travel to work area

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travel-to-work area

Quick reference.

In theory, a self-contained labour market area is one in which all commuting occurs within the boundary of the area. In practice, there are entirely separate labour market areas. For those involved in labour market analysis and planning, it is useful to be able to define zones in which the bulk of the resident population also work, so, by applying a multi-stage allocation process, the UK Office for National Statistics has defined ‘Travel to Work Areas’ as approximations of self-contained labour markets. The basic criteria used for defining a TTWA are that, of the resident economically active population, • at least 75% actually work in the area, • of everyone working in the area, at least 75% actually live in the area.The definitive minimum working population in a TTWA is 3 500, but many are much larger—indeed, the whole of London and surrounding area forms one TTWA.

• at least 75% actually work in the area,

• of everyone working in the area, at least 75% actually live in the area.

For the methodology, see appendix 1, Office for National Statistics 1991 Travel-to-Work Areas, and for an update, see M. Coombes, S. Raybould, and C. Wymer (2005).

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/curds/publications/pdf/ONSMC98.pdf Office for National Statistics 1991-based Travel to Work Areas.

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/ttwa.asp National Statistics, Travel to Work Areas.

From: travel-to-work area in A Dictionary of Geography »

Subjects: Science and technology — Earth Sciences and Geography

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Travel to Work Areas 2011

Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) are zones defined where the bulk of their resident population work within the same area. TTWAs are aggregations of Super Output Areas, and were created based on the 2011 Census, which collected information on the place of residence and work (if applicable).

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Refining the recent release of the ONS ‘Travel-To-Work Areas’ for housing planning purposes

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Experimental review of the Cambridge Travel to Work Area (TTWA) as a tool for informing local housing policy - including a study of the Ely housing market in the context of the Cambridge TTWA

Cambridge Centre for Housing & Planning Research
Current & Recent Research

Travel To Work Areas are used primarily to understand local labour markets, but are also used in housing planning. However, TTWAs do not allow for overlap. Taking Cambridge as their example, Chihiro Udagawa and Dr Paul Sanderson identified commuting areas for Cambridge that lie within the boundaries of other employment hubs. Their study suggested that care should be taken when using TWAs for housing planning purposes.

A Travel-to-work Area (TTWA) theoretically represents a self-contained labour market area in which all commuting occurs within the boundary of that area. It has been re-defined once a decade when analyses on commuting patterns drawn from the UK Censuses were completed. In December 2015, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) published TTWAs based on the 2011 Census results.

TTWAs are used primarily to aid understanding of labour markets across the UK. However, residential location and commuting patterns can also contribute to understanding local housing markets. The conventional assumption is that local labour markets are spatial proxies for housing markets. Indeed, housing professionals have been employing TTWAs in this way in their strategic plans.

One of the issues in using existing TTWA s in this way is that they do not allow for overlap. Consider a household with two earners, one of whom is commuting within the TTWA while the other is commuting to a business hub outside their TTWA. For example, Cambridge TTWA has now expanded as far south as Hertford and Harlow - settlements containing many London commuters.

Taking Cambridge as our example we attempt in this paper to experimentally identify commuting areas for Cambridge that lie within the boundaries of other employment hubs, such as Ely. In this way we can start to address the reality that TTWAs, certainly in terms of local housing markets, are not discrete - they overlap.

Paul Sanderson

Chihiro Udagawa

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Data science for the public good

Estimation of travel to work matrices.

Data Science Campus
June 23, 2023

Travel to work matrices show movement of people from their home location (origin) to their place of work (destination) at an aggregated level. Information on travel to work provides a basis for transport planning, for example, whether new public transport routes or changes to existing routes are needed. Additionally, it allows the measurement of environmental impacts of commuting, for example traffic congestion and pollution, and how these might change over time, for example because of changes in commuting modes, such as a shift from car to bicycle. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) collects travel to work data from the census every ten years, with the most recent being 2021. This travel to work data helps us generate travel to work matrices for census years, for instance, at 10-year intervals with no updates for years in-between.

Using aggregate spatial modelling approaches, the Data Science Campus has produced an alternative estimation of the travel to work matrices which bridges this gap. We have produced experimental data for each year from 2012 to 2021 and have published modelled estimates for 2021 . When new data becomes available, the model can be updated to include 2022 onwards. This will provide complementary statistics to the 2021 Census travel to work data collected during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic which contains a mixture of pandemic and pre-pandemic behaviours . These modelled estimates for 2021 are the first release in a planned work programme of incremental improvements to the model and outputs.

This blog briefly introduces the methods used, initial results, limitations and next steps. For a more detailed methodology, refer to the technical report . You can download our estimated travel to work matrices from the ONS website. We do not recommend that these data are used to inform decisions, and are publishing the statistics to enable feedback and input into methods. We welcome feedback from stakeholders on methods and outputs.

We have developed a gravity model, calibrated using the 2011 Census travel to work data, to estimate travel to work matrices. A gravity model at its most basic level assumes that the number of trips made between two areas can be estimated by the number of resident workers at the origin (residential end), the number of employees working at the destination (workplace end) and the cost, such as travel time, travel distance or monetary cost (or a combination of these factors referred to as a generalised cost) of travelling between these two locations.

Figure 1 shows the processing pipeline, that is, how the different sources of data feed into the model and generate the estimation of travel to work matrices. The pipeline consists of three core modules: Production and Attraction Estimation Module, Calibration Module and Doubly Constrained Model.

Figure 1: The processing pipeline of the gravity model

The Production and Attraction Estimation Module estimates the number of resident workers travelling to a fixed workplace at each origin, and the number of employees working in each destination, using these assumptions:

the number of resident workers for years 2012 to 2020 is estimated using growth factors in workers taken from Department for Transport’s (DfT) National Trip Ends Model (NTEM) , applied to 2011 Census values to estimate future year resident workers
the number of resident workers for the year 2021 is estimated using Census 2021 resident employment data
the proportion of resident workers travelling to a fixed workplace is estimated from DfT’s National Travel Survey (NTS), 2011 to 2021 , segmented by latent geographical clusters defined by land use characteristics (refer to Jahanshahi and Jin and our technical report for more detail).
the number of employees at each destination is estimated using growth factors in jobs from NTEM, applied to 2011 Census values as Census 2021 workplace employment data is not available at the time of writing

In the Calibration Module, the cost of travelling between the origin and destination is currently estimated using straight-line distance. The model is calibrated using a cost function that aims to replicate the relationship between distance between home and work and the number of commuters, as seen in the 2011 Census travel to work matrices. In later versions of the model, we plan to replace distance with better estimations of costs, in terms of time and money, of travelling between home and work.

An iterative process, called the Doubly Constrained Model, then ensures that the estimated number of resident workers at all origins matches the number of employees working at all destinations.

Our gravity model estimates the travel to work matrices of the usual residents aged 16 and above and in employment with a fixed workplace at the Middle Layer Super Output Area (MSOA) for England and Wales, annually from 2012 to 2021. It also provides estimations of resident workers with a fixed workplace, and employees working in each MSOA in England and Wales, annually from 2012 to 2021. Please note that the 2021 estimates that we have published are the experimental results and should not be used for decision making purposes.

The model combines pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic commuting behaviour (for example, the proportion of employees travelling to a fixed place of work) from the NTS (2018 to 2019) and 2021 population and employment estimates to provide a counterfactual of travel to work matrices in 2021, assuming pre-pandemic commuting behaviour.

Figure 2 illustrates the estimated travel to work matrices for 2011 (from 2011 Census) and 2021 (under the assumption of the pre-pandemic commuting behaviours) respectively. The maps represent commuting flow between all home and work locations at MSOA level in England and Wales, with lighter lines indicating more commuters travelling to fixed workplaces. The maps provide a sense check on the estimated travel to work matrices for 2021, produced by the model. This is because, over time we would not expect commuting behaviour to change dramatically at aggregate level, so we would expect a similar picture to emerge from the travel to work matrices estimated for 2021, as we observe in 2011.

Figure 2: Travel to work flow map, MSOA, England and Wales, 2021 assuming pre-pandemic travel behaviour

These maps show the estimated travel to work matrices for 2011 (from 2011 Census) and 2021 (under the assumption of the pre-pandemic commuting behaviours) respectively. The maps represent commuting flow between all home and work locations at MSOA level in England and Wales, with lighter lines indicating more commuters travelling to fixed workplaces.

While our initial experimental results provide a counterfactual of travel to work matrices assuming pre-pandemic commuting behaviour, the model can also estimate travel to work matrices assuming mid-pandemic commuting behaviour. This is achieved using mid-pandemic commuting behaviour from the NTS (2020 to 2021) and 2021 population and employment estimates. Figure 3 presents maps showing the number of workers who travel to a fixed workplace for MSOAs in England and Wales in 2021 under these two conditions, for instance, assuming commuting patterns pre- and mid-pandemic, respectively.

Figure 3: Maps of production (the number of workers living in an area who travel to a fixed workplace), MSOAs in England and Wales, 2021 under the conditions of pre- and mid-pandemic travel behaviours, respectively

Figure 3 presents maps showing the number of workers who travel to a fixed workplace for MSOAs in England and Wales in 2021 under these two conditions, for instance, assuming commuting patterns pre- and mid-pandemic, respectively.

According to the 2011 Census, 21.6 million (81%) people travelled to a fixed workplace in England and Wales. The 2021 Census reports that 15.1 million (54%) people travelled to a fixed workplace, a significant reduction over 2011. This is because at the time of the 2021 Census many people were working from home or furloughed,. Our initial experimental estimations using commuting behaviour pre and mid-pandemic are in line with plausible expectations. Our model estimates that in 2021 76% (21.1 million out of 27.8 million working adults) travel to a fixed workplace under the assumption of pre-pandemic travel behaviours, and 63% (17.6 million out of 27.8 million working adults) travel to a fixed workplace under the assumption of mid-pandemic travel behaviours.

Limitations and next steps

One major shortcoming of the estimated travel to work matrices is the lack of validation, which has not been possible in the absence of a representative survey of travel to work for 2021, because the Census 2021 contains a mixture of pandemic and pre-pandemic responses on travel behaviours . To help validate the model, we are working on obtaining alternative data sources including mobile phone data.

In addition, there are limitations relating to some of the input datasets we have used in the model, particularly at finer spatial granularities. For example, the NTS cannot be relied upon at geographies lower than region, because of survey sample size, response rate and spatial coverage. We therefore make assumptions about travel behaviour trends for aggregations of areas based on rural-urban area type, densities, and accessibility measures (see our technical report for further details). Similar issues affect NTEM because of assumptions made regarding the distribution of growth in employment and workers. This will affect the reliability of the estimated travel to work matrices.

We plan to address these issues in future versions of the model by working with stakeholders, and through model enhancements, for example through segmentation by transport modes, industry, occupancy, and socioeconomic characteristics. This segmentation will allow us to make better assumptions about travel behaviour trends by different types of commuters and allow the estimation of travel to work matrices by these segmentation groups.

Our longer-term goals involve developing predictive models, to allow testing of ‘what-if’ policy questions and scenario-based analysis to enable decision making under uncertainties on future housing market, jobs market, economy, and technology developments. For example, by estimating and comparison of travel to work patterns under high or low growth in housing supply, jobs or economic performance.

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Labour market and travel to work: Census 2021 in England and Wales

Data and supporting commentary about labour market and travel to work from Census 2021 in England and Wales. It includes univariate data (one variable only) down to Output Area (OA) level, where possible. This is part of topic summaries from Census 2021 results. Multivariate data (more than one variable) will be released in early 2023.

Applies to England and Wales

https://www.ons.gov.uk/releases/labourmarketandtraveltoworkcensus2021inenglandandwales

Official statistics are produced impartially and free from political influence.

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Is flying hundreds of miles to commute to work worth it? Definitely, according to these 3 supercommuters.

Supercommuters travel at least 75 miles or three hours to get to their jobs.
Business Insider spoke with three supercommuters about the reasons they supercommute to work.
One commuter said she has the best of both worlds when traveling from NYC to Michigan.

Over the last few years, many US workers have found themselves traveling farther to get to work but going into the office less often, thanks to hybrid work models.

They routinely wake up before sunrise to venture at least 75 miles to their workplace or spend at least three hours commuting to their job. Some of these supercommuters could move closer to their office, but they choose not to.

Business Insider spoke with three commuters who have traveled through multiple states to get to work each week. They shared the main reason they refused to move closer to their jobs.

Flying to Michigan weekly for work gave this New Yorker the best of both worlds

When BI spoke with Susan Miller in April, she had already been supercommuting for over two years.

The college professor shared how she lived in New York City but was flying to Ann Arbor, Michigan, weekly to teach at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business.

The 500-mile flight only takes two hours each way and costs her between $120 and $250 for a roundtrip ticket. The school doesn't cover her commute, but Miller uses her airline credit card to rack up miles and discounts.

"I enjoy the fresh air from the lakes and the nature of the Midwest, as opposed to city life," Miller told BI.

Living in the Delaware suburbs on an NYC salary made this four-state commute worth it

Kyle Rice started traveling from Wilmington, Delaware, to NYC every morning for work in February.

Even though Rice traveled 125 miles through four states to reach his project manager job at an EMS software company, it only took him two hours to get to work each day on the Amtrak and subway.

"I'd never consider relocating to NYC because it wouldn't be smart financially," Rice told BI.

His new six-figure job allowed him to double his salary, but he was spending $1,510 monthly on commuting. First, he'd drive eight minutes to Amtrak and catch the 6:30 a.m. train from Wilmington to Newark, New Jersey. That ride took an hour and 37 minutes.

Then Rice would hop on the PATH in Newark and ride that railway for 30 minutes into NYC. Despite the traveling expense and time, Rice said his home in Delaware is way more affordable than living in New York City.

When BI interviewed Rice in May, his job had shifted his in-office schedule from daily to twice a week.

Traveling from LA to New York four times a month made this flight attendant happier

In 2023, flight attendant Malick Mercier moved to Los Angeles to live in a place with more creatives. But he was still a New York crew member.

"I knew that there'd be more creative people in Los Angeles, and I was finding myself really happy here on layovers," Mercier told BI.

Four times a month, he'd spend between five and eight hours commuting from LA to New York , and he said it wasn't easy. The airline worker would sometimes have to take three buses just to get to the Los Angeles International Airport before starting his 2,400-mile flight to work. And he'd book his ticket the night before or the day of his commute.

Mercier said occasionally getting to work on time was risky, but he always made it. His love and passion for his job made it all worth it.

"Plenty of people are like, 'Is it worth it?' And I feel like, yes, because this is my dream."

If you're a supercommuter or tried supercommuting and want to share your story, email Manseen Logan at [email protected].

Watch: While Delta's business is 'extremely robust,' the airline's marketing chief stays focused on the data

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Traveling for business? 5 tips for working better from the hotel room

Career challenge of working on the road can be smoother with these smart tips.

Millennials, Gen Z workers call out boomers' annoying work habits

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If you’re on the road these days for business, most likely you’re working in your hotel room between meetings, sales calls, conferences and trade shows.

Participating in video conference calls, laboring over proposals, drafting emails and chatting with clients on your phone while in your hotel room all should be done in an environment that's most conducive for business .

There are pitfalls to avoid, however, and insights to know.

CAREER CORRECTION NEEDED? THIS BEHAVIOR MAY BE HURTING YOU AT WORK

Job experts and travel pros shared their best tips of the trade for working effectively and securely from a hotel room.

Let's dive right in …

1. Pick the right hotel and room

A well-appointed hotel in a central location at your destination is the smart move for business travelers.

"Business travelers should select at least a 3-star hotel or better in a safe and centrally located part of town," said Tim Hentschel, the Florida-based CEO of HotelPlanner, a travel-technology company powered by proprietary artificial intelligence.

"If having peace and quiet is the most important thing, then request a corner room far from the elevators," suggested the CEO of HotelPlanner about finding the perfect hotel room for working. (iStock / iStock)

The location, he said, should be "ideally the business district, where the hotels are likely to have robust security, as well as the services and amenities corporate travelers need, such as a printer or scanner, strong Wi-Fi and professional business meeting space — as well as nearby restaurants that are always good networking opportunities for business travelers."

CHATTY COWORKERS CAN HURT YOUR CAREER: HERE'S HOW TO FIX THE ISSUE

In your selected hotel, opt to request a location of your room for creating the backdrop for a productive work experience.

"If having peace and quiet is the most important thing, then request a corner room far from the elevators, where people talking may distract you," Hentschel told Fox Business.

If budget allows, consider a suite with more room. You may find the extra living space a better place to work.

2. Use the desk

It might be tempting to sit in bed with your laptop, but a far better idea is to use the work station set-up in your hotel room.

Sitting at the desk will foster a better work experience.

"Most hotels have too much stuff and collateral on the working desk. It’s the first thing I get rid of. Stick to bare essentials," said one expert about working from a hotel room while on the road for business. (iStock / iStock)

"Work from the desk, not the bed or couch," said Travel + Leisure Co.’s senior vice president of global brands, Renu Snehi, who is based in Orlando Florida.

"Work from a desk and create a serene, clean environment to focus," she said.

Another tip is to remove any extra items from the desk that aren’t needed.

GHOSTED AFTER A JOB INTERVIEW? EXPERTS REVEAL HOW TO HANDLE THE EXPERIENCE

"Most hotels have too much stuff and collateral on the working desk. It’s the first thing I get rid of. Stick to bare essentials," Snehi said.

3. Stage your room for video conferencing calls

Conducting a Zoom call from your hotel room is easy to do with a few simple tips.

First, be sure to put the "Do Not Disturb" sign on the door.

After dressing professionally for the call, create a scene for success.

"Make sure the room is well lit, with no outside glare from windows, and use the desk lamp in your hotel room to illuminate your face so you look your best on screen," said Hentschel.

Man smiles and takes notes while working on computer

Portrait of a happy man taking notes. (iStock / iStock)

In addition, be sure not to have laundry, your private belongings or your suitcases show up in the background during your video calls.

4. Understand IT security implications

Having free Wi-Fi is a hotel is convenient for checking email or streaming while on vacation — but if you’re traveling on business and there is confidential material you’re working on, IT security could be a concern .

"There is inherent risk any time you use a public Wi-Fi, whether you’re at Starbucks or a hotel. So log on at your own risk," cautioned Hentschel.

CAREER CHALLENGE: HOW TO NAIL YOUR SECOND JOB INTERVIEW AND LAND THAT DREAM JOB

"You can use a personal hotspot from your smartphone, but nothing is failsafe from potential cyber hackers," he also said.

For added security, you may want to use a VPN for your wireless connection.

If you’re traveling on business and there is confidential material you’re working on, IT security could be a concern.

A VPN is a "virtual private network" that’s established as a protected and encrypted connection when on a public Wi-Fi network.

"A VPN or virtual private network is designed to keep your online activity safe and secure from the prying world," said Andreas Grant, a network security engineer in San Diego, California.

To break up the grind of working in your hotel room, venture out to other spaces in the hotel, suggested one professional. (iStock / iStock)

"When you turn on the VPN, you are creating a private connection with another computer in another location that you may or may not know. This involves encapsulation and tunneling."

Grant said all the data that goes through gets encrypted, so your ISP won't have any idea the types of site you are browsing.

REMOTE WORKERS RESIST MONDAY OFFICE HOURS, BUT BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IS KEY, SAYS EXECUTIVE

"You keep your data safe," he added.

5. Change up your work setting

To break up the grind of working in your hotel room, venture out to other spaces in the hotel, said Snehi.

"Go work from the lobby or executive lounge," she said.

GET FOX BUSINESS ON THE GO BY CLICKING HERE

"It gives me a fresh perspective and at times [a chance] to eavesdrop into what other executives are doing. I've often met some great people while working from a business lounge and at breakfast."

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Review the instructions on how to apply for a visa on the website of the embassy or consulate where you will apply. Additional documents may be requested to establish if you are qualified.

Most visa applicants, except H-1B and L, need to show their intent to return to their home country after their temporary stay in the United States. They can do so by showing proof of compelling ties to the home country, which may include:

A residence abroad which you do not intend to abandon
Your family relationships
Your economic situation
Your long term plans

Attend your Visa Interview

During the visa interview, a consular officer will determine if you are eligible for the visa. The consular officer will also determine if the visa category is appropriate for your purpose of travel. You will need to establish that you meet the requirements under U.S. law to receive the category of visa for which you are applying.

Ink-free, digital fingerprint scans will be taken as part of your application process. They are usually taken during your interview, but this varies based on location.

After your visa interview, your application may need further administrative processing . A consular officer will inform you if further processing is necessary for your application.

Depending on your nationality, you may need to pay a visa issuance fee. You must pay this fee when the visa is approved. The embassy will explain how your passport with visa will be returned to you. Review the visa processing time , to learn how soon your passport with visa will generally be ready for pick-up or delivery by the courier.

Entering the United States

A visa allows a foreign citizen to travel to a U.S. port-of-entry (generally an airport). A visa also allows you to request permission to enter the United States. A visa does not guarantee entry into the United States. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials at the port-of-entry have authority to permit or deny admission to the United States. When admitted, you may get an admission stamp or Form I-94, Arrival/Departure Record. Review the CBP website to learn more about entry requirements and customs restrictions.

Extending Your Stay

You must leave the United States on or before the date indicated on your admission stamp or Form I-94. You can request to extend your stay by contacting USCIS. Visit USCIS's Extend Your Stay website for more information.

Failure to leave the United States on time will result in you being out of status . Under U.S. law, visas of travelers who are out of status are automatically voided ( Section 222(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ). If you had a multiple-entry visa and it was voided due to you being out of status, it will not be valid for future entries into the United States.

Failure to leave the United States on time may also result in you being ineligible for visas you may apply for in the future. Review Visa Denials and Ineligibilities and Waivers: Laws to learn more.

Change of Status

While in the United States, you may be able to request a change to another nonimmigrant category. See Change My Nonimmigrant Status on the USCIS website to learn more.

Requesting a change of status does not require that you apply for a new visa, as long as you remain in status. If you cannot remain in status while USCIS processes your change of status request, you must apply for a visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate.

Additional Information

The approval of a petition does not guarantee that you will get a visa. Do not make final travel plans or buy tickets until you have a visa.
Spouse and Children –
Your spouse and unmarried, minor children may also apply for the same visa category as you to accompany or join you. The only exception is for Cultural Exchange Visitor Q-1 visa applicants. You must be able to show that you will be able to financially support your family in the United States.
For more information, visit USCIS’s Temporary Workers information and Employment Authorization website.
Unless canceled or revoked, a visa is valid until its expiration date. Therefore, a valid U.S. visa in an expired passport is still valid. If you have a valid visa in your expired passport, do not remove it from your expired passport. You may use your valid visa in your expired passport along with a new valid passport for travel and admission to the United States.

Visa Denial and Ineligibility

Review Visa Denials for detailed information about visa ineligibilities, denials and waivers.

Visa Renewal

The same visa application process applies for first-time applicants and renewals. Please review How to Apply for more information. Some applicants may be eligible for interview waiver. Interview waiver allows eligible individuals to renew their visa without an in-person interview. To determine if you are eligible for interview waiver, please review the instructions on the website of the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where you will apply.

I was refused a visa under section 214(b). May I reapply?

Yes, if you feel circumstances have changed regarding your application. Review Visa Denials to learn more.

Misrepresentation or Fraud

Attempting to obtain a visa by the willful misrepresentation of a material fact, or fraud, may result in the permanent refusal of a visa or denial of entry into the United States.

Review Ineligibilities and Waivers: Laws .

Citizen of Canada and Bermuda

Citizens of Canada and Bermuda do not need visas to enter the United States as temporary workers. These applicants do need a temporary worker petition approved by USCIS. For more information see the U.S. Embassy Ottawa website , the U.S. Consulate Hamilton website and the CBP website .

Additional resources for Canadian temporary workers to the United States can be found on the U.S. Embassy Ottawa website in Canada.

Further Questions

Case-Specific Questions - Contact the U.S. Embassy or Consulate handling your visa application for status information. Select U.S. Embassy or Consulate for contact information.
General Questions - review Contact Us .

More Information

A-Z Index Legal Rights & Protections Lost/Stolen Travel Documents Denials Temporary Workers-USCIS Fraud Warning Border Security/Safety Visa Expiration Date Automatic Revalidation Nonimmigrants in the United States–Applying for Visas in Canada or Mexico Visa Applicants - State Sponsors of Terrorism Find a U.S. Embassy or Consulate Customer Service Statement

External Link

You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State.

Links to external websites are provided as a convenience and should not be construed as an endorsement by the U.S. Department of State of the views or products contained therein. If you wish to remain on travel.state.gov, click the "cancel" message.

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25+ Essential Business Travel Statistics [2023]: How Much Do Companies Spend On Business Travel

Business Travel Statistics
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Research Summary. Whether you’re flying out of town for that important business meeting or simply attending an annual workshop, business travel is an important part of any big company’s protocol. When it comes to business travel, our extensive research shows that:

Business travel in the U.S. from domestic and international travelers amounts to around $387 billion in annual revenue .

While business trips currently account for roughly 12% of total U.S. air travel , they make up to 75% of airlines’ profits .

At least 35% of U.S. businesses engage in business travel.

From 2019-2020, the number of business trips taken in the U.S. dropped from 464 million to 185 million .

The average business trip costs Americans $949 in travel fees .

General Business Travel Statistics

Knowing that business travel accounts for up to 75% of air travel revenue, it’s not hard to see why it’s encouraged. In fact, business travel is so lucrative that it even affects the U.S. GDP. Here are the facts:

In 2016 alone, business travel contributed $547 billion to the United States’ total GDP.

That’s around 3% of the total GDP, a number which stayed rather stable until 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected business travel. In reality, these high numbers might never return, as experts predict 36% less business travel post-COVID.

In 2022 business travel accounted for 12% of U.S. air travelers.

In 2022 there were over 460 million business travelers, which is a noticeable increase from 2020’s drop to 185 million. However, both years have had a relatively even share of business travelers (around 12-13%).

Business travel can account for up to 75% of an airline company’s revenue.

This trend can mostly be attributed to the booking of first-class tickets. Instead of saving money on business trips, more and more corporations are looking to provide their travelers with maximum comfort and convenience. While doing so makes the company look better, these decisions are mostly made due to competition.

Business travelers account for as much as 40% of hotel guests.

63% of these travelers are male, and 50% are between 35-54. Further, 56% of these individuals are employed in a professional or managerial position that earns them at least $127,000 per year.

Business Trip Statistics

Now that we know how profitable and common business trips are in the U.S., what does the average business trip look like? Well, according to our extensive research:

The average length of a domestic business trip in the U.S. is three days.

The average length for an international trip is 5-6 days. Overall, these numbers seem to slowly decline over time, with the old average (2016) for international business trips being just over six days.

Roughly 26% of business trips are only one day long.

This is another contributing factor for companies’ high cost of business trips, as same-day flights can wrack up costs. However, this does save the company money elsewhere (lodging, food, etc.).

38% of U.S. business travel is for meetings and events.

ME&I travel ( meetings , events, and incentive travel) amounts to $139.3 billion of all business travel spending, nearly 42% of total business travel spending.

Roughly 1.3 million business trips are taken in the U.S. every day.

A number that took a hit from the 90% reduction in travelers in 2020. While these numbers may not recover to pre-COVID numbers, 2021 has increased.

Business Travel Spending Statistics

As shown, a good percentage of businesses invest in business travel despite the cost. However, you might be surprised to learn just how much business travel costs companies and employees. According to our extensive research:

The average three-day domestic trip costs between $990-$1,293.

While the average international trip costs an average of $2,600 or more. For this reason, business trips need to be especially valuable for the company or employee taking them.

The average company spends 17-27% of its total travel budget on airfare.

You might be surprised to learn that airfare isn’t the most expensive part of business travel. Overall, the average domestic flight is $470, give or take how far away the destination is.

Over 20% of a typical business travel budget goes to food expenses.

That’s even more than flights and can amount to hundreds of dollars in expenses. One of the best ways to avoid this hefty cost is to utilize free hotel breakfasts. After all, never buying breakfast is a great way to cut food expenses.

The most expensive aspect of a business trip is lodging, making up around 34% of total costs.

Hotels make a lot of money from business travelers and the companies who sponsor their trips. This is especially true given the fact that up to 40% of hotel guests are business travelers.

Companies spend roughly $799 per person per day during a business trip.

Business Traveler Statistics

Because only 35% of companies actively partake in business travel, and it can be rather expensive, the demographics of travelers can be rather skewed. According to our research:

At least 50% of business travelers are between 35-54.

Undoubtedly, this abundance of higher ages relates to an employee’s position within the company. Older workers are more likely to have high-level positions . This can also be shown by the fact that 56% of business travelers hold professional or managerial positions that earn at least $127,000 per year.

The average business traveler takes roughly 6.8 trips per year.

And this number is even higher for millennials , who take an average of 7.4 trips per year. In that way, younger generations take more business trips on average (per person) than their older counterparts.

47% of female travelers are traveling on business.

While female business travelers are slightly less common than male travelers, women (on average) tend to enjoy their trips more than their male counterparts. Overall, 45% of women have positive experiences while traveling on business compared to 39% of men.

As of 2021, only 12% of corporate travel representatives feel as though their employees are unwilling to travel.

And with new CDC travel guidelines in 2021, 61% of employees now feel somewhat more comfortable traveling for business.

It takes an average of 38 minutes to complete and correct one expense report.

While it only takes 20 minutes (on average) to complete the expense report , at least 19% of expense reports have errors. Plus, with an average of 1.5 travel expense reports filed per month, that means employees can spend up to an hour filing them each month.

Business Travel Company Policy Statistics

Due to the potentially expensive nature of business travel, it’s no surprise that companies create business travel policies. Here are some stats related to business travel policies:

72% of corporate travel managers haven’t achieved their desired travel policy compliance level.

For the most part, this lack of compliance is due to shortfalls in the traveler ’s experience, fairness and transparency, and not meeting budget requirements.

Only 50% of business travelers follow their company’s travel policy.

In fact, 60% of business travelers don’t even understand their company’s travel policy, making it especially difficult to follow.

81% of business travel is done via personal vehicle.

By contrast, only 16% of business travel is air travel . That means most business travelers travel to their destination by car.

90.6% of corporate travel managers agree that business travel is vital for company growth.

And this sentiment comes from a genuine place, as on average, businesses earn a $2.90 increase in profit for every dollar spent on corporate travel. That equates to an average $9.50 increase in revenue.

Business Travel Trends and Projections

The 2020 height of the COVID-19 pandemic took a major toll on business travel. While business travel has started to recover in 2021, the number of travelers is still around half of what it was pre-COVID. After extensive research, here are the facts about business travel trends:

From 2019-2020, the number of business travelers in the U.S. dropped from 464 million to only 185 million.

From 2010 to 2019, business travelers remained steady between 440 million and 465 million. However, this number dropped drastically in 2020 and then increased to 229 million in 2021.

From 2010-2019, the number of business travelers grew by 4%.

However, the COVID-19 pandemic saw the number of business travelers decrease by 60%, which aligns with other travel declines caused in 2020.

The business travel industry is expected to experience a CAGR of 13.2% between 2021 to 2028.

Luckily, trends seem to show that business travel will start to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic over the next couple of years. Estimates predict that the value of the industry will increase from $695.9 billion in 2020 to $2.1 billion by 2028.

Business Travel FAQ

How many people travel for business annually?

Over 460 million people travel for business annually in the U.S. This is a massive 150% increase from 2020 when there were only 185 million, and similar to 2019’s numbers.

For instance, from 2019-2020, the number of business travelers dropped by 60%. This is mostly due to COVID-19, which affected the travel industry with restrictions and regulations through 2021.

What types of businesses travel the most?

The types of businesses that travel the most are as follows:

Sales Representative

Retail Buyer

Event Planner

Traveling Nurse

International Aid Worker

Civil Servant

Travel Writer

Travel Agent

Flight Attendant

These jobs are all related to or require business travel in one way or another. However, it’s also worth noting that 56% of business travelers hold professional or managerial positions that earn at least $127,000 per year.

How big is the business travel market?

The business travel market is worth an estimated $933 billion as of 2022. From 2020 to 2021, the market rebounded by 14%, from where it had previously dropped to $695 billion. Overall, the business travel market is expected to experience a CAGR of 13.2% between 2021 to 2028.

What percent of travel is business travel?

Approximately 12% of U.S. travel is business travel as of 2022. That number is slightly down from 13.6% in 2021, but half of what it was pre-COVID. For instance, in 2019, business travelers made up at least 25% of all travelers.

How much do companies spend on business travel?

Companies spend over $111.7 billion each year in the U.S. on business travel. Per company, travel costs typically equate to roughly 10% of that company’s annual revenue.

Business travel is an important investment for industries and companies all over the United States. That’s why, despite it costing them between $990-$1,293 per trip, they still choose to send employees on them. In fact, pre-COVID, at least 25% of U.S. travelers were business travelers.

These travelers tend to fall under certain demographics, with at least 50% of business travelers between the ages of 35-54 and 56% of business travelers holding professional or managerial positions that earn at least $127,000 per year.

However, COVID-19 took a heavy toll on the industry. The number of domestic business travelers dropped from 464 million to 185 million (25% to 13%). This job has affected airliners, hotels, the food industry , and more. Luckily, the business travel industry has a CAGR of 13.2% between 2021 and 2028, which indicates at least somewhat of a rebound.

Global Business Travel. “Business Travel Responsible for $547 Billion in U.S. GDP in 2016, Creates Over 7.4 Million Jobs.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

Statista. “Number of domestic business and leisure trips in the United States from 2008 to 2019, with a forecast until 2024.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

Investopedia. “How Much Airline Revenue Comes From Business Travelers?” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

AHLA. “Lodging Industry Trends 2015.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

Travel Leaders Corporate. “09 Nov Travel Leaders Corporate Releases Q3 Business Travel Trends Data.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

U.S. Travel Association. “U.S. Travel Answer Sheet.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

Bureau of Transportation. “U.S. Business Travel.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

GBTA. “U.S. Business Travel – By The Numbers.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

TravelBank. “How Much Should a Business Trip Cost?” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

JTB. “Important Business Travel Statistics.” Accessed on December 8th, 2021.

Trondent Development Corp. “Business Travel by the Numbers.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

GTI Travel. “What do Female Business Travelers do Differently from their Male Counterparts.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

Hotel Management. “GBTA poll finds positive momentum for business travel.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

SAP Concur. “Save time and money on expense report processing.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

TravelPerk. “5 reasons why traveler satisfaction is the key to a successful travel program.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

Cision. “Business Travel Market Size to Reach USD 2,001.1 Billion by 2028 at CAGR 13.2% – Valuates Reports.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

Certify. “Understanding the average cost of business travel.” Accessed on December 9th, 2021.

Travel jobs statistics

Zippia ’s research team connects data from disparate sources to break down statistics at the job and industry levels. Below you can dig deeper into the data regarding employees who work in travel or browse through Transportation jobs .

Overview | Jobs Salary

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Jack Flynn is a writer for Zippia. In his professional career he’s written over 100 research papers, articles and blog posts. Some of his most popular published works include his writing about economic terms and research into job classifications. Jack received his BS from Hampshire College.

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IMAGES

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2011 Travel to Work Areas
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Travel to work area analysis in Great Britain

COMMENTS

Travel to work area
A travel to work area is a collection of wards for which "of the resident economically active population, at least 75% actually work in the area, and also, that of everyone working in the area, at least 75% actually live in the area". According to this measure, there were 243 TTWAs within the United Kingdom in 2007. [1]
Travel to work area analysis in Great Britain: 2016
The travel to work areas (TTWAs) discussed up to this point represent approximate self-contained labour market areas for the working population as a whole. This section introduces alternative TTWAs that have been developed to highlight commuting patterns for different subgroups of the working population. The method used to produce the 2011 ...
Productivity in towns and travel to work areas, UK: 2019
Travel to Work Areas. Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) are a geography created to approximate labour market areas. They are derived to reflect self-contained areas in which most people both live and work. Travel to Work Area classification. A labour market area in a sparse rural area will be very different from a labour market area based in a major ...
Travel to work, England and Wales
In England and Wales, 5.5 million usual residents aged 16 years and over in employment travelled to work by a main method other than as a driver or a passenger of a car or van (19.8%). After driving a car or van, the next selected mode of travel to work was on foot (2.1 million, 7.6%). The remaining responses for method of travel to work were:
Travel-to-work area
• at least 75% actually work in the area, • of everyone working in the area, at least 75% actually live in the area. For the methodology, see appendix 1, Office for National Statistics 1991 Travel-to-Work Areas, and for an update, see M. Coombes, S. Raybould, and C. Wymer (2005).
Travel to work area analysis in Great Britain: 2016
Travel to work area analysis in Great Britain: 2016. This article presents information and analysis on the 2011 Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) in England, Scotland and Wales and introduces a range ...
New Brief About Travel to Work Since Pandemic's Onset
The share of U.S. workers driving alone to work was 68.7% in 2022, about 7 percentage points less than the 75.9% in 2019. In Puerto Rico, 82.7% of workers drove alone to their place of work in 2022, compared to 84.3% in 2019, a decline of less than 2 percentage points.
Towns and Travel to Work Area Productivity
Towns and Travel to Work Area Productivity. As part of a wider program to transform regional-statistics, the Office for National Statistics published an article and dataset estimating annual gross ...
Travel to Work Areas (TTWA) boundaries
This page contains links to the 2001 and 2011 Travel to Work Areas in the United Kingdom. This includes the guidance and information and a pdf map for each year. Link to the data. Format.
How Americans Commute to Work, in Maps
The dataset covers 270-plus metropolitan areas. Drive alone to work: More than three-quarters (76.4 percent) of commuters drive to work alone. But in the New York metro area, the share is just ...
PDF Travel-to-Work Areas: the 2007 review
Synopsis. This is the Final Report from research undertaken in CURDS for ONS as part of the process leading up to the 2007 definition of revised Travel-to-Work Areas (TTWAs). The task for the research was to review the TTWA definition method and to analyse the 2001 Census data, so as to define the maximum possible number of separate TTWAs that ...
The urban success story behind the UK Travel To Work Areas
The ONS recently released the latest UK Travel to Work Areas, modelled using data from the 2011 Census — a staple for all local economy experts. Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) are developed to show…
Travel to Work Areas 2011
Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) are zones defined where the bulk of their resident population work within the same area. TTWAs are aggregations of Super Output Areas, and were created based on the 2011 Census, which collected information on the place of residence and work (if applicable). Link to the data. Format. File added. Data preview. Download.
PDF Experimental review of the Cambridge Travel to Work Area (TTWA) as a
A Travel-to-work Area (TTWA) theoretically represents a self-contained labour market area in which all commuting occurs within the boundary of that area1. It has been re-defined once a decade when analyses on commuting patterns drawn from the UK Censuses were completed. In December 2015, the Office of National
Travel to Work Areas (2011) Guidance and Information
DOC_UG_TTWA. This is the Travel to Work Areas (2011) Guidance and Information zip file containing: Overview of 2011 Travel to Work Areas document Methodology note on 2011 Travel to Work Areas 2011 Travel to Work Areas Summary Statistics Lower Layer Super Output Area, Data Zone, and Super Output Area to Travel to Work Area Lookup To download the ...
Common Travel Area: rights of UK and Irish citizens
The Common Travel Area (CTA) is a long-standing arrangement between the UK, the Crown Dependencies (Bailiwick of Jersey, Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Isle of Man) and Ireland that pre-dates both ...
Experimental review of the Cambridge Travel to Work Area (TTWA) as a
A Travel-to-work Area (TTWA) theoretically represents a self-contained labour market area in which all commuting occurs within the boundary of that area. It has been re-defined once a decade when analyses on commuting patterns drawn from the UK Censuses were completed. In December 2015, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) published TTWAs ...
Commuting to work, Changes to Travel to Work Areas
2. Concept of travel to work areas. TTWAs are defined to approximate self-contained local labour market areas, where the majority of an area's resident workforce work, and where the majority of the workforce live. TTWAs help to make local labour market data more meaningful. In their absence, comparing data for different parts of the country ...
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MARCH 18, 2021 — A new report released today by the U.S. Census Bureau shows the average one-way commute in the United States increased to a new high of 27.6 minutes in 2019.The Travel Time to Work in the United States: 2019 report summarizes trends in travel time among U.S. workers between 2006 and 2019 using single-year data from the American Community Survey (ACS).
Estimation of travel to work matrices
According to the 2011 Census, 21.6 million (81%) people travelled to a fixed workplace in England and Wales. The 2021 Census reports that 15.1 million (54%) people travelled to a fixed workplace, a significant reduction over 2011. This is because at the time of the 2021 Census many people were working from home or furloughed,.
Changing home-to-work travel in England and Wales
The analysis provides an overview of how recent socio-economic changes have affected the journey-to-work flows within and between published travel-to-work areas (TTWAs) corresponding to the two census years. Since their establishment in the 1960s, TTWAs have provided a steady stream of information on functional regions in England and Wales with ...
The use and definition of Travel-to-Work Areas in Great Britain: Some
The Department of Employment delimit Travel-to-Work Areas (groupings of local employment office areas) for the purpose of presenting statistics on unemployment for relatively self-contained areas. Such an approach has also formed the basis of a more general conceptualisation of local labour market areas for use in local and subregional ...
PDF Travel to work area analysis in Great Britain
area and population, and a consequent decrease in the number of TTWAs. In 1991 there were 308 TTWAs covering the UK, in 2001 there were 243 TTWAs, and in 2011 a further reduction to 228 TTWAs. Further analysis of the changes to travel to work areas can be found in the Changes to Travel to Work Areas: 2001 to 2011 release.
Labour market and travel to work: Census 2021 in England and Wales
Data and supporting commentary about labour market and travel to work from Census 2021 in England and Wales. It includes univariate data (one variable only) down to Output Area (OA) level, where ...
Supercommuters Share Why They Travel Across Multiple States for Work
Jun 15, 2024, 4:24 AM PDT. Courtesy of Malick Mercier/Susan Miller/Kyle Rice. Supercommuters travel at least 75 miles or three hours to get to their jobs. Business Insider spoke with three ...
Travel documents for non-EU family members
a valid passport. valid identity card or passport of their EU family member. a document proving family ties with the EU citizen (e.g. marriage certificate, birth certificate etc.) and, if applicable, proof of dependency, durability of partnership etc. proof that they will accompany or join the EU citizen in the EU host country, that is:
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2. Use the desk. It might be tempting to sit in bed with your laptop, but a far better idea is to use the work station set-up in your hotel room. Sitting at the desk will foster a better work ...
Employment trends outside cities and towns, England and Wales: 2009 to
Figure 4 shows that these trends hold for most local areas. Using the travel-to-work area (TTWA) geography (see Section 5, glossary), which splits England and Wales into 173 local labour market areas, we find that the growth rate for employment in out-of-town locations was higher than for towns and cities (combined average) in 140 (81%) of ...
Temporary Worker Visas
A citizen of a foreign country who wishes to work in the United States must first get the right visa. If the employment is for a fixed period, the applicant can apply for a temporary employment visa. There are 11 temporary worker visa categories. Most applicants for temporary worker visas must have an approved petition.
25+ Essential Business Travel Statistics [2023]: How Much Do ...
Research Summary. Whether you're flying out of town for that important business meeting or simply attending an annual workshop, business travel is an important part of any big company's protocol. When it comes to business travel, our extensive research shows that: Business travel in the U.S. from domestic and international travelers amounts to around $387 …

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Experimental review of the Cambridge Travel to Work Area (TTWA) as a tool for informing local housing policy - including a study of the Ely housing market in the context of the Cambridge TTWA

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Figure 1: The processing pipeline of the gravity model

Figure 2: Travel to work flow map, MSOA, England and Wales, 2021 assuming pre-pandemic travel behaviour

Figure 3: Maps of production (the number of workers living in an area who travel to a fixed workplace), MSOAs in England and Wales, 2021 under the conditions of pre- and mid-pandemic travel behaviours, respectively

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