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Is it safe to fly during pregnancy?

Generally, air travel before 36 weeks of pregnancy is considered safe for people who aren't dealing with any pregnancy problems. Still, if you're pregnant, it's a good idea to talk with your health care provider before you fly.

Your provider might suggest that you not fly if you have certain pregnancy complications that could get worse because of air travel or that could require emergency care. Examples include a history of miscarriage or vaginal bleeding, severe anemia, and high blood pressure or diabetes that's not well controlled. If you had preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy — a condition that causes high blood pressure and extra protein in urine — flying may not be advised. The same is true if you're pregnant with twins or other multiples.

Tell your provider how far you are flying, as the length of the flight might make a difference. Also, be aware that some airlines may not allow pregnant people on international flights. Check with your airline before you make travel arrangements.

After 36 weeks of pregnancy, your health care provider may advise against flying. And some airlines don't allow pregnant people to fly after 36 weeks. The airline also may require a letter from your health care provider that states how far along in your pregnancy you are and whether flying is advised.

If your health care provider says it's okay for you to fly, and your plans are flexible, the best time to travel by air might be during the second trimester. The risks of common pregnancy emergencies are lowest during that time.

When you fly:

• Buckle up. During the trip, keep your seatbelt fastened when you are seated, and secure it under your belly.
• Drink plenty of fluids. Low humidity in the airplane could cause you to become dehydrated.
• Avoid gassy foods and drinks before you fly. Gases expand during flight, and that could make you uncomfortable. Examples of foods and drinks to avoid include broccoli and carbonated soda.
• Think about medical care. Plan for how you'll get obstetric care during your trip if you need it. Bring copies of your medical information in case you need care while you're away.

Blood clots

Air travel can raise the risk for blood clots in the legs, a condition called venous thrombosis. The risk is higher for pregnant people. Moving your legs may help prevent this problem. Take a walk up and down the aisle every hour during the flight. If you must remain seated, flex and extend your ankles from time to time. In general, it's best to avoid tightfitting clothing, as that can hinder blood flow. Wearing compression stockings can help with blood circulation during a long flight.

Radiation exposure linked to air travel at high altitudes isn't thought to be a problem for most people who fly during pregnancy. But pilots, flight attendants and others who fly often might be exposed to a level of radiation that raises concerns during pregnancy. If you must fly frequently during your pregnancy, talk about it with your health care provider.

Mary Marnach, M.D.

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• Allergy medications during pregnancy
• AskMayoExpert. Health considerations for air travelers: Pregnancy considerations. Mayo Clinic; 2022.
• Air Travel During Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 746. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/08/air-travel-during-pregnancy. Accessed Dec. 1, 2022.
• Ram S, et al. Air travel during pregnancy and the risk of venous thrombosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022; doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100751.

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Pregnant Travelers

Pregnant travelers can generally travel safely with appropriate preparation. But they should avoid some destinations, including those with risk of Zika and malaria. Learn more about traveling during pregnancy and steps you can take to keep you and your baby healthy.

Before Travel

Before you book a cruise or air travel, check the airlines or cruise operator policies for pregnant women. Some airlines will let you fly until 36 weeks, but others may have an earlier cutoff. Cruises may not allow you to travel after 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, and you may need to have a note from your doctor stating you are fit to travel.

Zika and Malaria

Zika can cause severe birth defects. The Zika virus is spread through mosquito bites and sex. If you are pregnant, do not travel to  areas with risk of Zika . If you must travel to an area with Zika, use  insect repellent  and take other steps to avoid bug bites. If you have a sex partner who lives in or has traveled to an area with Zika, you should use condoms for the rest of your pregnancy.

Pregnant travelers should avoid travel to areas with malaria, as it can be more severe in pregnant women. Malaria increases the risk for serious pregnancy problems, including premature birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth. If you must travel to an area with malaria, talk to your doctor about taking malaria prevention medicine. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes, so use  insect repellent and take other steps to avoid bug bites.

Make an appointment with your healthcare provider or a travel health specialist  that takes place at least one month before you leave. They can help you get destination-specific vaccines, medicines, and information. Discussing your health concerns, itinerary, and planned activities with your provider allows them to give more specific advice and recommendations.

Plan for the unexpected. It is important to plan for unexpected events as much as possible. Doing so can help you get quality health care or avoid being stranded at a destination. A few steps you can take to plan for unexpected events are to  get travel insurance ,    learn where to get health care during travel ,  pack a travel health kit ,  and  enroll in the Department of State’s STEP .

Be sure your healthcare policy covers pregnancy and neonatal complications while overseas. If it doesn’t get travel health insurance that covers those items. Consider getting medical evacuation insurance too.

Recognize signs and symptoms that require immediate medical attention, including pelvic or abdominal pain, bleeding, contractions, symptoms of preeclampsia (unusual swelling, severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, and vision changes), and dehydration.

Prepare a  travel health kit . Pregnant travelers may want to include in your kit prescription medications, hemorrhoid cream, antiemetic drugs, antacids, prenatal vitamins, medication for vaginitis or yeast infection, and support hose, in addition to the items recommended for all travelers.

During Travel

Your feet may become swollen on a long flight, so wear comfortable shoes and loose clothing and try to walk around every hour or so. Sitting for a long time, like on long flight, increases your chances of getting blood clots, or deep vein thrombosis. Pregnant women are also more likely to get blood clots. To reduce your risk of a blood clot, your doctor may recommend compression stockings or leg exercises you can do in your seat. Also, see CDC’s Blood Clots During Travel page for more tips on how to avoid blood clots during travel.

Choose safe food and drink. Contaminated food or drinks can cause travelers’ diarrhea and other diseases and disrupt your travel. Travelers to low or middle income destinations are especially at risk. Generally, foods served hot are usually safe to eat as well as dry and packaged foods. Bottled, canned, and hot drinks are usually safe to drink. Learn more about how to choose safer  food and drinks  to prevent getting sick.

Pregnant women should not use bismuth subsalicylate, which is in Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. Travelers to low or middle income  destinations  are more likely to get sick from food or drinks. Iodine tablets for water purification should not be used since they can harm thyroid development of the fetus.

After Travel

If you traveled and feel sick, particularly if you have a fever, talk to a healthcare provider immediately, and tell them about your travel. Avoid contact with other people while you are sick.

More Information

CDC Yellow Book: Pregnant Travelers

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Flying While Pregnant? Check Out the Policies on 25 Global Airlines

In the absence of obstetric or medical complications, occasional air travel during pregnancy is generally safe, according to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology  (ACOG). Like other travelers, pregnant women should use seat belts while seated. 

Most commercial airlines allow pregnant women to fly up to 36 weeks of gestation, with some restrictions on international flights. 

ACOG does not recommend air travel for pregnant women with medical or obstetric conditions that may be exacerbated by flight or that could require emergency care. It advises checking flight durations when planning travel and that the most common obstetric emergencies occur in the first and third trimesters.

Once aboard a flight, conditions including changes in cabin pressure and low humidity, coupled with the physiologic changes of pregnancy, do result in adaptations, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, reports ACOG. And those traveling on long-haul flights face the risks associated with immobilization and low cabin humidity. This can cause issues such as lower extremity edema and venous thrombotic events.

ACOG recommends preventive measures to minimize these risks, including the use of support stockings, regular movement of the lower extremities, avoid wearing restrictive clothing and encourage regular hydration. It also advises against consuming gas-producing foods or drinks before a flight.

Other ways for pregnant women to be comfortable on their flights include: booking a bulkhead seat for more legroom; reserving an aisle seat for easy access to lavatories and to walk; elevating your legs on a carry-on bag to avoid swelling and cramps; and wearing a layered, comfortable outfit for changing cabin temperatures.

Airlines around the world have different rules and regulations on when and how long pregnant women can fly. Below are the policies from 25 airlines around the world.

The French flag carrier does not require pregnant women to carry a medical certificate for travel during pregnancy. It recommends avoiding travel in the final month of pregnancy, as well as during the first seven days after delivery. The airline also recommends expecting mothers seek their doctor's opinion before traveling.

India’s flag carrier allows expectant mothers in good health to fly up to and including their 27th week of pregnancy. After 27 weeks, if the pregnancy is anticipated to be a normal delivery, an expectant mother will be accepted for travel up to the 35th week, but a medical certificate confirming the mother is fit to travel is required by an attending obstetrician and dated within three days of travel.

Air New Zealand

For single, uncomplicated pregnancies and clearance from a doctor or midwife women can take flights more than four hours up to the end of their 36th week. For flights under four hours, it's up to the end of the 40th week. Women pregnant with twins can fly more than four hours up to their 32nd week and less than four hours until the 36th week.

The airline recommends that women past their 28th week carry a letter from a doctor or midwife that says you are fit for travel, confirming your pregnancy dates and that there are no complications.

The airline's medical team must offer clearance for women experiencing the following: a complicated pregnancy, such as placenta previa or bleeding; a multiple pregnancy; a history of premature labor; or have begun the early stages of labor. 

Italy's flag carrier has no travel restrictions for expectant mothers during the first eight months of pregnancy. But if traveling within the last four weeks of pregnancy, expecting multiple births, or having a complicated pregnancy, medical clearance is required. Completion of a Medical Information Form, MEDIF , prior to travel and signed by both the passenger and doctor is required.

Alitalia advises pregnant not to fly seven days prior to and seven days after giving birth, or if there is a risk of a premature birth or other complications. It will make staff available to escort pregnant women from the airport check-in counter to the boarding gate. Staff onboard the flight will help stow carry-on luggage. Seats can be pre-assigned and women cannot sit in an exit row.

All Nippon Airways

The Japanese carrier requires women within 15 to 28 days of their due date to fill out and carry a medical information form . Women within 14 days of their due date are required to have a medical form and travel with a doctor. The form must indicate there are no complications of pregnancy, that the passenger has no health problems preventing them from flying and the due date. It must be completed by a doctor and submitted no more than seven days prior to departure.

American Airlines

The Fort Worth-based carrier has different rules for international and domestic flights. If a due date is within four weeks of a flight, you must provide a doctor’s certificate stating that you’ve been recently examined and you’re fit to fly. For domestic flights under five hours, pregnant women won’t be permitted to travel within seven days (before and after) their delivery date. Those who need travel within this timeframe will need approval from a physician and help from a special assistance coordinator . The pregnant woman's physician will be required to fill out a passenger medical form before a flight. A special assistance coordinator will send the form directly to your physician.

Clearance from a special assistance coordinator is required for international travel or travel over water. Within four weeks of a due date also requires a physician's note stating that you’ve been examined within the past 48 hours and you’re fit to fly. And seven days before or after delivery also requires a passenger medical form to be completed by your physician.

British Airways

The U.K. carrier does not allow pregnant women to fly after the end of the 36th week if you are pregnant with one baby or the end of the 32nd week if you are pregnant with more than one baby. While it isn't mandated, British Airways recommends all expecting mothers carry a confirmation from a doctor or midwife, such as a letter or certificate, in addition to your pregnancy record. It should be written within seven days prior to travel and confirm your approximate due date, that you're fit to travel and that there are no complications with your pregnancy.

Cathay Pacific

 Hong Kong's flag carrier requires that women with pregnancies after 28 weeks carry a medical certificate, dated within 10 days of travel that states the following: 

• single or multiple pregnancy
• estimated week of pregnancy
• expected due date 
• certifying you are in good health and the pregnancy is progressing normally, without complications
• that you are fit to travel

The airline accepts pregnant women with uncomplicated single pregnancies to travel up to 36 weeks and uncomplicated multiple pregnancies up to 32 weeks.

Delta Air Lines

The Atlanta-based carrier does not impose restrictions on flying for pregnant women, so a medical certificate is not required to travel. But the airline will not waive ticket change fees and penalties for pregnancy. The airline recommends that those flying after their eight month should check with their doctor to be sure travel is not restricted.

The U.K.-based airline has no restrictions for pregnant passengers traveling up to the end of the 35th week of single pregnancies and the end of the 32nd week for multiple pregnancies.

Pregnant women can travel up to their 29th week without a medical certificate. After that, they require a certificate or letter signed by a qualified doctor or midwife that states whether the pregnancy is single or multiple, is progressing without complications, includes an estimated due date, that you are in good health and there's no known reason to prevent you from flying. Pregnant passengers are not allowed to fly after the 32nd week of a multiple pregnancy, and after the 36th week of a single pregnancy.

This Abu Dhabi-based carrier allows women with single or multiple pregnancies to travel during the first 28 weeks without a medical certificate. For single pregnancies between 29 and 36 weeks, a medical certificate is required. After 37 weeks, pregnant women will not be allowed to travel. For multiple pregnancies, a certificate is required between the 29th and 32nd week; after that, women will not be allowed to travel.

The medical certificate must include the following: 

• Be issued and signed by a doctor or midwife
• Written on a clinic/hospital letterhead and/or stamped by the doctor or midwife
• State that the guest is fit to fly
• State if the pregnancy is single or multiple
• State the number of weeks of pregnancy and the Expected Date of Delivery 
• Easily understood and written in Arabic or English. Other languages are accepted but must be verified by Etihad Airways' check-in staff

The original medical certificate shall be accepted for the whole journey (originating, return and stopover flights), provided the above validity criteria is met for each sector. And it is valid for three weeks from the date of issue.

The New York-based carrier does not allow pregnant customers expecting to deliver within seven days to travel unless they provide a doctor's certificate dated no more than 72 hours prior to departure stating that the woman is physically fit for air travel to and from the destinations requested on the date of the flight and that the estimated date of delivery is after the date of the last flight.

The Dutch flag carrier recommends pregnant mothers not fly after the 36th week, along with the first week following delivery. For those expecting more than one baby, the carrier recommends consulting with a physician prior to flying. If you have had complications, you always need to have permission to fly from your physician.

Expectant mothers with complication-free pregnancies can fly on the German flag carrier until the end of the 36th week of pregnancy or up to four weeks before their expected due date without a medical certificate from a gynecologist. But the airline recommends that pregnant women beyond the 28th week have a current letter from a gynecologist that includes confirmation that the pregnancy is progressing without complications and the expected due date. The doctor should expressly state that the patient’s pregnancy does not prevent her from flying.

Because of the increased risk of thrombosis during pregnancy, the airline does recommend that expectant mothers wear compression stockings while flying.

Malaysia Airlines

The Malaysian flag carrier requires medical clearance for expectant mothers approaching 35 weeks for international travel or 36 weeks for domestic travel. If medical clearance is required, the MEDIF application form should be completed by a doctor and submitted to the airline through its ticketing offices or travel agents at least five working days before traveling.

Philippine Airlines

An expectant mother who is in normal health and with no pregnancy complications will be allowed to fly after filling out an EMIS form . Pregnant women may be accepted for travel if they are not beyond 35 weeks when they fill out Part One of the EMIS form. Those between 24 and 32 weeks of pregnancy will have to fill out EMIS Form Part 2. And if the expectant mother is below 21 years of age, the consent in writing of the husband, parent or guardian must be secured. For expectant mothers beyond 32 weeks of pregnancy, EMIS Part 3 must be accomplished by the Flight Surgeon or Company Physician, who shall issue the clearance for travel

After the 28th week, women are required to have a certificate or letter from a registered medical practitioner or registered midwife confirming the delivery date, whether it's a single or multiple pregnancy and that the pregnancy is routine.

For flights longer than four hours, women can fly up to the end of the 36th week for single pregnancies and the end of the 32nd week for multiple pregnancies. For flights under four hours, women can travel up to the end of the 40th week for single pregnancies and the end of the 36th week for multiple pregnancies. The carrier requires medical clearance  if there are pregnancy complications or it's not a routine pregnancy.

Qatar Airways

 No doctor's note is required for women traveling through their 28th week of pregnancy. Expectant mothers can fly between week 29 and week 32 with a doctor's note and a pregnancy with no complications. Those with a multiple pregnancy will need a doctor's note and a  Medical Information Form (MEDIF) . Between weeks 33 and 35, women will need a doctor's note and a MEDIF. The airline does not accept women in their 36th week and beyond.

 The low-cost Irish carrier allows expectant mothers to fly up to their 28th week of pregnancy. After that, the airline requires women to have a ‘fit to fly’ letter from their midwife or doctor. For an uncomplicated single pregnancy, travel is not permitted beyond the end of the 36th week of pregnancy, while the cut-off for an uncomplicated multiple pregnancy is 32 weeks. 

Singapore Airlines

For uncomplicated single pregnancies, the carrier restricts expectant mothers from travelling beyond the 36th week of pregnancy; for uncomplicated multiple pregnancies, the restriction is the 32nd week.

For uncomplicated single pregnancies between 29 weeks and 36 weeks, expectant mothers must provide a medical certificate stating the following: (1) fitness to travel, (2) number of weeks of pregnancy and (3) estimated date of delivery. The certificate should be dated within ten days of the date of the first flight exceeding 28 weeks of pregnancy. This certificate will have to be presented at check-in when requested.

Southwest Airlines

The Dallas-based carrier advises expectant mothers at any stage of pregnancy to consult with their physicians prior to air travel. The airline recommends against air travel beginning at the 38th week of pregnancy. It warns that in some cases, traveling by air has been known to cause complications or premature labor. Depending on their physical condition, strength, and agility, pregnant women may, in some cases, be asked not to sit in the emergency exit row.

Turkish Airlines

Turkey's flag carrier allows mothers pregnant with one child to travel between the 28th and 35th week if they have a doctor's report that includes the phrase, “There is no particular reason for the patient not to fly.” For women pregnant with more then one baby, the travel cut-off is the end of the 31st week with a doctor's report. The report has to be no more than seven days from the travel date. 

United Airlines

Any woman in the first 36 weeks of pregnancy will be allowed to travel on the Chicago-based carrier without medical documentation. An expectant mother traveling after the 36 weeks of pregnancy must have the original and two copies of an obstetrician’s certificate, which must be dated within 72 hours of a flight’s departure. The original certificate should be submitted to a United representative at check-in.

Virgin Atlantic

 The London-based airline allows travel without restrictions until the 28th week of pregnancy provided that you're free from complications to that point. The carrier asks pregnant mothers to inform its Special Assistance department so they can offer appropriate inflight health advice. Between the 28th and 36th weeks of pregnancy, a doctor's or midwife's certificate is required, stating that the passenger is safe for travel and the expected due date (32 weeks if carrying multiples in an uncomplicated pregnancy). Beyond the 36th week of pregnancy, travel is only permitted for medical/compassionate reasons and the pregnant passenger is required to be accompanied by a medical escort. This travel is subject to the approval of a Virgin Atlantic doctor.

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Travelling in pregnancy

With the proper precautions such as travel insurance, most women can travel safely well into their pregnancy.

Wherever you go, find out what healthcare facilities are at your destination in case you need urgent medical attention. It's a good idea to take your maternity medical records (sometimes called handheld notes) with you so you can give doctors the relevant information if necessary.

Find out more about getting healthcare abroad .

Make sure your travel insurance covers you for any eventuality, such as pregnancy-related medical care during labour, premature birth and the cost of changing the date of your return trip if you go into labour .

When to travel in pregnancy

Some women prefer not to travel in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy because of  nausea and vomiting and feeling very tired during these early stages. The risk of  miscarriage is also higher in the first 3 months, whether you're travelling or not.

Travelling in the final months of pregnancy can be tiring and uncomfortable. So, many women find the best time to travel or take a holiday is in mid-pregnancy, between 4 and 6 months.

Flying in pregnancy

Flying isn't harmful to you or your baby, but discuss any health issues or pregnancy complications with your midwife or doctor before you fly.

The chance of going into labour is naturally higher after  37 weeks (around 32 weeks if you're carrying twins), and some airlines won't let you fly towards the end of your pregnancy. Check with the airline for their policy on this.

After week 28 of pregnancy, the airline may ask for a letter from your doctor or midwife confirming your due date, and that you are not at risk of complications. You may have to pay for the letter and wait several weeks before you get it.

Long-distance travel (longer than 4 hours) carries a small risk of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis (DVT)) . If you fly, drink plenty of water and move about regularly – every 30 minutes or so. You can buy a pair of graduated compression or support stockings from the pharmacy, which will help reduce leg swelling.

Travel vaccinations when you're pregnant

Most vaccines that use live bacteria or viruses aren't recommended during pregnancy because of concerns that they could harm the baby in the womb.

However, some live travel vaccines may be considered during pregnancy if the risk of infection outweighs the risk of live vaccination. Ask your GP or midwife for advice about specific travel vaccinations. Non-live (inactivated) vaccines are safe to use in pregnancy.

Malaria tablets

Some anti-malaria tablets aren't safe to take in pregnancy so ask your GP for advice.

Zika virus is mainly spread by mosquitoes found in some parts of the world. For most people it's mild and not harmful, but can cause problems if you're pregnant.

If you are pregnant, it is not recommended to travel to parts of the world where the Zika virus is present, such as parts of:

• South and Central America
• the Caribbean
• the Pacific islands

Check before you travel

It's important to check the risk for the country you're going to before you travel.

Find out more about the Zika virus risk in specific countries on the Travel Health Pro website

Car travel in pregnancy

It's best to avoid long car journeys if you're pregnant. However, if it can't be avoided, make sure you stop regularly and get out of the car to stretch and move around.

You can also do some exercises in the car (when you're not driving), such as flexing and rotating your feet and wiggling your toes. This will keep the blood flowing through your legs and reduce any stiffness and discomfort. Wearing compression stockings while on long car journeys (more than 4 hours) can also increase the blood flow in your legs and help prevent blood clots.

Tiredness and dizziness are common during pregnancy so it's important on car journeys to drink regularly and eat natural, energy-giving foods, such as fruit and nuts.

Keep the air circulating in the car and wear your seatbelt with the cross strap between your breasts and the lap strap across your pelvis under your bump, not across your bump.

Road accidents are among the most common causes of injury in pregnant women. If you have to make a long trip, don't travel on your own. You could also share the driving with your companion.

Sailing in pregnancy

Ferry companies have their own restrictions and may refuse to carry heavily pregnant women (often beyond 32 weeks on standard crossings and 28 weeks on high-speed crossings ). Check the ferry company's policy before you book.

For longer boat trips, such as cruises, find out if there are onboard facilities to deal with pregnancy and medical services at the docking ports.

Food and drink abroad in pregnancy

Take care to avoid food- and water-borne conditions, such as stomach upsets and travellers' diarrhoea . Some medicines for treating stomach upsets and travellers' diarrhoea aren't suitable during pregnancy.

Always check if tap water is safe to drink. If in doubt, drink bottled water. If you get ill, keep hydrated and continue eating for the health of your baby, even if you're not hungry.

Find out about a healthy diet in pregnancy , and foods to avoid in pregnancy .

Page last reviewed: 17 August 2022 Next review due: 17 August 2025

Pregnancy Travel Tips

Medical review policy, latest update:, can you travel while pregnant , read this next, when should you stop traveling while pregnant, how should you prepare for a trip during pregnancy, what do pregnant women need to know about travel and the zika virus, travel tips for pregnant people, when should you seek medical care while traveling during pregnancy.

While traveling during pregnancy is generally considered safe for most moms-to-be, you’ll need to take some precautions before making any plans — and get the green light from your practitioner first.

What to Expect When You’re Expecting , 5th edition, Heidi Murkoff. WhatToExpect.com, Zika Virus and Pregnancy , October 2020. WhatToExpect.com, What to Know About COVID-19 if You’re Pregnant , February 2021. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Travel During Pregnancy , August 2020. Johns Hopkins Medicine, Traveling While Pregnant or Breastfeeding , 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Travel Recommendations by Destination , May 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People , May 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnant Travelers , December 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Travel: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers , April 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 and Cruise Ship Travel , March 2020.

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Flying while pregnant? Here’s what you need to know

Editors note: This guide has been updated with the latest information.

During pregnancy, seemingly harmless things like eating deli meat and cleaning your cat's litter box are suddenly off-limits, along with more obvious restrictions on sports like skiing and scuba diving.

But what about "grey area" activities like flying in an airplane?

There's no single set of guidelines governing air travel during pregnancy and every airline has different restrictions, timelines and requirements. Some airlines may also require a medical certificate from a primary attending doctor or midwife for air travel during the final months of pregnancy, though even that varies, with U.S. airlines typically offering more flexibility than international carriers.

For more TPG news delivered each morning to your inbox, sign up for our daily newsletter .

In the absence of clear guidelines, TPG turned to Dr. Nithya Gopal , a board-certified OB-GYN physician and the Director of OB-GYN services at Viva Eve in New York City, for her expert recommendations on safe air travel during pregnancy.

Here's what she had to say:

Is it safe to fly when you are pregnant?

There is no evidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to flying, according to Dr. Gopal.

"The general consensus is that it is safest to fly in the first and second trimesters," Dr. Gopal told The Points Guy. "While the first and third trimesters tend to be when the most obstetric emergencies are going to happen, I personally become more cautious with my patients after 32 weeks because of the increased risk for premature labor and the possibility of needing urgent medical attention when you are in the sky."

The most important thing you can do, no matter how far along you are in your pregnancy, is to consult with your healthcare provider before flying.

"Any time you are planning to fly during pregnancy , you should be having that conversation," Dr. Gopal said. Your provider will be familiar with any safety precautions you should take to ensure a safe and healthy flight.

Related: Guide to flying in each trimester of pregnancy

The airline you are flying may have its own cutoff, so you will want to confirm with it beforehand whether you will be allowed to fly if you are in (or nearing) your third trimester. We've included a chart below that outlines the rules for most major airline carriers.

What can you do to stay comfortable on a flight?

When you factor in morning sickness and general pregnancy discomfort with the increased risk for blood clots that all fliers need to be aware of, flying during pregnancy can be uncomfortable even when it is deemed safe.

Dr. Gopal shared her recommendations for addressing these common issues when you take to the (baby-) friendly skies during pregnancy. Her number one tip for staying comfortable while in flight is to wear compression socks to help maintain blood flow and reduce swelling in the legs.

In addition, "I also tell my patients to get up and move at least every hour when they are on the plane," Dr. Gopal said.

To prevent clotting, "some doctors may also prescribe a low-dose aspirin," she added. "It isn't something that is recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), but it isn't harmful, either."

If it's nausea or acid reflux that ail you, there are medications generally considered safe that you can take to alleviate your symptoms. These would be the same ones prescribed by your doctor for morning sickness, so speak with your provider before your flight to ensure you have what you need at the ready.

Dr. Gopal also advises wearing loose, unrestrictive clothing (along with your seatbelt, or course) and drinking extra fluids to counteract the pressurized air in the cabin and keep you hydrated.

"Over-the-counter Gas-X may also help with bloating that can happen as a result of the pressurized air," Dr. Gopal said.

Related: What happens when a baby is born in flight?

Must you speak with your healthcare provider before flying?

Even if your pregnancy is considered low-risk, it's always a smart idea to speak with your healthcare provider before flying. "There are a number of potential risks that go along with flying during pregnancy and those risks can change from week to week and month to month, so it's important to have that honest conversation with your doctor," Dr. Gopal said.

Related: Things You Should Do Before, During and After Flying to Stay Healthy

There are certain pregnancy conditions that may make flying more risky or unadvisable. If you are hypertensive, asthmatic or prone to clotting disorders, it's even more critical to speak with your doctor before flying.

Airline policies differ, but if you need documentation, it never hurts to include enough detail to satisfy the most stringent airline requirements.

"As with many things related to air travel, it's better to be safe than sorry," Dr. Gopal said. "It's definitely worth it, and sometimes necessary, to have medical documentation from your provider's office."

A thorough medical certificate or waiver should state:

• The number of weeks of pregnancy.
• The estimated delivery date.
• Whether the pregnancy is single or multiple.
• Whether there are any complications.
• That you are in good health and fit to travel through the date of your final flight.

Additionally, the certificate should be:

• Written on official clinic or hospital letterhead if possible.
• Signed by the doctor or attending midwife.
• Be dated no later than 72 hours before the departure date.
• Be written in clear, simple English.

Carry this certificate with you on your flight. Some airlines won't ask to see it, but others will. Some airlines also may have their own documentation requirements. See the chart below to find out which airlines require it.

Airline policies for pregnant women

Bottom line.

Even though it may be deemed safe, flying during pregnancy can be uncomfortable — and it is perfectly acceptable to implement your own cutoff for flying with your baby bump in tow. The majority of the time, though, flying is perfectly safe during pregnancy, providing that you follow the guidelines of the airline and your healthcare provider. Read on to learn more about traveling before, during and after pregnancy:

• What to expect in every trimester of pregnancy
• 4 tips for planning travel while planning a pregnancy
• Babymoon boom! These are the top 10 spots for a US getaway before the baby comes
• Flying with a baby checklist

Additional reporting by Katherine Fan and Tarah Chieffi.

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Safety of Air Travel During Pregnancy

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Pregnancy was once seen as something that sent women to their homes once their bellies began to protrude (hence the term "confinement"). It was not considered appropriate for pregnant people to be seen in public.

Nowadays pregnancy rarely changes schedules, with the exception of high-risk pregnancies or other complications. People usually can continue their normal lives for the duration of the pregnancy, with minor exceptions (like knowing where all the bathrooms are!). Travel is no exception.

Travel is becoming more prevalent as families move further and further apart. Traveling for holidays, or as the last trip to see the family before the baby comes, or as a last romantic vacation, is not unusual. This includes out of the country travel and often air travel.

The Science on Pregnancy and Air Travel

For ethical reasons, there are not many studies on air travel and miscarriage rates. One 2015 study showed a slight increase in first-trimester miscarriage for flight attendants, but this was often associated with high physical job demands and disruptions to their sleep cycles.

In-flight radiation is also a slight risk for flight attendants. An estimated 2% of flight attendants are exposed to a solar particle event during their pregnancies, although the amount of radiation varies by length of time in the air, the routes flown, and so on. However, the risk to the average flier is negligible. The average 10-hour flight only exposes fliers to 0.05 mSv of radiation, or 1/1000th of the limit set by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Precautions for Air Travel During Pregnancy

Flying is fairly safe while pregnant, even for flight attendants, with some minor adjustments. There are, however, some issues to bear in mind if you are pregnant and considering multiple, frequent, or very long flights:

• Air travel is extremely dehydrating. You'll need to drink a lot of water while in the air.
• Air travel requires that you sit still for long periods. If you're likely to experience cramps or other pregnancy-associated issues, you may be quite uncomfortable.
• Airplanes are not equipped to handle in-air birth or pregnancy-related complications . Even if your airline permits travel, you may simply be smarter to stay on the ground if you're close to giving birth or are experiencing any pregnancy-related issues.

There are some precautions that a pregnant traveler should consider:

• Talk to your practitioner before flying. If you are more than 36 weeks pregnant, many airlines will not let you fly for fear that you'll deliver on board.
• Try to do the majority of your traveling in the second trimester . Not only will you be more comfortable, but in general the risks of miscarriage and preterm labor are lower.
• Avoid excessive flying. Although there are no hard and fast numbers, one study found that flight attendants with higher miscarriage rates flew on average 74 hours per month.
• Make comfort arrangements. Try to get seats with more legroom, plan to walk in the aisles, anticipate bathroom breaks, and bring water.
• Avoid travel to countries that would require immunizations that you don't already have or are that are not considered safe for pregnancy. Talk to your practitioner for more info on immunizations during pregnancy, as some immunizations are considered appropriate while pregnant.
• Because pregnant people are more vulnerable to COVID-19, you may wish to avoid unnecessary travel, particularly to high-risk areas.

So remember, flying is not contraindicated in an uncomplicated pregnancy, but use your common sense and speak to your practitioner about your travel plans.

Grajewski B, Whelan EA, Lawson CC, et al. Miscarriage among flight attendants . Epidemiology . 2015;26(2):192-203. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000225

Hezelgrave NL, Whitty CJM, Shennan AH, Chappell LC. Advising on travel during pregnancy . BMJ. 2011;342:d2506. doi:10.1136/bmj.d2506

Zubac D, Stella AB, Morrison SA. Up in the air: Evidence of dehydration risk and long-haul flight on athletic performance . Nutrients . 2020;12(9):2574-2589. doi:10.3390/nu12092574

Cone JE, Vaughan LM, Huete A, Samuels S. Reproductive health outcomes among female flight attendants: An exploratory study . J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40(3):210-216.

Ellington S, Strid P, Tong VT, et al. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(25):769-775. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1

By Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH is a professor, author, childbirth and postpartum educator, certified doula, and lactation counselor.

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Flying While Pregnant – Your Guide to Airline Policies [2023]

Chris Hassan

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Airline Policy Chart

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Whether heading on a vacation or babymoon, traveling for work, or visiting family for the holidays, flying while pregnant is extremely common and generally safe when following standard air travel precautions.

As always, wearing a seatbelt and staying hydrated is very important, but so is checking with your doctor, as well as your airline, to confirm any additional requirements.

Depending on your destination and airline, policies may vary, so we created a guide to help make the process just a little bit easier for expectant moms.

Let’s look at what you can expect on your next flight if you are expecting.

Flying While Pregnant Overview

Many airlines allow pregnant women to fly if they haven’t passed 36 weeks of gestation .

However, that number may vary based on medical conditions as well as the destination of the flight, as international flights can have different rules.

U.S. Airline Pregnancy Policies

Alaska Airlines does not have any specific policy for flying while pregnant.

American Airlines requires pregnant passengers to provide a doctor’s certificate stating they’re fit to fly if they’re due within 4 weeks of the flight.

If the flight is within 7 days of the delivery date, your physician must complete a special approval form, and a special assistance coordinator from American Airlines will be assigned to you.

For international travel or travel over water within 4 weeks of your due date, a physician’s note stating that you are fit to fly after being examined within 48 hours of the flight is required.

Pregnant passengers do not face any restrictions when flying on Avelo and a medical certificate is not required for you to travel.

Breeze does not have restrictions or require a medical certificate for pregnant passengers.

Delta Air Lines has no restrictions for pregnant passengers and does not require medical clearance, regardless of the due date.

Frontier Airlines requires a medical certificate starting at the 36th week of pregnancy.

Alternatively, a waiver may be signed at the ticket counter, releasing the airline of liability.

Hawaiian Airlines requires a medical certificate if you’re due within 7 days when flying within Hawaii.

For international flights or between North America, an exam completed within 48 hours of your flight and a certificate are required if the flight is within 30 days of your due date.

JetBlue only requires a medical certificate if you’re due within 7 days of the flight. The exam must be completed within 72 hours of the departure date.

If you are past due, you will not be allowed to fly, even with documentation.

Southwest Airlines recommends against air travel for passengers at or past 38 weeks of pregnancy but does not prohibit it.

The airline may, however, ask pregnant passengers not to sit in the emergency row.

Spirit Airlines “urges” pregnant passengers past 8 months (32 weeks) to get a doctor’s exam before flying to confirm it is safe to travel.

However, no mention of a medical certificate being needed to fly.

United Airlines has no restriction for up to 36 weeks of pregnancy.

Starting the 36th week, an obstetrician’s certificate (original and 2 copies) is required, stating that mother and baby are fit for travel. The certificate must be dated within 72 hours of the flight, although it is preferred to be within 1 day of departure if possible.

The due date must be after the final flight on the itinerary.

International Airline Pregnancy Policies

Aeromexico passengers who are 33 weeks pregnant or more must provide a medical certificate that can be uploaded 48 hours before the flight departure.

The exam must be completed within 5 days of the flight, and it is a good idea to bring a copy of the certificate to the airport just in case.

Air Canada has no restrictions for passengers until their 36th week of pregnancy. After 36 weeks, there is no official statement or requirements.

Air France does not require medical clearance before flying. However, the airline recommends seeking a doctor’s opinion before flying.

Although it is not prohibited, Air France recommends avoiding air travel starting at 37 weeks of pregnancy.

British Airways does not permit pregnant women to fly after the 36th week if they’re pregnant with 1 baby or after the 32nd week for more than 1 baby.

The airline recommends expectant mothers travel with a note from their doctor or midwife confirming:

• If the pregnancy is single or multiple
• Expected due date
• No complications with the pregnancy

This note should be completed as close to the travel dates as possible.

The table below shows the requirements and certificates needed to travel for those with uncomplicated pregnancies.

Cathay Pacific advises that you may be denied boarding if you’re not carrying a required medical certificate or if that certificate is outdated or incomplete.

Emirates has flight restrictions starting at 29 weeks of pregnancy.

Expectant mothers traveling during or after 29 weeks must bring a medical certificate signed by a doctor or midwife that includes:

• Single or multiple pregnancies
• Estimated due date
• The latest date your doctor expects you to be fit for travel
• You are in good health
• That there is no known reason that would prevent you from flying

Passengers are prohibited from flying after the 36th week of a single pregnancy or the 32nd week of a multiples pregnancy.

If you need to request an exception to the rule, you can apply for medical clearance by submitting a medical information form .

Etihad Airways has flight restrictions starting at 29 weeks of pregnancy.

From weeks 29 to 36 (29 to 32 for a multiples pregnancy), a medical certificate is required to fly.

Passengers are prohibited from flying once reaching the 37th week of a single pregnancy or the 33rd week of a multiples pregnancy.

If you need to submit a medical certificate, you can download it before arriving at the airport.

Japan Air Lines requires a medical certificate  for the following circumstances:

• When the expected delivery date is within 28 days or is uncertain
• When expecting multiple births
• When there were previous premature births

KLM advises expectant mothers not to fly after reaching 36 weeks of pregnancy. Getting medical clearance to fly is not required, but it is recommended.

LATAM allows pregnant passengers of up to 29 weeks to fly without authorization. From the 30th week on, a medical certificate is required.

After 39 weeks, travel is prohibited.

Lufthansa does not require medical clearance until after the 28th week of pregnancy.

Beyond the 28th week, it is recommended that you travel with a certificate that includes:

• Confirmation that the pregnancy does not have any complications
• A statement from an obstetrician stating that the pregnancy does not prevent you from flying

From the 36th week, this certificate is required to fly. In the case of twin or multiples pregnancy, flying is prohibited after the 32nd week.

Qatar Airways recommends traveling with a doctor’s certificate until the 29th week of pregnancy. After the 29th week arrives, the certificate is required.

At the beginning of the 33rd week, a doctor’s certificate, as well as a MEDIF form , is required and must include the following:

• Patient’s name and date of birth
• Estimated date of delivery
• Proposed dates of air travel
• Confirmation of uncomplicated pregnancy
• Confirmation that the patient is fit for travel
• Date, stamp, and contact details of a qualified doctor

After the 36th week of pregnancy begins, Qatar Airways will not allow you to fly, or 33 weeks in the case of a multiples pregnancy.

Singapore Airlines has no requirements until after the 28th week of pregnancy.

From the 29th week to the 36th week (32nd week for a multiples pregnancy), a medical statement is required to fly that includes:

• Fitness to travel
• Number of weeks pregnant

This certificate must be dated within 10 days of the first flight.

After the 36th week (or the 32nd week for a multiples pregnancy), air travel with Singapore Airlines is not allowed.

After 28 weeks, you will be required to provide a letter from your doctor, dated within 10 days of travel, “outlining the estimated due date, single or multiple pregnancies, the absence of complications, and your fitness to fly for the duration of the flight(s) booked.”

Medical clearance is required for any pregnancy with complications or within 5 days of normal vaginal delivery.

The following conditions are unacceptable for travel:

Virgin Atlantic has no requirements until the 28th week of pregnancy.

From the 28th week to the 36th week (32nd week for a multiples pregnancy), a doctor’s certificate may be requested at the airport or onboard. The certificate should state that there have been no complications and show the estimated due date.

After the 36th week (or 32nd week for a multiples pregnancy), air travel with Virgin Atlantic is prohibited. Travel after the cut-off date may be permitted in special circumstances.

WestJet only recommends that expectant mothers check with their physician or midwife before traveling if they are more than 36 weeks pregnant.

Hot Tip: Are you planning your first trip with your little one? Read the ultimate guide to booking a lap child on your next flight .

Most of these travel tips are helpful for everyone, but especially for expectant mothers.

Choose the Right Seat

Choosing the right seat can make a big difference on an airplane. By sitting in a bulkhead or an aisle seat, you will have more room to stretch your legs and more freedom to get up to use the bathroom if needed.

Also, this may be a good time to splurge on a business or first class seat so you can lie flat and get some rest.

Wear Comfortable Clothing

Wearing comfortable clothing is travel 101, but wearing comfortable layers will give you options if you find the cabin too hot or cold.

Wear Compression Socks

A popular travel hack (even if you aren’t pregnant) is to wear compression socks to reduce swelling and help with blood flow.

However, it may be a good idea to speak with your doctor if you haven’t used them before.

Get Up and Stretch

Walking up and down the aisle is a great way to get your blood flowing and keep oxygen levels up.

Stay Hydrated

Planes are notorious for being dry and sucking moisture out of the air. Pack a big water bottle and ask for more while onboard to ensure you don’t get dehydrated.

Beat Nausea

If you are prone to nausea, bring remedies such as candies and crackers (or whatever works for you) because smells can sometimes be unavoidable inside a plane.

Buy Travelers Insurance

Having travelers insurance is always a good idea, especially if you are traveling far from home — even more so if you are late in your pregnancy.

Hot Tip: Once your little traveler is born, they will want to fly with you. Here is the ultimate guide to baby bassinet seats on 50+ airlines .

Pregnancy is a beautiful thing, and combining it with travel can be a recipe for some wonderful memories.

If you’re planning a bucket list babymoon or just need to keep working and traveling, knowing which airlines will best accommodate you is essential when booking travel.

This guide has plenty of information, and when you’re ready to start traveling with your little one in tow, be sure to come back and read our family travel guides!

All information and content provided by Upgraded Points is intended as general information and for educational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as medical advice or legal advice. For more information, see our  Medical & Legal Disclaimers .

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it safe to fly when pregnant.

In most cases, flying while pregnant is perfectly safe as long as normal safety precautions are taken.

Can you fly during the third trimester? 

Most airlines will allow expectant mothers to fly until the 36th week of pregnancy, often with a doctor’s note.

Do airlines restrict pregnant passengers?

Most airlines allow pregnant passengers to fly until they are 36 weeks pregnant. Some have no restrictions at all.

What are the rules when flying while pregnant?

Each airline sets its own policy regarding flying while pregnant, and it often depends on gestation age and how complicated the pregnancy is. We put together a list of the most popular airlines and their pregnancy policies.

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About Chris Hassan

Chris holds a B.S. in Hospitality and Tourism Management and managed social media for all Marriott properties in South America, making him a perfect fit for UP and its social media channels. He has a passion for making content catered toward family travelers.

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Is it safe to fly while I'm pregnant?

Yes, just like other kinds of pregnancy travel , flying while pregnant is safe as long as you're not too close to your due date and don't have any medical complications.

Talk with your healthcare provider before you book your flight to discuss any potential issues and get their go ahead. Know that almost every airline won't let women who are past 36 weeks pregnant fly – and sometimes that's even earlier for international travel.

As long as you and your baby are healthy, you shouldn't have any trouble in the pressurized cabin of a commercial airliner. (Just remember to keep your seat belt on while you're seated – it should sit under your belly and low on your hips.) You don't need to worry about the screening machines at the airport, either. They won't harm your baby.

Your ob-gyn or midwife may be able to help you find a provider at the destination you're visiting in case you need medical attention while you're away. You'll also want to verify what your health and travel insurance policies cover regarding emergencies abroad and flight cancellations, in the event that something happens or you need to cancel your trip.

When is flying while pregnant not safe?

There are some situations when it's not safe to fly while you're pregnant, including if you:

• are having signs of a possible miscarriage , such as cramping, pain, or bleeding
• have cervical insufficiency (an incompetent cervix)
• have preeclampsia
• have vaginal bleeding
• are under observation for preterm labor
• have premature rupture of membranes (PROM), which means you're leaking amniotic fluid or your water has broken but you're not yet in labor

Your healthcare provider may also recommend you not fly if you:

• are carrying twins or higher multiples after 28 weeks
• have intrauterine growth restriction
• have a history of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy
• have placenta previa or another placental abnormality
• have any chronic medical condition, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
• have a history of blood clots
• have any other conditions that put your pregnancy at extra risk

How late in pregnancy can you fly?

Most airlines won't let pregnant women fly after 36 weeks – if you're planning to get on a plane sometime during your third trimester, check with your airline on their specific pregnancy travel policies before booking your flight.

If your bump makes it look like you're more pregnant than you are , airline employees may ask you to provide a note from your OB or midwife stating you've been cleared to fly, as well as how many weeks pregnant you are. In most cases, it's no problem at all to get this letter from your healthcare provider – just be sure not to wait until the day of travel to ask for it. That's the last bit of travel stress anyone needs!

Tips for flying when pregnant

These tips will help you and your baby stay safe and comfortable on your next flight:

• For the smoothest ride, request a seat in the middle of the plane over the wing. (This is the area where you're least likely to get airsick too.)
• For more legroom, try to get a seat in the bulkhead or pay for an upgrade. Stretch your legs and flex your feet as often as possible to minimize swelling.
• Choose an aisle seat so you can get up easily to go to the bathroom or walk around and stretch – which you should do at least once an hour (every half hour is even better). Pregnant women who sit still for long periods have a higher risk of developing deep vein thrombosis .
• Wearing compression socks can also help you avoid clots because they keep the blood moving in your legs.
• Wear comfortable shoes, as your feet may become swollen when flying. Opt for loose clothing to stay as comfortable as possible too.
• Drink lots of fluids (especially water) to avoid the dehydrating effects of dry cabin air. It's best to avoid carbonated drinks when flying – gas expands at higher altitudes and that effect can be uncomfortable.
• Go to the bathroom frequently, especially before the plane begins its descent. You don't want to be stuck in your seat with a full bladder during the time it takes to land and taxi to the gate.
• If you're prone to nausea, ask your healthcare provider if you can take prescription anti-nausea medication .
• Don't be afraid to ask a flight attendant or other passengers who appear able to help you lift your carry-on into the overhead bin.
• Be sure to pack some healthy snacks and a bottle of water in case you have any unexpected delays on the ground or in the air.

Flying during COVID-19

As long as you're fully vaccinated against COVID-19, it's okay to travel, which includes flying, according to the CDC. If you're not vaccinated, the CDC says you should delay or avoid travel unless it's absolutely essential. Pregnant women who get COVID-19 are at a higher risk for severe illness and hospitalization, as well as preterm birth and other poor pregnancy outcomes. (This is why major health organizations are recommending that women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or are planning on becoming pregnant get the COVID-19 vaccine .)

If you have any questions about flying during COVID-19 or the COVID-19 vaccine, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help you make the best decisions for you and your baby's health.

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BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies .

ACOG. 2019. Air travel during pregnancy. Committee Opinion No. 746. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/08/air-travel-during-pregnancy Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

ACOG. 2016. Travel during pregnancy. FAQ055.  http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Travel-During-Pregnancy Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

March of Dimes. 2016. Travel during pregnancy.  http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/travel-during-pregnancy.aspx Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

Morof, D.F. 2015. CDC. Travelers' Health, Chapter 8, Advising Travelers with Specific Needs, Pregnant Travelers.  http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/advising-travelers-with-specific-needs/pregnant-travelers Opens a new window  [Accessed October 2021]

CDC. 2021. Covid-19: Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/pregnant-people.html Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

CDC. 2021. International Travel During Covid-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel-during-covid19.html Opens a new window [Accessed October 2021]

Terry Ward is a freelance travel, health, and parenting writer who has covered everything from flying with toddlers to why you should travel with your kids even when they're too young to remember it. She lives in Tampa, Florida, with her husband and their young son and daughter, and enjoys camping, sailing, scuba diving, skiing, and almost anything else done in the great outdoors.

Where to go next

How to Make Long Flights More Comfortable When You're Pregnant

By Joanna Carrigan

All products featured on Condé Nast Traveler are independently selected by our editors. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

Preparing for a newborn can feel like an exhilarating task; on the one hand, there’s a long-anticipated, already much-loved new arrival making an entrance into your life. On the other, getting yourself into a birthing headspace can feel like a marathon. I’ve already lost count of the amount of  stroller reviews , hypno-birthing manuals, crib catalogs, and paint samples I’ve flicked through in my quest for newborn nirvana. 

With that in mind, many couples are now opting to take a break from the organizational overload in the form of a  long-haul babymoon —a pre-birth couples vacation—as a way of spending those last special moments together as a family of two. And in fact, air travel can generally be considered  safe for most expectant mothers , with advice from your doctor recommended. 

“All pregnancies and mums have individual needs and varying circumstances,” says Marie Louise, midwife and author of  The Modern Midwife’s Guide To Pregnancy . “If mums have any health complications or are close to giving birth, travel should be very carefully considered. Otherwise, mums need a break—it’s good to enjoy and relax on your travels.”

Pregnancy can often feel like a long-haul adventure in itself, and whilst the thought of an extensive flight may not jump out at the top of your to-do list, there are ways to make that coveted trip—and any other air travel during pregnancy that comes up—more comfortable.

Below, I’ve curated an essential list for what to pack in your carry-on for air travel during pregnancy, based in part on my own experience traveling to Europe whilst expecting. 

Strategic carry-ons

A great place to start is your carry-on itself, as the right style can help not only to make your essentials more accessible, but the correct product can be re-used as a diaper bag once your pre-baby vacation is a distant happy memory. The key to  choosing the perfect carry-on is not only to be mindful of the airline guidelines set out around dimensions and weight restrictions, but to think from your own perspective about what will be easiest for you to carry. If back issues prevail—a common complaint during pregnancy—a stylish rucksack may be more suitable than a tote. And if you’re looking for post-pregnancy practicality, a duffel can tick that cross-functional box. 

Pregnancy support bands

Glamour takes a back seat with this essential, but your posture and ligaments will thank me later. If you’re flying internationally or just maneuvering your way through a large airport, you may face long walks between terminals, which can place strain on the lower back. Bump support bands are designed to help relieve the pressure that the additional weight of your bump is putting on your back, and therefore can make a sensible addition to your carry-on packing list. 

Anti-nausea pregnancy methods 

Not every foray into the world of parenthood is a smooth one, and unfortunately  nausea and sickness can play a starring role in pregnancy, especially in the early stages. My first 16 weeks of pregnancy were punctuated with frequent trips to the restroom, and with many flights taken during this time, I became accustomed to having to rely on a few tricks to see me through those difficult moments. 

Travel bands can be an excellent way to relieve pregnancy related nausea, and they’ve taken a high-tech turn in recent years. Hypnotherapy podcasts can also be a calming way to reduce feelings of sickness, and are best listened to with noise-canceling headphones and an eye mask . 

Hydrating skincare for expectant mothers 

Pregnancy can present some interesting  skincare dilemmas , with many people experiencing a change at some point across their nine months. Dry patches, oily T-zones, and acne outbreaks are all common complaints. To help skin stay hydrated when flying, there are many pregnancy-safe products out there which can help replenish and restore your skin's natural barrier. La Mer The Mist Facial Spray is a particular favorite of mine—easy to apply, super lightweight, and long-lasting. 

Travel pillows

During pregnancy, ligaments in the hips and back loosen in preparation for birth and this can often cause secondary strain across the top of the shoulders and neck which can be very uncomfortable for expectant mothers. If you’re traveling whilst pregnant, I recommend investing in a travel neck pillow , and packing your pregnancy pillow if you’re flying in a seat with a lie-flat bed. 

Compression socks

“During pregnancy, you are at an increased risk of developing a blood clot,” Louise says. “That’s why compression socks , hydration, and movement—walking, stretching, and circling ankles—is recommended.”

Again, it’s not the most glamorous addition to your carry-on, but this footwear is important nonetheless. Try to stretch your legs every hour or so if possible, with a walk down the aisle or some lower leg exercises. 

While packing a well-stocked carry-on will undoubtedly enhance your flying experience, there are other ways to ensure that you’re prepared for a relaxing trip. Here are my top three tips for flying while pregnant:

Food and beverage choices 

Whilst it’s unlikely you’ll be able to see the full on-board menu in advance, it’s often a good idea to pre-select your meal genre if you’re having  aversions or preferences during your pregnancy. Being able to rule out meat, dairy, or even opt for a lighter option may be preferable for some mothers-to-be. It could be worth packing a couple of extra snacks in your carry-on, just in case. I’ve been stashing ginger tea bags and plenty of dried fruit and nuts ( dried banana chips are a particular craving of mine) to see me through. 

The airport experience

Lounge access can not only be an enjoyable way to kick-off your vacation, it can also be a lifesaver for tired feet. Having access to a clean and comfortable restroom can also often be advantageous, so if your travel tickets don’t include a lounge as standard, it could be worth a  pay-for-access option to give you peace of mind that you’ll be spending time in a calm and restful environment before or in between flights. 

Your travel outfit

While a stylish airport look is always desirable, comfort should definitely reign supreme during this important period, since your body is already coping with so much. Activewear can provide comfort and support during long-haul travel, and there are  plenty of options out there. I look to brands like  Alo Yoga and  Lululemon for pieces that satisfy both the style and comfort stakes. 

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Is It Safe to Fly During the First Trimester?

With the proper precautions, flying during the first trimester of pregnancy is safe. Here's what you should know about air travel during early pregnancy.

• Myths About Pregnancy and Air Travel

Tips for Flying During Early Pregnancy

The bottom line.

If you're currently pregnant, planning to be, or just curious, it's possible you've wondered about whether or not it's safe to fly during the first trimester. After all, the first three months of pregnancy are crucial, and most instances of pregnancy loss occur during the first trimester, so it's understandable to have questions or concerns about air travel during that time.

However, the good news is that air travel during the first trimester is generally considered safe. Ahead, learn more about flying during early pregnancy, what experts have to say about precautions, and tips for having a safe flight during the first trimester.

Common Myths About Pregnancy and Air Travel

The first trimester is actually an especially low-risk time to travel during pregnancy . Contrary to popular belief, noise vibration, cosmic radiation, and cabin pressure create no increased risks for the pregnant air traveler. And if you were concerned that security equipment could radiate or somehow hurt your baby, set those fears aside. "Metal detectors are not a risk to the baby," says Raul Artal, M.D., vice chairman of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) committee on obstetric practice.

That being said, it's still a good idea to chat with an OB-GYN or health care provider before you schedule your babymoon or any work trips during the first trimester. A health care professional can give you specific, individualized advice, based on your needs and unique pregnancy journey.

Below are a few more travel tips for the first trimester.

Check your health before you go

Travel isn't recommended for those with high-risk pregnancy conditions (hypertension, sickle-cell disease, history of premature labor, placental abnormalities such as placenta previa, etc.) Pregnant people with preexisting medical conditions (like heart disease) should also check with a health care provider before flying.

Move around

One issue of concern for all air passengers—pregnant or not—is the formation of blood clots, or thrombosis, especially during long flights. Pregnant travelers should take special precautions to minimize risks, like wearing support stockings and/or moving your lower extremities every half-hour or so. "Wiggle your toes," Dr. Artal suggests, "Move your legs around, and take a stroll up the cabin every once in a while."

Book a comfortable seat

The aisle seat will make it easier to get up frequently for restroom trips or walking through the cabin. The bulkhead seats, which are located right behind a dividing wall between cabins, tend to have the most legroom. If you're concerned about a bumpy ride, try choosing a seat over a wing, which will give you the smoothest flight.

Make sure you buckle up, keeping the seatbelt low on the hips and under the belly. Flying can be unpredictable when it comes to severe turbulence, which can cause injury. Therefore, it is wise to buckle up and remain buckled while seated throughout the entire flight.

Stay hydrated

The cabin of an aircraft has low humidity, which can cause anyone to have a dry nose and throat. Make sure to drink water throughout the flight to avoid dehydration .

Prevent air sickness

Morning sickness and fatigue often kick in around seven to eight weeks of pregnancy . Ask a health care provider for tips to help with nausea, and inquire about safe anti-nausea medication to take with you, just in case.

Don't drink or eat gas-producing items

Try to avoid consuming food and drinks that are known to cause gas (such as beans, cruciferous vegetables, and carbonated beverages) before or during your flight. Entrapped gas expands at higher altitudes and can give you a stomachache.

Prepare for digestion problems

You may want to ask a health care provider about diarrhea medications or remedies that are safe to use during pregnancy, especially if you are traveling internationally, which can elevate the risk of exposure to bacteria that can cause diarrhea.

Consider updating your vaccinations

Depending on where your final destination is, you may be required to be vaccinated against certain diseases, especially if you're traveling internationally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a travel vaccine and medication guide that covers travel-related diseases you can be inoculated against from food-borne illnesses to influenza.

Always tell a health care provider about your plans before booking your trip. Depending on your travel plans, you may need to pre-book a prenatal appointment at your destination. Educate yourself on hospitals located near where you will be staying while traveling, and purchase travel insurance.

Check on travel advisories

Before flying anywhere , it is worth checking for any health or travel advisories that could pose a risk to pregnant travelers. The CDC compiles up-to-date data on travel health advisories as well as other safety information for countries around the globe. You can easily look up your destination and check to make sure that there are not any health alerts that could put you or your pregnancy at risk.

Ultimately, flying during the first trimester of pregnancy is considered safe for many people. However, those with pre-existing medical conditions or high-risk pregnancies might be advised to skip air travel during those early weeks. When in doubt, be sure to consult with an OB-GYN or health care provider. Together, you can determine the right course of action and travel plans for you.

ACOG. Early Pregnancy Loss .

ACOG. Air Travel During Pregnancy .

Csorba R, Tsikouras P. Air travel during pregnancy . Hippokratia. 2017 Jan-Mar;21(1):62. PMID: 29904265; PMCID: PMC5997026.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnant? Don't Overlook Blood Clots .

Related Articles

Air travel and pregnancy

Published: May 2015

Please note that this information will be reviewed every 3 years after publication.

Updated: May 2022

This information is for you if you are pregnant and are thinking of travelling by air.

This information is for you if you are pregnant and are thinking of travelling by air. It may also be helpful if you are a partner, relative or friend of someone in this difficult situation.

The information is relevant for short haul (under four hours), medium and long haul (over four hours) flights.

If you are a member of a flight crew or you fly frequently as part of your work, you should seek additional advice from your occupational health department concerning your own situation.

The information here aims to help you better understand your health and your options for treatment and care. Your healthcare team is there to support you in making decisions that are right for you. They can help by discussing your situation with you and answering your questions.

Within this information we may use the terms ‘woman’ and ‘women’. However, it is not only people who identify as women who may want to access this information. Your care should be personalised, inclusive and sensitive to your needs whatever your gender identity.

A glossary of medical terms is available at  A-Z of medical terms .

• Occasional air travel during pregnancy is not harmful for you or your baby as long as you are having an uncomplicated pregnancy
• Long flights may increase your chance of developing a blood clot. There are things you can do to reduce your chance of this happening.
• It is important to check the healthcare facilities that are available at your destination, in case you need any emergency care.

If your pregnancy is straightforward, flying is not harmful for you or your baby:

• If you have a straightforward pregnancy and are healthy, there is no evidence that the changes in air pressure and/or the decrease in humidity have a harmful effect on you or your baby.
• There is no evidence that flying will cause miscarriage, early labour or your waters to break.

Anyone who flies is exposed to a slight increase in radiation. Occasional flights are not considered to present a risk to you or your baby

When you are pregnant, the safest time to fly is:

• Before 37 weeks, if you are carrying one baby. From 37 weeks of pregnancy you could go into labour at any time, which is why many women choose not to fly after this time.
• Before 32 weeks, if you are carrying an uncomplicated twin pregnancy.

It is important to know that most obstetric emergencies happen in the first and third trimester .

Most airlines do not allow women to fly after 37 weeks. It is important that you check with your airline before flying. It may also be more difficult to get travel insurance after 37 weeks.

Some pregnant women may experience discomfort during flying. You may have:

• swelling of your legs due to fluid retention (oedema)
• nasal congestion/problems with your ears – during pregnancy you are more likely to have a blocked nose and, combined with this, the changes in air pressure in the plane can also cause you to experience problems in your ears
• pregnancy sickness – if you experience motion sickness during the flight, it can make your sickness worse.

A DVT is a blood clot that forms in your leg or pelvis. If it travels to your lungs (pulmonary embolism) it can be life threatening. When you are pregnant and for up to six weeks after the birth of your baby, you have a higher risk of developing a DVT compared with women who are not pregnant (for more information please see the RCOG patient information Reducing the risk of venous thrombosis in pregnancy and after birth.

There is an increased risk of developing a DVT while flying, due to sitting for a prolonged length of time. The risk of a DVT increases with the length of the flight. Your risk is also increased if you have additional risk factors such as a previous DVT or you are overweight. Your midwife or doctor will be able to check your individual risk.

If you are taking a short haul flight (less than four hours), it is unlikely that you will need to take any special measures. Your midwife or doctor should give you an individual risk assessment for venous thrombosis and advice for your own situation.

To minimise the risk of a DVT on a medium or a long haul flight (over four hours), you should:

• wear loose clothing and comfortable shoes
• try to get an aisle seat and take regular walks around the plane
• do in-seat exercises every 30 minutes or so – the airline should give you information on these
• have cups of water at regular intervals throughout your flight
• cut down on drinks that contain alcohol or caffeine (coffee, fizzy drinks)
• wear graduated elastic compression stockings – your midwife or doctor will need to provide the correct size and type for you as they are different from standard flight socks.

If you have other risk factors for a DVT, regardless of the length of your flight, you may be advised to have heparin injections. These will thin your blood and help prevent a DVT. A heparin injection should be taken on the day of the flight and daily for a few days afterward. For security reasons, you will need a letter from your doctor to enable you to carry these injections onto the plane.

Low-dose aspirin does not appear to reduce the risk of a DVT but you should continue to take it if it has been prescribed for another reason.

A medical condition or health problem can complicate your pregnancy and put you and your baby at risk. For this reason, if any of the following apply, you may be advised not to fly:

• You are at increased risk of going into labour before your due date.
• You have severe anaemia. This is when the level of red blood cells in your blood is lower than normal. Red blood cells contain the iron-rich pigment haemoglobin, which carries oxygen around your body.
• You have sickle cell disease (a condition which affects red blood cells) and you have recently had a sickle crisis.
• You have recently had significant vaginal bleeding.
• You have a serious condition affecting your lungs or heart that makes it very difficult for you to breathe.

It is important that you discuss any health issues or pregnancy complications with your midwife or doctor before you fly. If have an increased chance of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, ask for an ultrasound scan for reassurance before you fly.

Be aware that the unexpected can happen while travelling which could delay your return home. Some airlines may not allow you to fly if you have fractured a bone, have a middle ear or a sinus infection or have recently had surgery to your abdomen that involved your bowel, such as having your appendix removed.

To help decide whether or not to fly, think about your own medical history and any increased risks that you may have. The following questions may also help you in making your decision:

• Why do you want to fly at this particular time?
• Is your flight necessary?
• How long is your flight? Will this increase your risk of medical problems?
• Your chance of going into labour is higher the further you are in pregnancy.
• It is also important to remember that having a miscarriage, whether you fly or not, is common (one in five) in the first three months of pregnancy.
• What are the medical facilities at your destination in the event of an unexpected complication with your pregnancy?
• Have you had all the relevant immunisations and/or medication for the country you are travelling to? Have you checked with your doctor about how these affect your pregnancy?
• Does your travel insurance cover pregnancy and/or care for your newborn baby if you give birth unexpectedly? There is huge variation among airlines and travel insurance policies so it is worth checking before you decide to fly.
• Have you discussed your travel plans with your midwife and informed them that you are thinking about taking a medium or long haul flight?
• If you are over 28 weeks pregnant, your airline may ask you to get a letter from your midwife or doctor stating when your baby is due and confirming that you are in good health, are having a straightforward pregnancy, and are not at an increased risk of complications.
• Any document needed to confirm your due date and that you are fit to fly. Some airlines have their own forms/documents that will need to be completed at any stage of pregnancy. Contact your airline if you are unsure.

If you are travelling to Europe, it is recommended that you apply for a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) or Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC). This will allow you to access routine healthcare at a reduced cost, or for free. For more information on what the card covers and how to apply, see the GOV.UK website.   .

You will have to go through the normal security checks before flying. This is not considered to be a risk to you or your baby.

You must wear a seatbelt. You should ensure the strap of your seatbelt is reasonably tightly fastened across the top of your thighs and then under your bump. Ask the cabin crew if you need a seatbelt extension.

Any pregnant woman has a small chance of going into labour early or for her waters to break early. If this happens to you on a flight, there is no guarantee that other passengers or crewmembers will be trained and experienced to help you give birth safely. As a result, the pilot may have to divert the flight to get help for you.

Flying while you are pregnant can be stressful. If you are feeling anxious or worried in any way, please speak to your healthcare team who can answer your questions and help you get support. The support may come from healthcare professionals, voluntary organisations or other services. Further information and resources are available on the NHS website:

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/

Further information

• RCOG Scientific Impact Paper Air Travel and Pregnancy
• Tommy’s website: https://www.tommys.org/

If you are asked to make a choice, you may have lots of questions that you want to ask. You may also want to talk over your options with your family or friends. It can help to write a list of the questions you want answered and take it to your appointment.

Ask 3 Questions

To begin with, try to make sure you get the answers to  3 key questions , if you are asked to make a choice about your healthcare:

• What are my options?
• What are the pros and cons of each option for me?
• How do I get support to help me make a decision that is right for me?

*Ask 3 Questions is based on Shepherd et al. Three questions that patients can ask to improve the quality of information physicians give about treatment options: A cross-over trial. Patient Education and Counselling, 2011;84:379-85  

• https://aqua.nhs.uk/resources/shared-decision-making-case-studies/

Sources and acknowledgments

This information has been developed by the RCOG Patient Information Committee. It is based on the RCOG Scientific Impact Paper Air Travel and Pregnancy (May 2013), which contains a full list of the sources of evidence we have used. You can find it online here .

This information was reviewed before publication by women attending clinics in London, the Channel Isles and Northern Ireland, and by the RCOG Women’s Voices Involvement Panel.

A glossary of all medical terms is available on the RCOG website at: www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/patientinformation/medical-terms-explained .

Please give us feedback by completing our feedback survey:

• Members of the public – patient information feedback
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Travelling while pregnant

Find useful information and considerations to help you prepare for safe and healthy travels outside Canada while pregnant.

With careful preparation, travelling while pregnant can be safe. The decision to travel should be made in consultation with your health care professional, based on your personal health circumstances.

On this page

Before you go, while you're away, if you need help.

Medical practices, health standards and infection control measures vary from country to country. You may not have access to the same level of care, procedures, treatments and medications as you would in Canada.

You could also be at increased risk of getting an infection and/or developing severe complications from certain infections, which could also affect the fetus.

Before leaving Canada:

• consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic at least 6 weeks before travelling to get personalized health advice and recommendations
• check our Travel Advice and Advisories for country-specific information, including about possible health risks
• know how to seek medical assistance outside of Canada
• review the policy and the coverage it provides
• most policies do not automatically cover pregnancy-related conditions or hospital care for premature infants
• ask your insurance provider about coverage for medical care during pregnancy, giving birth and intensive care for you and your fetus or newborn
• carry a copy of your prenatal records
• talk to your health care professional about any additional items you may want to bring that are specific to your health needs

Local laws and medical services relating to pregnancy can differ from Canada. Learn the local laws, and how these may apply to you before you travel.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

Many vaccines can be safely given during pregnancy. Due to a higher risk of more severe outcomes for you and your fetus, some vaccines are recommended specifically during pregnancy, such as tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (DTaP) and influenza.

Don’t take medications you may still have from prior trips. Tell the health care professional about your pregnancy, or intended pregnancy, before filling any prescriptions. The decision to get any pre-travel vaccinations or medications should be discussed with your health care professional.

The decision can depend on:

• your purpose of travel (e.g., tourism, visiting friends and relatives)
• your planned destination(s)
• the length of your trip
• your risk of getting a disease
• how severe the effect of a disease would be to you and/or your fetus
• your planned activities
• any underlying medical issues and/or pregnancy-related complications

Malaria could cause major health problems for a mother and her unborn baby. A pregnant woman may want to consider avoiding travel to areas where malaria transmission occurs.

Description of malaria risk by country and preventative measures.

If you can’t avoid travelling to an area where malaria is present:

• some medications to prevent or treat malaria may not be safe during pregnancy
• take extra care to protect yourself from mosquito bites

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can pose significant risks to your fetus even if you don’t develop symptoms. While pregnant, you may want to consider avoiding travelling to a country or areas with risk of Zika virus.

Latest travel health advice on Zika virus.

If you choose to travel, take precautions to avoid infection with Zika virus:

• prevent mosquito bites at all times
• protect yourself from contact with semen, vaginal fluid and blood
• always use condoms correctly or avoid sexual contact while in countries or areas with risk of Zika virus

Learn more about Zika virus and pregnancy:

• Zika virus: Pregnant or planning a pregnancy
• Zika virus: Advice for travellers
• Pregnancy and travel (tropical medicine and travel)

Monitor your health and be prepared

Emergencies can happen at any time. Know where the nearest hospital or medical centre is while you are travelling and confirm they will accept your medical insurance.

Seek medical attention immediately if you develop any of the following symptoms while travelling:

• persistent vomiting and/or diarrhea
• dehydration
• vaginal bleeding
• passing tissue or clots
• abdominal pain, cramps or contractions
• your water breaks
• excessive swelling of face, hands or legs
• excessive leg pain
• severe headaches
• visual problems

If you develop these symptoms after your return to Canada, you should see a health care professional immediately and tell them about your recent trip.

Transportation

Always wear a seatbelt when travelling by plane or car. When using a diagonal shoulder strap with a lap belt, the straps should be placed carefully above and below your abdomen. If only a lap belt is available, fasten it at the pelvic area, below your abdomen.

If you have any medical or pregnancy-related complications, discuss with your health care professional whether air travel is safe for you.

Most airlines restrict travel in late pregnancy or may require a written confirmation from a physician. Check this with the airline before booking your flight.

During long flights, you may be at higher risk of developing blood clots, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The risk of deep vein thrombosis can be reduced by:

• getting up and walking around occasionally
• exercising and stretching your legs while seated
• selecting an aisle seat when possible
• wearing comfortable shoes and loose clothing

Your health care professional may recommend additional ways to reduce your risk such as wearing compression stockings.

Always stay well hydrated while travelling.

Land travel

The risk of deep vein thrombosis can be reduced by:

• stopping the vehicle to walk around every couple of hours

Motion sickness

Certain medications used to treat nausea and vomiting during pregnancy may also be effective in relieving motion sickness.

If you think you might experience motion sickness during your trip, speak to your health care professional about the use of these medications.

Environmental and recreational risks

Some activities may not be recommended or may require additional precautions. Discuss your travel plans, including any planned or potential recreational activities with a health care professional.

High altitude

You should avoid travelling to an altitude above 3,658 metres (12,000 feet).

However, if you have a high-risk pregnancy and/or are in the late stages of pregnancy, the highest altitude should be 2,500 metres (8,200 feet).

If you have pregnancy-related complications, you should avoid unnecessary high-altitude exposure.

Keep in mind that most high-altitude destinations are far from medical care services.

Personal protective measures

Food-borne and water-borne diseases.

Eat and drink safely while travelling while travelling. Many food-borne and water-borne illnesses can be more severe during pregnancy and pose a risk to the fetus.

This can include:

• toxoplasmosis
• listeriosis
• hepatitis A and E

To help avoid food-borne and water-borne diseases:

• before eating or preparing food
• after using the bathroom or changing diapers
• after contact with animals or sick people
• before and after touching raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood
• if you’re at a destination that lacks proper sanitation and/or access to clean drinking water, only drink water if it has been boiled or disinfected or if it’s in a commercially sealed bottle
• use ice made only from purified or disinfected water
• this could cause the fetus or newborn to develop thyroid problems
• unpasteurized dairy products, such as raw milk and raw milk soft cheeses
• unpasteurized juice and cider
• raw or undercooked eggs, meat or fish, including shellfish
• raw sprouts
• non-dried deli meats, including bologna, roast beef and turkey breast
• don’t use bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®)
• Information on travellers’ diarrhea

Illnesses acquired from insect and other animals

Protect yourself from insect bites:

• wear light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• prevent mosquitoes from entering your living area with screening and/or closed, well-sealed doors and windows
• use insecticide-treated bed nets if mosquitoes can’t be prevented from entering your living area
• information on insect bite and pest prevention

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. You should avoid contact with animals including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats.

Information for if you become sick or injured while travelling outside Canada.

For help with emergencies outside Canada, contact the:

• nearest Canadian office abroad
• Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa

More information on services available at consular offices outside Canada.

Related links

• Immunization in pregnancy and breastfeeding: Canadian Immunization Guide
• Advice for Canadians travelling to Zika-affected countries
• Advice for women travellers
• If you get sick before or after returning to Canada
• Receiving medical care in other countries
• Travel vaccinations
• What you can bring on a plane

Book before May 1st and enjoy an exceptional €150 discount on stays of 5 nights or more.

Flying while pregnant: 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, etc.

Is the tropical sun calling out to you and your pregnant belly? Do not panic! Little Guest (collection of luxury family hotels) has compiled a list of various airline requirements for all future globe-trotting mothers and some « mum-to-be routines » to be followed before boarding and during the flight, depending on your pregnancy month.

First, let’s make it clear: air travel is likely to be safe for healthy pregnant women for the first 7 months. Although it is not advisable to travel by plane during the first trimester of pregnancy, note that you may suffer from the pains typical of the first few months of pregnancy under zero gravity. Travel becomes much more comfortable from the second trimester onwards. This period is best for long-haul flights. On the other hand, flying during the last trimester of pregnancy, especially during the last month, may pose some risks and is not recommended.

Questions you may have before the flight

«  Is it risky to fly when pregnant? »

British researchers from the RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of the United Kingdom) stated in a report published in January 2015 that travelling by air does not pose any risk to the health of the fetus or the expectant mother . Experts explain that variations in atmospheric pressure would not affect the mother and child during any month of the pregnancy. Neither would the aircraft cause miscarriage, premature delivery or water break. Air travel is actually the safest means of transport for pregnant women!

«  What are the guidelines to follow? »

Consult your gynaecologist or midwife before flying, to ensure that there are no safety concerns with you flying. These specialists will review the situation with you as it relates to your particular circumstances. In case of high risk or pathological pregnancy – history of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy – have an ultrasound scan done before departure to make sure everything is fine. Use the opportunity to request for a medical certificate. While flying, remember to drink plenty of water and move about as much as possible. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, do not eat too much salt and stay zen until arrival. Remember that contrary to what you might think, planes are safe for babies.

«  Compression stockings, futile or useful?  »

Flying can increase the risk of varicose veins and phlebitisis. Also known as venous thrombosis, phlebitis is brought on by prolonged sitting. Seat compression can cause venous stasis in the lower limbs that can induce a pre-thrombotic state. To ensure good blood circulation , the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of the United Kingdom recommend to put on compression stockings before departure and state that the wearing of suitable stockings is sufficient to reduce the risk of thrombosis. At the time of booking, choose an aisle seat to allow you to move more easily. It is important to move as much as possible during the flight.

«  Are airport scanners safe? »

According to RCOG researchers, security gates are considered safe for everyone , including pregnant women and their fetuses. If you are concerned about X-rays entering your body and radiating your baby, you need to first stop watching science fiction movies as the detectors do not use X-rays but use electromagnetic fields, they emit to measure fluctuations in the presence of metals. Be aware that the amounts of radiation are minimal or negligible, and that low-level exposure is safe.

Advices and tips by month of pregnancy

1 month pregnancy flight

The great pregnancy adventure begins! There is nothing to show at the moment that a little fellow is growing inside you, except perhaps that your breasts are fuller, but who can testify to that? There are no obvious physical changes or actual physiological disruptions at this stage, so you can travel comfortably without posing any risk to your child’s development.

2 months pregnancy flight

The embryo begins its journey to the endometrium (the mucous membrane that covers the uterus) from the fourth week of life and the placenta gradually sets in place. Pregnancy hormones multiply, doubling almost every 24 hours. By the fifth week, the embryo begins developing at a high rate, with mothers often feeling more tired . Mood swings are now part of your daily routine. Flying is not discouraged, but keep in mind that flying at this stage of pregnancy is not always pleasant and sometimes even stressful. Symptoms of the first few weeks: nausea, heavy fatigue, cravings, bloating and heartburn can increase tenfold during the flight. Here are some tips to relieve your aches and pains: split meals, hydrate, add pieces of ginger root or lemon to your drinks and wear an anti-nausea bracelet .

3 months pregnancy flight

There are no problems with flying during this pregnancy phase, however, the third month is often synonymous with nausea and vomiting that can increase with altitude and make flying uncomfortable. Your uterus, which is now the size of a grapefruit, presses on your bladder, increasing the urge to urinate . Consider taking a seat in the aisle to provide easy access to the toilet in case of pressing need. Note that while the risk of miscarriage is higher during the first three months of pregnancy, the plane has no influence on this.

4 months pregnancy flight

At this point in your pregnancy, you are increasingly less tired, you no longer feel nauseous and vomiting is already a distant memory. Your belly gets rounded, your nails and hair glow, your complexion looks good, your face lights up: you feel like you’re growing wings. This is the perfect time to fly! Make sure you drink plenty of water, stretch your legs regularly (about every hour) and sit comfortably in your seat to enjoy the flight.

5 months pregnancy flight

You are now entering your fifth month of pregnancy and your fetus is constantly moving ! «  I turn, I swirl, I fly and twirl. Exhausted, I fall asleep. I wake up. A life molecule in a prime magma. The warmth, the softness stimulate me. I swim, I move, I turn around . » Fortunately for Mom, these grand gestures are tiring, causing the fetus to rest for nearly 20 hours a day. The little downside is that their sleep hours may not be in line with yours or flight hours. The fetus can start moving and kicking at any time. Consider reserving a seat with legroom . Rest at the slightest opportunity for calm, sleep is essential.

6 months pregnancy flight

Pregnant women can travel by air during the sixth month of pregnancy without restriction. The body is adapting increasingly to the fetus, while the belly is becoming even more rounded. It is common for expectant mothers to be prone to hot flashes and to sweat unusually from the 23rd week onwards. Remember to wear light and loose clothing in which you are comfortable. Your comfort is more important now than ever because once the plane has left the tarmac there is no question of turning around. During the flight, make regular round trips between the front and rear of the aircraft to stretch your legs and improve blood circulation.

7 months pregnancy flight

Your baby has grown considerably, its organs and brain continue to develop, it is becoming more sensitive to what is happening outside and is now able to hear the world around it. However, this does not mean that expectant mothers cannot fly. The trip has no impact on the baby. As a precautionary measure, take out insurance to cover health and repatriation costs before booking tickets. Like all passengers, be sure to fasten your seat belt under your abdomen . Place a cushion between your rounded stomach and the lower belt strap to avoid direct pressure on the uterus. Sit comfortably in your seat, with your legs stretched out to move your ankles and toes. Also try to walk as regularly as possible during the flight.

8 months pregnancy flight

You are in your eighth month of pregnancy and are starting to think about giving birth as your baby is ready to point the tip of his nose. If you wish to fly at this stage of pregnancy, seek the advice of your doctor or midwife to make sure you are able to make the trip. If it is not recommended to fly at the end of pregnancy it is not due to an increased risk of water ruptures at altitude but because it is possible that the delivery may be triggered prematurely. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises against air travel for pregnant women after the 36th week of pregnancy or four weeks before the expected due date. Since labour can begin at any time during the last few weeks, it is recommended to avoid travelling during this period. It is also important to know in advance the flight conditions of the company you are travelling with.

Airline conditions

Each company has its own policy on travel and pregnancy , although the majority do not encourage women to fly in the third quarter and generally refuse flights beyond the 36th week. Some companies invite expectant mothers to submit a certificate from the doctor or midwife indicating the expected date of the birth.

To take an Air France flight, you do not need a medical certificate. While the company has no restrictions , however, it recommends consulting a doctor or midwife before taking a flight. The French company also advises against travel from the 37th week of pregnancy onwards. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 37th week

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? It is recommended to provide a doctor’s certificate

British Airways

With British Airways  you can not travel after the end of the 36th week if you are expecting a baby and the end of the 32nd week if you expect twins. You must also bring a medical certificate if complications are expected. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 36th week

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Yes, from the 28th week onwards

Brussels Airlines

With Brussels Airlines , you can travel until the 36th week of pregnancy as long as you present a medical certificate stating that the pregnancy does not present any complications, mentioning the expected date of delivery and indicating that the flight is suitable for the patient. In case of risk, an authorization from a qualified doctor is required. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Yes

Emirates applies similar modalities. You can travel until the 36th week of pregnancy in the case of a single pregnancy and the end of the 32nd week for twins. After the 29th week of pregnancy, a medical certificate or letter signed by the doctor is required indicating that the pregnancy is simple or multiple, that it is uncomplicated, that the future mother is in good health and that she is suitable the flight. The company reserves the right to refuse access if in doubt as to the pregnant woman’s ability to make the trip. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 36th week (32nd week for twins)

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Yes, after the 29th week

Easy Jet authorizes travel until the end of the 35th week for single pregnancies and the end of the 32nd week for twins. Pregnant women are allowed to travel with a baby on their knees. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 35th week (32nd week for twins)

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? No

KLM  requires written authorization from the physician for women who have experienced complications during their pregnancy. If you have more than one baby, please consult your doctor first. The flight is not recommended for pregnant women beyond 36 weeks. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Only in case of complications

Pregnant women can fly with Lufthansa without gynaecological authorization until the end of the 36th week as long as the pregnancy is proceeding without complications. It is nevertheless recommended to provide a certificate from the 28th week of pregnancy (you can download it here, Lufthansa flight certificate ). In the case of multiple pregnancies, access to the plane is possible until the 28th week. The company also recommends that future mothers wear compression stockings for the duration of the flight. The company stresses that it is not responsible for a rebuttal to enter a foreign territory because of pregnancy and advises pregnant women to learn about the legal provisions of the destination country. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 36th week (28th week in case of twins)

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Yes, from the 28th week

With  Ryanair , it is necessary to submit a letter of proficiency (the medical confirmation template can be downloaded here in pdf format) completed by a doctor or midwife at the boarding gate. For single pregnancies, Ryanair records the trip at the end of the 36th week and the end of the 32nd week if you expect twins or triplets. See all the conditions to travel when you’re pregnant .

Until which week can I fly? 36th week (32nd week for multiple pregnancies)

Do I have to bring a medical certificate? Yes, a flight aptitude letter is required

3 Luxury hotels for (expectant) mothers

Hôtel Royal Evian

With breathtaking views of Lake Geneva and the surrounding mountains, the prestigious Hôtel Royal Evian welcomes future mothers to its 1,200 m 2 spa. The establishment, which recently won the « palace » award, has specifically designed an exclusive, tailor-made wellness program for young mothers and their babies aged 4 to 10 months . Mom learns how to massage her baby in the morning, and gets pampered herself in the afternoon by experienced masseuses.

Asia Gardens Hotel & Thai Spa

Asia Gardens , a 5-star hotel, is only 10 minutes from the most beautiful beaches of Alicante. Surrounded by lagoon pools and Asian-inspired gardens, this family destination is renowned in northern Spain for its Thai-inspired spa. It provides free yoga, Pilates, tai chi or chi-kung lessons to parents, as well as traditional afternoon massages and tea tastings.

The Slate *****

Located in Phuket, the superb hotel The Slate ***** , nestled in a small corner of paradise with lush vegetation, surrounded by silver-blue palm trees and lulled by the sound of birdsong, offers exceptional prenatal care for expectant mothers. On the agenda:  90 minutes of relaxation in the region’s top spa with a relaxing back massage and a foot drainer . Specially trained therapists apply specific techniques that have proven to be safe and soothing for pregnant women. Aches and pains that are common during pregnancy are treated with a gentle, soothing touch. And why not conclude this wellness break with a luxurious manicure and pedicure? We are, after all, here to have fun!

Travelling by plane is not your cup of tea? You prefer to travel a little slower but still have the opportunity to observe the landscape ? No problem, at Little Guest we have thought about everything. Have a look at our article on train travel during pregnancy ! Spoiler alert: the train is pregnant woman’s best friend!

Audrey , 24 years old, journalist, from Brussels, Belgium

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Air travel during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes as gestational age and weight at birth: A retrospective study among 284,069 women in Israel between the years 2000 to 2016

Hila shalev ram.

1 Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Netanella Miller

2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

3 Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel

Yael Shalev Rosental

Gabriel chodick.

4 Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel

Associated Data

Data cannot be shared publicly as it's computerized private data of a large health organization in Israel. Data are available from the Ethics Committee Bait Balev Medical Center Institutional Review Board for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Contact information for the Ethics Committee- li.gro.cam@o_regeirk .

The American College of Gynecology (ACOG) recommendation does not limit air travel during pregnancy, yet the evidence for air travel effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes is limited and debatable. Study objectives were to examine the association between air travel during pregnancy and preterm birth together with decreased birth weight.

Study design

A retrospective cohort study.

The study evaluated 628,292 women who gave birth to singleton infants from 9/2000 to 9/2016 and classified them into “air travel during pregnancy” or not, based on flight insurance as proxy. Multiple linear regression models were utilized to examine the relationship between air travel during pregnancy and newborn's gestational age and birth weight, while accounting for socioeconomic status, diabetes, high-risk pregnancies, and smoking.

A total of 41,677 (6.6%) births of women who air traveled during pregnancy was included, and 586,615 (93.4%) births of women who did not. Air travel during pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant (p<0.0001) but negligible increase in birth weight (9 gr. 95% CI: 4.8 to 14.5 gr.) and gestational age (0.36 days. 95% CI: 0.24–0.48).

The study results provide no evidence that air travel during pregnancy is related to adverse effects on gestational age or birth weight. These findings corroborate the current recommendations of ACOG.

Introduction

Worldwide, air travel has grown steadily over the years with the number of travelers mounting from one billion in 1990 to four billion in 2017[ 1 ]. Due to this increase, it is necessary to relate to potential health hazards associated with air travel, including adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women.

The notion that air travel may affect the course of pregnancy is based on environmental changes during the flight. In an average commercial flight at about 35,000 ft, the cabin pressure decreases from atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg to about 560 mmHg. Consequently, oxygen saturation drops, during both long and short flights in all age groups, to a mean saturation of 90–93% in a healthy population and as low as 80% in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases[ 2 , 3 ]. Fibrinolytic activity is reduced by the relative hypoxia in the cabin and leads to a release of vein wall relaxing factors[ 4 ], that might enhance venous stasis. Moreover, even in normal pregnancies, uterine artery blood flow, which can help compensate for the altered blood flow at altitude, was found to be reduced during flights[ 5 ]. Therefore, the effect of cabin pressurization, especially in complicated pregnancies with compromised uteroplacental blood flow is concerning.

Despite the plausible impact of environmental and physiological changes during a flight on pregnancy, and consequently on adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery or low birth weight, data regarding this issue are scarce and controversial. A few studies found a significantly increased risk of preterm birth [ 6 , 7 ] and lower weight at birth[ 6 ] among women who have air traveled during pregnancy, while other studies have suggested no effect[ 8 – 10 ]. However, these studies, were limited in size, restricted to populations with predisposing factors, or lacked an adjustment for important confounding factors.

Despite the inconclusive literature, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ (ACOG) stated in their last update, that in the absence of obstetric or medical complications, air travel is safe [ 11 ]. This recommendation is not supported by high-level evidence. The present analysis was conducted in order to fill the gap of direct, well-powered studies on the association between flying during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, namely low gestational age at birth and low birth weight.

Materials & methods

Study population.

This study was conducted using the computerized data of Maccabi healthcare services, a 2.3 million patient integrated care organization in Israel, which covers 22–25% of the pregnant population in Israel[ 12 ]. The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Bait Balev Medical Center Institutional Review Board with document number 0026-18-BBL. Ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent as this was a retrospective study. All data was fully anonymized before analysis.

Maccabi healthcare services’ female members, who gave birth during the study observation period—2000 through 2016, were eligible for analysis. Stillbirths, births under gestational age of 24 weeks and women who had multiple gestations were excluded, leaving 717,551 women who met eligibility criteria. Out of those, 89,259 (12.4%) were excluded due to, missing data on gestational age or birth weight, leaving 628,292 observations in the final cohort. Approximately 97% of the 20.1 million air travels per year in Israel are international[ 13 ]. The travel insurance rates in Israel are about 95% according to the Israel consumers council[ 14 ] as in other well-developed countries, such as Australia, in which the travel insurance rates are 92%[ 15 ]. Furthermore, domestic air travels in Israel, which do not require health insurance, are relatively short (up to 45 min). The cooperation between “Maccabi healthcare services” with “Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd”, one of the largest insurance companies in Israel (which provides discounted flight insurance for Maccabi healthcare members), assisted in accessing women who air traveled by air. Data regarding insurance policy purchases among the study population have been collected. In order to detect if a woman traveled by air during pregnancy, each policy day of inbound and outbound flights were obtained.

Study outcomes and other study variables

Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight and low gestational age at birth, were the primary outcomes of interest. These variables were analyzed as continuous variables and also as binary variables (for low birth weight under 2500 grams and for gestational age under 37 weeks). Data regarding date of birth, gestational week at birth and birth-weight were extracted from the Maccabi healthcare services database since this information is routinely provided to Maccabi healthcare services by the Israeli Ministry of Health.

“ High-risk” pregnancies were identified through “Maccabi healthcare services” computer database of women diagnosed as "high-risk” pregnancy. Women with “high-risk" pregnancies are diagnosed in ‘Maccabi Healthcare Services’ computerized database if the pregnancy threatens the health or life of the mother or her fetus. This includes women with e xisting health conditions , such as high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases; or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss[ 16 ], preterm birth, or other problems with previous pregnancy. Pregnancies with medical conditions that occur during pregnancy such as intrauterine growth restriction of the fetus, recurrent bleeding, placenta previa and gestational diabetes of pregnancy are also diagnosed as “high-risk” pregnancies. Other collected data included the number of siblings, gestational age at delivery, diagnosis of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and pre-gestational diabetes were taken from electronic health records and were diagnosed by the assignment of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Also, data regarding fertility treatments, including in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and non-IVF fertility treatments, were obtained. Smoking status and socio-economic status were derived directly from the electronic health records for the participants. The level of socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed according to the poverty index of the child's address enumeration area, as defined by the 2008 national census [ 17 ]. The poverty index is based on several parameters, including household income, educational qualifications, crowding, material conditions, and car ownership, census of population, and housing. SES levels range between 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). In this study, SES below four was considered as low SES, SES between 4 to 7 was considered medium SES, and SES between 8 to 10 was considered as high SES.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of variables; continuous variables were summarized as mean values with standard deviations, and categorical variables were summarized as counts and percentages. To ensure that pregnancy outcomes during the study period were most likely not constituted with an external cause, the multivariant analysis included known risk factors that affect preterm labor and weight at birth such as age, high-risk pregnancies, fertility treatments, smoking, socioeconomic status, number of siblings, and pre-eclampsia. Several multivariable analyses with birth weight in grams and gestational age at birth in days, as continuous variables were performed by multiple linear regression modeling, estimated by using ordinary least squares. Low birth weight (under 2,500 gram) and preterm birth (under 37 weeks), as binary dependent variables, were also examined and analyzed by logistic regression (presented in Tables G and H in S1 Appendix ) .

Other measurements of exposure were examined, including the effect of the number of flights and timing of flights by trimesters during the index pregnancy (presented in Tables D-F in S1 Appendix ) . “Exposure time” is the potential number of weeks that a pregnant woman might undertake air travel. Women who have experienced preterm birth, had shorter exposure times, which could have had an impact on the results. Thus, we conducted another analysis ( presented in Tables B and C in S1 Appendix ), which was limited to women who air-traveled before a gestational age of 32 weeks and gave birth after 32 weeks, meaning that each woman had a 32 week “exposure time”. The same analysis was done for 34 weeks as well.

The threshold for statistical significance was P < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS' GLM (general linear model) procedure (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY).

A total of 628,292 live births was included in the study. Among the study population, 6.6% air traveled during pregnancy. Compared to unexposed pregnancies, women who did air travel during pregnancy were older (31.8±4.8years vs. 30.1±5.4 years) and of higher SES level (7.1±1.7 vs. 5.8 ±2.0). Furthermore, women who air traveled had higher prevalence of high-risk pregnancies (10.5% vs. 7.6%) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (7.7% vs. 6.3%) and fertility treatments (including IVF) (8.8% vs. 5.8%) than the unexposed group, but lower rates of smoking during pregnancy (4.4% vs. 5.9%) (p<0.0001 for these variables, Table 1 ) .

During the study period, the proportion of women who air traveled during pregnancy has increased between the years 2000 and 2014, particularly among higher SES groups ( Fig 1 ) . As presented in Fig 2 , the majority of women that air traveled during the second trimester, with a growing proportion traveling as late as mid-third trimester. Air travel during pregnancy was associated with neglectable effects on gestational age (39+0 ±1.6 weeks in air travel group vs 39+1 ±1.7 weeks in control group, p-value <0.0001) and weight at birth ( 3263 ±477 grams in air travel group vs 3269±492 grams in control group, p-value = 0.01) ( see Table A in S1 Appendix ).

In a multivariable model for weight at birth, air travel during pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant yet clinically neglectable increase of 9 grams (95% CI:4.8–14.5, p-value <0.0001). Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and siblings were associated with increased birth weight as well, while a negative association was calculated for high-risk pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, smoking, and fertility treatments ( Table 2 ). Similarly, in the multivariable model for gestational age at birth, air travel during pregnancy was associated with a minimal increase of 0.36 days (95%CI:0.24–0.48, p-value <0.0001). The most significant association was calculated for high-risk pregnancies, with a decrease of more than eight days. All other variables decreased the gestational age differently ( Table 3 ).

Additionally, frequency of air travels per pregnancy, timing of the flight during pregnancy (first, second or third trimester), analysis for preterm birth (under 37 weeks) and low birth weight (under 2,500 gram) as dependent categorial variables, and analysis of which we removed the effect of "exposure time" on pregnancy outcomes were examined by multivariable models. All analyses have shown similar results (see Tables B-E in S1 Appendix ).

Principal findings of the study

In this observational retrospective cohort study of over 628 thousand live births, a statistically significant but clinically neglectable difference in birth weight and gestational age was found between women who air traveled during pregnancy and women who did not. The clinically non-significant results were consistent across specified subgroups and different timing of exposure. Moreover, the study showed a rise in air travels during pregnancy and a correlation to socio-demographical status. Women of a high SES flew more during pregnancy than women of a lower SES. Also, the data reveals that most flights occur during the second trimester.

Results of the study in the context of other observations

This large cohort study supports the findings of a smaller study on 222 singleton pregnancies women[ 8 ], which did not find a correlation between air travel during pregnancy and preterm birth. However, except for a small cohort, this study did not take into account important confounders such as smoking, GDM, fertility treatments, and socioeconomic differences. Another retrospective cohort study which compared pregnancy outcomes between 3,693 flight attendants to all other births in Norway [ 9 ], found that the risk of low birth weight was lower for the female cabin attendants than for the referents, and suggested no increased risk of preterm birth. This study did not consider important confounders as well.

However, a study conducted by Chibber et al. on 992 pregnant women [ 6 ], found that air travel was significantly associated with increased risk of preterm birth between 34 and 37 weeks (adjusted odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8). The dramatic differences between exposed and unexposed women in birth-weights (2684 ± 481 g vs. 3481 ± 703 g) as well as in gestational age at birth (36.1 ± 0.8 vs. 39.2 ± 2.1) and significant racial differences raise concerns regarding residual confounders which were not considered. Our finding of which most women fly during the second trimester could be explained by ACOG’s official recommendation, which claims that the most common obstetric emergencies occur in the first and third trimesters[ 11 ] and also by the limitations of insurance companies for pregnant women[ 18 ].

Strengths and limitations

The main strengths of this study include: (1) the sample size, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest ever used, (2) the accurate information obtained on many risk factors that may affect gestational age and birth weight, which provided the ability to conduct appropriate statistical analysis, (3) the consistency of the results when analyses were stratified for gestational age at birth, frequency of air travel, or timing of the flight during pregnancy, (4) some of this study’s results reinforce its reliability, by demonstrating well known negative effects on gestational age and birth weight of high-risk pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, smoking during pregnancy and fertility treatments and positive effect on weight at birth in women with GDM [ 19 – 23 ].

Although this study was conducted on a large and diverse database, unfortunately not all the essential information was available. For example, information about destinations and flight length. However, according to the Ben Gurion annual report[ 13 ], the vast majority (83%) of the flights taken, was to destinations with flight duration of between 2 to 6 hours, while 4% were under 2 hours and the rest (13%) are over 6 hours [ 24 ]. Thus, we can carefully assume that our dataset includes a range of about 6 hours for over 80% of the flights. We believe, that if there was an effect of short air travel (up to 6 hours), assuming they are the vast majority of flights during pregnancy, on gestational age or weight of birth, we would have seen a difference between the groups in the multiple analysis. Yet, we cannot claim based on this data, that air travel is safe for a long duration of flights (More than 6 hours). Another limitation is that domestic air travel in Israel, which is relatively short (up to 45 min) and does not require health insurance, was classified as non-travelers supposing they didn’t fly international. Moreover, it can be assumed that some women purchased their flight health insurance via other insurance companies rather than ‘Clal’ or did not buy flying insurance at all. However, members of ‘Maccabi’ get a discounted flight insurance through ‘Clal’ and therefore it is likely that a significant portion of women bought their insurance through ‘Clal’. We assume that the proportion of women that did not buy insurance at all or bought an insurance through ‘Clal’ and did not fly is negligible in such big cohorts. Another limitation of our study is that women with high-risk pregnancies who flew during a pregnancy had fetuses of a higher birth weight which may result in self-selection bias.

Implications for research

Given the raise of pregnant women air travelling, and the various factors that may adversely affect birth outcomes during flights (cabin pressurization[ 2 , 3 ] and maternal physiological changes[ 25 , 26 ], other pregnancy adverse events such as pregnancy loss, thromboembolism, and newborn's health should be investigated in similarly large and unselected cohorts. Moreover, the effect of long air travel (more than 6 hours) should be thoroughly investigated.

To conclude, the statistically significant difference in birth weight and gestational age between women who air traveled during pregnancy and women who did not was clinically neglectable. These small effects of flights on gestational age and birthweight are reassuring for pregnant women and their clinicians to fly during pregnancy, especially for short flights, and provide concrete statistical evidence in line with and corroborating the current recommendations of ACOG. Data are needed for a wider range of flight durations, including long flights.

Supporting information

S1 appendix, funding statement.

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Data Availability

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Advice for pregnant travellers.

If you're pregnant and planning to travel overseas, research your destination before you go. Consult your doctor and understand potential risks to you and your unborn child.

Being informed about the risks will help you manage them. It will increase your chance of having a great time overseas. Explore this page to learn about:

• planning for travel during pregnancy
• medications and pregnancy
• terminating a pregnancy overseas
• going overseas to give birth
• how the Australian Government can help overseas

This page is for Australians who are pregnant, or planning to get pregnant overseas. If you're looking for information about adopting a child or engaging in surrogacy, refer to surrogacy and adoption .

Planning for travel during pregnancy

Travelling when pregnant can be challenging, but there are things you can do to stay safe and comfortable and reduce your risks.

Timing your travel

Visit your doctor or obstetrician at least 8 weeks before you go. Discuss the timing and location of your trip. Check if you're allowed to travel and if they recommend travel.

If they advise against travel, don't go. Find time to travel later, when the risk has passed.

Airlines and cruise lines have specific rules on when you can travel while pregnant. If you're having more than one baby, the rules may differ again. Most airlines won't let you fly beyond 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Ask your airline or cruise line about any rules or restrictions that could affect you while in transit.

Read more about pregnancy and travel (Victorian Government Department of Health and Human Services).

Choosing where to travel when you're pregnant

Consider the risks of going overseas, including the risks to your unborn child.

You and your baby will be more at risk in some countries. Avoid countries with poor sanitation, hygiene and medical facilities. Read the travel advisory for each country you're visiting. Note the health risks.

If the travel advisory says do not travel to that country, then do not travel at this time. You're putting yourself and your unborn child at serious risk.

Things can go wrong quickly when you're pregnant. Check how close you'll be to good medical facilities. Stay within reach of hospitals and doctors.

See a doctor before you go

See a doctor at least once before you travel. Your doctor will advise what vaccines and medications you can take when you're pregnant.

If you have a high-risk pregnancy, your doctor may advise against travel. If they advise against travel, then don't go. You're putting yourself and your unborn child at serious risk.

Most airlines will ask you to show a letter from your doctor.

Buy travel insurance to cover pregnancy

You need travel insurance.

Ask your travel insurer if your policy covers:

• pregnancy, and until what stage
• IVF pregnancy, if applicable
• pregnancy complications or premature birth while you're away
• cancellation of your trip due to pregnancy or birth issues

For cover during pregnancy, you may need to pay extra. You may need medical evidence.

You may face limitations to your cover, depending on where you're going. For example, in Saudi Arabia, medical insurance won't cover pregnancy unless you're married.

Read more about travel ins urance .

Medications and pregnancy

Not all medication available over the counter or by prescription in Australia is available in other countries. Some may even be considered illegal or a controlled substance, even if prescribed by an Australian doctor.

Get the facts, before you go.

• See if your medication is legal in your destination .
• Ensure you have enough medication for your trip.
• Check with a doctor that your medication is suitable for travel.

Refer to the 'Look after your health' section on Advice for women travellers for more information. Also see our advice on travelling with medications .

Terminating pregnancy overseas (abortion)

Abortion and the law.

Abortion may be illegal in the country you're visiting.

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before considering an abortion.

If you're arrested or jailed for having an abortion, the Australian Government will do what it can to help you. However, we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail.

• Understand our limits. Read the Consular Services Charter .

Health care standards overseas can vary. If you choose to end your pregnancy, find a proper medical facility to help you.

Choose the safest option, not the cheapest option.

Read more about medical assistance overseas .

Medical treatment for ending a pregnancy can be costly. As with other medical procedures overseas, get a quote from the hospital first.

Find out if this procedure is covered by your travel insurance . If not, consider the cost of having this procedure overseas versus back in Australia. You may be eligible for subsidised care in Australia through Medicare.

Read more about travel insurance .

Going overseas to give birth

If you choose to give birth overseas, you'll need to check:

• healthcare costs and travel insurance
• safety and quality of care
• your budget to pay for a private hospital, if you aren't covered by the public health system via a partner or a reciprocal agreement
• any changes to your legal status, marriage and parent rights
• if you need a special visa as a medical tourist

Citizenship and passports

Giving birth overseas doesn't automatically grant your child citizenship of that country. Research local immigration and citizenship laws before you travel.

If authorities think you're planning to give birth there for visa reasons, they may refuse you entry.

In Australia

To register your child's birth with Australian authorities, you'll need to contact your state or territory registry of births, deaths and marriages (Australian Government).

Consular officials can assist with your child's passport .

There may be higher costs for processing a passport for your baby while you're overseas.

• Learn more about Australian citizenship by descent (Department of Home Affairs).

Becoming a new parent can feel overwhelming. Consider how you'll find support overseas, both practically and emotionally.

Supplies and services

Prepare ahead for how you'll travel with your new baby. Make sure you have all the medications and supplies you need.

The Australian Government can't help with medical costs or services overseas.

Learn more about medical assistance overseas .

If our travel advisory for the country in which you plan to give birth says ' do not travel ', then don't travel there. You're putting yourself and your unborn child at serious risk.

Learn more about staying safe and avoiding danger .

Consular services and pregnancy

The Australian Government is limited in how and when it can help Australians overseas.

In most cases, when you need help overseas you, or your travel insurer, must organise and pay for it.

What we can do

• We can give you a list of local medical facilities with doctors who speak English.
• We can give you a list of local lawyers who speak English.
• We can help you contact your family in Australia in an emergency.
• We can notify you when we update our travel advice for your destination . Learn more about subscriptions .

What we can't do

• We can't guarantee your safety when you travel.
• We can't pay for your bills if you need medical assistance overseas .
• We can't get you out of jail if you're arrested because you've broken a local law. Be aware laws vary greatly on abortions, medications and sex outside of marriage.
• We can't give you medical or legal advice.

Final tips before you go

Prepare before you travel:

• get medical advice, vaccinations and a health check
• know the laws about pregnancy, adoption, surrogacy and abortion overseas
• arrange adequate travel insurance and check coverage
• arrange emotional and practical support
• Read our general advice for people travelling with children .
• See information about international surrogacy .
• See information about going overseas to adopt .
• Before you go, get travel insurance that covers your pregnancy.
• See more advice on pregnancy and travel (Victorian Department of Health and Human Services).
• Read more about travelling while pregnant (CHOICE).

Related content

Information for Australians going overseas for surrogacy. Learn about types of arrangements, laws, citizenship and visas.

In many countries age, gender and sexual preferences can pose challenges. Understanding the culture and laws in your destination will help things go smoothly.

All travellers face risks overseas. In certain countries or cultures, women face greater risks than men and may be more vulnerable.

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Experts Reveal The Common Mistakes Travelers Make On Long-Haul Flights, And Wow This May Have Just Changed My Life

"The most common mistake people make on long-haul flights is not dressing properly."

HuffPost Writer

On the list of ways people want to spend their time, sitting on a plane for hours on end is probably not very high. But long-haul flights are a necessary reality if you need to travel far. 

“A long-haul flight can certainly be daunting and stressful,” Casey Brogan, a consumer travel expert at  Tripadvisor , told HuffPost. “Airports and security lines definitely generate traveler anxiety, especially with new guidelines and ever-changing restrictions. But it is important to remind ourselves that the journey to get there is not the vacation, and relaxation awaits you.”

In addition to focusing on the positive light at the end of the tunnel, there are also many ways to make the flight a little more pleasant. An easy approach is to understand what not to do. 

With that in mind, HuffPost asked travel experts to share the common mistakes travelers make when it comes to long-haul flights — and their advice for avoiding these pitfalls. 

Wearing Uncomfortable Clothes

“The most common mistake people make on long-haul flights is not dressing properly,” said Phil Dengler, co-founder of  The Vacationer . “Since you will be sitting in the same seat for six or more hours, it is essential to be as comfortable as possible.”

Avoid heavy and restrictive clothing and instead choose soft fabrics and stretchy garments for peak comfort and coziness. Wearing layers is helpful for the shifting cabin temperatures. And don’t forget to invest in some compression socks for health and comfort during long-haul flights. 

“While I’m usually a proponent of dressing nicely on flights, the super long-haul ones are the ones where I see many people make the mistake of dressing too cute and then winding up uncomfortable,” said Gabby Beckford, founder of the travel site  Packs Light . “I always get compliments on my flight fit ― matching top and bottom neutral sweats. Or, I recommend bringing a comfortable flight fit to change into once you reach a cruising altitude.”

In addition to wearing comfortable, stretchy clothes, you’ll also want to avoid wearing tight, restrictive shoes when you fly. 

“Loosen the laces so you can slip on and off to get comfortable,” Brogan advised. “At the end of the flight, you’ll probably find that your feet have swollen. This is normal and another reason to choose comfortable footwear.”

Choosing A Seat By The Restroom

Your seat selection can make a big difference in the quality of your flight experience. If you’re looking for a more peaceful time, consider choosing a seat that isn’t in a high-traffic area. 

“Sitting near the restroom may sound convenient, but it’s never fun to be in that row when a line forms outside the restroom,” said Paul Jacobs, general manager and vice president at  Kayak North America . “Sit far away and use the walk to stretch.”

Watching The Clock

As the saying goes, “A watched pot never boils.” Similarly, time will seem to move a lot more slowly during a long flight if you keep staring at the clock. 

“Once you’re on board, set your watch to the time of the place you will be landing in, but try to avoid looking at it and counting down the hours,” Brogan advised. “Similarly, don’t look at the ‘where are we’ map. You’ll land soon enough!”

Forgetting To Double-Check Upgrade Options

Don’t assume you can’t afford to upgrade your seat on a long-haul flight. Check the upgrade options when you check in for your flight online. 

“I always check in as soon as the option is available ― 24 hours before flight time via the airline app,” Beckford said. “When you do that, you will see what seat options are available. Often on the day of the flight, upgrades will be drastically reduced in cost.”

“For example, on my flight from Cape Town to Newark, originally upgrades were $3,000 ― but on the day of the flight, those same upgraded seats were $700,” she noted. “That little upgrade will definitely make a 14-hour flight more enjoyable.”

Traveling Without Sleep Essentials

“You should bring good earplugs or noise-canceling headphones if you plan to sleep,” Dengler said. “Additionally, a good sleep mask can make a huge difference. Finally, I recommend finding a good neck pillow before flying.”

He noted that “not all neck pillows are created equal,” so do your research and find the one that works for you. “Get the ones that attach to the headrest,” Jacobs said. “It’s a total game changer.”

Flying Without Entertainment

“Before your flight, download movies, music or podcasts to your devices like phone, iPad or laptop and ensure they are fully charged before traveling so you have guaranteed entertainment options,” Brogan said. “On a recent flight, my in-flight entertainment was not working properly, so I was glad to have downloaded movies to my iPad as a backup for the hours in the air.”

Your entertainment doesn’t have to involve a screen either. Bring a book or magazine or do crossword puzzles for entertainment. 

“You should always have something to do on a long-haul flight,” Dengler said. “At times, that may be sleeping, but I recommend always having access to entertainment.”

Overlooking Seat Options

“Be sure to select your seat in advance,” said  Ravi Roth , a travel expert and host of “ The Gaycation Travel Show .” “You don’t want to end up stuck in a middle seat on a long flight. Most airlines do not charge a seat fee for economy, but if you can splurge I say go for comfort plus or economy plus. Extra legroom is key.”

Paying for business class is not feasible for most people, but maybe you’ve saved up enough to compromise with a premium economy ticket. 

“Select a window seat if you plan on sleeping,” Dengler said. “Pay extra for an exit-row seat if you will be more comfortable with extra legroom. It really comes down to what time the flight is and whether or not you plan to sleep.”

Figure out which seat position you prefer before booking a long flight. 

“Window or aisle ― you really need to decide what is more important to you,” Jacobs said. “You can lean on the window ― or have the freedom of getting up and stretching whenever you feel like it. I prefer the aisle any day.”

Boarding Without A Sleep Game Plan

“It is important to figure out what you will be doing on the flight,” Dengler explained. “Is it a red-eye flight where the goal will be to sleep? Or is it during the day when you will need to stay occupied?”

Try to sleep when it’s nighttime at your destination, rather than your origin. And if you’re planning to sleep during the flight, avoid caffeine and try to walk around the airport to tire yourself out before boarding.

“Watching movies can make you sleepy, so instead log on to Wi-Fi and work or shop when you need to be awake,” Jacobs suggested. 

Jet lag is very real, but there are different tactics for making the time change easier to manage, even after a sleepless red-eye. 

“Do not take a nap once you land at your destination,” Roth said. “Power through so that you sync up your body with the local clock. You will adapt much better to the new time zone.”

Don’t put too much pressure on yourself, however. It’s not the end of the world if you can’t quickly adjust. 

“Don’t force yourself to sleep just because you feel like you should,” said Laura Ratliff, senior editorial director at  TripSavvy . “I’m a big fan of an arrival ‘espresso nap’ ― I down a quick espresso, draw the curtains, and force myself to sleep for 25-30 minutes. It helps me get through the day without being bleary-eyed, and I am just tired enough to sleep at night.”

Feel Obliged To Talk The Whole Time

“When traveling with colleagues, you don’t have to sit next to them,” Jacobs said. “A long flight is a long time to make small talk.”

Unless you need to do collaborative work during a flight, choose your own seat on a business trip if possible and try to put some space between you and co-workers. You’ll have plenty of time together at the airport and then your destination. 

“Plus, no need to have your colleagues see or hear you sleeping,” Jacobs said. “Sit separately ― it’s not rude. They will appreciate it too.”

Relying On Plane Food

Unless you’re sitting in business class, you’re not guaranteed a lot of meal and snack choices, so if you’re particular, it’s best to eat just before the flight or come prepared with your own food. 

“I always bring my own snacks on long-haul flights, and I have never regretted it,” Dengler said. “Food options can be limited, so this guarantees I will be able to eat what I want and when I want.”

Neglecting Self-Care

Being on a long flight might feel like some sort of alternate reality where time and rules don’t apply, but it’s still important to take care of yourself and your body when you can. 

“Get up to walk around and stretch every few hours,” Brogan said. “Your legs will thank you once you arrive!”

Don’t forget to stay hydrated and take any vitamins and medications that are part of your daily routine. You’ll feel much better during your trip if you do what you can to take care of yourself during the transit process. 

“On long flights, I have a little ritual of brushing my teeth, washing my face and applying lotion about an hour before landing,” Ratliff said. “My favorite lotion is Le Labo’s Rose 31 — the fragrance helps boost my mood a little, and now, it’s become such a habit that I associate that smell with getting off the plane and exploring a new place!” This post originally appeared on HuffPost .

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The Very Best Compression Socks

In this article

• Best overall
• Best for flying
• Best for athletes
• Best for recovery
• Best for pregnancy
• Best multipack

As helpful as they are for soreness and fatigue, compression socks get a bad wrap. They’re usually associated with the unattractive, stuffy garments you are prescribed medically or pick up at a drugstore . Since taking on this story, I’ve found that there are a surprising number of options out there that are actually stylish and as comfy as my normal everyday socks . And, after consulting six experts — including physical therapists, a doctor, a run coach, and a frequent flier — I’ve learned that they’re much more useful than I initially thought.

Because they’re made with heavier elastic around your feet, ankles, and calves, they increase pressure to stimulate blood flow from your feet to your heart. “If you think about it, the distance blood has to travel down to the feet and back is much longer than, say, to the shoulder,” Lara Heimann , a physical therapist and CEO and founder of LYT Yoga , explains. This extra help can be useful for folks with medical conditions (like diabetics and those with varicose veins), anyone sitting on a long-haul flight, pregnant people, athletes, and people on their feet all day. I found them especially helpful after my long runs, and the sources I spoke to can attest to all their other benefits. Below, you’ll see our picks for the very best compression socks, including cushiony pairs and picks in fun patterns.

What we’re looking for

Compression level.

When shopping for compression socks, you’ll probably notice a number between 15 to 30 and “mmHg,” which stands for millimeters of mercury. The higher the mmHg, the more compression. Dr. Karena Wu , board-certified clinical specialist in orthopedic physical therapy at Activecare Physical Therapy, says light compression (15 to 20 mmHg) is good for daily wear and flights, moderate compression (20 to 30 mmHg) can help with recovery and varicose veins, and a higher level (30 to 40 mmHg) is typically used for medical conditions (like a diagnosed venous insufficiency) and to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVTs).

Most compression socks are made of synthetics like nylon, polyester, and spandex. This makes them more comfortable while still providing compression benefits. Dr. Nelya Lobkova , board-certified surgical podiatrist and founder of Step Up Footcare, says that anyone with diabetes, skin ulcers or wounds on their feet, or venous problems should opt for compression socks made out of natural fibers like cotton or wool instead of synthetic materials to prevent skin irritation, though they may be more expensive than budget-friendly synthetics. Worth noting, too: Compression socks should be washed regularly but only hang dried to preserve the width and compression. Once they’re stretched out, they’re not as effective.

Multiple experts I spoke to say knee-length compression socks are a good starter sock for people without any history of clotting or DVTs. They cover the areas that are most prone to swelling: the ankles and calves. Dr. Michael J. Trepal , a doctor of podiatric medicine at Trepal & Jules, doesn’t recommend ankle-length compression socks because more fluid will be retained in the calf. “The ankle will look like an hourglass by the end of the day,” he says. On the flip side, socks or stockings that go above the thigh are meant for people with venous blockage in the thigh, which is determined by seeing a specialist and having a lower-extremity diagnostic ultrasound test, Dr. Lobkova says.

Best compression socks overall

Compression level: 18-25 mmHg | Fabric: 76% Viscose from bamboo, 16% Polyester, 6% Spandex, 2% Nylon | Length: Calf

Vim & Vigr compression socks have been on our radar for almost six years now after Strategist contributor Alison Freer wrote about them . Freer found comfort in them after standing on her feet all day, and her mother used them post–knee surgery. Unlike the ones you’d find at a drugstore or prescribed by a doctor, these are available in a very wide variety of actually stylish patterns and colorways. The options don’t stop at the fun styles either. They offer wide calf socks , open-toe socks , sleeves , and tights in three compression levels (15 to 20 mmHg, 20 to 30 mmHg, and 30 to 40 mmHg). On top of that, they have fabric choices from nylon and cotton to merino wool. Because the Strategist-vetted Montana brand offers such an extensive, stylish range — including socks with light compression for everyday wear and medical-grade compression levels — I’ve named it our best-in-class pick.

Best compression socks for flying

Heimann uses compression socks herself any time she flies for five hours or longer. She’s used her Wellow socks on flights to Europe and Africa from New Jersey and says there’s a big difference. “I get off the plane wanting to move,” she says. “I don’t feel so stagnant and uncomfortable from my ankles and calves feeling swollen.” She’s had these light compression socks for a couple of years because she doesn’t wear them regularly, only pulling them out for flights. Wellow also offers a nice variety of colors and patterns, but not nearly as many as Vim & Vigr. They come in one type of breathable fabric, mainly made out of viscose from bamboo and a blend of polyester, spandex, and nylon.

Best less-expensive compression socks for flying

Compression level: 10-30 mmHg | Fabric: Cotton | Length: Calf

If style isn’t as much of a priority for you and you want something a hair cheaper, these Wanderlust compression socks are under $20. Strategist contributor Alice Gregory describes them as “little corsets for your feet” that keep her legs from feeling heavy and feet from feeling swollen after a long flight. While you won’t get the color and pattern options as the two options above (these only come in black, white, and gray), you can still get all of the health benefits.

Best compression socks for athletes

Compression level: 10-30 mmHg | Fabric: 58% Polyamide 21% multifilament Polyamide 16% Elastane 5% bioceramic | Length: Calf

Compression socks can also be used during workouts, but Team RunRun coach Alex Giraudineau explains that their purpose is a bit different than when you’re immobile (like flying or even standing on your feet all day). When you’re exercising — especially running — you experience more muscular vibrations (caused by impacts with the ground) than normal, which can cause soreness, cramps, and damage to your muscles. “With the compression socks, your muscles are more stable, reducing the damage during your run and reducing the soreness the day after,” Giraudineau explains. He also recommends lighter compression for workouts (no more than 25 mmHg, he says), because your blood is already flowing (unlike when you’re stationary and need help from compression socks to stimulate blood flow). His favorites out of the six brands he’s tried are from Compressport because they’re comfortable and breathable. He’s noticed he doesn’t have any pain in his achilles tendon after long runs, which he attributes to added stability from the compression socks. Candice Criscione, founder of MomInItaly.com and TheTuscanMom.com , also wears these herself. She bought them years ago for cycling and now wears them for long flights and when she knows she’ll be walking more than usual.

Best compression socks for recovery

Compression level: 20-30 mmHg | Fabric: 71% Polyester 14% Supima Cotton 10% Elastane 5% Nylon | Length: Calf

I’ve been testing these out and have noticed a big difference in my calves if I wear them after long runs. Before, it would take at the very least two days for me to be able to get my feet pounding on the pavement again because my shin splints were so painful. I’ve found that if I wear the Bombas compression socks the night after a long run for at least three or four hours, my shins and calves are less sore the next day. Giraudineau explained to me that after high-intensity and long workouts, there’s a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles that causes soreness. Compression socks (for recovery, he recommends a medium compression of 20 to 30 mmHg), stimulate blood flow and oxygen to release that buildup. I like these specifically because they’re extra cushiony, like all Bombas offerings, and feel like I’m treating my legs. They’re a little difficult to shimmy on, but I feel the minimal struggle is worth it in the end.

Best compression socks for pregnancy

Compression level: 15 to 20 mmHg | Fabric: 52% Merino Wool 21% Nylon 17% Polyester 10% Elastane | Length: Calf

People who are pregnant can benefit from compression socks as well. “There’s often cramping in calves and swelling in the feet and ankles,” Heimann says. “It’s very common, especially in the last trimester, where there’s just so much more fluid overall in the body.” Heimann herself used compression socks in her last month of pregnancy while she was still working on her feet in a PT clinic, and they helped with comfort and swelling. Senior writer Liza Corsillo turned to these Bombas ones because the merino-wool-blend is stretchy, warm yet breathable, and soft. She says the compression helped reduce swelling and improve circulation after her son was born.

Best multipack of compression socks

Compression level: 15 to 20 mmHg | Fabric: 85% Nylon, 15% Polyester | Length: Calf

If you work a job that requires you to be on your feet all day, you may want to wear compression more frequently. Because it’s recommended to wash and hang-dry them, a multi-pack might be your best bet. After searching our archive, I surfaced this six pack that Real Housewife of Salt Lake City cast member Lisa Barlow told us she can’t live without . Her massage therapist tipped her off on them to reduce swelling, and she now swears by them. I like that they’re affordable at just $20 for six pairs, which breaks down to just a little over $3 per pair. They also come in a decent range of colors and patterns, in case you get tired of the standard black and white socks.

Our experts

• Lisa Barlow, the Real Housewives of Salt Lake City cast member and founder of tequila brand Vida Tequila • Liza Corsillo , the Strategist senior writer • Candice Criscione, founder of MomInItaly.com and TheTuscanMom.com • Alison Freer, the Strategist contributor • Alex Giraudineau , running coach with Team RunRun • Alice Gregory, the Strategist contributor • Lara Heimann , a physical therapist and CEO and founder of LYT Yoga • Dr. Nelya Lobkova , board-certified surgical podiatrist and founder of Step Up Footcare • Dr. Michael J. Trepal, doctor of podiatric medicine at Trepal & Jules • Dr. Karena Wu , board-certified clinical specialist in orthopedic physical therapy at Activecare Physical Therapy

The Strategist is designed to surface the most useful, expert recommendations for things to buy across the vast e-commerce landscape. Some of our latest conquests include the best acne treatments , rolling luggage , pillows for side sleepers , natural anxiety remedies , and bath towels . We update links when possible, but note that deals can expire and all prices are subject to change.

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Miracle at 30,000 Feet: What Happens When a Baby is Born During a Flight?

H ave you ever wondered What Happens If You Give Birth On a Plane ? Who delivers the baby? Where do you deliver the baby? What is the child’s citizenship, and do they get free trips for life?

Pregnant Women Can Fly

Pregnant women can fly. There are certainly many women, very early in their pregnancy, who fly all the time and no one even knows. But as it gets closer to the birth date, rules come into play.

Different Airlines Have Different Rules

Just as different airlines have all sorts of different routes, plane configurations, flight paths and prices, they also have various rules regarding pregnant women. Most allow women who are up to 34 weeks pregnant, although some allow up to 38 weeks. 40 weeks is considered “full-term”, so 38 is cutting it close!

Medical Exceptions

Some airlines will accept and/or require a “fit-to-fly” medical certificate. These can be given by a medical doctor for various medical scenarios, such as negative COVID-19 tests, having been recently released from a hospital, recovering from an operation, traveling for medical reasons, and also where you are in pregnancy.

Is The Crew Prepared To Deliver a Baby?

The airline crews are trained for all sorts of medical emergencies and situations, including birthing children. That said, they typically ask if there is a doctor, or other pertinent medical personnel, on board to assist

What Happens If You Go Into Labor on a Plane?

Once the woman and baby are assessed, a few different things can happen, depending in the timing of the impending birth. The plane might be diverted to a close airport, but this not typical or likely due to the time it would take. Usually, a make-shift medical crew gets ready to deliver the baby on the plane.

How Often Do Babies Get Delivered on Planes?

There are no official figures, but the count ranges from about 50 to 70 babies have been born mid-flight. This seems low, but then again, the airlines try to prevent this from happening.

What Should You Do If You Are On a Plane Where a Baby is Being Born?

If you are a medical professional or midwife and assistance is requested, we would hope you come forward. If you are simply someone who is on the flight, please do not get in the way. Listen for directions from the flight crew and follow them. Most likely they will want you to stay in your seat. And for heaven’s sake, don’t pull out your cell phone to video!

Where Is the Baby Delivered?

While giving birth is usually a private affair, if it is happening on a plane, all bets are off. And no one is going to assemble a birthing crew in those tiny bathrooms! The mom might be moved to an area that has a bit of floor room and can be closed off with curtains, such as first class, or the galley area. An exit row that is more spacious might be commandeered. Again, please follow the crew’s instructions and let the mom have her space.

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…and the baby’s citizenship is.

The determination of the baby’s citizenship can vary. According to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, an aircraft is considered the soil of the country it belongs to, however, there is no universal rule. The convention implies that in most cases, children acquire their parents’ citizenship through jus sanguinis , or the right of blood.

Some countries adhere to jus soli, or the right of soil, which grants citizenship based on the place of birth. The 1961 Convention only becomes relevant when the child would otherwise be stateless, in which case the passport is determined by the country of origin of the airline. The U.S. State Department advises that a child born in international waters should indicate “at sea” as the place of birth, and if born in flight in a region not claimed by any country, the official classification would be “born in the air.” That makes for an interesting birth certificate!

What Kind of Medical Bill Do You Get?

We found one story of a Taiwanese woman who delivered a baby on a flight to the United States, potentially aiming to secure American citizenship for her child, and that she may be liable for a substantial expense, due to the plane being redirected to Alaska.

A Good Reason To Avoid In-Flight Birth!

Taiwanese media outlets estimated the incurred charges to be around $33,000. All of those data points that tell you how much it costs to raise a child to the age of 18 do not take this into account!

Skyborn Skybabies!

Babies born on planes have their own moniker: Skybabies! And, their parents have been creative with names. How about Shona Kirsty Yves, or “Sky”? Or, a baby birthed on a Virgin Atlantic flight being named Virginia?

Does The Baby Get Free Flights For Life?

We think the kid should get something! How about free flights flying home for Mother’s Day? Virgin Atlantic did grant one baby free flights until the age of 21. British Airways granted Shona Owen a pair of tickets to her destination of choice for her 18th birthday.

Do you know anyone who has been born on a plane? Or given birth on a plane?

6 Gas Station Chains With Food So Good It's Worth Driving Out Of Your Way For

We scoured the Internet to see what people had to say about gas station food. If you think the only things available are wrinkled hotdogs of indeterminate age, and day-glow slushies, we've got great, tasty news for you. Whether it ends up being part of a regular routine, or your only resource on a long car trip, we have the food info you need. Let's look at 6 gas stations that folks can't get enough of and see what they have for you to eat. Read 6 Gas Station Chains With Food So Good It's Worth Driving Out Of Your Way For

The post Miracle at 30,000 Feet: What Happens When a Baby is Born During a Flight? appeared first on FODMAP Everyday .

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