatest tourism destinations. The socio-economic impact of tourism is extraordinary, but it brings at the same time a range of negative externalities, including high levels of unsustainable resource consumption and waste production. In comparison with other cities, tourist cities face additional challenges related to waste prevention and management due to their geographical and climatic conditions, the seasonality of tourism flow and the specificity of the tourism industry and of tourists as waste producers.

UrBAN-WASTE performed a metabolic analysis of the state of urban metabolism in 11 pilot cities: Copenhagen (DK), Dubrovnik – Neretva county (HR), Florence (IT), Kavala (EL), Lisbon (PT), Nice (FR), Nicosia (CY), Ponta Delgada (PT), Santander (ES), Syracuse (IT) and Tenerife (ES).

In parallel, a participatory process involving all the relevant stakeholders was set up through a mobilisation and mutual learning action plan. These inputs were integrated into the strategies along with a review of the most innovative existing technologies and practices in the field of waste management and prevention. The strategies were then implemented in the 11 cities and the results were monitored and disseminated, facilitating the transfer and adaptation of the project outcomes in other cases.

Relevance for Circular Systemic Solutions

The project developed eco-innovative and gender-sensitive waste prevention and management strategies in cities with high levels of tourism in order to reduce the urban waste production and improve municipal waste management. The project developed Guidelines to support city managers and policy makers in replicating the UrBAN-WASTE strategies in tourist cities. The Guidelines summarise the work that the project consortium did over the years, including the initial mapping and identification of local stakeholders involved in waste management and tourism processes, community-based decision making, implementation of eco-innovative measures and the final environmental, social and economic impact assessments. These guidelines can allow city managers, including decision and policy makers, to understand the underlying liaisons between tourism and waste management processes and enable them to recreate some of the UrBAN-WASTE processes to improve their local waste management practices and adapt them to their local tourism patterns (http://www.urban-waste.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/D2.1-Literature-Review-on-Urban-Metabolism-Studies-and-Projects.pdf). In addition, the project developed Guidelines for local policy makers for mainstreaming of UrBAN-WASTE strategies into Waste Management Plans, with the focus on European countries such as Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. View guidelines .

Main results and lessons learnt

In addition to the Guidelines for city managers and policy makers to support with replicating UrBAN-WASTE strategies in other tourist cities, the project has a number of relevant and useful outputs:  

• UrBAN-WASTE developed prevention and management strategies for tourist cities and guidelines for implementation. The guidelines are presented in a format of a list of waste prevention and management strategies, designed and proposed through a participatory approach. The strategies address different types of tourist cities and include several prevention and operational steps to be taken, as well as monitoring and evaluation indicators. Each strategy is gender-sensitive and supported by a financial plan.
• The UrBAN WASTE gender strategy elaborates on gender-sensitive waste prevention and management strategies, including the activities that were organised in each pilot city to support the achievement of the gender objectives. These can be used as inspiration for other cities and regions.
• The Guidelines for local policy makers for mainstreaming of UrBAN-WASTE strategies into waste management plans are intended to support policy makers in the integration of the developed strategies into existing or future waste management plans. The guidelines address synergies in terms of common objectives, impacts, shared use of infrastructure and cost saving opportunities.
• UrBAN-WASTE mobilisation plan. It describes the overall concept of civic mobilisation and provides operational guidelines for policy makers to implement the mobilisation and mutual learning activities in their cities. The monitoring system description is also included in the plan.
• An overview of current waste prevention and management practices in pilot cities and best practices in touristic cities, which can be relevant as a source of inspiration for other cities and regions across Europe.

Horizon programme(s) and/or topic(s)

Programme:  

• H2020-EU.3.5. - SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Climate action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials

Topic:  

• WASTE-6b-2015 - Eco-innovative strategies

Responsible organisation and contact details

Government of the Canary Islands

Contact the project.

Project consortium partners

• Technische Universiteit Delft
• Association of Cities and Regions for Sustainable Resource Management
• Aarhus Universitet
• Ayuntamiento de Santander
• Universitaet für Bodenkultur Wien
• Kobenhavns Kommune
• Cabildo Insular de Tenerife
• Anaptixiaki Anonimi Etairia Diachirisis Aporrimaton Anotilikis Makedonias-Thrakis Ae ‒ Diaamath
• Kobenhavns Universitet
• Comune di Siracusa
• Institut d'amenagement et d'urbanisme de la region d'ile de France
• Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet
• Dunea doo za Regionalni Razvoj i Poslovne Usluge
• Consulta Europa Projects and Innovation
• Agence observat amenage habitat Réunion
• Câmara Municipal de Lisboa
• Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
• Ambiente Italia Srl
• Asociación Hotelera y Extrahotelera de Tenerife La Palma La Gomera y El Hierro
• Metropole Nice Cote D'azur
• Perifereia Ipeiroy
• Fundo Regional da Ciencia e Tecnologia
• Linneuniversitetet
• Lefkosia Municipality
• Regione Toscana

Social community

Waste management, research and innovation action (ria).

large 500 000-200 000, medium 200 000-50 000, and small cities 50 000-5 000

Metropolitan areas

large metropolitan area >1.5 million, metropolitan area 1.5 million-500 000

predominantly urban regions, intermediate and predominantly rural regions, refer to TERCET typology NUTS 3 region

Provinces/counties

e.g. commercial, residential, service, industrial

Circular Cities & Regions Initiative

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Biennial waste management survey: waste diversion, 2022.

Released: 2024-04-08

10 million metric tonnes

Canadian households and businesses diverted almost 10 million tonnes of waste from landfills in 2022, unchanged compared with 2020. Instead of being buried, diverted material finds a second life through recycling or composting.

Provincially, Ontario (3.4 million tonnes) and Quebec (2.7 million tonnes) diverted the majority of all recycled and composted waste in 2022, while New Brunswick (+5%) saw one of the largest increases in waste diversion of all materials since 2020.

Plastic waste

Diverting plastic waste to avoid disposal has become a challenge because of the many different types of hard-to-recycle plastics being produced for consumption and entering the waste stream. A large majority of plastic continues to be permanently disposed of in landfills. Diversion efforts targeting plastic materials have begun through the Canada-wide Action Plan on Zero Plastic Waste to meet the target of zero plastic waste by 2030.

In terms of diversion, in 2022, almost 367 000 tonnes of plastic were sent to material recycling facilities (where recyclable materials are brought to be sorted and prepared for sale). Most (72%) of this plastic came from residential sources. Newfoundland and Labrador (+25%) reported one of the largest increases in the amount of diverted plastic material.

Organic waste growth

When accumulated in landfills, organic waste emits large quantities of methane , a greenhouse gas over 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide. In 2022, organic waste diverted from landfills surpassed 3 million tonnes, down 3% compared with 2020. More than three-quarters (77%) of the waste material sent to composting facilities in 2022 came from residential sources.

Household composting habits

In 2021, 65% of Canadian households composted kitchen waste , mostly using curbside pick-up programs (79% of households composting kitchen waste) or backyard composting (27%). Similarly, 81% of households that had a lawn or garden composted yard waste either through curbside collection (77% of households composting yard waste) or through backyard composting (23%).

New for 2022: Food waste and leaf and yard waste

For the first time, the 2022 Waste Management Survey publishes the quantities of organic material composted by classifying them in a more detailed manner. Nationally, the majority (52%, or 1.6 million tonnes) of organic materials was reported as food waste, 37% (1.1 million tonnes) was leaf and yard waste, and 11% (350 000 tonnes) was other organic materials (such as agricultural, forestry and wood waste). These proportions varied substantially among the provinces.

In most provinces, diverted organic material was mainly food waste: this was the case in Nova Scotia (67%), Alberta (67%), Ontario (53%), Quebec (49%) and British Columbia (48%). Leaf and yard waste was a greater share of organic waste composted in Manitoba (70%) and Saskatchewan (44%).

Did you know we have a mobile app?

Get timely access to data right at your fingertips by downloading the StatsCAN app , available for free on the App Store and on Google Play .

  Note to readers

Starting with the 2023 cycle of the Waste Management Survey, collection and publication of diverted waste (recycled and composted) data will become annual.

The survey provides comprehensive information about waste disposed of in and diverted from landfills and its sources. This information is collected from businesses and municipalities that provide waste management services.

The Waste Management Survey data presented here account for material brought to sorting or processing facilities. As some of this material is deemed unrecyclable during sorting, not all of it ends up being recycled or composted.

Measurement of plastic diversion and disposal is also available through the Physical Flow Account for Plastic Material (PFAPM) . The Waste Management Survey is one of multiple components of this account. The PFAPM considers the plastic content of internationally imported and exported products, as well as international imports and exports of sorted and baled plastic waste, disposed plastic waste and scrap. The Waste Management Survey accounts for plastics diverted from residential and non-residential sources and managed by municipalities or businesses specialized in waste management. It does not account for imported plastic waste and does not collect information on the types of material found in disposed waste.

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For more information, or to enquire about the concepts, methods or data quality of this release, contact us (toll-free 1-800-263-1136 ; 514-283-8300 ; [email protected] ) or Media Relations ( [email protected] ).

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Testing the stakeholders’ partnership in a tourism waste management network: an ERGM approach

• Research Article
• Published: 28 September 2022
• Volume 30 , pages 15335–15351, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Xiumei Xu 1 ,
• Yicheng Huang 2 ,
• Qun Lai 3 , 4 &
• Chao Feng   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-7418 5  

629 Accesses

5 Citations

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The exponential random graph model (ERGM) is an effective approach for testing the dynamic and local processes of a network. This paper explores the structure of stakeholders’ partnerships in a tourism waste management network using high-order dependency ERGMs based on relational data obtained from a field survey in Motuo County, China. The results reveal that (1) the network has many edges, indicating a tight network; (2) the geometrically weighted edge distribution shows a high transitive effect of the network; (3) the structural effect is more significant than the attribute effect; (4) there is a good agreement between the simulation results and observations, suggesting a tourism waste network with close connections and collaborative division of labor. These findings indicate that different groups of stakeholders have been extensively involved in tourism waste management in Motuo County. The edgewise shared partners formed by stakeholders of different groups increase the information transmission efficiency of the network. The results have implications for tourism waste management, specifically for promoting sustainability transitions via network governance.

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Data availability

The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Yicheng Huang

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Xiu-mei Xu: conceptualization, formal analysis, writing – original draft; Yicheng Huang: data preprocessing, writing – review and editing; Qun Lai: investigation, data preprocessing, writing – review and editing; Chao Feng: methodology, software, supervision, writing – review and editing.

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Xu, X., Huang, Y., Lai, Q. et al. Testing the stakeholders’ partnership in a tourism waste management network: an ERGM approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30 , 15335–15351 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23204-4

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Received : 21 March 2022

Accepted : 19 September 2022

Published : 28 September 2022

Issue Date : February 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23204-4

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